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its persistence as a key goal of the Arana Gulch management plan. An additional 400 tarplants were scheduled to be planted in
February. The short-term goal of this experimental outplanting is to identify the best outplanting methods. The long-term goal is to increase the seedbank of the tarplant at Arana to a level that will ensure a high probability of persistence for 100 years, or in perpetuity. This planting is something of a landmark—if successful could potentially exceed the targeted population goal for the Santa Cruz tarplant management program.
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feet apart across those wild tarplant locations, and 20 x 25 foot polygons were produced from two-foot apart sampling points. Overlaying the location of wild tarplant on top of the vegetation cover survey, found that the tarplants at Arana Gulch seem to need a high quality
Coastal Prairie matrix to maintain a self-sustaining population, that is approximately 80-95% native grass cover, consisting of a 60% Danthonia-30% Stipa-10% native Bromus species mix.
82:
525:
follows: AREA A = 72% weed grasses, 4% broadleaf weeds, 3% native grasses—Danthonia, and 4% wildflowers—poppies, and the remainder bare dirt. AREA B (never grazed) = 44% weed grasses, 41% native grasses—Bromus, 3% broadleaf weeds and the remainder bare dirt. AREA C = 72% weed grasses, 3% native grasses—Bromus, and 25% bare soil. AREA D (not grazed in 2020) = 97% weed grasses and 3% native grasses—Bromus.
33:
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different forms of the tarplant seedlings—from plants with widespread branches, to round compact shapes, and each flowering at slightly different times and in different manners. Since all of the seedlings were grown from seeds originally collected from wild plants at Arana Gulch, this planting acted as a perfect "common garden" study, to detect genetic variations within the population.
57:
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Berkeley, a biologist from
California Fish and Wildlife, a biologist from US Fish and Wildlife Service, an ecologist from the California Coastal Commission, three private consultants, a UC Cooperative Extension Livestock advisor, and Santa Cruz city staff from the Planning and Parks Departments. Semi-annual meetings were held from 2013 to 2016, with the last meeting March 14, 2016.
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D - Arana Gulch - County/City ownership. UNIT E - Twin Lakes - State ownership. UNIT F - Rodeo Gulch - Private ownership. UNIT G - Soquel - Private and County/City ownership. UNIT H - Porter Gulch - Private ownership. UNIT I - Watsonville - State, County/City and
Private ownership. UNIT J - Casserly - Private ownership. UNIT K - Elkhorn - Private ownership.
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and manifest longer near the plant base. The lower ranging leaves exhibit sharp, short teeth at their edges, while the upper leaves present edges that are rolled back, leading to a bristly feeling. Several other species have a similar general appearance, and can be easily mistaken for the Santa Cruz
894:
Dremann, Craig
Carlton. 2021. "Arana Gulch Area-A native grass Coastal Prairie cover transects, west-east every 25 feet starting parallel to the southernmost fence, and the transect starting from the western fence line and going 200 feet eastward--compared with locations of the Endangered Santa Cruz
585:
Three different soil samples were taken from Area A, plus one sample from each of Areas B, C and D. The number of weed grass seedlings that sprouted per square foot were: Area A = 129–374. Area B = 451. Area C = 464. Area D = 516. The broadleaf weed seedlings were also an important issue: Area A =
567:
January, 2021, the City of Santa Cruz Parks & Recreation
Department's Open Space & Greenways team, in collaboration with the Arana Gulch Adaptive Management Working Group, the UCSC Greenhouse, and UCSC volunteers, did an experimental outplanting of 400 Santa Cruz tar plant, to try and ensure
500:
Twin Lakes State Park (Unit D0 population management between 1998 and 2003 consisted of mowing in 1998, 1999, and 2001 once in spring, and once in fall using a string trimmer. The litter was then removed using garden rakes or McCleods. The site was scraped using McCleods. In 2002, mowing continued
484:
In 2002, the US Fish and
Wildlife Service published the final designation of Critical Habitat for the species, as follows: UNIT A - Mezue (Contra Costa County, Wildcat Canyon Regional Park) - County/City ownership. UNIT B - Graham Hill - Private ownership. UNIT C - De Laveaga - State ownership. UNIT
599:
Is there a connection between where wild tarplants grew in the past, with the percentage of
Coastal Prairie cover in Area-A? Locations in Area A where wild tarplants grew over the past 25 years had been previously mapped. Sixteen linear vegetation-cover transects were run for 200 feet in slices 25
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How many exotic seeds are in the soil, that could potentially interfere with tarplant seedling survival? One square foot boxes were filled with topsoil, three inches deep from the four "Areas" in
November 2021, and sown with California poppy seeds as a native plant stand-in for tarplant seeds, and
536:
The "Tarplant Hill" population in
Watsonville (part of the Unit I populations) has experienced an almost identical drop in the plant numbers in that population. The plant count in 1984, estimated 10,000 plants, 1985 100,000 plants, 1986 20,000 plants, 1989 400,000 plants, and in 1990, 38,000 plants
528:
As a comparison to the decades of work being done at Arana Gulch, only five miles south at 300 Byers Lane in La Selva Beach on 70 acres of private property—the same area and habitat as the Arana Gulch property—the native grassland habitat at Byers Lane, started as 99% weed-covered, and was restored
524:
The 2020 census at Arana Gulch found only a single wild plant growing in Area A, even though there were several growing earlier in spring that the cattle ate, plus five planted seedlings had survived over in Area C. The amount of native and weed cover of each "Area" was surveyed in October 2020, as
520:
The Arana Gulch (Unit D) population first census in 1986 by Randy Morgan estimated that there were 100,000 plants on that site in Santa Cruz in four different "Areas", and by 2006 was extinct in three of the four areas, and in the remaining "Area A" had dropped to only 348 plants. Plants counts in
409:
and also less competition for sunlight, since in its range many plants have died back from the summer drought. Further protection from the rainless summer is a resinous coating on leaves and stems, allowing retention of water until late in the season. These resins often adhere to livestock, and, in
496:
The Arana Gulch populations management, the City of Santa Cruz established their Adaptive Management Working Group (AMWG) which consisted of a group of stakeholders, whose composition was approved by the California Coastal Commission Executive Director. The members have been a researcher from UC
907:
Dremann, Craig Carlton. 2021. "Endangered Santa Cruz Tarplant's (Holocarpha macradenia - Asteraceae) exceptional variations in genetic diversity, observed in nursery-grown seedlings spring 2021, planted in a "Common Garden" of the Arana Gulch, Santa Cruz, California - USFWS Critical Habitat Unit
550:
A 2020 review of the East Bay populations, outlined the history and current status of the tarplants in that area. In the 1980s, the land where the wild population was growing, was the site of a future shopping mall. A project spearheaded by Neil Havlik, collected seeds and planted them for two
606:
Tarplant seedlings planted out, what genetic diversity exists in the Arana Gulch population? Spring 2021, UCSC-greenhouse grown seedlings, sprouted from originally wild-harvested Arana Gulch seeds, were planted out in Area-A. Photographed in June, 2021, showed that there were at least twelve
592:
Has cattle grazing over time, remove soil nutrients that tarplant seedlings need for survival? Wood boxes, one square foot each, were filled with topsoil and poppy seeds sown as a stand-in for the tarplants, and all other seedlings as they sprouted removed, leaving the poppy seedlings to grow
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Also in 2021, four studies were conducted of the Arana Gulch Critical Habitat Unit, where in the 1990s tarplants were divided into four population clusters--"Areas" A, B, C and D. Areas A, C and D have been grazed for several years, with the hopes that would increase the tarplant population.
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watered daily. As seedlings germinated, they were identified and counted. Weed seedling counts indicate that tarplants have a massive amount of weed competition, with 129-516 weed grass seedlings sprouting in each box, that overwhelmed and killed all of the poppy seedlings that sprouted.
516:
projects to restore individual populations of the plants, their annual reports usually contain plant counts or estimations of the numbers of plants with a population during a certain year, and that data can be used to measure trends and successes of the restoration techniques used.
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In 2002, 494 plants were grown from seeds harvested in previous years, and 344 of these plant survived, but were no more robust than the naturally occurring individuals. In 2002, where plants naturally occurred, was mowed twice as well as treated with a chain harrow.
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years, into more than 30 sites, at Sobrante Ridge Regional Preserve, Tilden and Wildcat Regional Parks, and also, properties owned by East Bay Municipal Utility District. These populations only continue to grow currently in three locations, all of which are within
839:
Restoration of Santa Cruz Tarplant (Holocarpha macrademia) and Coastal Prairie on Tarplant Hill, Santa Criz County. Cooperative Agreement #81440-7-J303. October, 2009. Annual report, reflects work accomplished during the time period September 1, 2007 - October 1,
537:
were estimated. Then in 1993, 1994, and 2003 only a single plant was found for that whole "Tarplant Hill" population. Then, counts in 2004, found 8 plants, 2005 60 plants, 2008 two plants, 2007 70 plants, 2008 59 plants, and the 2009 count found 189 plants.
330:
Santa Cruz tarplant is an annual wildflower that can grow to 50 cm tall, but is often much smaller. The flowering period is June to November. The growth habit is a single erect stem with larger specimens developing branches. Its leaves are
829:
Report--"Management Actions and Population Trends For the Twin Lakes Population of Holocarpha macradenia Santa Cruz Tarplant September 1998 thru July 2003" N/D by Tim Hyland, California State Parks Resource Ecologist, Santa Cruz
777:
Report - "Management Actions and Population Trends For the Twin Lakes Population of Holocarpha macradenia Santa Cruz Tarplant September 1998 thru July 2003" N/D by Tim Hyland, California State Parks Resource Ecologist Santa Cruz
755:
50 CFR Part 17. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Final Designation of Critical Habitat for Holocarpha macradenia (Santa Cruz Tarplant); Final Rule. pages 63968-63992. Vol. 67, No. 200, October 16, 2002, Rules and
378:
giving the appearance of striking black dots in the flower center. It is distinguished by its large number of flowers: 8 to 16 three-lobed outer ray flowers and 40 to 90 central disk flowers, more than any others in the genus
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unmolested. However, the poppy seedlings soon showed they were nutrient-starved by their lack of growth and leaf-color. Organic fertilizers and organic matter were added periodically, until the plants started to thrive.
476:, and competition with non-native species. Active restoration experiments began in 2007 at Tarplant Hill in Watsonville by the owners, with support from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Partners in Restoration Program.
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The Arana Gulch restoration methods tried so far, are burning, grazing annually with cattle, and scraping. Three of the four former plant population "Areas" are surrounded by permanent barbed wire cattle fencing
563:
The entire Arana Gulch wild population dropped to a single plant in October 2020, in "Area A", the last of the four original "areas" where 100,000 plants were originally found growing 35 years earlier.
575:
These studies were conducted, to determine the health of the Coastal Prairie habitat which the tarplant is a member, and what improvements could be made to produce future self-sustaining populations.
870:
Dremann, Craig Carlton. 2021. "Arana Gulch, Santa Cruz, California, the Four Tarplant Critical Habitat Areas-- Results of Box Tests of soil, counting weed seedlings sprouting from one square foot."
540:
The Twin Lakes population, which is part of Unit D is on State Park property, and the naturally-occurring plant numbers were 16 in 1999, 7 in 2000, 19 in 2001, 7 in 2002 and only 5 plants in 2003.
766:
808:
Dremann, Craig Carlton with Michael Shaw. 2002. Releasing the Native Swedbank: An Innovative Approach to Restoring a Coastal California Ecosystem. Ecological Restoration. Vol. 20, 2:103-107 -
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and 15 nursery raised plants planted on February 6. The nursery plants were more robust and produced over ten times the number of seed heads than the naturally occurring individuals.
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In another touch-and-go experiment, Santa Cruz tarplant has been shown to barely survive at the Arana Gulch colony in Santa Cruz, mostly due to lack of appropriate management,
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The Santa Cruz tarplant is listed as threatened under the federal Endangered Species Act (ESA), and endangered under the state of California Endangered Species Act (CESA).
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onto the CalTrans right-of-way. Additional seeds from that population were moved onto East Bay Regional Parks property, where most of these introduced populations died.
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of that colony was used to allow construction of a new shopping center, and a limited number of seeds from that population were moved immediately across and east of
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2013 only found 18 plants, in 2014 only 4 plants, and in 2015 zero, and 2016 34 plants. Zero plants at Arana Gulch grew in 2017, then 267 in 2018, and 47 in 2019.
799:
Dremann, Craig Carlton. 2020. October 15 Vegetation Survey of the Arana Gulch Tarplant populations and Vegetation cover. Notebook #291, pages 12-16. Unpublished
405:, which may not germinate in the next season, but which can remain viable over a period of years. Blooming season is summer, when there is less competition for
767:
http://www.cityofsantacruz.com/government/city-departments/parks-recreation/parks-beaches-open-spaces/open-spaces/arana-gulch/habitat-management-at-arana-gulch
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plus a 3.4 acre coastal prairie called Tarplant Hill next to Struve Slough, Spring Hills Golf Course, and on Watsonville Airport property; and in the
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Dremann, Craig Carlton. 2021. "ARANA GULCH SOIL from AREA-A--Getting California poppy seedlings to survive in Ex-Situ boxes by adding fertilizers"
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Instead, the tarplant population dropped to zero in two of the last six years, and only one single plant survived in 2020.
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tarplant. The real Santa Cruz tarplant, though, has distinctive glands (see photos) that are not present in lookalikes.
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Santa Cruz tarplant had been considered almost extinct by the year 1960. Subsequently, it was listed as a California
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Report on Holocarpha macradenia Monitoring and Management at Watsonville Wetland Watch's Tarplant Hill Property
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858:"Arana Gulch Experimental Outplanting of Santa Cruz Tarplant." City of Santa Cruz Newsroom, January 28, 2020.
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385:. The flowers are situated in dense clusters at the branch tips or along the branch on a very short stem.
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greenbelt and near De La Veaga Golf Course, Twin Lakes, and along Graham Hill Road; in the city of
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Holocarpha macradenia, commonly known as Santa Cruz tarweed, illustrating distinctive glands
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Specifically Santa Cruz tarplant likes to inhabit terraced locations of coastal or valley
268:. Alternative common names for this plant are Santa Cruz tarweed or Santa Cruz sunflower.
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Arana Gulch Habitat Management Plan, City of Santa Cruz, Year 3 (2016) Annual Report.
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In 2002, a total of 1,175 ha (2,902 acres) was designated as Critical Habitat.
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watershed at the Elkhorn Slough Foundation's Porter Ranch in Monterey County.
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Hammond, Michele. 2020. "Santa Cruz Tarplant." Grasslands. Winter Pages 3-4
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367:-like. The pungent smell protects it by repelling many would-be feeders.
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1100:
884:
https://www.ecoseeds.com/ARANA-GULCH-adding-fertilizers-for-natives.pdf
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Final Environmental Impact Report of the Pinole Valley Shopping Center
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https://www.ecoseeds.com/Santa-Cruz-tarplant-genetic-diversity.pdf
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93:
397:, allowing it to thrive longer into the season than most coastal
726:
307:
1074:
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872:
https://www.ecoseeds.com/Arana-Gulch-Box-test-for-seedlings.pdf
860:
https://www.cityofsantacruz.com/Home/Components/News/News/9183/
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The aroma of the plant has variously been described as strong,
717:
for the City of Watsonville, Earth Metrics Incorporated (1985)
276:
The plant's principal range is on certain coastal terraces in
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8–17. Area B = 29. Area C = 45. Area D = 33 per square foot.
296:. It is found from sea level to 110 metres (360 ft).
897:
https://www.ecoseeds.com/Arana-Gulch-transects-AREA-A.pdf
492:
Efforts at active management to restore plant populations
789:
https://friendsofaranagulch.weebly.com/foag-history.html
414:-like effect after dust adheres to the resin in turn.
351:
Zoom view of distinctive glands, one circled in red.
1280:
983:
1445:Natural history of Contra Costa County, California
555:, and the largest stand is along the Mezue trail.
509:Population trends in individual plant populations
1460:Natural history of Santa Cruz County, California
715:Environmental Impact Report, Harkins Slough Area
895:Tarplant in one of its Critical Habitat Units"
1455:Natural history of Monterey County, California
453:In the 1980s other colonies were found in the
393:The Santa Cruz tarplant has an extremely long
1440:Natural history of Alameda County, California
8:
765:"Habitat Management at Arana Gulch" website
529:back to 95% native cover in only ten years.
310:soils. Its characteristic habitat is in the
1450:Natural history of Marin County, California
322:world dating from about 600,000 years ago.
971:
651:
649:
647:
314:ecosystem, which may be the oldest stable
55:
31:
20:
480:Populations protected as critical habitat
410:the case of facial adherence, lead to a
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284:. Smaller colonies are to the north in
738:Gary Deghi, C. Michael Hogan et al.,
713:Gary Deghi, C. Michael Hogan et al.,
7:
430:. Colonies are found in the city of
746:, Earth Metrics Incorporated (1986)
693:Local Coastal Program Land Use Plan
14:
810:https://www.ecoseeds.com/shaw.pdf
787:Friends of Arana Gulch History -
729:; article by Jane Strong, (2000).
1363:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:213793-1
1231:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:123542-2
924:
80:
691:Santa Cruz County, California:
461:, western Contra Costa County.
1465:Threatened flora of California
559:Arana Gulch population studies
1:
418:Protection and current status
370:It has characteristic yellow
1435:Endemic flora of California
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617:California coastal prairie
546:East Bay population review
374:-like flowers, with black
312:California coastal prairie
16:Species of flowering plant
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77:Scientific classification
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53:
44:
39:
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23:
1470:Plants described in 1836
954:USDA Plants Profile for
457:, including a colony in
252:, commonly known as the
946:Jepson Flora Project —
1425:ESA threatened species
682:. accessed 11.14.2011.
658:. accessed 11.14.2011.
514:Ecological restoration
455:San Francisco Bay Area
352:
344:
306:with underlying sandy
1015:Holocarpha macradenia
985:Holocarpha macradenia
964:Holocarpha macradenia
956:Holocarpha macradenia
948:Holocarpha macradenia
939:Holocarpha macradenia
937:CalFlora Datatabase:
931:Holocarpha macradenia
670:. accessed 11.14.2013
638:Holocarpha macradenia
474:habitat fragmentation
401:. The plant produces
350:
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249:Holocarpha macradenia
208:Holocarpha macradenia
25:Holocarpha macradenia
1282:Hemizonia macradenia
966:— U.C. Photo gallery
958:(Santa Cruz tarweed)
941:(Santa Cruz tarweed)
933:at Wikimedia Commons
463:Ex-situ conservation
442:in grasslands along
236:Hemizonia macradenia
290:Contra Costa County
254:Santa Cruz tarplant
47:Conservation status
727:PelicanNetwork.net
680:USDA: Legal status
428:threatened species
424:endangered species
353:
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190:H. macradenia
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1187:Open Tree of Life
977:Taxon identifiers
929:Media related to
389:Drought tolerance
278:Santa Cruz County
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908:population."
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640:(DC.) Greene
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467:Interstate 80
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199:Binomial name
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107:Tracheophytes
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68:
63:
52:
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452:
426:and federal
421:
392:
380:
369:
354:
329:
298:
294:Marin County
275:
272:Distribution
264:to Northern
253:
248:
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246:
235:
234:
207:
205:
189:
188:
176:
139:
126:
113:
100:
24:
18:
1174:NatureServe
1122:iNaturalist
1009:Wikispecies
756:Regulations
440:Watsonville
436:Arana Gulch
407:pollinators
399:wildflowers
326:Description
120:Angiosperms
1419:Categories
1200:Plant List
1023:Calflora:
623:References
432:Santa Cruz
382:Holocarpha
304:grasslands
266:California
258:endangered
177:Holocarpha
166:Asteraceae
62:Threatened
1297:Q38741176
1088:220006462
830:District.
403:seedbanks
361:tangerine
320:temperate
316:ecosystem
184:Species:
156:Asterales
90:Kingdom:
1376:50257598
1371:Tropicos
1350:213793-1
1291:Wikidata
1239:Tropicos
1205:gcc-2369
1179:2.147015
1153:10722561
1140:123542-2
1000:Q5883880
994:Wikidata
778:District
656:CalFlora
611:See also
604:Study 4:
597:Study 3:
590:Study 2:
579:Study 1:
395:tap root
256:, is an
228:Synonyms
162:Family:
146:Asterids
133:Eudicots
1430:Madieae
1402:1201888
1324:3091320
1270:1082908
1244:2724501
1192:3899678
1101:3091319
434:at the
412:mascara
376:anthers
357:citrusy
318:of the
301:prairie
262:endemic
172:Genus:
152:Order:
94:Plantae
65: (
1337:446242
1213:PLANTS
1114:444532
1075:841580
1059:ECOS:
744:Pinole
695:(1981)
668:Jepson
459:Pinole
333:linear
292:, and
260:plant
220:Greene
1397:WoRMS
1311:3KTV3
1265:WoRMS
1166:37739
1148:IRMNG
1127:62573
1039:6LXXF
372:daisy
140:Clade
127:Clade
114:Clade
101:Clade
1358:POWO
1345:IPNI
1332:GRIN
1319:GBIF
1226:POWO
1218:HOMA
1161:ITIS
1135:IPNI
1109:GRIN
1096:GBIF
1062:6832
1047:CNPS
1026:4205
840:2009
363:and
308:clay
280:and
1384:WFO
1306:CoL
1252:WFO
1083:FNA
1070:EoL
1052:907
1034:CoL
239:DC.
216:DC.
67:ESA
1421::
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996::
646:^
359:,
288:,
218:)
142::
129::
116::
103::
214:(
69:)
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