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421:. The object beam is expanded by passing it through a lens and used to illuminate the subject. The recording medium is located where this light, after being reflected or scattered by the subject, will strike it. The edges of the medium will ultimately serve as a window through which the subject is seen, so its location is chosen with that in mind. The reference beam is expanded and made to shine directly on the medium, where it interacts with the light coming from the subject to create the desired interference pattern.
356:
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1458:, on 10 April 2015, a public visual presentation called "Hologramas por la Libertad" (Holograms for Liberty), featuring a ghostly virtual crowd of demonstrators, was used to protest a new Spanish law that prohibits citizens from demonstrating in public places. Although widely called a "hologram protest" in news reports, no actual holography was involved â it was yet another technologically updated variant of the Pepper's ghost illusion.
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interference pattern will be blurred and the hologram spoiled. With living subjects and some unstable materials, that is only possible if a very intense and extremely brief pulse of laser light is used, a hazardous procedure which is rarely done outside of scientific and industrial laboratory settings. Exposures lasting several seconds to several minutes, using a much lower-powered continuously operating laser, are typical.
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857:, is still very long compared to the processing time of an electronic computer. The optical processing performed by a dynamic hologram is also much less flexible than electronic processing. On one side, one has to perform the operation always on the whole image, and on the other side, the operation a hologram can perform is basically either a multiplication or a phase conjugation. In optics, addition and
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895:. It allows the removal of the wavefront distortions a light beam receives when passing through an aberrating medium, by sending it back through the same aberrating medium with a conjugated phase. This is useful, for example, in free-space optical communications to compensate for atmospheric turbulence (the phenomenon that gives rise to the twinkling of starlight).
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The Pepper's ghost technique, being the easiest to implement of these methods, is most prevalent in 3D displays that claim to be (or are referred to as) "holographic". While the original illusion, used in theater, involved actual physical objects and persons, located offstage, modern variants replace
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By late 2000, holography kits with inexpensive laser pointer diodes entered the mainstream consumer market. These kits enabled students, teachers, and hobbyists to make several kinds of holograms without specialized equipment, and became popular gift items by 2005. The introduction of holography kits
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retaining wall on a plywood base, supported on stacks of old tires to isolate it from ground vibrations, and filled with sand that had been washed to remove dust. The laser was securely mounted atop the cinder block wall. The mirrors and simple lenses needed for directing, splitting and expanding the
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To record a hologram of a complex object, a laser beam is first split into two beams of light. One beam illuminates the object, which then scatters light onto the recording medium. According to diffraction theory, each point in the object acts as a point source of light so the recording medium can be
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High-security holograms can be used on license plates for vehicles such as cars and motorcycles. As of April 2019, holographic license plates are required on vehicles in parts of India to aid in identification and security, especially in cases of car theft. Such number plates hold electronic data of
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Holographic data storage is a technique that can store information at high density inside crystals or photopolymers. The ability to store large amounts of information in some kind of medium is of great importance, as many electronic products incorporate storage devices. As current storage techniques
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The recorded light pattern is a diffraction grating. When it is illuminated by only one of the waves used to create it, it can be shown that one of the diffracted waves emerges at the same angle at which the second wave was originally incident, so that the second wave has been 'reconstructed'. Thus,
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This is a photograph of a small part of an unbleached transmission hologram viewed through a microscope. The hologram recorded an image of a toy van and car. It is no more possible to discern the subject of the hologram from this pattern than it is to identify what music has been recorded by looking
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A hologram is traditionally generated by overlaying a second wavefront, known as the reference beam, onto a wavefront of interest. This generates an interference pattern, which is then captured on a physical medium. When the recorded interference pattern is later illuminated by the second wavefront,
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surrounding holography that had been spread by overly-enthusiastic scientists and entrepreneurs trying to market the idea. This had the effect of giving the public overly high expectations of the capability of holography, due to the unrealistic depictions of it in most fiction, where they are fully
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produced the "Burberry
Prorsum Autumn/Winter 2011 Hologram Runway Show", which included life size 2-D projections of models. The company's own video shows several centered and off-center shots of the main 2-dimensional projection screen, the latter revealing the flatness of the virtual models. The
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In 2006, a large number of surplus holography-quality green lasers (Coherent C315) became available and put dichromated gelatin (DCG) holography within the reach of the amateur holographer. The holography community was surprised at the amazing sensitivity of DCG to green light. It had been assumed
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reach the limit of possible data density (due to the diffraction-limited size of the writing beams), holographic storage has the potential to become the next generation of popular storage media. The advantage of this type of data storage is that the volume of the recording media is used instead of
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This missing key is provided later by shining a laser, identical to the one used to record the hologram, onto the developed film. When this beam illuminates the hologram, it is diffracted by the hologram's surface pattern. This produces a light field identical to the one originally produced by the
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Early on, artists saw the potential of holography as a medium and gained access to science laboratories to create their work. Holographic art is often the result of collaborations between scientists and artists, although some holographers would regard themselves as both an artist and a scientist.
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When the hologram is illuminated by the original reference beam, each of the individual zone plates reconstructs the object wave that produced it, and these individual wavefronts are combined to reconstruct the whole of the object beam. The viewer perceives a wavefront that is identical with the
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in the scene. It can be thought of as viewing a street outside a house through a 120 cm Ă 120 cm (4 ft Ă 4 ft) window, then through a 60 cm Ă 120 cm (2 ft Ă 4 ft) window. One can see all of the same things through the smaller window (by
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A hologram can be made by shining part of the light beam directly into the recording medium, and the other part onto the object in such a way that some of the scattered light falls onto the recording medium. A more flexible arrangement for recording a hologram requires the laser beam to be aimed
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Holographic interferometry (HI) is a technique that enables static and dynamic displacements of objects with optically rough surfaces to be measured to optical interferometric precision (i.e. to fractions of a wavelength of light). It can also be used to detect optical-path-length variations in
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When a plane wave-front illuminates a negative lens, it is expanded into a wave that appears to diverge from the focal point of the lens. Thus, when the recorded pattern is illuminated with the original plane wave, some of the light is diffracted into a diverging beam equivalent to the original
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The second (reference) beam illuminates the recording medium directly. Each point source wave interferes with the reference beam, giving rise to its own sinusoidal zone plate in the recording medium. The resulting pattern is the sum of all these 'zone plates', which combine to produce a random
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are superimposed. Diffraction occurs when a wavefront encounters an object. The process of producing a holographic reconstruction is explained below purely in terms of interference and diffraction. It is somewhat simplified but is accurate enough to give an understanding of how the holographic
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time to correctly affect the recording medium. Unlike conventional photography, during the exposure the light source, the optical elements, the recording medium, and the subject must all remain motionless relative to each other, to within about a quarter of the wavelength of the light, or the
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is a structure with a repeating pattern. A simple example is a metal plate with slits cut at regular intervals. A light wave that is incident on a grating is split into several waves; the direction of these diffracted waves is determined by the grating spacing and the wavelength of the light.
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to allow automated pre-packing of given volumes, such as a truck or pallet for bulk shipment of goods. Holograms produced in elastomers can be used as stress-strain reporters due to its elasticity and compressibility, the pressure and force applied are correlated to the reflected wavelength,
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A computer-generated hologram is created by digitally modeling and combining two wavefronts to generate an interference pattern image. This image can then be printed onto a mask or film and illuminated with an appropriate light source to reconstruct the desired wavefront. Alternatively, the
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747:, each one searching for a proper "language" to use with the three-dimensional work, avoiding the simple holographic reproduction of a sculpture or object. For instance, in Brazil, many concrete poets (Augusto de Campos, Décio Pignatari, Julio Plaza and José Wagner Garcia, associated with
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A hologram represents a recording of information regarding the light that came from the original scene as scattered in a range of directions rather than from only one direction, as in a photograph. This allows the scene to be viewed from a range of different angles, as if it were still
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Kodak and Agfa, the former major suppliers of holography-quality silver halide plates and films, are no longer in the market. While other manufacturers have helped fill the void, many amateurs are now making their own materials. The favorite formulations are dichromated gelatin,
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There also exist holographic materials that do not need the developing process and can record a hologram in a very short time. This allows one to use holography to perform some simple operations in an all-optical way. Examples of applications of such real-time holograms include
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much greater than that of traditional helium-neon gas lasers. This was a very important development for amateurs, as the price of red laser diodes had dropped from hundreds of dollars in the early 1980s to about $ 5 after they entered the mass market as a component pulled from
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light, which is very pure in its color and orderly in its composition. Various setups may be used, and several types of holograms can be made, but all involve the interaction of light coming from different directions and producing a microscopic interference pattern which a
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singing synthesizer applications, has produced concerts that have Miku, along with other
Crypton Vocaloids, performing on stage as "holographic" characters. These concerts use rear projection onto a semi-transparent DILAD screen to achieve its "holographic" effect.
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Holography has served as an inspiration for many video games with science fiction elements. In many titles, fictional holographic technology has been used to reflect real life misrepresentations of potential military use of holograms, such as the "mirage tanks" in
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it is diffracted to recreate the original wavefront. The 3D image from a hologram can often be viewed with non-laser light. However, in common practice, major image quality compromises are made to remove the need for laser illumination to view the hologram.
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The hologram keeps the information on the amplitude and phase of the field. Several holograms may keep information about the same distribution of light, emitted to various directions. The numerical analysis of such holograms allows one to emulate large
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which is a technique for making three-dimensional images by controlling the motion of specularities on a two-dimensional surface. It works by reflectively or refractively manipulating bundles of light rays, not by using interference and diffraction.
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claimed to have been the first to employ holography artistically. He was certainly the first and best-known surrealist to do so, but the 1972 New York exhibit of DalĂ holograms had been preceded by the holographic art exhibition that was held at the
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A small but active group of artists still integrate holographic elements into their work. Some are associated with novel holographic techniques; for example, artist Matt Brand employed computational mirror design to eliminate image distortion from
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1238:. Today it is commonly used to study electric and magnetic fields in thin films, as magnetic and electric fields can shift the phase of the interfering wave passing through the sample. The principle of electron holography can also be applied to
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which would be needed to optically "freeze" moving subjects as perfectly as the extremely motion-intolerant holographic recording process requires. Early holography required high-power and expensive lasers. Currently, mass-produced low-cost
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While many holographic data storage models have used "page-based" storage, where each recorded hologram holds a large amount of data, more recent research into using submicrometre-sized "microholograms" has resulted in several potential
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realistic images into semi-transparent screens. The rear projection is necessary because otherwise the semi-transparency of the screen would allow the background to be illuminated by the projection, which would break the illusion.
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absorbed much of the incident light. Various methods of converting the variation in transmission to a variation in refractive index (known as "bleaching") were developed which enabled much more efficient holograms to be produced.
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Smalley, D. E.; Nygaard, E.; Squire, K.; Van
Wagoner, J.; Rasmussen, J.; Gneiting, S.; Qaderi, K.; Goodsell, J.; Rogers, W.; Lindsey, M.; Costner, K.; Monk, A.; Pearson, M.; Haymore, B.; Peatross, J. (25 January 2018).
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transparent media, which enables, for example, fluid flow to be visualized and analyzed. It can also be used to generate contours representing the form of the surface or the isodose regions in radiation dosimetry.
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enables sound maps of an object to be generated. Measurements of the acoustic field are made at many points close to the object. These measurements are digitally processed to produce the "images" of the object.
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Blanche, P.-A.; Bablumian, A.; Voorakaranam, R.; Christenson, C.; Lin, W.; Gu, T.; Flores, D.; Wang, P.; et al. (2010). "Holographic three-dimensional telepresence using large-area photorefractive polymer".
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The amount of processed information can be very high (terabits/s), since the operation is performed in parallel on a whole image. This compensates for the fact that the recording time, which is in the order of a
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solutions. While this approach to data storage can not attain the high data rates of page-based storage, the tolerances, technological hurdles, and cost of producing a commercial product are significantly lower.
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A photograph clearly maps out the light field of the original scene. The developed hologram's surface consists of a very fine, seemingly random pattern, which appears to bear no relationship to the scene it
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The second beam (known as the 'reference beam') is also spread through the use of lenses, but is directed so that it does not come in contact with the scene, and instead travels directly onto the recording
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Holography is a technique for recording and reconstructing light fields. A light field is generally the result of a light source scattered off objects. Holography can be thought of as somewhat similar to
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The hologram is made with a modified material that interacts with certain molecules generating a change in the fringe periodicity or refractive index, therefore, the color of the holographic reflection.
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made them virtually useless for creating holograms, but when they were eventually put to the test of practical experiment, it was found that not only was this untrue, but that some actually provided a
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Many of these holographers would go on to produce art holograms. In 1983, Fred
Unterseher, a co-founder of the San Francisco School of Holography and a well-known holographic artist, published the
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During the 1970s, a number of art studios and schools were established, each with their particular approach to holography. Notably, there was the San
Francisco School of Holography established by
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is the application of holography techniques to electron waves rather than light waves. Electron holography was invented by Dennis Gabor to improve the resolution and avoid the aberrations of the
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When the plane wave is incident at a non-normal angle at the time of recording, the pattern formed is more complex, but still acts as a negative lens if it is illuminated at the original angle.
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Holographic scanners are in use in post offices, larger shipping firms, and automated conveyor systems to determine the three-dimensional size of a package. They are often used in tandem with
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When a photograph is cut in half, each piece shows half of the scene. When a hologram is cut in half, the whole scene can still be seen in each piece. This is because, whereas each point in a
961:. Since then, they have been involved in the production of many holographs for many artists as well as companies. Sapan has been described as the "last professional holographer of New York".
946:-controlled shutter, loaded a plate into the holder in the dark, left the room, waited a few minutes to let everything settle, then made the exposure by remotely operating the laser shutter.
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728:. None of these studios still exist; however, there is the Center for the Holographic Arts in New York and the HOLOcenter in Seoul, which offers artists a place to create and exhibit work.
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Methylene-Blue-sensitised dichromated gelatin, and diffusion method silver halide preparations. Jeff Blyth has published very accurate methods for making these in a small lab or garage.
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with each other. It is this interference pattern that is imprinted on the recording medium. The pattern itself is seemingly random, as it represents the way in which the scene's light
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During the 1980s, many artists who worked with holography helped the diffusion of this so-called "new medium" in the art world, such as
Harriet Casdin-Silver of the United States,
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set-up to lock all the involved elements down in place and damp any vibrations that could blur the interference fringes and ruin the hologram. Cross's home-brew alternative was a
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is a two-dimensional representation that can produce a three-dimensional effect but only from one point of view, whereas the reproduced viewing range of a hologram adds many more
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that this sensitivity would be uselessly slight or non-existent. Jeff Blyth responded with the G307 formulation of DCG to increase the speed and sensitivity to these new lasers.
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and used in other common applications, can be used to make holograms. They have made holography much more accessible to low-budget researchers, artists, and dedicated hobbyists.
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whose intensity varies sinusoidally across the medium. The spacing of the fringe pattern is determined by the angle between the two waves, and by the wavelength of the light.
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Yetisen, AK; Butt, H; da Cruz
Vasconcellos, F; Montelongo, Y; Davidson, CAB; Blyth, J; Carmody, JB; Vignolini, S; Steiner, U; Baumberg, JJ; Wilkinson, TD; Lowe, CR (2013).
115:. When suitably lit, the interference pattern diffracts the light into an accurate reproduction of the original light field, and the objects that were in it exhibit visual
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that holograms require. A layer of this recording medium (e.g., silver halide) is attached to a transparent substrate, which is commonly glass, but may also be plastic.
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are already easily performed in linear materials, the latter simply by a lens. This enables some applications, such as a device that compares images in an optical way.
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that change realistically with the different angles of viewing. That is, the view of the image from different angles shows the subject viewed from similar angles.
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from a master hologram that requires expensive, specialized and technologically advanced equipment, and are thus difficult to forge. They are used widely in many
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MartĂNez-Hurtado, J. L.; Davidson, C. A. B.; Blyth, J.; Lowe, C. R. (2010). "Holographic
Detection of Hydrocarbon Gases and Other Volatile Organic Compounds".
968:, an easy-to-read guide to making holograms at home. This brought in a new wave of holographers and provided simple methods for using the then-available AGFA
72:, and has a wide range of other uses, including data storage, microscopy, and interferometry. In principle, it is possible to make a hologram for any type of
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A lens is required in photography to record the image, whereas in holography, the light from the object is scattered directly onto the recording medium.
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385:, is encoded in such a way that it can be reproduced later, without the presence of the original vibrating matter. However, it is even more similar to
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holder were similarly supported within the sandbox. The holographer turned off the room light, blocked the laser beam near its source using a small
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A small group of amateurs are even constructing their own pulsed lasers to make holograms of living subjects and other unsteady or moving objects.
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Most holograms produced are of static objects, but systems for displaying changing scenes on dynamic holographic displays are now being developed.
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Beigzadeh, A.M.; Vaziri, M.R. Rashidian; Ziaie, F. (2017). "Modelling of a holographic interferometry based calorimeter for radiation dosimetry".
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in
Michigan in 1968 and by the one at the Finch College gallery in New York in 1970, which attracted national media attention. In Great Britain,
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wavefront scattered from the object onto the recording medium, so that it appears that the object is still in place even if it has been removed.
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A photograph can be viewed in a wide range of lighting conditions, whereas holograms can only be viewed with very specific forms of illumination.
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95:. In general usage, a hologram is a recording of any type of wavefront in the form of an interference pattern. It can be created by capturing
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atomic holography follows a natural step in the development of the physics (and applications) of atomic beams. Recent developments including
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A photograph can be recorded using normal light sources (sunlight or electric lighting) whereas a laser is required to record a hologram.
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473:), but with much smaller light-reactive grains (preferably with diameters less than 20 nm), making it capable of the much higher
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in
December 1947 (patent GB685286). The technique as originally invented is still used in electron microscopy, where it is known as
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were displayed on stage in May 2022. The ABBA performance used technology that was an updated version of Pepper's Ghost created by
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laser beam were affixed to short lengths of PVC pipe, which were stuck into the sand at the desired locations. The subject and the
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in 1960. The development of the laser enabled the first practical optical holograms that recorded 3D objects to be made in 1962 by
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have provided the tools necessary for the creation of atomic holograms, although such holograms have not yet been commercialized.
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opened the San Francisco School of Holography and taught amateurs how to make holograms using only a small (typically 5 mW)
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in 1939. The formulation of holography was an unexpected result of Gabor's research into improving electron microscopes at the
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Holographic portraiture often resorts to a non-holographic intermediate imaging procedure, to avoid the dangerous high-powered
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Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
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If the recording medium is illuminated with a point source and a normally incident plane wave, the resulting pattern is a
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For those unfamiliar with these concepts, it is worthwhile to read those articles before reading further in this article.
579:
3344:"Influence of stray fields on the switching-field distribution for bit-patterned media based on pre-patterned substrates"
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In static holography, recording, developing and reconstructing occur sequentially, and a permanent hologram is produced.
816:, was developing a competing format, but went bankrupt in 2011 and all its assets were sold to Akonia Holographics, LLC.
720:, The Museum of Holography in New York founded by Rosemary (Posy) H. Jackson, the Royal College of Art in London and the
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with the original light source â but not the original light source itself. The interference pattern can be considered an
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Upatnieks, J; Leonard, C (1969). "Diffraction efficiency of bleached, photographically recorded interference patterns".
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The MIT Museum and Jonathan Ross both have extensive collections of holography and on-line catalogues of art holograms.
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and translated into the same perception of a three-dimensional image as when the original scene might have been viewed.
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1072:. Recent achievements of interferometric microscopy allow one to approach the quarter-wavelength limit of resolution.
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Beigzadeh, A.M. (2018). "Double-exposure holographic interferometry for radiation dosimetry: A new developed model".
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3711:"KISS Says Farewell at Madison Square Garden, Before Passing the Torch to Band's Avatar Successors: Concert Review"
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A holographic recording requires a second light beam (the reference beam) to be directed onto the recording medium.
327:, who invented a way to create holograms that can be viewed with natural light instead of lasers. These are called
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Several different materials can be used as the recording medium. One of the most common is a film very similar to
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Beigzadeh, A.M. (2017). "Modelling of a holographic interferometry based calorimeter for radiation dosimetry".
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Since the beginning of holography, many holographers have explored its uses and displayed them to the public.
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version of the scene, requiring a particular key â the original light source â in order to view its contents.
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can produce about 1000 different images a second at 1024Ă1024-bit resolution which would result in about one-
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as recording medium. The reconstruction is then retrieved via computation. Due to the shorter wavelength of
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Fictional depictions of holograms have, however, inspired technological advances in other fields, such as
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There are many optical effects that are falsely confused with holography, such as the effects produced by
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in 2003 made it possible for hobbyists to create holograms without the bother of wet chemical processing.
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2135:(1962). "On the reflection of optical properties of an object in a wave field of light scattered by it".
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light to record the light field. The reproduced light field can generate an image that has the depth and
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which are intense and coherent, x-ray holography has been used to capture ultrafast dynamic processes.
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considered to be illuminated by a set of point sources located at varying distances from the medium.
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sound recording in which any listening angle of a sound field can be reproduced in the reproduction.
282:
247:
124:
4240:
Richardson, Martin J.; Wiltshire, John D. (2017). Richardson, Martin J.; Wiltshire, John D. (eds.).
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and inexpensive home-made equipment. Holography had been supposed to require a very expensive metal
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compared to visible light, this approach allows imaging objects with higher spatial resolution. As
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Powell, RL; Stetson, KA (1965). "Interferometric Vibration Analysis by Wavefront Reconstruction".
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unveiled similar digital avatars in December 2023 to tour in their place at the conclusion of the
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2892:"Imaging interferometric microscopyâapproaching the linear systems limits of optical resolution"
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therefore its color. Holography technique can also be effectively used for radiation dosimetry.
1008:
players from the mid 1980s onwards. Now, there are thousands of amateur holographers worldwide.
801:
produced a 120 mm disc that uses a holographic layer to store data to a potential 3.9
713:
in London, which was billed as the "first London expo of holograms and stereoscopic paintings".
705:
began using holography as an artistic medium in the late 1960s and had a solo exhibition at the
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from the same light source on a holographic recording medium. The two waves interfere, giving a
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454:. Some of the light scattered (reflected) from the scene then falls onto the recording medium.
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photographic emulsions as the recording medium. They were not very efficient as the produced
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Digital Data Storage in a phase-encoded holographic memory system: data quality and security
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It has been widely used to measure stress, strain, and vibration in engineering structures.
996:
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693:
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328:
243:
235:
116:
3487:"Imaging Ultrafast Demagnetization Dynamics after a Spatially Localized Optical Excitation"
3148:
Ogai, K.; et al. (1993). "An Approach for Nanolithography Using Electron Holography".
2234:
Graube, A (1974). "Advances in bleaching methods for photographically recorded holograms".
1743:"Synthetic holography in microscopy: opportunities arising from advanced wavefront shaping"
648:
whose focal length is equal to the separation of the point source and the recording plane.
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Leith, E.N.; Upatnieks, J. (1962). "Reconstructed wavefronts and communication theory".
2025:
1968:
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Holography may be better understood via an examination of its differences from ordinary
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from a real scene, or it can be generated by a computer, in which case it is known as a
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50, 100, 500, and 2000 rupee notes; and all the currently-circulating banknotes of the
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interference pattern image can be directly displayed on a dynamic holographic display.
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through a series of elements that change it in different ways. The first element is a
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Holiday Gifts 2005 Gifts and gadgets for technophiles of all ages: Do-It Yourself-3-D
2606:
2132:
2043:
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1578:
ghost agent Nova has access to "holo decoy" as one of her three primary abilities in
1523:
1513:
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When the two laser beams reach the recording medium, their light waves intersect and
467:
447:
439:
312:
293:
4321:
2966:
2298:
991:. For many years, it had been assumed that certain characteristics of semiconductor
868:
for dynamic holography is an active area of research. The most common materials are
442:
that divides the beam into two identical beams, each aimed in different directions:
7232:
7139:
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5583:
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5343:
5188:
5010:
5000:
4990:
4664:
4129:
Lipson A., Lipson SG, Lipson H, Optical Physics, 2011, Cambridge University Press,
3737:
3626:
Sung, Carolyn; Gauk-Roger, Topher; Quan, Denise; Iavazzi, Jessica (16 April 2012).
3513:
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to be recorded and later reconstructed. It is best known as a method of generating
3239:
3091:
2697:
Litiholo holography â So easy even a caveman could have done it (apparatus review)
1766:
3023:
2277:
Phillips, N. J.; Porter, D. (1976). "An advance in the processing of holograms".
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4307:
3611:
3138:
R. E. Dunin-Borkowski et al., Micros. Res. and Tech. vol. 64, pp. 390â402 (2004)
1646:
1591:, that promise to fulfill the fictional depictions of holograms by other means.
1562:
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1413:
1337:
Shows making using of projected images are erroneously marketed as "holographic"
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88:
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2773:
2677:
1788:
Sahin, Erdem; Stoykova, Elena; MĂ€kinen, Jani; Gotchev, Atanas (20 March 2020).
1365:
the source object with a digital screen, which displays imagery generated with
339:
277:
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4078:
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3836:
3793:
2943:"Light-Directed Writing of Chemically Tunable Narrow-Band Holographic Sensors"
1687:
1479:
1397:
1354:
1252:
Atomic holography has evolved out of the development of the basic elements of
1216:
vehicles, and have a unique ID number and a sticker to indicate authenticity.
725:
652:
spherical wave; a holographic recording of the point source has been created.
641:
613:
589:
534:
413:
In one common arrangement, the laser beam is split into two, one known as the
386:
111:
of the original scene. A hologram is usually unintelligible when viewed under
6811:
3992:
3471:
2614:
2358:
1918:
1816:
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1495:
Holography has been widely referred to in movies, novels, and TV, usually in
6428:
6001:
5963:
5925:
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5711:
5178:
5141:
5136:
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5074:
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4874:
4848:
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4795:
4501:
4398:
3816:"Technically incorrect: Tomorrow's Miley Cyrus? A hologram live in concert!"
3764:"LA's Anime Expo hosting Hatsune Miku's first US live performance on 2 July"
1574:
1542:
1528:
1172:
65:
3450:
GĂŒnther, C.M.; et al. (2011). "Sequential femtosecond X-ray imaging".
3428:
3320:
3263:"Move Over, Lasers: Scientists Can Now Create Holograms from Neutrons, Too"
3247:
3001:
2958:
2927:
2816:
2263:
2220:
2177:
2034:
2009:
1986:
1926:
1860:
1717:
541:
on a holographic recording includes information about light scattered from
4257:
2628:
2338:
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that were present in the original scene. These cues are recognized by the
546:
moving the head to change the viewing angle), but the viewer can see more
7269:
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6641:
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5052:
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4547:
4387:
3659:"Super Trouper: ABBA returns to stage as virtual avatars for London gigs"
3289:"Lensless imaging of magnetic nanostructures by X-ray spectro-holography"
3216:
F. Shimizu; J.Fujita (March 2002). "Reflection-Type Hologram for Atoms".
3169:
3114:"Why has the government made high security registration plates mandatory"
2918:
2891:
2463:
2255:
1568:
1533:
1447:
1439:
1377:
1176:
1128:
802:
584:
For a better understanding of the process, it is necessary to understand
120:
108:
6565:
4229:
Tatyana Tishko, Tishko Dmitry, Titar Vladimir, World Scientific (2010),
4227:
Holographic Microscopy of Phase Microscopic Objects: Theory and Practice
3420:
3312:
2212:
1909:
1884:
1852:
1451:
claim that holography was used was reported as fact in the trade media.
1376:
Examples of this digital version of Pepper's ghost illusion include the
624:
the recorded light pattern is a holographic recording as defined above.
446:
One beam (known as the 'illumination' or 'object beam') is spread using
17:
7222:
7159:
7144:
6061:
5210:
5156:
4841:
4491:
4456:
4325:
3841:
3580:"Holographic 3D Technology: From Sci-fi Fantasy to Engineering Reality"
1681:
1401:
1318:
1271:
930:
736:
494:
288:
Optical holography did not really advance until the development of the
274:
in 1971 "for his invention and development of the holographic method".
223:
192:
188:
183:
103:, which can show virtual objects or scenes. Optical holography needs a
53:
3370:
2993:
1101:
234:
invented holography in 1948 while he was looking for a way to improve
5608:
5025:
4975:
4475:
4331:
4119:
Hariharan P, 2002, Basics of Holography, Cambridge University Press,
2507:
1977:
1952:
1532:, who was later converted to "hard light" to make him solid, and the
1455:
798:
744:
709:
art gallery in 1969. This was followed in 1970 by a solo show at the
451:
263:
4314:
3936:
3288:
1808:
903:
57:
Two photographs of a single hologram taken from different viewpoints
4109:
Hariharan P, 1996, Optical Holography, Cambridge University Press,
2559:
2386:
1499:, starting in the late 1970s. Science fiction writers absorbed the
6276:
5691:
5151:
4451:
2659:"New York's Hologram King is Also the City's Last Pro Holographer"
2414:
Culture, Technology & Creativity in the Late Twentieth Century
1323:
1308:
1290:
1274:
beam holography has been used to see the inside of solid objects.
1111:
1100:
988:
943:
902:
631:
537:
only represents light scattered from a single point in the scene,
424:
Like conventional photography, holography requires an appropriate
398:
354:
289:
276:
202:
139:
104:
96:
52:
809:. As of September 2014, no commercial product has been released.
6656:
4469:
3911:"First Hologram Protest in History Held Against Spain's Gag Law"
1405:
1225:
1180:
1164:
397:
In laser holography, the hologram is recorded using a source of
6815:
6569:
4934:
4335:
751:) found in holography a way to express themselves and to renew
4930:
2629:
High-frame-rate joint Fourier-transform correlator based on Sn
2064:. SPIE field guides. Bellingham, Wash: SPIE Press. p. 1.
1420:
using the same Pepper's Ghost technology as the ABBA avatars.
1184:
1005:
1512:. Examples of this type of depiction include the hologram of
176:
166:
2485:
2416:. London, England: John Libbey and Company. pp. 65â88.
1741:
Jesacher, Alexander; Ritsch-Marte, Monika (2 January 2016).
242:. Gabor's work was built on pioneering work in the field of
3965:
Johnston, Sean (2006). "The Hologram and Popular Culture".
2525:
1064:, which, in turn, enables enhancement of the resolution of
3790:""We can invite Hatsune Miku in my room!", Part 2 (video)"
4178:, Proceedings of SPIE, Vol. 4988, pp. 104â111 (2003)
4149:
Lasers and holography: an introduction to coherent optics
3014:'Elastic hologram' pages 113â117, Proc. of the IGC 2010,
888:
and even liquids, it was possible to generate holograms.
377:, whereby a sound field created by vibrating matter like
1297:
can provide ultrashort and x-ray pulses in the range of
1224:
In principle, it is possible to make a hologram for any
364:
surface. The holographic information is recorded by the
1790:"Computer-Generated Holograms for 3D Imaging: A Survey"
323:
A major advance in the field of holography was made by
4310:", How Stuff Works, by Tracy V. Wilson, 30 August 2023
3558:"Tupac "hologram" merely pretty cool optical illusion"
1123:
Holograms are commonly used for security, as they are
588:
and diffraction. Interference occurs when one or more
27:
Recording to reproduce a three-dimensional light field
2857:
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A
1285:
as radiation sources and pixelated detectors such as
4009:
Johnston, Sean F. (2015). "11 - Channeling Dreams".
1560:
are able to use holographic decoys in games such as
841:("time-reversal" of light), optical cache memories,
7278:
7198:
7130:
7052:
6939:
6853:
6733:
6695:
6617:
6610:
6603:
6490:
6437:
6342:
6285:
6191:
6075:
5987:
5939:
5679:
5446:
5246:
4968:
4867:
4829:
4788:
4733:
4637:
4618:
Thick-film dielectric electroluminescent technology
4536:
4431:
4378:
4369:
2055:
2053:
612:A simple hologram can be made by superimposing two
4184:Sean F. Johnston, Oxford University Press (2006),
1361:. Such illusions have been called "fauxlography".
845:(pattern recognition of time-varying images), and
4911:Comparison of CRT, LCD, plasma, and OLED displays
3973:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, UK. pp.
1124:
910:, a Denisyuk DCG hologram by amateur Dave Battin
3792:. Youtube.com. 7 September 2011. Archived from
1108:as a security element in a German identity card
44:"Hologram" redirects here. For other uses, see
3024:http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/225960
2583:"Gigabyte capacities for holographic memories"
1508:that are sometimes tactile through the use of
6827:
6581:
4946:
4347:
4182:Holographic Visions: A History of New Science
3969:Holographic Visions: a History of New Science
2410:"Holography â Art in the space of technology"
1277:Holograms with x-rays are generated by using
8:
2890:Y.Kuznetsova; A.Neumann, S.R.Brueck (2007).
2724:. HoloWiki. 15 February 2011. Archived from
2279:Journal of Physics E: Scientific Instruments
1404:. Digital avatars of the Swedish supergroup
6498:Conservation and restoration of photographs
4565:Surface-conduction electron-emitter display
2387:"The History and Development of Holography"
1423:An even simpler illusion can be created by
550:through the 120 cm (4 ft) window.
73:
6834:
6820:
6812:
6794:
6614:
6607:
6588:
6574:
6566:
6235:Comparison of digital and film photography
4953:
4939:
4931:
4476:Active-Matrix Organic light-emitting diode
4375:
4354:
4340:
4332:
4091:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3628:"Tupac returns as a hologram at Coachella"
3485:von Korff, Schmising; et al. (2014).
2371:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1736:
1734:
6455:Photographs considered the most important
4328:by The Thought Emporium, 19 November 2020
3837:"Hatsune Miku â World is Mine Live in HD"
3610:
3535:"Holographic announcers at Luton airport"
3394:"Femtosecond time-delay X-ray holography"
2917:
2834:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2316:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2089:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2033:
1976:
1908:
1885:"A photophoretic-trap volumetric display"
1434:, a music software company that produced
1349:illusion (or modern variants such as the
2830:Jones, Robert; Wykes, Catherine (1989).
2581:Lang, M.; Eschler, H. (1 October 1974).
2010:"Microscopy by reconstructed wavefronts"
1394:Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival
1256:. With the Fresnel diffraction lens and
1068:. The corresponding technique is called
891:A particularly promising application is
346:
338:
4242:The Hologram: Principles and Techniques
4151:W. E. Kock, Dover Publications (1981),
4061:The Hologram: Principles and Techniques
4059:Richardson, Martin (13 November 2017).
3685:"ABBA's mysterious "Abbatars" revealed"
2560:"The Jonathan Ross Hologram Collection"
1709:
1556:that can disguise themselves as trees.
797:In 2005, companies such as Optware and
501:scene and scattered onto the hologram.
7291:Stereoscopic Displays and Applications
4294:", 30 September 2004, Nobelprize.org
4084:
4004:
4002:
2832:Holographic and Speckle Interferometry
2711:, vol. 48, November 2010, pp. 551â552.
2538:"MIT Museum: Collections â Holography"
2364:
1506:three-dimensional computer projections
983:and introduced the use of inexpensive
786:just the surface. Currently available
672:) pattern as in the photograph above.
4317:" by The Strange Theory of Light, QED
4216:Takanori Okoshi, Atara Press (2011),
3960:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3913:. revolution-news.com. Archived from
3523:from the original on 7 December 2023.
1446:In 2011, in Beijing, apparel company
1220:Holography using other types of waves
7:
4612:Ferroelectric liquid crystal display
4301:", 11 December 1971, by Dennis Gabor
4214:Three-Dimensional Imaging Techniques
3392:Chapman, H. N.; et al. (2007).
1143:5000, 10,000, and 50,000-won notes;
6450:Museums devoted to one photographer
4686:Light-emitting electrochemical cell
4299:Holography, 1948-1971 Nobel Lecture
4197:Practical Holography, Third Edition
3683:Carter, Ninian (27 November 2018).
3586:. 28 September 2015. Archived from
1572:to confuse and distract the enemy.
1317:illusion made from a clear plastic
262:, England, and the company filed a
5997:Timeline of photography technology
4885:Large-screen television technology
4063:. Wiltshire, John D. Hoboken, NJ.
3709:Amorosi, A. D. (3 December 2023).
3287:Eisebitt, S.; et al. (2004).
3261:Swenson, Gayle (20 October 2016).
2060:Blanche, Pierre-Alexandre (2014).
1718:"What is Holography? | holocenter"
1553:Command & Conquer: Red Alert 2
450:and directed onto the scene using
25:
4559:Organic light-emitting transistor
2111:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1971"
1211:High security registration plates
6793:
6548:
6538:
6537:
4922:Comparison of display technology
3584:International Year of Light Blog
3556:Farivar, Cyrus (16 April 2012).
2774:"Jeff Blyth's Film Formulations"
2014:Proceedings of the Royal Society
1236:transmission electron microscope
87:pattern that can reproduce a 3D
6931:Vergence-accommodation conflict
6549:
4553:Electroluminescent Quantum Dots
2657:Strochlic, Nina (27 May 2014).
1682:Plasmon â possible applications
4624:Laser-powered phosphor display
3864:"Burberry Beijing â Full Show"
3514:10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.217203
3342:Pfau, B.; et al. (2014).
2750:. Holowiki.com. Archived from
1637:Digital holographic microscopy
1139:5, 10, 20 and 50-pound notes;
878:semiconductor heterostructures
281:Horizontal symmetric text, by
246:by other scientists including
64:is a technique that enables a
1:
7097:Stereo photography techniques
6047:Painted photography backdrops
5979:Golden triangle (composition)
5254:35 mm equivalent focal length
4890:Optimum HDTV viewing distance
4880:History of display technology
4768:Computer-generated holography
4011:Holograms: A Cultural History
3866:. Youtube.com. Archived from
3657:Brause; Mills (27 May 2022).
3240:10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.123201
3092:10.1016/j.radmeas.2018.10.010
2587:Optics & Laser Technology
2464:"Dr. Tung J. Jeong Biography"
1953:"A new microscopic principle"
1767:10.1080/00107514.2015.1120007
1672:List of emerging technologies
1607:Computer-generated holography
1135:20, 50, and 100-reais notes;
580:Physics of optical holography
311:Early optical holograms used
7107:Stereoscopic depth rendition
6720:Optical head-mounted display
4470:Organic light-emitting diode
4464:Light-emitting diode display
4292:Dennis Gabor â Autobiography
4035:"Nova - Heroes of the Storm"
3743:(in Japanese). Crypton.co.jp
2607:10.1016/0030-3992(74)90061-9
2438:"Margaret Benyon Holography"
2412:. In Hayward, Philip (ed.).
2340:Design engineer's sourcebook
1461:Holography is distinct from
1410:Industrial Light & Magic
1382:2005 MTV Europe Music Awards
1167:. They can also be found in
884:), atomic vapors and gases,
618:straight-line fringe pattern
6763:Multi-primary color display
5757:Intentional camera movement
4322:Making Real Holograms!!!!!!
4164:H. M. Smith, Wiley (1976),
4013:. Oxford University Press.
3634:. CNN Blogs. Archived from
3612:10.13140/RG.2.2.30421.88802
3537:. BBC News. 31 January 2011
2337:Richards, Keith L. (2018).
1396:in 2012, rapping alongside
1147:5000 and 10,000 yen notes,
1116:Dove hologram used on some
866:nonlinear optical materials
644:, which acts as a negative
505:Comparison with photography
296:in the Soviet Union and by
101:computer-generated hologram
32:Holography (disambiguation)
7353:
6445:Most expensive photographs
5802:Multi-exposure HDR capture
4680:Vacuum fluorescent display
4404:Electroluminescent display
3937:"specular holography: how"
3601:Gordon, Marcus A. (2017).
3057:10.1016/j.nima.2017.05.019
2947:Advanced Optical Materials
2877:10.1016/j.nima.2017.05.019
2138:Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR
1538:Emergency Medical Hologram
1488:
1473:
1418:End of the Road World Tour
1392:'s virtual performance at
1189:fast-moving consumer goods
1094:
1079:
1070:interferometric microscopy
1055:Interferometric microscopy
1052:
1049:Interferometric microscopy
1037:holographic interferometry
1034:
1031:Holographic interferometry
807:Holographic Versatile Disc
773:
577:
216:Introduction to Holography
177:
167:
43:
36:
29:
7122:Stereoscopic video coding
7117:Stereoscopic spectroscopy
6881:Convergence insufficiency
6789:
6533:
4919:
4527:Liquid crystal on silicon
3890:"Burberry lands in China"
2512:Cherry Optical Holography
2299:10.1088/0022-3735/9/8/011
2062:Field guide to holography
1677:Phase-coherent holography
1642:Digital planar holography
1369:to provide the necessary
893:optical phase conjugation
351:Reconstructing a hologram
147:, such as those found on
46:Hologram (disambiguation)
7218:Fujifilm FinePix Real 3D
7155:3D-enabled mobile phones
7112:Stereoscopic rangefinder
6949:Active shutter 3D system
6379:Digital image processing
4718:Fourteen-segment display
4521:Digital Light Processing
4162:Principles of holography
3739:
3605:(MFA). OCAD University.
3472:10.1038/nphoton.2010.287
2526:http://www.zintaglio.com
2508:"The Universal Hologram"
1240:interference lithography
870:photorefractive crystals
776:Holographic data storage
724:Symposiums organised by
707:University of Nottingham
699:Cranbrook Academy of Art
406:, film, or other medium
270:. Gabor was awarded the
70:three-dimensional images
37:Not to be confused with
7332:Photographic techniques
7190:Virtual reality headset
7185:Stereoscopic video game
7034:Virtual retinal display
6725:Virtual retinal display
6052:Photography and the law
4724:Sixteen-segment display
4410:Rear-projection display
3494:Physical Review Letters
3351:Applied Physics Letters
3219:Physical Review Letters
2748:"Many methods are here"
2702:8 February 2012 at the
2408:Coyle, Rebecca (1990).
1684:(full color holography)
1622:Australian Holographics
1191:to holographic tags on
981:Shoebox Holography Book
839:phase-conjugate mirrors
822:3D optical data storage
256:British Thomson-Houston
218:(1972 educational film)
7327:Laser image generation
7082:Multiview Video Coding
7077:Computer stereo vision
6886:Correspondence problem
6399:Gelatin silver process
5423:Science of photography
5408:Photographic processes
5386:Perspective distortion
4571:Field-emission display
4486:Liquid-crystal display
4199:. Taylor and Francis.
4195:Saxby, Graham (2003).
3072:Radiation Measurements
2959:10.1002/adom.201300375
2817:10.1364/josa.55.001593
2562:. Jrholocollection.com
2524:Holographic metalwork
2178:10.1364/JOSA.52.001123
2085:Hariharan, P. (1996).
2035:10.1098/rspa.1949.0075
2008:Gabor, Dennis (1949).
1657:Holonomic brain theory
1412:. American rock group
1338:
1321:
1120:
1109:
911:
637:
369:
352:
344:
306:University of Michigan
285:
272:Nobel Prize in Physics
252:William Lawrence Bragg
219:
58:
6597:Emerging technologies
5857:Schlieren photography
5396:Photographic printing
5319:Exposure compensation
4708:Eight-segment display
4702:Seven-segment display
4258:10.1002/9781119088929
3192:"Acoustic Holography"
2312:Hariharan, P (2002).
1797:ACM Computing Surveys
1662:Hogel Processing Unit
1652:Holographic principle
1491:Holography in fiction
1336:
1312:
1115:
1104:
1076:Sensors or biosensors
1012:with self-developing
972:recording materials.
906:
864:The search for novel
642:sinusoidal zone plate
636:Sinusoidal zone plate
635:
574:Physics of holography
559:depth perception cues
471:photographic emulsion
417:and the other as the
358:
350:
342:
280:
214:
113:diffuse ambient light
83:is a recording of an
56:
7322:Hungarian inventions
6974:Head-mounted display
6906:Kinetic depth effect
6710:Head-mounted display
5641:Straight photography
5279:Chromatic aberration
4830:Display capabilities
4713:Nine-segment display
4415:Plasma display panel
3170:10.1143/jjap.32.5988
2919:10.1364/OE.15.006651
2314:Basics of Holography
2256:10.1364/ao.13.002942
1747:Contemporary Physics
1432:Crypton Future Media
1400:during his set with
1380:performances in the
1367:3D computer graphics
1295:free-electron lasers
1283:free-electron lasers
814:InPhase Technologies
343:Recording a hologram
335:Basics of holography
240:electron microscopes
30:For other uses, see
7062:2D to 3D conversion
7014:Specular holography
7009:Polarized 3D system
6926:Stereoscopic acuity
6921:Stereopsis recovery
6751:Holographic display
6705:Bionic contact lens
6508:photographic plates
6193:Digital photography
5371:Hyperfocal distance
5284:Circle of confusion
4859:See-through display
4763:Holographic display
4441:Quantum dot display
4250:2017hpt..book.....R
3590:on 30 October 2017.
3506:2014PhRvL.112u7203V
3464:2011NaPho...5...99G
3421:10.1038/nature06049
3413:2007Natur.448..676C
3363:2014ApPhL.105m2407P
3313:10.1038/nature03139
3305:2004Natur.432..885E
3232:2002PhRvL..88l3201S
3162:1993JaJAP..32.5988O
3084:2018RadM..119..132B
3049:2017NIMPA.864...40B
2988:(19): 15694â15699.
2910:2007OExpr..15.6651K
2869:2017NIMPA.864...40B
2809:1965JOSA...55.1593P
2709:The Physics Teacher
2694:Chiaverina, Chris:
2599:1974OptLT...6..219L
2291:1976JPhE....9..631P
2248:1974ApOpt..13.2942G
2213:10.1364/ao.8.000085
2205:1969ApOpt...8...85U
2170:1962JOSA...52.1123L
2026:1949RSPSA.197..454G
1969:1948Natur.161..777G
1910:10.1038/nature25176
1901:2018Natur.553..486S
1853:10.1038/nature09521
1845:2010Natur.468...80B
1759:2016ConPh..57...46J
1698:Volumetric printing
1612:Holographic display
1581:Heroes of the Storm
1463:specular holography
1359:volumetric displays
1343:lenticular printing
1246:Acoustic holography
1232:Electron holography
1193:electronic products
966:Holography Handbook
955:Holographic Studios
761:specular holography
722:Lake Forest College
606:diffraction grating
379:musical instruments
317:diffraction grating
268:electron holography
7317:British inventions
7044:Wiggle stereoscopy
7039:Volumetric display
7004:Parallax scrolling
6773:Volumetric display
6756:Computer-generated
6012:Autochrome LumiĂšre
6007:Analog photography
5832:Pigeon photography
5621:Social documentary
5100:discontinued films
4901:Color Light Output
4895:High Dynamic Range
4697:Dot-matrix display
4692:Lightguide display
4363:Display technology
4308:How Holograms Work
4174:G. Berger et al.,
3796:on 30 October 2021
3770:on 18 October 2012
3156:(12S): 5988â5992.
3150:Jpn. J. Appl. Phys
3118:The Economic Times
2776:. Cabd0.tripod.com
2728:on 6 November 2010
2722:"A Holography FAQ"
2647:, 1666â1668 (2001)
2087:Optical Holography
1693:Volumetric display
1632:Digital holography
1386:48th Grammy Awards
1339:
1322:
1183:, food packaging,
1121:
1110:
1082:Holographic sensor
1066:optical microscopy
1062:numerical aperture
940:photographic plate
912:
908:Peace Within Reach
829:Dynamic holography
805:, a format called
792:gigabit-per-second
638:
370:
353:
345:
286:
220:
59:
7299:
7298:
7260:Sharp Actius RD3D
7180:Stereo microscope
7087:Parallax scanning
6901:Epipolar geometry
6891:Peripheral vision
6866:Binocular rivalry
6809:
6808:
6785:
6784:
6781:
6780:
6563:
6562:
6364:Collodion process
6300:Chromogenic print
6287:Color photography
5797:Multiple exposure
5772:Lo-fi photography
5299:Color temperature
4928:
4927:
4854:Always-on display
4645:Electromechanical
4633:
4632:
4235:978-981-4289-54-2
4222:978-0-9822251-4-1
4206:978-0-7503-0912-7
4170:978-0-471-80341-6
4157:978-0-486-24041-1
4135:978-0-521-49345-1
3870:on 4 October 2011
3407:(7154): 676â679.
3371:10.1063/1.4896982
3299:(7019): 885â888.
3020:978-0-9566139-1-2
2994:10.1021/la102693m
2904:(11): 6651â6663.
2643:, Optics Letters
2423:978-0-86196-266-2
2350:978-1-315-35052-3
2164:(10): 1123â1130.
2133:Denisyuk, Yuri N.
2071:978-0-8194-9957-8
2020:(1051): 454â487.
1895:(7689): 486â490.
1803:(2): 32:1â32:35.
1617:Augmented reality
1589:augmented reality
1558:Player characters
1470:Tactile holograms
1334:
1097:Security hologram
923:helium-neon laser
859:Fourier transform
847:optical computing
812:Another company,
464:photographic film
329:rainbow holograms
258:Company (BTH) in
248:MieczysĆaw Wolfke
212:
16:(Redirected from
7344:
7245:Nvidia 3D Vision
6999:Parallax barrier
6984:Integral imaging
6896:Depth perception
6876:Chromostereopsis
6871:Binocular vision
6836:
6829:
6822:
6813:
6797:
6796:
6746:Flexible display
6615:
6608:
6590:
6583:
6576:
6567:
6552:
6551:
6541:
6540:
6419:Print permanence
6369:Cross processing
6327:CMYK color model
6312:Color management
6265:Foveon X3 sensor
6260:Three-CCD camera
5904:Miniature faking
5862:Sabattier effect
5474:Astrophotography
5329:Zebra patterning
4955:
4948:
4941:
4932:
4906:Flexible display
4868:Related articles
4748:Autostereoscopic
4447:Electronic paper
4393:Cathode-ray tube
4376:
4356:
4349:
4342:
4333:
4279:
4210:
4097:
4096:
4090:
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3996:
3972:
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3949:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3933:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3917:on 13 April 2015
3907:
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3824:
3822:
3812:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3801:
3786:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3766:. Archived from
3759:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3734:
3728:
3727:
3725:
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3706:
3700:
3699:
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3669:
3654:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3643:
3632:The Marquee Blog
3623:
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3476:
3475:
3452:Nature Photonics
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2118:
2113:. Nobelprize.org
2107:
2101:
2100:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2057:
2048:
2047:
2037:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1980:
1978:10.1038/161777a0
1945:
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1794:
1785:
1779:
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1738:
1729:
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1726:
1724:
1714:
1667:Integral imaging
1335:
997:coherence length
843:image processing
749:Moysés Baumstein
741:Moysés Baumstein
600:Plane wavefronts
408:photographically
244:X-ray microscopy
236:image resolution
213:
180:
179:
170:
169:
21:
7352:
7351:
7347:
7346:
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7343:
7342:
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7300:
7295:
7274:
7200:
7194:
7132:
7126:
7102:Stereoautograph
7054:
7048:
6989:Lenticular lens
6964:Autostereoscopy
6941:
6935:
6911:Stereoblindness
6849:
6840:
6810:
6805:
6777:
6741:Autostereoscopy
6729:
6715:Head-up display
6691:
6619:Next generation
6599:
6594:
6564:
6559:
6529:
6486:
6433:
6424:Push processing
6345:
6338:
6332:RGB color model
6281:
6187:
6071:
5983:
5949:Diagonal method
5935:
5675:
5579:Photojournalism
5442:
5274:Black-and-white
5242:
5221:Slide projector
5216:Movie projector
5095:available films
4964:
4959:
4929:
4924:
4915:
4863:
4825:
4811:Slide projector
4801:Movie projector
4784:
4729:
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4144:
4142:Further reading
4139:
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3939:. Zintaglio.com
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3196:Bruel and Kjaer
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2797:J. Opt. Soc. Am
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2757:
2755:
2754:on 7 March 2012
2746:
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2729:
2720:
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2715:
2704:Wayback Machine
2693:
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2685:, November 2005
2674:
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2663:The Daily Beast
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2389:. Holophile.com
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2158:J. Opt. Soc. Am
2155:
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2145:(6): 1275â1278.
2131:
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2109:
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2097:
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2059:
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2007:
2006:
2002:
1963:(4098): 777â8.
1947:
1946:
1942:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1839:(7320): 80â83.
1829:
1828:
1824:
1809:10.1145/3378444
1792:
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1782:
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1739:
1732:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1627:Autostereoscopy
1602:3D file formats
1597:
1497:science fiction
1493:
1487:
1482:
1472:
1425:rear-projecting
1351:Musion Eyeliner
1324:
1307:
1305:False holograms
1264:and especially
1222:
1213:
1153:Canadian dollar
1099:
1093:
1084:
1078:
1057:
1051:
1039:
1033:
977:Frank DeFreitas
901:
831:
794:writing speed.
778:
772:
753:Concrete Poetry
703:Margaret Benyon
687:
682:
661:
659:Complex objects
630:
602:
593:process works.
582:
576:
553:A photographic
507:
483:
435:
395:
375:sound recording
366:speckle pattern
337:
302:Juris Upatnieks
203:
201:
175:; "whole") and
161:comes from the
49:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
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7228:MasterImage 3D
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5969:Rule of thirds
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5737:Harris shutter
5734:
5732:Hand-colouring
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5418:Red-eye effect
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5326:
5324:Exposure value
5321:
5316:
5311:
5309:Depth of focus
5306:
5304:Depth of field
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5286:
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4609:
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4591:
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4589:
4587:Liquid crystal
4584:
4574:
4568:
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4407:
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4396:
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4384:
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4373:
4371:Video displays
4367:
4366:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4351:
4344:
4336:
4330:
4329:
4318:
4311:
4304:
4303:
4302:
4286:
4285:External links
4283:
4281:
4280:
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4237:
4224:
4211:
4205:
4192:
4179:
4172:
4159:
4145:
4143:
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4138:
4137:
4127:
4117:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4098:
4070:978-1119088905
4069:
4051:
4026:
4020:978-0191021381
4019:
3998:
3984:978-0191513886
3983:
3950:
3928:
3902:
3881:
3855:
3828:
3807:
3781:
3754:
3729:
3701:
3675:
3649:
3618:
3593:
3571:
3560:. Ars Technica
3548:
3526:
3500:(21): 217203.
3477:
3442:
3384:
3357:(13): 132407.
3334:
3279:
3253:
3226:(12): 123201.
3208:
3183:
3140:
3131:
3105:
3062:
3027:
3007:
2972:
2953:(3): 250â254.
2933:
2897:Optics Express
2882:
2847:
2840:
2822:
2803:(12): 1593â8.
2787:
2765:
2739:
2713:
2687:
2675:Stephen Cass:
2668:
2649:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2627:R. Ryf et al.
2620:
2593:(5): 219â224.
2573:
2551:
2529:
2517:
2499:
2477:
2466:. Integraf.com
2454:
2442:Lisson Gallery
2429:
2422:
2400:
2378:
2349:
2343:. Boca Raton.
2329:
2322:
2304:
2269:
2242:(12): 2942â6.
2236:Applied Optics
2226:
2193:Applied Optics
2183:
2148:
2124:
2102:
2095:
2077:
2070:
2049:
2000:
1940:
1874:
1822:
1780:
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1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1489:Main article:
1486:
1483:
1480:Stopping light
1471:
1468:
1438:, one of many
1347:Pepper's ghost
1315:Pepper's ghost
1306:
1303:
1266:ridged mirrors
1262:atomic mirrors
1258:atomic mirrors
1221:
1218:
1212:
1209:
1131:, such as the
1095:Main article:
1092:
1089:
1080:Main article:
1077:
1074:
1053:Main article:
1050:
1047:
1035:Main article:
1032:
1029:
985:laser pointers
979:published the
900:
897:
874:semiconductors
830:
827:
774:Main article:
771:
768:
711:Lisson Gallery
686:
683:
681:
678:
660:
657:
629:
626:
601:
598:
578:Main article:
575:
572:
571:
570:
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551:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
506:
503:
482:
479:
460:
459:
455:
434:
431:
419:reference beam
394:
391:
336:
333:
325:Stephen Benton
200:
197:
39:Pepper's ghost
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7349:
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7323:
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7313:
7310:
7309:
7307:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7286:Stereographer
7284:
7283:
7281:
7277:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7250:Panavision 3D
7248:
7246:
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7236:
7235:
7234:
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7175:Stereo camera
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7150:3D television
7148:
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7138:
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7123:
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7072:2D-plus-depth
7070:
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7067:2D plus Delta
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6461:
6460:Photographers
6458:
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6380:
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6367:
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6360:
6357:
6355:
6354:Bleach bypass
6352:
6351:
6349:
6347:
6341:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6322:primary color
6320:
6318:
6315:
6314:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6307:Reversal film
6305:
6301:
6298:
6297:
6296:
6293:
6292:
6290:
6288:
6284:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6272:Image sharing
6270:
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6173:United States
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6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6032:Daguerreotype
6030:
6028:
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6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
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6005:
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5912:
5909:
5905:
5902:
5901:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5888:
5885:
5884:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5877:Stopping down
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5842:Rephotography
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5777:Long-exposure
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
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5708:
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5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
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5688:
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5682:
5678:
5672:
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5517:
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5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5469:Architectural
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5451:
5449:
5445:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5428:Shutter speed
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5402:
5399:
5398:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5381:Metering mode
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5341:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5294:Color balance
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5259:Angle of view
5257:
5255:
5252:
5251:
5249:
5245:
5239:
5236:
5232:
5229:
5228:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5206:Manufacturers
5204:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
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5135:
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5125:
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5120:
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5115:
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5110:
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5009:
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4923:
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4909:
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4583:
4580:
4579:
4578:
4575:
4572:
4569:
4566:
4563:
4560:
4557:
4555:(ELQD/QD-LED)
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4545:
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4541:
4535:
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4309:
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4300:
4296:
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4293:
4289:
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4284:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4267:9781119088905
4263:
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4232:
4228:
4225:
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4212:
4208:
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4198:
4193:
4191:
4190:0-19-857122-4
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4160:
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4141:
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4132:
4128:
4126:
4125:0-521-00200-1
4122:
4118:
4116:
4115:0-521-43965-5
4112:
4108:
4107:
4102:
4094:
4088:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4066:
4062:
4055:
4052:
4040:
4039:us.battle.net
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3690:
3686:
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3676:
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3660:
3653:
3650:
3638:on 4 May 2012
3637:
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3507:
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3469:
3465:
3461:
3458:(2): 99â102.
3457:
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2841:0-521-34417-4
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2683:IEEE Spectrum
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2540:. Web.mit.edu
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2041:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2004:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1949:Gabor, Dennis
1944:
1941:
1936:
1932:
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1924:
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1911:
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1525:
1524:Arnold Rimmer
1521:
1520:
1515:
1514:Princess Leia
1511:
1507:
1502:
1501:urban legends
1498:
1492:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1469:
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1452:
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1247:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1227:
1219:
1217:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1204:checkweighers
1200:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1157:Croatian kuna
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1119:
1114:
1107:
1103:
1098:
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1083:
1075:
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1071:
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1063:
1056:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1038:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1015:
1009:
1007:
1003:
998:
994:
990:
987:to countless
986:
982:
978:
973:
971:
970:silver halide
967:
962:
960:
959:New York City
956:
952:
947:
945:
941:
936:
932:
928:
927:optical table
924:
920:
915:
909:
905:
898:
896:
894:
889:
887:
883:
882:quantum wells
879:
875:
871:
867:
862:
860:
856:
850:
848:
844:
840:
834:
828:
826:
823:
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815:
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756:
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746:
742:
738:
734:
729:
727:
723:
719:
714:
712:
708:
704:
700:
695:
694:Salvador DalĂ
691:
684:
679:
677:
673:
671:
665:
658:
656:
653:
649:
647:
643:
634:
628:Point sources
627:
625:
621:
619:
615:
610:
607:
599:
597:
594:
591:
587:
581:
573:
567:
564:
560:
556:
552:
549:
544:
540:
536:
532:
529:
526:
523:
520:
516:
515:
514:
512:
504:
502:
498:
496:
492:
488:
480:
478:
476:
472:
469:
468:silver halide
465:
456:
453:
449:
445:
444:
443:
441:
440:beam splitter
432:
430:
427:
422:
420:
416:
411:
409:
405:
400:
392:
390:
388:
384:
380:
376:
367:
363:
357:
349:
341:
334:
332:
330:
326:
321:
318:
314:
313:silver halide
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
294:Yuri Denisyuk
291:
284:
279:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
217:
198:
196:
194:
190:
186:
185:
174:
164:
160:
155:
152:
150:
149:DVD recorders
146:
141:
140:pulsed lasers
136:
132:
128:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
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7233:Nintendo 3DS
7140:3D camcorder
7055:technologies
6978:
6942:technologies
6798:
6520:Polaroid art
6414:K-14 process
6409:Instant film
6404:Gum printing
6359:C-41 process
6344:Photographic
6245:Image sensor
6240:Film scanner
5894:Sun printing
5827:Print toning
5746:
5614:space selfie
5584:Pictorialism
5514:Ethnographic
5494:Conservation
5366:Guide number
5361:Focal length
4816:Transparency
4789:Static media
4757:
4743:Stereoscopic
4241:
4226:
4213:
4196:
4181:
4175:
4161:
4148:
4103:Bibliography
4060:
4054:
4042:. Retrieved
4038:
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3768:the original
3762:G., Adrian.
3757:
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3732:
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3689:Graphic News
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2768:
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2726:the original
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2488:. holocenter
2486:"holocenter"
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2381:
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1567:
1561:
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1518:
1510:force fields
1494:
1460:
1453:
1445:
1436:Hatsune Miku
1430:
1422:
1390:Tupac Shakur
1375:
1363:
1340:
1299:femtoseconds
1279:synchrotrons
1276:
1270:
1251:
1244:
1230:
1223:
1214:
1201:
1197:counterfeits
1179:, ID cards,
1161:Danish krone
1141:South Korean
1122:
1118:credit cards
1105:
1085:
1058:
1044:
1040:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1010:
1004:, or later,
993:laser diodes
980:
974:
965:
963:
948:
935:cinder block
916:
913:
907:
899:Hobbyist use
890:
863:
851:
835:
832:
818:
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796:
783:Blu-ray Disc
779:
770:Data storage
765:
757:
730:
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692:
688:
680:Applications
674:
666:
662:
654:
650:
646:Fresnel lens
639:
622:
611:
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595:
586:interference
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547:
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490:
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322:
310:
298:Emmett Leith
287:
250:in 1920 and
232:Dennis Gabor
221:
215:
182:
172:
158:
156:
153:
145:laser diodes
137:
133:
129:
85:interference
80:
78:
61:
60:
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7265:View-Master
7092:Pseudoscope
7024:Stereoscope
6954:Anaglyph 3D
6843:Stereoscopy
6525:Stereoscopy
6389:E-6 process
6384:Dye coupler
6317:color space
6230:Digiscoping
6223:camera back
6138:Philippines
6067:Visual arts
6057:Glass plate
6042:Heliography
5941:Composition
5916:Ultraviolet
5872:Stereoscopy
5867:Slow motion
5852:Scanography
5767:Kite aerial
5707:Contre-jour
5599:Post-mortem
5589:Pornography
5569:Neues Sehen
5504:Documentary
5438:Zone System
5413:Reciprocity
5339:Film format
5269:Backscatter
5247:Terminology
5117:beauty dish
5016:rangefinder
4981:light-field
4962:Photography
4780:Fog display
4753:Multiscopic
4670:Fiber-optic
4582:Quantum dot
3603:Habitat 44Âș
3201:3 September
3120:. ET Online
3078:: 132â139.
1723:2 September
1647:Fog display
1563:Halo: Reach
1476:Solid light
1254:atom optics
1175:as well as
953:opened the
951:Jason Sapan
919:Lloyd Cross
855:microsecond
733:Dieter Jung
718:Lloyd Cross
614:plane waves
563:human brain
543:every point
511:photography
415:object beam
383:vocal cords
283:Dieter Jung
125:perspective
93:diffraction
89:light field
7337:3D imaging
7312:Holography
7306:Categories
7279:Miscellany
7170:Digital 3D
7165:Blu-ray 3D
7029:Vectograph
6994:Multiscopy
6979:Holography
6969:Bubblegram
6916:Stereopsis
6854:Perception
6847:3D display
6697:Screenless
6515:Lomography
6346:processing
6295:Print film
6211:comparison
6178:Uzbekistan
6128:Luxembourg
6088:Bangladesh
6037:Dufaycolor
6017:Box camera
5974:Simplicity
5931:Zoom burst
5926:Xerography
5921:Vignetting
5911:Time-lapse
5899:Tiltâshift
5792:Mordançage
5782:Luminogram
5747:Holography
5742:High-speed
5722:Fill flash
5702:Burst mode
5680:Techniques
5661:Vernacular
5656:Underwater
5651:Toy camera
5631:Still life
5559:Monochrome
5549:High-speed
5499:Cloudscape
5489:Conceptual
5391:Photograph
5376:Lens flare
5356:Film speed
5238:Zone plate
5184:wide-angle
5169:long-focus
4821:Laser beam
4775:Volumetric
4735:3D display
4675:Nixie tube
4655:Split-flap
4540:generation
4514:Blue Phase
4434:generation
4381:generation
4315:Holography
4276:1000385946
4079:1000385946
4044:20 October
3738:"Crypton"
3722:3 December
2462:Integraf.
2447:4 February
2285:(8): 631.
1705:References
1688:Tomography
1485:In fiction
1474:See also:
1398:Snoop Dogg
1371:depth cues
1355:tomography
1173:bank cards
1129:currencies
1125:replicated
1106:Identigram
933:made of a
726:Tung Jeong
590:wavefronts
555:stereogram
539:each point
535:photograph
491:interfered
475:resolution
230:physicist
159:holography
117:depth cues
62:Holography
6465:Norwegian
6429:Stop bath
6374:Developer
6002:Ambrotype
5964:Lead room
5887:Slit-scan
5822:Photogram
5817:Panoramic
5727:Fireworks
5712:Cyanotype
5554:Landscape
5199:telephoto
5147:reflector
5142:monolight
5137:lens hood
5122:cucoloris
5058:safelight
4969:Equipment
4875:Scan line
4849:DisplayID
4806:Neon sign
4796:Monoscope
4638:Non-video
4399:Jumbotron
4244:. Wiley.
4087:cite book
3993:437109030
3379:121512138
3178:123606284
3100:105842469
3043:: 40â49.
2863:: 40â49.
2615:0030-3992
2367:cite book
2359:990152205
2044:123187722
1919:1476-4687
1869:205222841
1817:0360-0300
1775:0010-7514
1575:Starcraft
1543:Star Trek
1529:Red Dwarf
1519:Star Wars
1281:or x-ray
1177:passports
1133:Brazilian
989:hobbyists
975:In 2000,
949:In 1979,
917:In 1971,
880:(such as
872:, but in
569:recorded.
487:interfere
433:Apparatus
410:records.
387:Ambisonic
224:Hungarian
157:The word
66:wavefront
7270:XpanD 3D
7255:RealD 3D
7213:Dolby 3D
7208:AMD HD3D
7201:products
6768:Ultra HD
6652:MicroLED
6611:Displays
6544:Category
6250:CMOS APS
6148:Slovenia
6076:Regional
6022:Calotype
5959:Headroom
5837:Redscale
5752:Infrared
5697:Brenizer
5671:Wildlife
5594:Portrait
5539:Forensic
5529:Fine-art
5464:Aircraft
5454:Abstract
5334:F-number
5314:Exposure
5289:Clipping
5264:Aperture
5132:hot shoe
5053:enlarger
5048:Darkroom
4758:Hologram
4665:Eggcrate
4650:Flip-dot
4596:display
4577:Laser TV
4548:microLED
4478:(AMOLED)
4432:Current
4388:Eidophor
3943:21 April
3921:13 April
3874:21 April
3848:29 April
3821:29 April
3800:21 April
3774:20 April
3747:21 April
3642:21 April
3564:21 April
3541:21 April
3518:Archived
3429:17687320
3321:15602557
3248:11909457
3002:20836549
2982:Langmuir
2967:96257175
2928:19546975
2780:21 April
2758:21 April
2732:21 April
2700:Archived
2566:21 April
2544:21 April
2492:21 April
2470:21 April
2393:21 April
2264:20134813
2221:20072177
2117:21 April
1987:18860291
1951:(1948).
1927:29368704
1861:21048763
1595:See also
1569:Crysis 2
1534:Holodeck
1448:Burberry
1440:Vocaloid
1384:and the
1378:Gorillaz
1145:Japanese
1091:Security
781:such as
518:present.
426:exposure
121:parallax
119:such as
109:parallax
81:hologram
18:Hologram
7238:New 3DS
7223:Infitec
7199:Notable
7160:4D film
7145:3D film
7131:Product
6940:Display
6555:Outline
6491:Related
6183:Vietnam
6168:Ukraine
6103:Denmark
6083:Albania
6062:Tintype
5989:History
5954:Framing
5847:Rollout
5812:Panning
5762:Kirlian
5666:Wedding
5544:Glamour
5524:Fashion
5509:Eclipse
5479:Banquet
5401:Albumen
5211:Monopod
5189:fisheye
5157:softbox
5006:pinhole
4996:instant
4986:digital
4842:CEA-861
4472:(OLED)
4457:Gyricon
4326:YouTube
4246:Bibcode
3895:14 June
3842:YouTube
3716:Variety
3663:Reuters
3502:Bibcode
3460:Bibcode
3437:4406541
3409:Bibcode
3359:Bibcode
3329:4423853
3301:Bibcode
3272:4 April
3228:Bibcode
3158:Bibcode
3124:18 July
3080:Bibcode
3045:Bibcode
2906:Bibcode
2865:Bibcode
2805:Bibcode
2641:crystal
2595:Bibcode
2287:Bibcode
2244:Bibcode
2201:Bibcode
2166:Bibcode
2022:Bibcode
1995:4121017
1965:Bibcode
1935:4451867
1897:Bibcode
1841:Bibcode
1755:Bibcode
1402:Dr. Dre
1319:frustum
1272:Neutron
1137:British
931:sandbox
886:plasmas
737:Germany
670:speckle
548:at once
495:encoded
481:Process
458:medium.
452:mirrors
304:at the
228:British
199:History
193:drawing
189:writing
6667:QD-LED
6604:Fields
6553:
6542:
6475:street
6470:Polish
6163:Turkey
6158:Taiwan
6143:Serbia
6133:Norway
6108:Greece
6093:Canada
5687:Afocal
5646:Street
5626:Sports
5609:Selfie
5564:Nature
5519:Erotic
5484:Candid
5459:Aerial
5447:Genres
5349:medium
5226:Tripod
5194:swivel
5107:Filter
5085:holder
5080:format
4976:Camera
4726:(SISD)
4620:(TDEL)
4614:(FLCD)
4561:(OLET)
4529:(LCoS)
4488:(LCD)
4466:(LED)
4443:(QLED)
4417:(PDP)
4274:
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1833:Nature
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1456:Madrid
1388:; and
1345:, the
1291:x-rays
1169:credit
1163:, and
1149:Indian
1014:plates
799:Maxell
745:Brazil
739:, and
448:lenses
308:, US.
264:patent
191:" or "
184:graphÄ
165:words
91:using
7133:types
7053:Other
6734:Other
6642:Laser
6480:women
6438:Lists
6394:Fixer
6277:Pixel
6206:D-SLR
6153:Sudan
6123:Korea
6118:Japan
6113:India
6098:China
5882:Strip
5807:Night
5787:Macro
5692:Bokeh
5636:Stock
5604:Ruins
5344:large
5174:prime
5152:snoot
5112:Flash
5090:stock
5065:Drone
5026:still
5011:press
5001:phone
4991:field
4897:(HDR)
4720:(FSD)
4704:(SSD)
4688:(LEC)
4682:(VFD)
4626:(LPD)
4573:(FED)
4567:(SED)
4538:Next
4523:(DLP)
4452:E Ink
4406:(ELD)
4395:(CRT)
4324:" at
3740:ăŻăȘăăăł
3521:(PDF)
3490:(PDF)
3433:S2CID
3397:(PDF)
3375:S2CID
3347:(PDF)
3325:S2CID
3174:S2CID
3096:S2CID
2963:S2CID
2707:. In
2681:. In
2040:S2CID
1991:S2CID
1931:S2CID
1865:S2CID
1793:(PDF)
1540:from
1526:from
1181:books
944:relay
404:plate
399:laser
393:Laser
360:at a
290:laser
260:Rugby
178:ÎłÏαÏÎź
173:holos
163:Greek
105:laser
97:light
6845:and
6800:List
6682:TMOS
6677:TDEL
6662:OLET
6657:OLED
6637:iMoD
6632:FLCD
6503:film
6218:MILC
5717:ETTR
5574:Nude
5534:Fire
5433:Sync
5231:head
5179:zoom
5164:Lens
5127:gobo
5075:base
5070:Film
5041:view
4837:EDID
4659:Vane
4605:TMOS
4600:IMoD
4594:MEMS
4421:ALiS
4379:Past
4272:OCLC
4262:ISBN
4231:ISBN
4218:ISBN
4201:ISBN
4186:ISBN
4166:ISBN
4153:ISBN
4131:ISBN
4121:ISBN
4111:ISBN
4093:link
4075:OCLC
4065:ISBN
4046:2019
4015:ISBN
3989:OCLC
3979:ISBN
3945:2012
3923:2015
3897:2011
3876:2012
3850:2011
3823:2011
3802:2012
3776:2012
3749:2012
3724:2023
3696:2022
3670:2022
3644:2012
3566:2012
3543:2012
3425:PMID
3317:PMID
3274:2017
3267:NIST
3244:PMID
3203:2022
3126:2021
3016:ISBN
2998:PMID
2924:PMID
2836:ISBN
2782:2012
2760:2012
2734:2012
2611:ISSN
2568:2012
2546:2012
2494:2012
2472:2012
2449:2016
2418:ISBN
2395:2012
2373:link
2355:OCLC
2345:ISBN
2318:ISBN
2260:PMID
2217:PMID
2119:2012
2091:ISBN
2066:ISBN
1983:PMID
1923:PMID
1915:ISSN
1857:PMID
1813:ISSN
1771:ISSN
1725:2019
1566:and
1536:and
1478:and
1414:KISS
1406:ABBA
1357:and
1287:CCDs
1226:wave
1185:DVDs
1171:and
1165:Euro
788:SLMs
300:and
222:The
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168:áœ
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6687:TPD
6672:SED
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6627:FED
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5036:toy
5031:TLR
5021:SLR
4509:LED
4502:IPS
4492:TFT
4254:doi
3975:405
3607:doi
3510:doi
3498:112
3468:doi
3417:doi
3405:448
3367:doi
3355:105
3309:doi
3297:432
3236:doi
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2990:doi
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2603:doi
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2030:doi
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1006:DVD
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