464:
539:
Polish, Russian and Jewish figures, particularly the servants of
Bolshevik-Muscovite imperialism" and further, when speaking of Russians, Poles, and Jews, to "destroy in struggle, particularly those opposing the regime, by means of: deporting them to their own lands, eradicating their intelligentsia, which is not to be admitted to any governmental positions, and overall preventing any creation of this intelligentsia (e.g. access to education etc.)... Jews are to be isolated, removed from governmental positions in order to prevent sabotage... Those who are deemed necessary may only work under strict supervision and removed from their positions for slightest misconduct... Jewish assimilation is not possible."
546:, the agreement between Ukrainian nationalists and the occupying authorities in the region was not limited to ideology, as 63% of UPA commanders by early 1944 were represented by former commanders of police formations created by Nazi Germany during the initial stage of the occupation of Ukraine. Police units and civil militia established by the Nazi authorities played the role of collaborators of the Nazis, participating not only in the genocide of the Jewish population but also in the killing of Soviet prisoners, as well as in the murder of Ukrainian civilians, such as the killing of 3,000 people in the village of Kortelitsa in September 1942.
39:
273:
160:
438:. It was carried out by a mixture of SS, SD, and Security Police. On Monday the 29th, the Jews of Kiev gathered by the cemetery, expecting to be loaded onto trains. The crowd was large enough that most of the men, women, and children could not have known what was happening until it was too late: by the time they heard the machine-gun fire, there was no chance to escape. All were driven down a corridor of soldiers, in groups of ten. A truck driver described the scene:
586:
1688:"The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists, the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, and the Nazi Genocide in Ukraine, Conference: Collaboration in Eastern Europe during World War II and the Holocaust" Conference, Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum & Vienna Wiesenthal Institute for Holocaust Studies, Vienna, 2013"
619:
estimated that 1.2 million Jews were murdered, and more recent estimates of the death toll have been as high as 1.6 million. Some of those Jews whose names have been added to the death toll attempted to find refuge in the forest, but later on, during the German retreat, they were killed by members of
442:
ne after the other, they had to remove their luggage, then their coats, shoes, and overgarments and also underwear … Once undressed, they were led into the ravine which was about 150 meters long and 30 meters wide and a good 15 meters deep … When they reached the bottom of the ravine they were seized
374:
I saw them do the killing. At 5:00 p.m. they gave the command, "Fill in the pits." Screams and groans were coming from the pits. Suddenly I saw my neighbor
Ruderman rise from under the soil … His eyes were bloody and he was screaming: "Finish me off!" … A murdered woman lay at my feet. A boy of five
447:
and made to lie down on top of Jews who had already been shot … The corpses were literally in layers. A police marksman came along and shot each Jew in the neck with a submachine gun … I saw these marksmen stand on layers of corpses and shoot one after the other … The marksman would walk across the
1151:
To this number of victims should be added Jews who died in captivity, as well as Jews who were exterminated on the territory of Russia (mainly in the North
Caucasus), where they evacuated in 1941 and where they were caught by the Germans in 1942. Number of Jews who perished can be estimated at 1.6
538:
report stated: "Long live
Ukraine without Jews, Poles and Germans; Poles behind the river San, Germans to Berlin, and Jews to the gallows". In instructions to its members concerning how the OUN should behave during the war, it declared that "in times of chaos... one can allow oneself to liquidate
573:(in January 2011), "Ukraine has, to the best of our knowledge, never conducted a single investigation of a local Nazi war criminal, let alone prosecuted a Holocaust perpetrator." There had been many prosecutions in the past, but all of these trials were conducted by Soviet military and
242:, the war in 1941, and it is organically and integrally connected to the attempt to conquer Ukraine. … Had Hitler not had the colonial idea to fight a war in Eastern Europe to control Ukraine, had there not been that idea, there could not have been a Holocaust.” According to
349:
had the mission to protect the rear of the troops by killing the Jews, Romani, Communist functionaries, active
Communists, uncooperative Slavs, and all persons who would endanger the security." In practice, their victims were nearly all Jewish civilians (not a single
396:
Jews of the city of Kiev and vicinity! On Monday, September 29, you are to appear by 08:00 a.m. with your possessions, money, documents, valuables, and warm clothing at
Dorogozhitskaya Street, next to the Jewish cemetery. Failure to appear is punishable by death.
505:
Timothy Snyder notes that "the majority, probably the vast majority of people who collaborated with the German occupation were not politically motivated. They were collaborating with an occupation that was there, and which is a German historical responsibility."
509:
Widespread coordination between the Third Reich and
Ukrainian nationalists, Ukrainian militia and rank-and-file pogromists occurred. Prior to the German invasion of Ukraine, the two active OUN factions coordinated directly from their headquarters in
419:, where 33,771 Jews were killed in a single operation on 29–30 September 1941; some 100,000–150,000 Ukrainian and other Soviet citizens were also killed in the following weeks. The mass killing was approved by the military governor Major-General
518:. The headquarters decided to create marching companies ("pohidni groopi") to accompany the German invasion of Ukraine, recruiting new members into their ranks. The OUN supported Nazi antisemitic policies. In 1941, when German official
666:
526:
under the OUN's command led pogroms that resulted in the massacre of 6,000 Jews in Lviv soon after that city's fall to German forces. OUN members spread propaganda urging people to engage in pogroms. A slogan put forth by the
3034:
2055:"Holocaust, Fascism, and Ukrainian History: Does It Make Sense to Rethink the History of Ukrainian Perpetrators in the European Context, published by the American Association for Polish-Jewish Studies, April 2016"
4302:
493:, around 100,000 joined police units that provided key assistance to the Nazis. Many others staffed the local bureaucracies or lent a helping hand mass shootings of Jews. Ukrainians, such as the infamous
4329:
1625:
I.K Patrylyak. (2004). Military activities of the OUN (B) in the years 1940–1942. Kyiv, Ukraine: Shevchenko
University \ Institute of History of Ukraine National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. p. 324.
1472:
3964:
615:. In the late 1990s, access to Soviet archives increased the estimates of the prewar population of Jews and as a result, the estimates of the death toll have been increasing. In the 1990s,
601:, at least 1.7 million Soviet Jews were killed by Germans and their collaborators by the end of 1942, "and the Soviet Jewish populations under their control had ceased to exist." Until the
4879:
4354:
3999:
4914:
4130:
3006:
1601:
1132:
3112:
1706:
522:
requested "self-cleansing actions" in June of that year the OUN organized militias who killed several thousand Jews in western
Ukraine soon afterward that year. The
471:
Ukrainians who collaborated with the Nazi
Germany did so in various ways including participating in the local administration, in German-supervised auxiliary police,
4889:
3715:
303:
Total civilian losses during the war and the German occupation of Ukraine are estimated to number four million, including up to a million Jews who were murdered by
1561:
463:
1899:
1178:
Approximately 1.5 million of the approximately 5.7 million Jews murdered during the Holocaust came from within the borders of what is today Ukraine – Dieter Pohl
4334:
2437:
1340:
3117:
3029:
4033:
3857:
2129:
1650:
Philip Friedman. "Ukrainian-Jewish Relations During the Nazi Occupation." at Yivo annual of Jewish social science Yiddish Scientific Institute, 1959 p. 268
883:
1171:
3994:
2921:
2791:
3217:
605:, it was believed that about 900,000 Jews were murdered as part of the Holocaust in Ukraine. This estimate is found in renowned and respected works as
2362:
458:
100:
4068:
3517:
4416:
3937:
3665:
3060:
3011:
2829:
2046:
1969:
1407:
868:
355:
1049:
4494:
3241:
108:
4894:
1321:
3621:
3039:
2879:
607:
4884:
4570:
4426:
4259:
3904:
3367:
3107:
2667:
494:
1623:І.К. Патриляк. Військова діяльність ОУН(Б) у 1940–1942 роках. – Університет імені Шевченко \Ін-т історії України НАН України Київ, 2004
219:
130:
3455:
2252:
2023:
1804:
1541:
1415:
1372:
1299:
1254:
1086:
1025:
992:
1982:
1210:
4874:
4869:
4864:
3236:
2981:
1279:
878:
3251:
3187:
632:
research maintains that between 1 and 1.1 million Soviet Jews were murdered during the Holocaust, of them around 225,000 were from
190:
and some areas which were located to the East of Reichskommissariat Ukraine (all of those areas were under the military control of
38:
4899:
4682:
4677:
4022:
3479:
3256:
3197:
3172:
2961:
2889:
628:, "there were many perpetrators, albeit with different political agendas, who killed Jews and suppressed this history". However,
229:
Between 1941 and 1945, between 850,000–1,600,000 Jews were killed in Ukraine, which included assistance of local collaborators.
3100:
3095:
2122:
602:
4620:
2075:"Forced Labor Camps for Jews in Reichskommissariat Ukraine: The Exploitation of Jewish Labor within the Holocaust in the East"
1609:
1565:
1328:
As a result of Nazi policy, about one and a half million Jews were murdered on the territories that constitute modern Ukraine.
1143:
4550:
3917:
3730:
3192:
2720:
1477:
873:
481:
375:
years crawled out from under her body and began to scream desperately. "Mommy!" That was all I saw, since I fell unconscious.
251:
3892:
1490:
806:
624:, members of some nationalist units of the Home Army, or members of other partisan groups. According to American historian
4795:
4389:
4229:
3392:
3299:
3246:
3227:
3207:
3177:
3070:
2611:
2520:
1509:"The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and Its Attitude toward Germans and Jews: Iaroslav Stets'Ko's 1941 Zhyttiepys"
523:
4757:
4818:
4595:
4254:
3887:
3817:
3445:
3314:
3289:
3167:
2631:
2575:
791:
590:
4833:
4785:
4652:
4436:
4421:
4322:
4168:
4092:
3304:
3261:
3222:
3122:
2956:
2822:
2751:
2641:
2327:
1903:
728:
570:
3414:
2322:
1666:
4790:
4642:
4647:
4487:
4294:
4173:
4143:
4062:
3979:
3812:
3450:
3348:
3309:
3266:
3202:
3075:
2951:
2737:
2636:
2509:
2179:
2115:
786:
751:
176:
104:
4742:
4904:
4727:
4722:
4712:
4697:
4672:
4632:
4555:
4535:
3932:
3747:
3294:
3271:
3182:
3044:
2896:
2884:
2871:
2626:
2590:
4823:
4909:
4843:
4828:
4775:
4702:
4662:
4610:
4600:
4580:
4560:
4545:
4540:
4530:
4515:
4411:
4366:
3912:
3231:
3212:
3159:
3143:
3090:
3085:
2986:
2976:
2928:
2911:
2901:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2796:
2688:
2662:
2514:
2447:
2194:
2169:
2164:
933:
929:
679:
621:
476:
277:
195:
4615:
4585:
4575:
4525:
4520:
3837:
3692:
74:
Imprisonment, mass shootings, concentration camps, ghettos, forced labor, starvation, torture, mass kidnapping
4838:
4780:
4667:
4565:
1432:
4813:
4747:
4737:
4717:
4707:
4692:
4687:
4657:
4637:
4605:
4590:
4404:
4394:
4120:
3674:
3471:
3402:
3080:
3065:
2991:
2971:
2966:
2946:
2916:
2906:
2297:
2199:
2189:
2184:
2174:
1244:
937:
925:
655:
310:
122:
3626:
1983:"Names and Numbers of Righteous Among the Nations - per Country & Ethnic Origin, as of January 1, 2015"
4732:
4627:
4115:
3882:
3361:
2939:
2933:
2815:
1579:
985:
Stepan Bandera : the life and afterlife of a Ukrainian nationalist : Fascism, genocide, and cult
562:
532:
4480:
4349:
3974:
3927:
3591:
3342:
2772:
2557:
2499:
2342:
543:
899:, a 2012 documentary film about a group of Ukrainian Jews who survived the Holocaust by hiding in the
4312:
4249:
4178:
3832:
3616:
3507:
3485:
3380:
3375:
3356:
2710:
2585:
2567:
2494:
2457:
2312:
756:
661:
342:
296:
267:
3535:
560:, "In January 1942 a company of Tatar volunteers was established in Simferopol under the command of
159:
4399:
4307:
4153:
3740:
3525:
2694:
2287:
2282:
2262:
1634:
801:
706:
215:
272:
3779:
3774:
3281:
2758:
2550:
2540:
2405:
1965:
1877:
1869:
1757:
1520:
761:
211:
182:
134:
2646:
2042:
904:
1738:"Ray Brandon and Wendy Lower (eds.): The Shoah in Ukraine: History, Testimony, Memorialization"
1298:(2024). "Antisemitism in Ukraine". In Weitzman, Mark; Williams, Robert J.; Wald, James (eds.).
4384:
4244:
4075:
3989:
3956:
3870:
3687:
3653:
2744:
2682:
2257:
2096:
2019:
2013:
1929:
1861:
1800:
1794:
1737:
1411:
1399:
1378:
1368:
1317:
1275:
1250:
1167:
1092:
1082:
1031:
1021:
998:
988:
895:
888:
863:
821:
731:" for saving Jews during the Holocaust, with 2,515 individuals recognized as of January 2015.
696:
598:
566:. This company participated in anti-Jewish manhunts and murder actions in the rural regions."
550:
519:
427:
380:
238:
233:
203:
86:
387:
resulted in the deaths of 35,782 Soviet citizens, most of whom were Jews, as was reported to
4361:
4339:
4158:
4148:
3877:
3865:
3847:
3784:
3530:
3492:
2616:
2504:
2442:
2395:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2352:
2337:
2237:
2086:
1851:
1840:"Collaboration on Trial: New Source Material on Soviet Postwar Trials against Collaborators"
1749:
1718:
1309:
716:
674:
472:
444:
1707:"Terrorists or national heroes? Politics and perceptions of the OUN and the UPA in Ukraine"
1537:
585:
4431:
4271:
4264:
4081:
3984:
3842:
3822:
3735:
3571:
2765:
2677:
2672:
2400:
2317:
1990:
1670:
1545:
1295:
1217:
649:
326:
318:
222:) during World War II. The listed areas are currently parts of Ukraine (except modern-day
2347:
1583:
43:
SS paramilitaries murder Jewish civilians, including a mother and her child, in 1942, in
448:
bodies of the executed Jews to the next Jew, who had meanwhile lain down, and shoot him.
4344:
4239:
4138:
4109:
3801:
3765:
3725:
3720:
3545:
3430:
3337:
2595:
2489:
2421:
2390:
2370:
2292:
2267:
2242:
1895:
836:
771:
739:
691:
645:
535:
528:
330:
305:
287:
263:
118:
90:
1722:
966:"The Lviv Pogrom of 1941: The Germans, Ukrainian Nationalists, and the Carnival Crowd"
742:
Protestant denomination which emerged in late 19th century Ukraine, helped hide Jews.
4858:
4234:
4163:
4054:
3922:
3752:
3709:
3555:
3540:
2838:
2715:
2621:
2562:
2462:
2452:
2302:
2232:
2227:
2154:
1761:
1687:
1364:
Nazi Policy on the Eastern Front, 1941 : total war, genocide, and radicalization
1078:
Nazi Policy on the Eastern Front, 1941 : total war, genocide, and radicalization
776:
574:
420:
207:
56:
1881:
1819:
1777:
Complicated Complicity: European Collaboration with Nazi Germany during World War II
17:
4446:
3596:
3581:
3576:
3550:
3503:
3435:
3397:
3147:
2580:
2332:
2277:
1947:
1790:
1191:
1110:
900:
858:
711:
612:
557:
223:
191:
1622:
549:
Ukrainian police auxiliaries "had been involved at least in preparations for the
4452:
3969:
3586:
3440:
2222:
701:
625:
616:
490:
243:
126:
94:
4441:
4276:
4049:
3827:
2307:
2272:
2247:
1753:
1597:
1557:
811:
735:
629:
435:
322:
199:
82:
2100:
1865:
1382:
1096:
1035:
1002:
404:
Order posted in Kiev in Russian and Ukrainian on or around September 26, 1941
4281:
4087:
1824:
1436:
1305:
1050:"Nazikollaborateur als neuer Held der Ukraine – Jüdische Gemeinde zu Berlin"
498:
314:
292:
282:
44:
3942:
2107:
2091:
2074:
515:
4472:
1660:
1362:
1313:
1076:
3807:
3607:
2545:
1494:
846:
841:
781:
766:
412:
384:
367:
359:
338:
247:
1524:
1508:
1873:
1662:
Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army
831:
633:
489:
A number of Ukrainians had collaborated: According to German historian
363:
1473:
President Putin Has Called Ukraine a Hotbed of Anti-Semites. It's Not.
4317:
816:
796:
577:
courts, and never by Ukraine after the collapse of the Soviet Union.
511:
388:
334:
2054:
1856:
1839:
501:, were also among the guards who manned the German Nazi death camps.
254:
was closely linked to German plans to exploit and colonize Ukraine.
1341:"Timothy Snyder: Germany must own up to past atrocities in Ukraine"
965:
3682:
1491:
Germans must remember the truth about Ukraine – for their own sake
826:
462:
271:
158:
366:, when they killed 1,600 Jews on 6 April 1942, the second day of
2807:
1659:
Institute of Ukrainian History, Academy of Sciences of Ukraine,
416:
236:, "the Holocaust is integrally and organically connected to the
171:
4476:
4199:
4020:
3651:
3141:
2811:
2111:
1820:
Nazi-hunters give low grades to 13 countries, including Ukraine
1641:. (1980) New York: Conference of Jewish Social Studies. p. 181
1637:. "Ukrainian-Jewish Relations During the Nazi Occupation." In
1410:(2nd ed.). USHMM / Johns Hopkins Univ Press. p. 93.
1562:"June 30: Germany occupies Lvov; 4,000 Jews killed by July 3"
1455:
1453:
1367:. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press. p. 232.
1081:. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press. p. 203.
727:
Ukraine rates fourth in the number of people recognized as "
281:, the 1942 photograph showing a Jewish man near the town of
1433:"Jewish History of Mykolayiv (Nikolayev), Kherson Gubernia"
411:
The most notorious massacre of Jews in Ukraine was at the
354:
member was killed in action during these operations). The
1111:"Questions and answers about the Holocaust (Hebrew) (#4)"
358:
tells the story of one survivor of the Einsatzgruppen in
2043:
The Holocaust in Ukraine: New Sources and Perspectives
1361:
Kay, Alex J.; Rutherford, Jeff; Stahel, David (2012).
1192:"World War II in Ukraine: Jewish Holocaust in Ukraine"
1173:
Stalin and Europe: Imitation and Domination, 1928–1953
1075:
Kay, Alex J.; Rutherford, Jeff; Stahel, David (2012).
1020:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 89.
924:
Given the overlapping geographical scopes, see also
214:, with the latter three areas being re-annexed) and
4804:
4766:
4508:
4377:
4293:
4222:
4129:
4101:
4042:
3955:
3903:
3856:
3793:
3763:
3701:
3673:
3664:
3605:
3564:
3516:
3502:
3464:
3423:
3323:
3280:
3158:
3053:
3022:
2849:
2729:
2703:
2655:
2604:
2533:
2482:
2475:
2430:
2414:
2361:
2215:
2208:
149:
141:
114:
78:
70:
62:
52:
31:
467:Jews digging their own graves. Storow, 4 July 1941
2015:Black Earth: The Holocaust as History and Warning
1540:By John Paul Himka. Kyiv Post 23 September 2010.
325:) was assigned to north and central Ukraine, and
1948:"Questions and answers about the Holocaust (#4)"
1394:
1392:
423:, the Police Commander for Army Group South (SS-
4880:Military history of Ukraine during World War II
3975:Civilians targeted during anti-partisan warfare
2045:, Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies of the
1681:
1679:
440:
394:
372:
1902:. The New York Review of Books. Archived from
4488:
4335:Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law
2823:
2123:
2053:Rossoliński-Liebe, Grzegorz (24 April 2016).
556:According to the Israeli Holocaust historian
8:
1775:Martina Bitunjac, Julius H. Schoeps (2021).
1639:Roads to Extinction: Essays on the Holocaust
1249:. University of Toronto Press. p. 679.
1162:
1160:
341:. According to Ohlendorf's testimony at the
4034:List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust
891:, a short-lived German Colony near Zhytomyr
884:World War II casualties of the Soviet Union
4495:
4481:
4473:
4219:
4196:
4039:
4017:
3670:
3661:
3648:
3513:
3155:
3138:
2846:
2830:
2816:
2808:
2792:History of the Jews in Carpathian Ruthenia
2479:
2212:
2130:
2116:
2108:
1586:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
1133:"ХРОНИКА ХОЛОКОСТА В УКРАИНЕ 1941–1944 гг"
2090:
1855:
1459:
1126:
1124:
660:Abwehr/Brandemburg special saboteur unit
475:, in the German military, and serving as
459:Ukrainian collaboration with Nazi Germany
4915:Genocide of indigenous peoples in Europe
1930:"Introduction: the Holocaust in Ukraine"
584:
2721:Extraordinary (Soviet) State Commission
2047:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
1970:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
1304:(1st ed.). Abingdon and New York:
1274:. New York: Bantam Books. p. 403.
1216:. pp. 133, 145–147. Archived from
959:
957:
953:
917:
869:History of the Jews in the Soviet Union
356:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
4890:World War II prisoner of war massacres
210:(all of those areas were then part of
109:Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
28:
2438:Ukrainian Righteous Among the Nations
1779:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG.
1301:The Routledge History of Antisemitism
1196:Reprinted from Forum Ukrainian Review
669:3 & 4 (Russians & Ukrainians)
317:troops and local Nazi collaborators.
285:about to be shot dead by a member of
7:
3622:Reich Association of Jews in Germany
1799:. U of Nebraska Press. p. 211.
1711:Communist and Post-Communist Studies
608:The Destruction of the European Jews
4427:Armenian genocide and the Holocaust
2668:Ivanhorod Einsatzgruppen photograph
1272:The war against the Jews, 1933–1945
2079:Eastern European Holocaust Studies
333:) to Moldavia, south Ukraine, the
291:. Also present are members of the
170:was the systematic mass murder of
25:
2073:Dean, Martin Christopher (2022).
1796:The Holocaust in the Soviet Union
1723:10.1016/j.postcomstud.2015.06.006
879:The Holocaust in the Soviet Union
542:According to political scientist
379:From 16 to 30 September 1941 the
163:A map of the Holocaust in Ukraine
145:850,000 –1,600,000 Ukrainian Jews
3990:Polish leaders and intellectuals
3480:Concentration Camps Inspectorate
2018:. Crown/Archetype. p. 328.
1900:"Holocaust: The Ignored Reality"
1211:"Civil Wars in the Soviet Union"
153:In various places in the country
37:
1406:. Contributors: Arnold Kramer,
1131:Kruglov, Alexander Iosifovich.
3918:Attack on the twentieth convoy
3731:1941 pogroms in eastern Poland
1934:Holocaust and Genocide Studies
983:Grzegorz, Rossolinski (2014).
874:History of the Jews in Ukraine
337:, and, during 1942, the north
1:
2612:Bogdanovka concentration camp
1507:Berkhoff and Carynnk (1999).
1431:Hemme, Amira Lapidot (2012).
1243:Magocsi, Paul Robert (1996).
1018:Holocaust in the Soviet Union
4895:Eastern Front (World War II)
4255:Jewish war conspiracy theory
3446:Extermination through labour
2632:Vapniarka concentration camp
1608:. Yad Vashem. Archived from
1270:Dawidowicz, Lucy S. (1986).
1190:Gregorovich, Andrew (1995).
987:. Stuttgart: Ibidem-Verlag.
533:recorded in the 16 July 1941
232:According to Yale historian
4437:Righteous Among the Nations
3123:Righteous Among the Nations
2752:She Paid the Ultimate Price
2642:Janowska concentration camp
2160:Related articles by country
1705:Katchanovski, Ivan (2015).
1606:Chronology of the Holocaust
807:Massacre of Lwów professors
792:Kamenets-Podolskiy massacre
729:Righteous Among the Nations
667:Freiwilligen-Stamm-Regiment
571:The Simon Wiesenthal Center
4931:
4885:Reichskommissariat Ukraine
4174:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
4144:Lithuanian Security Police
4063:Reich Security Main Office
3030:Evidence and documentation
2738:Luboml: My Heart Remembers
2637:Pechora concentration camp
2521:Ukrainian People's Militia
2510:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
752:1941 Bila Tserkva massacre
672:Ukrainian auxiliary units
524:Ukrainian People's Militia
456:
383:in and around the city of
261:
188:Crimean General Government
177:Reichskommissariat Ukraine
137:), and local collaborators
105:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
4390:Books and other resources
4218:
4195:
4029:
4016:
3660:
3647:
3154:
3137:
2922:Bulgarian-occupied Greece
2845:
2782:
2627:Syrets concentration camp
2591:Pripyat Marshes massacres
2145:
2049:, Conference Papers, 2013
1754:10.1007/s10835-009-9097-8
1602:"July 25: Pogrom in Lwów"
1544:25 September 2010 at the
1513:Harvard Ukrainian Studies
1209:Alfred J. Rieber (2003).
36:
4875:Jewish Ukrainian history
4870:The Holocaust by country
4865:The Holocaust in Ukraine
3980:People with disabilities
3913:Aid and Rescue Committee
2797:Transnistria Governorate
2689:The Last Jew in Vinnitsa
2515:Ukrainian Insurgent Army
2448:Hermann Friedrich Graebe
2323:Karl Eberhard Schöngarth
2139:The Holocaust in Ukraine
2012:Snyder, Timothy (2015).
934:The Holocaust in Belarus
930:The Holocaust in Romania
680:Ukrainische Hilfspolizei
622:Ukrainian Insurgent Army
603:fall of the Soviet Union
453:Collaboration in Ukraine
278:The Last Jew in Vinnitsa
258:Death squads (1941–1943)
196:Transnistria Governorate
168:The Holocaust in Ukraine
101:local Nazi collaborators
32:The Holocaust in Ukraine
4900:Ukraine in World War II
4503:The Holocaust in Europe
4121:Order Police battalions
1538:The Lviv pogrom of 1941
938:The Holocaust in Russia
926:The Holocaust in Poland
656:Order Police battalions
311:Order Police battalions
123:Order Police battalions
4551:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3970:Soviet urban residents
3061:International response
3035:Contemporary knowledge
2092:10.1515/eehs-2022-0002
1838:Penter, Tanja (2005).
1580:Holocaust Encyclopedia
1016:Arad, Yitzhak (2009).
594:
591:Prison on Łącki Street
503:
468:
450:
399:
377:
300:
164:
4417:Memorials and museums
4355:Reparations Agreement
4350:Holocaust restitution
3928:Le Chambon-sur-Lignon
3451:Human experimentation
3290:Auschwitz II-Birkenau
2773:Word of the Righteous
2558:Bila Tserkva massacre
2500:Police Regiment South
2343:Hans Graf von Sponeck
1966:Mobile Killing Squads
1669:25 March 2009 at the
1314:10.4324/9780429428616
1140:holocaust-ukraine.net
588:
487:
466:
275:
162:
3617:Jewish Ghetto Police
3486:Politische Abteilung
3381:Risiera di San Sabba
3242:Natzweiler-Struthof
2711:Einsatzgruppen trial
2495:Nachtigall Battalion
2458:Klymentiy Sheptytsky
2313:Walter von Reichenau
2298:Hans-Adolf Prützmann
1686:Katchanovski, Ivan.
1246:A History of Ukraine
757:1941 Odessa massacre
662:Nachtigall Battalion
343:Einsatzgruppen Trial
297:German Labor Service
268:Einsatzgruppen trial
66:22 June 1941 to 1944
18:Holocaust in Ukraine
4767:States with limited
4395:Days of remembrance
4308:Holocaust survivors
4303:Depopulated shtetls
4154:Rollkommando Hamann
4000:Jehovah's Witnesses
3818:Kamianets-Podilskyi
2880:Bohemia and Moravia
2695:Deutsche Volksliste
2576:Kamianets-Podilskyi
2288:Hans von Obstfelder
2283:Gustav Adolf Nosske
2263:Ernst Kaltenbrunner
1736:Stone, Dan (2010).
1478:National Geographic
1404:The World Must Know
1233:Slavica Publishers.
802:Lviv pogroms (1941)
707:Adam Daniel Rotfeld
482:National Geographic
216:Carpathian Ruthenia
129:occupation forces (
4378:History and memory
4282:Forced euthanasia
4230:Nazi racial policy
3933:Danish underground
3780:Operation Reinhard
3775:Wannsee Conference
2759:The Lemberg Mosaic
2406:Petro Zakhvalynsky
2303:Paul Otto Radomski
1993:on 13 October 2016
1907:(Internet Archive)
1400:Berenbaum, Michael
1223:on 30 October 2020
1168:D. Snyder, Timothy
1149:on 9 August 2014.
964:Himka, John-Paul.
762:Artemivsk massacre
595:
477:concentration camp
469:
443:by members of the
301:
183:General Government
165:
4852:
4851:
4470:
4469:
4466:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4313:Sh'erit ha-Pletah
4260:Jewish emigration
4250:Hitler's prophecy
4245:Haavara Agreement
4191:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4179:Ypatingasis būrys
4076:Sicherheitsdienst
4012:
4011:
4008:
4007:
3951:
3950:
3871:Bielski partisans
3643:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3474:Totenkopfverbände
3133:
3132:
2805:
2804:
2745:No Place on Earth
2683:Sonderaktion 1005
2569:Durchgangsstrasse
2529:
2528:
2471:
2470:
2258:Friedrich Jeckeln
1909:on 9 January 2014
1828:(12 January 2011)
1612:on 11 March 2005.
1568:on 11 March 2005.
1462:, pp. 97–98.
1323:978-1-138-36944-3
1054:www.jg-berlin.org
896:No Place on Earth
864:German war crimes
822:Nikolaev massacre
697:Mordechai Rokeach
686:Notable survivors
599:Timothy D. Snyder
551:Babi Yar massacre
544:Ivan Katchanovski
520:Reinhard Heydrich
495:Ivan the Terrible
428:Friedrich Jeckeln
425:Obergruppenführer
381:Nikolaev massacre
239:Vernichtungskrieg
234:Timothy D. Snyder
204:Northern Bukovina
157:
156:
87:Friedrich Jeckeln
16:(Redirected from
4922:
4905:1940s in Ukraine
4805:Dependencies and
4509:Sovereign states
4497:
4490:
4483:
4474:
4362:Holocaust denial
4340:Nuremberg trials
4330:Postwar violence
4285:
4220:
4197:
4159:Special Brigades
4149:Nederlandsche SS
4116:Police Regiments
4040:
4018:
3878:Ghetto uprisings
3866:Jewish partisans
3813:Harvest Festival
3785:Holocaust trains
3671:
3662:
3649:
3514:
3410:
3388:
3370:
3351:
3333:
3156:
3139:
2847:
2832:
2825:
2818:
2809:
2788:
2663:Graebe affidavit
2617:Drohobycz Ghetto
2505:Schutzmannschaft
2480:
2443:Aleksei Glagolev
2396:Hryhoriy Vasiura
2386:Vladimir Katriuk
2381:Anatoliy Kabayda
2376:Feodor Fedorenko
2353:Dieter Wisliceny
2338:Heinrich Seetzen
2253:Günther Herrmann
2238:Hermann Fegelein
2213:
2161:
2151:
2132:
2125:
2118:
2109:
2104:
2094:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2030:
2029:
2009:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1989:. Archived from
1979:
1973:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1908:
1898:(16 July 2009).
1892:
1886:
1885:
1859:
1835:
1829:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1717:(2–3): 217–228.
1702:
1696:
1695:
1692:researchgate.net
1683:
1674:
1657:
1651:
1648:
1642:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1564:. Archived from
1554:
1548:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1519:(3/4): 149–184.
1504:
1498:
1488:
1482:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1396:
1387:
1386:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1296:Himka, John-Paul
1292:
1286:
1285:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1240:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1222:
1215:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1170:; Brandon, Ray.
1164:
1155:
1154:
1148:
1142:. Archived from
1137:
1128:
1119:
1118:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1013:
1007:
1006:
980:
974:
973:
961:
941:
922:
717:Simon Wiesenthal
675:Schutzmannschaft
563:Einsatzgruppe 11
473:Schutzmannschaft
445:Schutzmannschaft
407:
97:and many others.
41:
29:
21:
4930:
4929:
4925:
4924:
4923:
4921:
4920:
4919:
4910:Generalplan Ost
4855:
4854:
4853:
4848:
4806:
4800:
4786:Northern Cyprus
4768:
4762:
4683:North Macedonia
4504:
4501:
4471:
4458:
4373:
4289:
4283:
4272:Madagascar Plan
4265:Kindertransport
4214:
4213:
4183:
4125:
4097:
4082:Ordnungspolizei
4038:
4025:
4004:
3947:
3899:
3852:
3823:Maly Trostenets
3794:Mass executions
3789:
3759:
3697:
3656:
3631:
3601:
3560:
3498:
3460:
3419:
3408:
3386:
3368:
3349:
3331:
3319:
3276:
3150:
3129:
3049:
3040:Hidden children
3018:
2876:Czechoslovakia
2841:
2836:
2806:
2801:
2786:
2778:
2766:The White Hotel
2725:
2699:
2678:Generalplan Ost
2673:Katzmann Report
2651:
2647:Priest's Grotto
2600:
2586:Odessa massacre
2525:
2467:
2426:
2410:
2401:Petro Voinovsky
2357:
2318:Walter Schimana
2204:
2159:
2149:
2141:
2136:
2072:
2063:
2061:
2052:
2039:
2037:Further reading
2034:
2033:
2026:
2011:
2010:
2006:
1996:
1994:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1963:
1959:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1857:10.2307/3649913
1837:
1836:
1832:
1818:
1814:
1807:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1685:
1684:
1677:
1671:Wayback Machine
1658:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1635:Philip Friedman
1633:
1629:
1621:
1617:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1546:Wayback Machine
1536:
1532:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1489:
1485:
1470:
1466:
1458:
1451:
1441:
1439:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1398:
1397:
1390:
1375:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1324:
1308:. p. 241.
1294:
1293:
1289:
1282:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1257:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1213:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1166:
1165:
1158:
1146:
1135:
1130:
1129:
1122:
1117:(in Hebrew): 4.
1109:
1108:
1104:
1089:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1059:
1057:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1028:
1015:
1014:
1010:
995:
982:
981:
977:
963:
962:
955:
950:
945:
944:
923:
919:
914:
905:Priest's Grotto
855:
787:Ivano-Frankovsk
748:
725:
688:
650:Einsatzkommando
642:
640:Execution units
583:
461:
455:
415:ravine outside
409:
401:
327:Einsatzgruppe D
319:Einsatzgruppe C
288:Einsatzgruppe D
270:
262:Main articles:
260:
98:
48:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4928:
4926:
4918:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4857:
4856:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4810:
4808:
4807:other entities
4802:
4801:
4799:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4772:
4770:
4764:
4763:
4761:
4760:
4758:United Kingdom
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4571:Czech Republic
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4512:
4510:
4506:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4499:
4492:
4485:
4477:
4468:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4456:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4408:
4407:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4381:
4379:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4371:
4370:
4369:
4367:trivialization
4359:
4358:
4357:
4347:
4345:Eichmann trial
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4326:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4305:
4299:
4297:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4287:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4268:
4267:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4240:Nuremberg Laws
4237:
4232:
4226:
4224:
4223:Early elements
4216:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4208:
4205:
4204:Early elements
4201:
4200:
4193:
4192:
4189:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4139:Arajs Kommando
4135:
4133:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4110:Einsatzgruppen
4105:
4103:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4079:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4060:
4052:
4046:
4044:
4037:
4036:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4023:Responsibility
4021:
4014:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3961:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3909:
3907:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3897:
3896:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3862:
3860:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3802:Einsatzgruppen
3797:
3795:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3771:
3769:
3766:Final Solution
3761:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3756:
3755:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3738:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3679:
3677:
3668:
3658:
3657:
3652:
3645:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3627:Ústredňa Židov
3624:
3619:
3613:
3611:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3592:Theresienstadt
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3568:
3566:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3522:
3520:
3511:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3489:
3482:
3477:
3468:
3466:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3431:Einsatzgruppen
3427:
3425:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3327:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3286:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3237:Mittelbau-Dora
3234:
3225:
3220:
3218:Kraków-Płaszów
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3164:
3162:
3152:
3151:
3142:
3135:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3108:Rescue of Jews
3105:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2931:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2853:
2851:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2827:
2820:
2812:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2769:
2762:
2755:
2748:
2741:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2596:Sarny massacre
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2543:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2490:Einsatzgruppen
2486:
2484:
2477:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2422:Tatiana Markus
2418:
2416:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2391:Vasyl Meleshko
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2371:John Demjanjuk
2367:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2328:Heinz Schubert
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2293:Otto Ohlendorf
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2268:Fritz Katzmann
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2243:Lothar Fendler
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2219:
2217:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2127:
2120:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2070:
2050:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2025:978-1101903469
2024:
2004:
1974:
1957:
1939:
1928:Lower, Wendy.
1920:
1896:Timothy Snyder
1887:
1850:(4): 782–790.
1830:
1812:
1806:978-0803222700
1805:
1782:
1767:
1748:(2): 225–227.
1742:Jewish History
1728:
1697:
1675:
1652:
1643:
1627:
1615:
1589:
1571:
1549:
1530:
1499:
1483:
1481:. May 30, 2014
1464:
1460:Berenbaum 2006
1449:
1423:
1417:978-0801883583
1416:
1388:
1374:978-1580467698
1373:
1353:
1332:
1322:
1287:
1280:
1262:
1256:978-0802078209
1255:
1235:
1201:
1182:
1156:
1120:
1102:
1088:978-1580467698
1087:
1067:
1041:
1027:978-0803222700
1026:
1008:
994:978-3838206868
993:
975:
952:
951:
949:
946:
943:
942:
916:
915:
913:
910:
909:
908:
892:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
854:
851:
850:
849:
844:
839:
837:Sarny massacre
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
772:Dnipropetrovsk
769:
764:
759:
754:
747:
744:
724:
721:
720:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
692:Roald Hoffmann
687:
684:
683:
682:
670:
664:
658:
653:
646:Einsatzgruppen
641:
638:
582:
579:
536:Einsatzgruppen
457:Main article:
454:
451:
393:
347:Einsatzgruppen
331:Otto Ohlendorf
306:Einsatzgruppen
264:Einsatzgruppen
259:
256:
252:Ukrainian Jews
218:(then part of
155:
154:
151:
147:
146:
143:
139:
138:
119:Einsatzgruppen
116:
112:
111:
91:Otto Ohlendorf
80:
76:
75:
72:
68:
67:
64:
60:
59:
54:
50:
49:
42:
34:
33:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4927:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4819:Faroe Islands
4817:
4815:
4812:
4811:
4809:
4803:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4791:South Ossetia
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4765:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4643:Liechtenstein
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4507:
4498:
4493:
4491:
4486:
4484:
4479:
4478:
4475:
4454:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4376:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4363:
4360:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4296:
4292:
4286:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4266:
4263:
4262:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4235:Nazi eugenics
4233:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4209:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4164:Topf and Sons
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4132:
4131:Collaborators
4128:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4100:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4083:
4080:
4077:
4074:
4070:
4069:Referat IV B4
4067:
4066:
4065: (RSHA)
4064:
4061:
4059:
4057:
4056:Schutzstaffel
4053:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4043:Organizations
4041:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4028:
4024:
4019:
4015:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3985:Romani people
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3954:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3938:Working Group
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3923:Kastner train
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3902:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3876:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3855:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3792:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3762:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3746:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3710:Kristallnacht
3707:
3706:
3704:
3700:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3650:
3646:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3563:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3495:
3494:
3493:Sanitätswesen
3490:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3463:
3457:
3456:Death marches
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3282:Extermination
3279:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3257:Sachsenhausen
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3198:Herzogenbusch
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3173:Bergen-Belsen
3171:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3160:Concentration
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3140:
3136:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3096:United States
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2936:and colonies
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2839:The Holocaust
2833:
2828:
2826:
2821:
2819:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2785:
2784:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2716:Kharkov Trial
2714:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2622:Mizocz Ghetto
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2564:
2563:Drobytsky Yar
2561:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2476:Organizations
2474:
2464:
2463:Yurii Sokolov
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2453:Omelyan Kovch
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2363:Collaborators
2360:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2233:Kurt Eberhard
2231:
2229:
2228:Werner Braune
2226:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2207:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2158:
2156:
2155:The Holocaust
2153:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2133:
2128:
2126:
2121:
2119:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2027:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2008:
2005:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1961:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1921:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1844:Slavic Review
1841:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1813:
1808:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1791:Arad, Yitzhak
1786:
1783:
1778:
1771:
1768:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1732:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1701:
1698:
1693:
1689:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1656:
1653:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1593:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1503:
1500:
1497:(7 July 2017)
1496:
1492:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1438:
1434:
1427:
1424:
1419:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1357:
1354:
1342:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1291:
1288:
1283:
1281:0-553-34302-5
1277:
1273:
1266:
1263:
1258:
1252:
1248:
1247:
1239:
1236:
1219:
1212:
1205:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1145:
1141:
1134:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1106:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1071:
1068:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1023:
1019:
1012:
1009:
1004:
1000:
996:
990:
986:
979:
976:
971:
967:
960:
958:
954:
947:
939:
935:
932:(southwest),
931:
927:
921:
918:
911:
906:
902:
898:
897:
893:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
856:
852:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
777:Drobytsky Yar
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
749:
745:
743:
741:
737:
732:
730:
722:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
689:
685:
681:
677:
676:
671:
668:
665:
663:
659:
657:
654:
651:
647:
644:
643:
639:
637:
635:
631:
627:
623:
618:
614:
610:
609:
604:
600:
597:According to
592:
587:
580:
578:
576:
575:Ukrainian SSR
572:
569:According to
567:
565:
564:
559:
554:
552:
547:
545:
540:
537:
534:
530:
525:
521:
517:
513:
507:
502:
500:
496:
492:
486:
484:
483:
478:
474:
465:
460:
452:
449:
446:
439:
437:
433:
432:Einsatzgruppe
429:
426:
422:
421:Kurt Eberhard
418:
414:
408:
405:
398:
392:
390:
386:
382:
376:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
352:Einsatzgruppe
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
307:
298:
294:
290:
289:
284:
280:
279:
274:
269:
265:
257:
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
240:
235:
230:
227:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
208:Hertsa region
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
184:
179:
178:
173:
169:
161:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
117:
115:Organizations
113:
110:
106:
102:
96:
92:
88:
84:
81:
77:
73:
71:Incident type
69:
65:
61:
58:
57:Ukrainian SSR
55:
51:
46:
40:
35:
30:
27:
19:
4796:Transnistria
4752:
4447:Yizkor books
4108:
4055:
3800:
3748:in Lithuania
3708:
3606:
3491:
3484:
3473:
3407:
3385:
3366:
3347:
3330:
3113:by Catholics
2996:
2982:Soviet Union
2850:By territory
2771:
2764:
2757:
2750:
2743:
2736:
2730:Books, films
2687:
2581:Lviv pogroms
2568:
2483:Perpetrators
2348:Otto Wächter
2333:Erwin Schulz
2278:Felix Landau
2216:Perpetrators
2150:Main article
2138:
2082:
2078:
2062:. Retrieved
2059:Academia.edu
2058:
2014:
2007:
1995:. Retrieved
1991:the original
1986:
1977:
1960:
1954:(in Hebrew).
1951:
1942:
1933:
1923:
1911:. Retrieved
1904:the original
1890:
1847:
1843:
1833:
1823:
1815:
1795:
1785:
1776:
1770:
1745:
1741:
1731:
1714:
1710:
1700:
1691:
1661:
1655:
1646:
1638:
1630:
1618:
1610:the original
1605:
1592:
1574:
1566:the original
1552:
1533:
1516:
1512:
1502:
1486:
1476:
1467:
1440:. Retrieved
1426:
1403:
1363:
1356:
1344:. Retrieved
1335:
1327:
1300:
1290:
1271:
1265:
1245:
1238:
1225:. Retrieved
1218:the original
1204:
1195:
1185:
1177:
1172:
1150:
1144:the original
1139:
1114:
1105:
1077:
1070:
1058:. Retrieved
1053:
1044:
1017:
1011:
984:
978:
969:
936:(north) and
920:
894:
733:
726:
712:Shevah Weiss
673:
613:Raul Hilberg
606:
596:
568:
561:
558:Yitzhak Arad
555:
548:
541:
508:
504:
488:
480:
479:guards. The
470:
441:
434:C Commander
431:
424:
410:
403:
400:
395:
378:
373:
351:
346:
304:
302:
286:
276:
237:
231:
228:
224:Transnistria
192:Nazi Germany
187:
181:
175:
167:
166:
103:, including
79:Perpetrators
26:
4834:Isle of Man
4769:recognition
4743:Switzerland
4678:Netherlands
4453:Never again
4284:(Action T4)
4210:Remembrance
3995:Homosexuals
3965:Soviet POWs
3893:Częstochowa
3441:Gas chamber
3252:Ravensbrück
3193:Gross-Rosen
3188:Flossenbürg
3071:Philippines
3003:Yugoslavia
2962:Netherlands
2890:Sudetenland
2223:Paul Blobel
2085:: 175–196.
1997:12 December
1673:, pp. 62–63
1664:, Chapter 2
1442:29 December
1056:(in German)
740:evangelical
702:Mina Rosner
678:as well as
648:C & D (
626:Wendy Lower
617:Dieter Pohl
491:Dieter Pohl
430:), and the
293:German Army
244:Wendy Lower
95:Paul Blobel
4859:Categories
4713:San Marino
4673:Montenegro
4653:Luxembourg
4633:Kazakhstan
4536:Azerbaijan
4442:Yad Vashem
4422:Uniqueness
4277:Nisko Plan
4050:Nazi Party
3858:Resistance
3828:Ninth Fort
3693:Vel' d'Hiv
3465:Nazi units
3403:Westerbork
3393:Amersfoort
3247:Neuengamme
3228:Mauthausen
3208:Kaiserwald
3178:Buchenwald
2957:Luxembourg
2308:Otto Rasch
2273:Erich Koch
2248:Hans Frank
1987:Yad Vashem
1952:Yad Vashem
1598:Yad Vashem
1558:Yad Vashem
1115:Yad Vashem
948:References
812:Mezhirichi
736:Shtundists
630:Yad Vashem
531:group and
485:reported:
436:Otto Rasch
323:Otto Rasch
200:Bessarabia
194:), in the
131:Hungarians
107:, and the
83:Erich Koch
47:, Ukraine.
4824:Gibraltar
4648:Lithuania
4400:Education
4295:Aftermath
4207:Aftermath
4169:Trawnikis
4093:Wehrmacht
4088:Waffen-SS
3888:Białystok
3716:Bucharest
3688:Marseille
3565:Elsewhere
3526:Białystok
3338:Breendonk
3315:Treblinka
3168:Auschwitz
2952:Lithuania
2551:memorials
2541:Artemivsk
2180:Lithuania
2101:2749-9030
1866:0037-6779
1825:Kyiv Post
1762:161077713
1437:JewishGen
1383:794328914
1306:Routledge
1097:794328914
1060:5 January
1036:466441935
1003:880566030
782:Feodosiya
746:Massacres
593:courtyard
499:Treblinka
315:Wehrmacht
283:Vinnytsia
150:Memorials
135:Romanians
45:Ivanhorod
4844:Svalbard
4829:Guernsey
4776:Abkhazia
4728:Slovenia
4723:Slovakia
4698:Portugal
4556:Bulgaria
4385:Academia
3838:Piaśnica
3808:Babi Yar
3736:Jedwabne
3675:Roundups
3608:Judenrat
3572:Budapest
3343:Mechelen
3305:Majdanek
3262:Stutthof
3223:Majdanek
3118:by Poles
3076:Portugal
3054:Response
3045:Timeline
3023:Overview
2885:Slovakia
2872:Bulgaria
2787:See also
2656:Evidence
2546:Babi Yar
2431:Rescuers
1913:17 March
1882:35070744
1793:(2009).
1667:Archived
1600:(2005).
1582:(2006).
1560:(2005).
1542:Archived
1525:41036794
1495:Eurozine
1402:(2006).
1152:million.
970:Academia
928:(west),
889:Hegewald
853:See also
847:Zhytomyr
842:Terebovl
767:Babi Yar
723:Rescuers
413:Babi Yar
385:Mykolaiv
368:Passover
360:Piryatin
339:Caucasus
295:and the
248:genocide
206:and the
99:Various
53:Location
4753:Ukraine
4703:Romania
4663:Moldova
4621:Ireland
4616:Iceland
4611:Hungary
4601:Germany
4596:Georgia
4586:Finland
4581:Estonia
4576:Denmark
4561:Croatia
4546:Belgium
4541:Belarus
4531:Austria
4526:Armenia
4521:Andorra
4516:Albania
4412:Lessons
3848:Rumbula
3721:Dorohoi
3702:Pogroms
3654:Victims
3504:Ghettos
3436:Gas van
3424:Methods
3398:Schoorl
3376:Bolzano
3324:Transit
3310:Sobibor
3300:Chełmno
3267:Vaivara
3203:Hinzert
3148:ghettos
3101:Vatican
3007:Croatia
2997:Ukraine
2987:Belarus
2977:Romania
2929:Hungary
2912:Germany
2902:Estonia
2897:Denmark
2867:Belgium
2862:Austria
2857:Albania
2415:Victims
2195:Romania
2170:Estonia
2165:Belarus
2064:1 March
1972:(USHMM)
1874:3649913
940:(east).
901:Verteba
859:Gas van
832:Pliskov
634:Belarus
589:In the
581:Victims
529:Bandera
364:Ukraine
345:, "the
309:units,
250:of the
220:Hungary
212:Romania
174:in the
142:Victims
4839:Jersey
4781:Kosovo
4748:Turkey
4738:Sweden
4718:Serbia
4708:Russia
4693:Poland
4688:Norway
4668:Monaco
4638:Latvia
4606:Greece
4591:France
4566:Cyprus
4318:Bricha
4084:(Orpo)
3957:Others
3943:Żegota
3905:Rescue
3883:Warsaw
3843:Ponary
3753:Kaunas
3556:Warsaw
3541:Lublin
3531:Kraków
3518:Poland
3362:Drancy
3295:Belzec
3272:Warsaw
3183:Dachau
3091:Turkey
3086:Sweden
3012:Serbia
2992:Russia
2972:Poland
2967:Norway
2947:Latvia
2917:Greece
2907:France
2704:Trials
2605:Places
2534:Events
2209:People
2200:Russia
2190:Poland
2185:Norway
2175:Latvia
2099:
2022:
1880:
1872:
1864:
1803:
1760:
1584:"Lwów"
1523:
1414:
1381:
1371:
1346:5 July
1320:
1278:
1253:
1227:8 June
1095:
1085:
1034:
1024:
1001:
991:
817:Mizoch
797:Klevan
516:Krakow
512:Berlin
389:Hitler
335:Crimea
246:, the
186:, the
180:, the
4814:Åland
4733:Spain
4658:Malta
4628:Italy
4432:Humor
4405:Films
4102:Units
3833:Odesa
3683:Izieu
3597:Vilna
3582:Minsk
3577:Kovno
3551:Radom
3415:Sereď
3232:Gusen
3213:Kauen
3144:Camps
3081:Spain
3066:Japan
2940:Libya
2934:Italy
2517:(UPA)
1878:S2CID
1870:JSTOR
1758:S2CID
1521:JSTOR
1408:USHMM
1221:(PDF)
1214:(PDF)
1198:(92).
1147:(PDF)
1136:(PDF)
912:Notes
907:caves
827:Olyka
738:, an
4323:List
4078:(SD)
4058:(SS)
3741:Lviv
3726:Iași
3666:Jews
3587:Riga
3546:Lwów
3536:Łódź
3508:list
3357:Gurs
3230:and
3146:and
2097:ISSN
2066:2023
2020:ISBN
1999:2015
1936:: 3.
1915:2015
1862:ISSN
1801:ISBN
1444:2014
1412:ISBN
1379:OCLC
1369:ISBN
1348:2017
1318:ISBN
1276:ISBN
1251:ISBN
1229:2022
1093:OCLC
1083:ISBN
1062:2018
1032:OCLC
1022:ISBN
999:OCLC
989:ISBN
903:and
734:The
620:the
514:and
417:Kyiv
266:and
198:and
172:Jews
127:Axis
63:Date
3472:SS-
2087:doi
1968:".
1852:doi
1750:doi
1719:doi
1475:".
1310:doi
611:by
553:."
497:of
226:).
4861::
3409:sk
3387:nl
3369:it
3350:fr
3332:be
2571:IV
2095:.
2081:.
2077:.
2057:.
1985:.
1950:.
1932:.
1876:.
1868:.
1860:.
1848:64
1846:.
1842:.
1822:,
1756:.
1746:24
1744:.
1740:.
1715:48
1713:.
1709:.
1690:.
1678:^
1604:.
1517:23
1515:.
1511:.
1493:,
1452:^
1435:.
1391:^
1377:.
1326:.
1316:.
1194:.
1176:.
1159:^
1138:.
1123:^
1113:.
1091:.
1052:.
1030:.
997:.
968:.
956:^
636:.
402:—
391:.
370::
362:,
313:,
202:,
133:,
125:,
121:,
93:,
89:,
85:,
4496:e
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4482:v
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3768:"
3764:"
3510:)
3506:(
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2117:v
2103:.
2089::
2083:1
2068:.
2028:.
2001:.
1964:"
1917:.
1884:.
1854::
1809:.
1764:.
1752::
1725:.
1721::
1694:.
1527:.
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1446:.
1420:.
1385:.
1350:.
1312::
1284:.
1259:.
1231:.
1099:.
1064:.
1038:.
1005:.
972:.
652:)
406:.
329:(
321:(
299:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
