1685:
port of Hull developed, with the opening of Humber Dock in 1809 and
Junction Dock (later Princes Dock) in 1829. By the time the agricultural industry began to recover, the carrs were in a bad state, but so was the Old Harbour at Hull. Holderness Drainage acted quickly, obtaining an Act of Parliament in 1832, which authorised the construction of a drain to Marfleet, where the outlet sluice (known locally as a clow) could be built at a lower level than previous outlets, thus providing a better gradient for the flow of the water. The old Main Drain was embanked where it crossed the carrs, and was used to carry runoff from the streams of Holderness to the Hull. The new lowland drain carried water from the carrs to Marfleet, passing under the upland drain in the Great Culvert. Where possible, old drains were made straighter, wider and deeper, and the meres in the Leven and Tickton area soon disappeared. By 1854, around one sixth of the land was still subject to occasional winter flooding, but most of the carrs were by then used for crops, rather than for pasture.
255:, on the east bank of the River Hull, to prevent inundation of the low-lying land from that source. Construction of the bank had begun in July 1764, with John Hoggard acting as Superintendent of the works. In March 1765, work on the main sluice began, and bricklayers, carpenters and masons were employed. The resident engineer or 'Surveyor' for this part of the work and for the construction of the main drain was Joseph Page, who was paid £80 per year. Throughout the contract, Charles Tate, who had produced the original engraved plan, worked as the land surveyor. Grundy in his capacity as Chief Engineer, visited the sites on four occasions in 1765, and continued to do so until October 1767, when the main drains and sluice were finished. Both he and Page then moved on, but work on the banks and drains continued under the supervision of Hoggard. By the time this first phase was completed in 1772, the cost had been around £24,000.
1795:
a further five years, while working with local communities to find other sources of funding for it. Although deemed uneconomic, Great
Culvert pumping station would continue to be used, as removing it would result in water from the high level system flowing back up the Holderness Drain, increasing the risk of flooding. At the time, a £900,000 refurbishment scheme was being carried out at East Hull pumping station, and ways to increase its capacity were under investigation. Of the four pumps, the two 24-inch (61 cm) ones were refurbished first, followed by the two 48-inch (120 cm) ones. All of the pumps have been available for pumping water from the drain since 2006, when pumping of sewage was discontinued following the commissioning of
210:, with separate juries for North, Middle and South Holderness and three other areas, while the second was based at Hull. They were initially only concerned with existing banks and drains, but in 1580 they organised the construction of a new drain to link Monkdike to Forthdike, providing a more southerly outlet for the water, where the level of the Hull was lower at low tide. An extensive survey of all the drains and banks was made between 1660 and 1662, with the details recorded in a book of pains, now held by the East Riding Record Office. Pains was the term used for records of the size of such structures, the intervals at which they had to be repaired or scoured, and the penalties for failing to carry out the repairs.
1807:, and construction was completed in January 2024. Phase 2 of the project, to create a flood relief area to the east of Bransholme and Sutton near the Castle Monument, began in June 2022. The flood relief area is known as Castlehill Aquagreen, and is designed to remain dry under normal conditions. During flood events, it will store flood water, which will then be released back into Holderness Drain as conditions improve. This has been achieved by altering the flood banks of parts of East Carr Drain and Holderness Drain, and by re-aligning a section of Sutton Cross Drain. Most of the work was completed by December 2023, but some re-instatement work was delayed by wet conditions.
31:
1783:
of the original Great
Culvert, which carried the high level drain to the River Hull over the low level drain to the Humber. Water from Monkdike and the Foredyke Stream was diverted into the low level drain, with the pumping station raising water from the remainder of the low level drain to the north. The rest of the Foredyke Stream, which carried the high level waters through the city to the River Hull at Stoneferry was abandoned. The East Hull pumping station, near the outlet of the Holderness Drain, has a capacity of 94,600 cubic metres per hour (3,340,000 cu ft/h), and is jointly managed by
264:
embankments, dams and tunnels, with the overriding principle that the water from the uplands to the north should be kept entirely separate from the internal drains of the area. Once the project got under way, Jessop visited from time to time to check on progress. He made a total of seven visits between 1789 and 1792, when his involvement and that of George
Plummer, who had acted as resident engineer, ceased. Anthony Bower then took over as resident engineer, overseeing the work until 1795. This phase of the scheme was finally completed in 1805, at a cost of £16,000.
141:. They insisted that the water be discharged into the River Hull to keep the channel free of silt. Following a period of agricultural depression and the building of new docks in the early 1800s, an outlet at Marfleet was finally authorised in 1832. A high level system still fed upland water to the Hull, but the low level system discharged into the Humber, where levels were considerably lower. Following the success of steam pumping on the Beverley and Barmston Drain, the trustees looked at such a possibility for the Holderness Drain, but the development of the
206:. These ran in an east-west direction and were primarily to aid transport by boat, rather than for drainage, although their large size tended to have some effect on the land. A move towards a more comprehensive system of control occurred in 1532, with the passing of the Stature of Sewers. This created Commissioners of Sewers in the main areas of England and Wales which had significant areas of marshland. They had considerable powers, which were exercised through Courts of Sewers. Two such Courts were created in the Hull valley. One was based at
232:
maintain the Old
Harbour, as this part of the river was known. With limited financial resources, Holderness Drainage were unable to resist the pressure, and the plans were altered to have an outlet at Stoneferry on the Hull, and reduced dimensions for the drains. Grundy wrote the final report, completing it on 30 December. Smeaton then reviewed it, and suggested only minor modifications, as he was happy with all the major points. The land surveyor Charles Tate produced an engraved plan, and Grundy went to London to steer the
214:
at a solution. Snow offered to cut the drain in return for use of the drained land for a period of 21 years, but he failed to obtain the consent of the landowners or an Act of
Parliament to authorise it. Sir Joseph Ashe made some improvements to his Wawne estate, which included cutting the Engine Drain, at the end of which he built two windmills to raise the water into the Hull. Others followed suit, and there were around a dozen drainage windmills in the area by the early eighteenth century.
1803:
started on the new structure in May, which is located to the south of the existing station, nearer to the Humber. Its four pumps can pump 350 cubic feet per second (10 m/s) in conditions where water levels in the drain are high and the tide in the Humber is also high. The
Holderness Drain Flood Alleviation Scheme is a multi-agency project, jointly funded by the Environment Agency, Hull City Council, East Riding of Yorkshire Council, the Humber Local Enterprise Partnership and
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1819:"... to take a view of the works of the Drainage, and of the River Hull, and to report what measures (in his opinion) ought to be pursued to give the best effect to the undertaking; what will be the probable expence of those measures, whether a navigation be compatible with the drainage, and if it be, what additional expence would be required to effect a navigation (as well as a drainage) from the outfall to Monk bridge."
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the trustees did not take the plan any further. An independent group proposed a canal running parallel to the drain in
September 1791, which would be navigable from near the Holderness outfall to Monk bridge, or to Leven, about 1 mile (1.6 km) further to the north. The drainage trustees were anxious to ensure that such a plan would not damage the drainage, and asked John Hudson of
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it entered the lowland drain, it caused difficulties, particularly when
Marfleet was tide locked. Following the successful introduction of steam pumping on the Beverley and Barmston drain, to the west of the River Hull, the Trustees looked at the possibility of installing pumps as Marfleet. However, help came from another source.
1702:
Ml) per day were installed, resulting in significant savings in the cost of operating the dock. Pumping from the drain increased again in 1913, when the newly constructed King George V Dock opened, and again required clean water. For
Holderness Drainage, this provided the benefits of pumping without the cost.
1791:. It was originally constructed in 1949, so that the outflow from the drain could be pumped into the Humber when the level of the tides prevented gravity discharge. A major upgrade by Kingston upon Hull Corporation took place in May 1972, when it was extended to pump sewage flows into the Humber as well.
195:
ingress of sea water, the banks also prevented fresh water from the land reaching the Humber, and so a network of channels were cut, to channel water to the Hull and the Humber. Primitive sluices were built where the channels passed through the banks, to ensure that water only passed in one direction.
1831:
In 1799, Mrs Bethel asked Jessop to produce a plan for a canal running westwards from Leven to the River Hull. Jessop did so, and reported that the canal would not harm the drainage. However, the trustees were nervous, and asked Mrs Bethel to pay for a second opinion. She employed James Creassy, who
1802:
As part of a £28.5 million flood alleviation scheme for Hull, the Environment Agency decided that the East Hull pumping station had reached the end of its life, and that constructing a new pumping station would be more economical than refurbishing it. Following a planning decision in April 2020, work
1684:
Despite the large amounts of money spent on the schemes, they were not particularly effective, because of the failure to provide an outfall at Marfleet. Ship owners continued to oppose such a plan until at least 1810, and there was an agricultural depression from 1815 to 1830. During this period, the
213:
The idea of taking the waters from the carrs in the north to a new outlet near Marfleet on the Humber was suggested by Mr Snow in 1671. He was a Commissioner of Sewers, and proposed a new drain from Forthdike to Marfleet, passing to the east of Sutton, whose inhabitants had resisted previous attempts
1794:
In 2010, the Environment Agency looked at the costs and effectiveness of the pumping stations, and concluded that only East Hull significantly reduced the risk of flooding to properties. Costs to run Tickton pumping station were about £20,000 per year, and it was decided to continue operating it for
1688:
Flooding in the Holderness Level increased between 1840 and 1880, as farmers used tile drains to keep their land free of standing water. These carried the water away more quickly to the main drains, increasing the peak flow. Where this drained into the upland drain, this was not a problem, but where
1823:
His report of 1786 had stated that a navigation might be an advantage to the drainage. He estimated that it would cost an additional £5,136 to make the main drain suitable for craft drawing 4.5 feet (1.4 m). The cost included a number of passing places, and the provision of two locks. However,
1782:
Holderness Drain has three pumping stations along its length, which manage changes in level. The first is at Tickton, which was built in 1972 as part of the Holderness Drain scheme. The second is the Great Culvert pumping station, which was built at the same time. This is located close to the point
1773:
Similarly, the internal drainage boards have gradually amalgamated into larger units. The Holderness IDB first merged with the Beverley IDB, and subsequently with the Beverley and Barmstom IDB, to become the Beverley and North Holderness IDB in 1981. They are responsible for an area of 91.98 square
1701:
entering the dock for 2 to 3 hours at each high tide. In order to mitigate the high cost of dredging to remove this material, the water levels in the 46.5-acre (18.8 ha) dock were maintained by pumping fresh water from the Holderness Drain. Pumps capable of pumping 14.5 million cubic feet (410
258:
Some work continued until 1775, consisting largely of raising river banks, making drains deeper, and extending the drains that had been created. However, the system was inadequate, as there were large areas that remained under water near Leven, in the north of the area, and at Weel, to the east of
194:
appointed commissioners in 1311 and 1313, with responsibilities to inspect and repair the banks. However, the commissioners were only appointed when the walls were breached, and once repairs had been made, they were disbanded. There was no regular inspection of the banks. As well as preventing the
263:
spent a month investigating the problems, studying some 40 square miles (100 km), and presented a report in July 1786. Further survey work was then carried out by George Plummer, and formed the basis for Jessop's detailed plan, which was agreed in 1787. He produced specifications for drains,
222:
In 1763, landowners decided that the carrs to the east of the River Hull could be turned into profitable land, and obtained an Act of Parliament to exclude this area from the jurisdiction of the Court of Sewers. It created Holderness Drainage, a legal entity with powers to construct new banks and
247:
by then, Smeaton made the time to visit the area with Grundy on 4 July, in response to a request from the Trustees of the scheme to view the low grounds and carrs. Grundy produced a report on 14 July, and then designed the outfall sluice, which had two 10-foot (3.0 m) arches with sluices.
231:
on the initial assessment, and the two men visited the area in November. There was significant opposition to his plans for the main outlet to be at Marfleet, since the shipping owners felt that the scouring action of the fresh water on the mud banks near the lower end of the Hull was vital to
248:
Smeaton again reviewed the plans in September, suggesting improvements to the foundations, and this was his last involvement with the scheme. Grundy submitted his report on the sluice in December 1764, which included a detailed bill of quantities, with an estimated cost of £1,800.
189:
The valley of the River Hull was regularly inundated with fresh water in the north, and salt water in the south in the early medieval period. Hamlets along the edges of the Humber and the Hull built banks to prevent the inundation by sea water in the early fourteenth century, as
137:, England. Construction began in 1764, and several notable civil engineers were involved with the scheme over the years. Despite the high costs of the initial scheme, it was not particularly successful, because of the refusal of the ship owners of Hull to allow an outlet at
181:, Great Culvert and East Hull in 1972. However, attitudes to land drainage have changed and the Tickton station is now deemed to be uneconomic, and will be closed down unless alternative sources of income to fund its operation can be found.
1696:
was built to the west of the final section of the drain in the early 1880s. Research on the original Hull Dock had shown that around 1.25 million tons of mud were deposited in the dock each year, as a result of the muddy water of the
259:
Beverley. Flooding during the winter months was still a regular problem, because the drains could not cope with rain from the low-lying carrs, when they were full with water from higher ground to the north of Holderness. The engineer
1774:
miles (238.2 km) in which they maintain 163 miles (262 km) of drains, including those that feed into the Holderness Drain. Some 70 per cent of the area is dependent upon pumping stations to prevent flooding.
148:
Responsibility for the scheme rested with the Trustees of Holderness Drainage from its inception in 1764 until 1930, when a major overhaul of land drainage legislation took place. Since then it has been managed by a
1836:
in 1801. The Act stipulated that Jessop and Creassy must agree that any work carried out would not harm the drainage, and if they could not agree, then they were to consult the engineer
243:
Grundy's life was marked by tragedy shortly afterwards, when his wife of 21 years died, and remarkably personal letters between the two engineers have survived. Although busy with the
145:
in the 1880s and then the King George V Dock in 1913 provided a solution, as the docks were topped up with water pumped from the drain, to lessen the ingress of silt-laden water.
2684:
2521:
1916:
1929:
251:
It appears that Grundy had been acting as Chief Engineer since July 1764. In addition to the main drain, the scheme involved the construction of 17 miles (27 km) of
1980:
1730:. For the Holderness region, responsibility for the River Hull and the Holderness main drain passed to the Hull Catchment Board. Holderness Drainage then became an
292:
1840:. As a further measure, Mrs Bethel provided an indemnity against the canal damaging the drainage. The canal crossed the main Holderness Drain on an aqueduct.
227:
was approached to produce plans for the drainage of some 17.19 square miles (44.5 km) of low-lying land to the east of the River Hull. He worked with
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2086:
2042:
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1946:
1892:
1873:
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2517:
285:
2063:
30:
1912:
1925:
2455:
2559:
1991:
1799:
Waste Water Treatment Works, and the 6.2-mile (10.0 km) deep level sewer that connects it to Hull's sewerage system.
278:
2418:
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1754:, when the river authority became part of the much larger Yorkshire Water Authority. Yorkshire Water Authority was
173:. Since 1930, the smaller drainage ditches that feed into the Holderness Drain have been the responsibility of an
1763:
310:
166:
1746:, when the Hull River Board was joined to the Yorkshire Ouse River Board to become the Yorkshire Ouse and Hull
1743:
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1731:
174:
1828:
to assess it in February 1792. The promoters then petitioned Parliament in March, but the plan foundered.
1711:
1968:
1837:
1735:
1734:(IDB), with responsibility for the smaller drains. Responsibility changed again with the passing of the
1693:
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to the north remained flooded, although a number of channels were cut through them by the monks from
191:
142:
1852:
2694:
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233:
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1788:
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170:
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2079:
A Biographical Dictionary of Civil Engineers in Great Britain and Ireland: Vol 1: 1500 to 1830
2059:
2038:
2019:
1942:
1888:
1885:
A Biographical Dictionary of Civil Engineers in Great Britain and Ireland: Vol 2: 1830 to 1890
1869:
1833:
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1710:
Holderness Drainage were responsible for the management of the system until 1930, when the
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1727:
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158:
150:
2012:
1759:
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1715:
260:
2678:
1957:
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228:
177:. In order to improve the efficiency of the system, pumping stations were built at
1762:, and responsibility for main rivers including the Holderness Drain passed to the
1750:. Further amalgamation and reorganisation took place following the passing of the
2037:. East Riding of Yorkshire Council (River Hull Valley Drainage Heritage Group).
1739:
486:
203:
162:
154:
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126:
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1832:
agreed with Jessop, and with the blessing of the trustees, she obtained an
2632:
271:
1796:
1714:
became law. This organised the low-lying areas of England and Wales into
207:
138:
110:
100:
178:
35:
The Great Culvert pumping station, maintained by the Environment Agency
2415:"Beverley and North Holderness Internal Drainage Board – Information"
1698:
1656:
223:
drains. Plans for the drainage of Holderness were then put together.
114:
1926:"Holderness Drain Flood Alleviation Scheme (FAS) - Information Page"
1815:
When the commissioners approached Jessop in 1786 they had asked him
252:
2438:
2436:
1868:(Nabu Public Domain Reprint ed.). London: Longmans, Green.
1913:"Environment Agency Yorkshire starts new Hull pumping station"
125:
is the main feature of a Land Drainage scheme for the area of
2518:"East Hull pumping station pumps given a new lease of life"
2229:
2227:
2202:
2200:
1939:
The Canals of Yorkshire and North East England (Vol 2)
236:
for the scheme through Parliament. The bill became an
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106:
95:
90:
82:
74:
66:
58:
53:
45:
40:
23:
2592:
2580:
2011:
1990:. East Riding or Yorkshire Council. Archived from
2442:
2401:
1959:Draft River Hull Flood Risk Management Strategy
2033:Reid, Ian; Harris, Joy; Walker, Colin (2014).
1742:. The next change occurred as a result of the
2504:
2492:
2480:
286:
8:
2685:Water bodies in the East Riding of Yorkshire
1981:"Consultation with Internal Drainage Boards"
1853:"Holderness Flood Alleviation Scheme (2024)"
1738:, which created the Hull and East Yorkshire
1220:
1212:
2458:. Kgal Consulting Engineers. Archived from
1883:Cross-Rudkin, Peter; Chrimes, Mike (2008).
1851:Bates, Jacob; Cramp, David (10 June 2024).
898:
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20:
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2179:
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2155:
2143:
2131:
2119:
2077:Skempton, Sir Alec; et al. (2002).
2058:. East Yorkshire Local History Society.
1766:, which subsequently became part of the
1722:. These boards were responsible for the
764:Turf Gutter & Eske River Side drain
2317:
2112:
276:
2542:
2389:
2365:
2341:
1120:
1112:
2421:from the original on 11 December 2019
2072:from the original on 1 February 2020.
2014:Water Management in England and Wales
7:
2562:from the original on 12 October 2013
2377:
1902:Dobson, Alban; Hull, Hubert (1931).
1866:Notes on Docks and Dock Construction
1090:
1924:Environment Agency (January 2024).
2556:"Mini to star in 'Hull Job' stunt"
2417:. York Consortium Drainage Board.
1932:from the original on 26 June 2024.
1911:Environment Agency (12 May 2020).
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1338:
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1162:
1001:
676:
649:
629:
534:
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14:
2524:from the original on 3 March 2016
2520:. Water Active. 27 October 2010.
1919:from the original on 5 June 2020.
1859:from the original on 2 July 2024.
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2052:Sheppard, June A. (1976) .
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1099:Foredyke Stream + Great Culvert
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2306:Cross-Rudkin & Chrimes 2008
2055:The Draining of the Hull Valley
2035:Becks, Banks, Drains and Brains
1988:Strategic Flood Risk Assessment
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2456:"Trash Screen Cleaners – Hull"
2443:Reid, Harris & Walker 2014
2402:Reid, Harris & Walker 2014
2100:. London: Sweet & Maxwell.
2018:. Cambridge University Press.
1599:
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1585:
1574:Alexandra / King George Docks
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1178:Great Culvert pumping station
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2558:. BBC News. 16 August 2001.
1347:B1237 Salthouse Road Bridge
2096:Wisdom, A. S. (1966).
70:John Grundy; William Jessop
2711:
2690:Drainage canals in England
2010:Porter, Elizabeth (1978).
1969:"Water Resources Act 1963"
1937:Hadfield, Charles (1973).
1906:. Oxford University Press.
1904:The Land Drainage Act 1930
1864:Coulson, Charles (2010) .
1492:East Hull Pumping Station
1058:Arnold & Riston drain
337:Start of Holderness Drain
1855:. Water Projects online.
1764:National Rivers Authority
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669:
664:
642:
637:
615:
610:
581:
576:
554:
549:
520:
515:
493:
485:
456:
451:
429:
424:
395:
390:
368:
363:
341:
336:
321:
167:National Rivers Authority
28:
2483:, pp. vii–viii, 31.
1744:Water Resources Act 1963
798:Routh & Meaux drain
665:Tickton pumping station
135:East Riding of Yorkshire
2593:Environment Agency 2024
2581:Environment Agency 2020
1732:internal drainage board
836:Arnold West Carr drain
452:Leven North Carr drain
175:internal drainage board
2354:Dobson & Hull 1931
1956:Halcrow Group (2010).
1821:
1712:Land Drainage Act 1930
1447:A63 Hedon Road bridge
2640:at Wikimedia Commons
1974:. legislation.gov.uk.
1962:. Environment Agency.
1941:. David and Charles.
1817:
1736:River Boards Act 1948
1387:Marfleet Lane bridge
692:A1035 Tickton Bridge
16:English water project
1718:, each with its own
1427:Preston Road bridge
1407:Maybury Road bridge
391:Baswick Steer drain
364:Burshill Park drain
2657: /
1758:as a result of the
489:(aqueduct missing)
129:to the east of the
62:Holderness Drainage
2661:53.7422°N 0.2867°W
2505:Halcrow Group 2010
2493:Halcrow Group 2010
2481:Halcrow Group 2010
2392:, pp. 21, 28.
2081:. Thomas Telford.
1887:. Thomas Telford.
1789:Environment Agency
1768:Environment Agency
1300:Suttoncross drain
1258:Hornsea Rail Trail
908:Monkbridge Stream
870:New Holland drain
638:A1035 Monk Bridge
171:Environment Agency
67:Principal engineer
2636:Media related to
2320:, pp. 14–15.
2296:, pp. 21–22.
2284:, pp. 18–20.
2221:, pp. 13–14.
2170:, pp. 8, 10.
2088:978-0-7277-2939-2
2044:978-0-9552912-1-0
2025:978-0-521-21865-8
1997:on 26 August 2014
1948:978-0-7153-5975-4
1894:978-0-7277-3504-1
1875:978-1-142-41196-1
1834:Act of Parliament
1682:
1681:
1678:
1677:
577:Eske Carrs drain
516:Leven Town drain
425:Heighholme drain
245:Calder Navigation
240:on 5 April 1764.
238:Act of Parliament
120:
119:
83:Date of first use
2702:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2666:53.7422; -0.2867
2662:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2650:
2638:Holderness Drain
2635:
2620:
2614:
2608:
2602:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2552:
2546:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2514:
2508:
2502:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2462:on 8 August 2014
2452:
2446:
2440:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2411:
2405:
2399:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2363:
2357:
2351:
2345:
2339:
2333:
2327:
2321:
2315:
2309:
2303:
2297:
2291:
2285:
2279:
2273:
2267:
2261:
2255:
2249:
2243:
2237:
2231:
2222:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2129:
2123:
2117:
2101:
2092:
2073:
2048:
2029:
2017:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1996:
1985:
1975:
1973:
1963:
1952:
1933:
1920:
1907:
1898:
1879:
1860:
1805:Highways England
1650:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1602:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1568:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1520:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1486:
1485:
1478:
1477:
1470:
1469:
1461:
1460:
1441:
1440:
1421:
1420:
1401:
1400:
1381:
1380:
1361:
1360:
1341:
1340:
1321:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1294:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1251:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1230:Foredyke Stream
1223:
1222:
1215:
1214:
1206:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1172:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1144:Foredyke Stream
1138:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1123:
1122:
1115:
1114:
1093:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1052:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1011:
1010:
1004:
1003:
997:
996:
983:Lambwath Stream
977:
976:
970:
969:
963:
962:
956:
955:
936:
935:
929:
928:
922:
921:
901:
900:
893:
892:
884:
883:
864:
863:
857:
856:
850:
849:
829:
828:
821:
820:
812:
811:
792:
791:
785:
784:
778:
777:
758:
757:
751:
750:
744:
743:
723:
722:
715:
714:
706:
705:
686:
685:
679:
678:
659:
658:
652:
651:
632:
631:
625:
624:
605:
604:
598:
597:
591:
590:
571:
570:
564:
563:
544:
543:
537:
536:
530:
529:
510:
509:
503:
502:
480:
479:
473:
472:
466:
465:
446:
445:
439:
438:
419:
418:
412:
411:
405:
404:
385:
384:
378:
377:
358:
357:
351:
350:
331:
330:
319:
302:Holderness Drain
295:
288:
281:
272:
225:John Grundy, Jr.
123:Holderness Drain
78:1764; 1787; 1832
33:
24:Holderness Drain
21:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2675:
2674:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2656:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2629:
2624:
2623:
2615:
2611:
2603:
2599:
2591:
2587:
2579:
2575:
2565:
2563:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2541:
2537:
2527:
2525:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2503:
2499:
2491:
2487:
2479:
2475:
2465:
2463:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2441:
2434:
2424:
2422:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2400:
2396:
2388:
2384:
2376:
2372:
2364:
2360:
2352:
2348:
2340:
2336:
2328:
2324:
2316:
2312:
2304:
2300:
2292:
2288:
2280:
2276:
2268:
2264:
2256:
2252:
2244:
2240:
2232:
2225:
2217:
2213:
2205:
2198:
2190:
2186:
2178:
2174:
2166:
2162:
2158:, pp. 6–7.
2154:
2150:
2146:, pp. 4–6.
2142:
2138:
2130:
2126:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2095:
2089:
2076:
2066:
2051:
2045:
2032:
2026:
2009:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1983:
1979:Jacobs (2006).
1978:
1971:
1966:
1955:
1949:
1936:
1923:
1910:
1901:
1895:
1882:
1876:
1863:
1850:
1846:
1813:
1785:Yorkshire Water
1780:
1748:River Authority
1728:catchment basin
1720:catchment board
1716:catchment areas
1708:
1651:
1644:
1637:
1630:
1623:
1608:Entrance locks
1603:
1596:
1589:
1569:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1541:
1521:
1514:
1507:
1487:
1480:
1479:
1472:
1471:
1462:
1442:
1422:
1402:
1382:
1362:
1342:
1327:Ganstead drain
1322:
1315:
1295:
1288:
1281:
1274:
1252:
1245:
1225:
1224:
1217:
1216:
1207:
1200:
1193:
1173:
1166:
1159:
1139:
1132:
1125:
1124:
1117:
1116:
1094:
1087:
1080:
1073:
1053:
1046:
1039:
1032:
1012:
1005:
998:
978:
971:
964:
957:
942:Old Main drain
937:
930:
923:
903:
902:
895:
894:
885:
865:
858:
851:
831:
830:
823:
822:
813:
793:
786:
779:
759:
752:
745:
725:
724:
717:
716:
707:
687:
680:
660:
653:
633:
626:
606:
599:
592:
572:
565:
545:
538:
531:
511:
504:
481:
474:
467:
447:
440:
420:
413:
406:
386:
379:
359:
352:
332:
313:
304:
303:
299:
270:
220:
187:
163:water authority
159:river authority
151:catchment board
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2708:
2706:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2677:
2676:
2628:
2627:External links
2625:
2622:
2621:
2619:, p. 307.
2609:
2607:, p. 306.
2597:
2585:
2573:
2547:
2535:
2509:
2497:
2485:
2473:
2447:
2432:
2406:
2394:
2382:
2370:
2358:
2356:, p. 113.
2346:
2334:
2322:
2310:
2308:, p. 495.
2298:
2286:
2274:
2272:, p. 372.
2262:
2260:, p. 371.
2250:
2248:, p. 368.
2238:
2236:, p. 281.
2223:
2211:
2209:, p. 280.
2196:
2184:
2172:
2160:
2148:
2136:
2124:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2093:
2087:
2074:
2064:
2049:
2043:
2030:
2024:
2007:
1976:
1964:
1953:
1947:
1934:
1921:
1908:
1899:
1893:
1880:
1874:
1861:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1812:
1809:
1779:
1776:
1760:Water Act 1989
1752:Water Act 1973
1707:
1706:Administration
1704:
1694:Alexandra Dock
1680:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1659:
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1572:
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1556:
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1542:
1535:
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1531:
1528:
1527:
1526:Outlet sluice
1524:
1522:
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1501:
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938:
931:
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917:
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904:
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888:
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871:
868:
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859:
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837:
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799:
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771:
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551:
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315:
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309:
306:
305:
301:
300:
298:
297:
290:
283:
275:
269:
266:
261:William Jessop
219:
216:
192:King Edward II
186:
183:
143:Alexandra Dock
118:
117:
108:
104:
103:
97:
93:
92:
88:
87:
84:
80:
79:
76:
72:
71:
68:
64:
63:
60:
59:Original owner
56:
55:
51:
50:
47:
43:
42:
41:Specifications
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2707:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2673:
2670:
2641:
2639:
2634:
2626:
2618:
2617:Hadfield 1973
2613:
2610:
2606:
2605:Hadfield 1973
2601:
2598:
2594:
2589:
2586:
2582:
2577:
2574:
2561:
2557:
2551:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2536:
2523:
2519:
2513:
2510:
2507:, p. 19.
2506:
2501:
2498:
2495:, p. 54.
2494:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2477:
2474:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2448:
2445:, p. 45.
2444:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2420:
2416:
2410:
2407:
2404:, p. 46.
2403:
2398:
2395:
2391:
2386:
2383:
2380:, p. 143
2379:
2374:
2371:
2367:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2347:
2343:
2338:
2335:
2332:, p. 22.
2331:
2330:Sheppard 1976
2326:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2311:
2307:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2294:Sheppard 1976
2290:
2287:
2283:
2282:Sheppard 1976
2278:
2275:
2271:
2270:Skempton 2002
2266:
2263:
2259:
2258:Skempton 2002
2254:
2251:
2247:
2246:Skempton 2002
2242:
2239:
2235:
2234:Skempton 2002
2230:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2219:Sheppard 1976
2215:
2212:
2208:
2207:Skempton 2002
2203:
2201:
2197:
2194:, p. 13.
2193:
2192:Sheppard 1976
2188:
2185:
2182:, p. 10.
2181:
2180:Sheppard 1976
2176:
2173:
2169:
2168:Sheppard 1976
2164:
2161:
2157:
2156:Sheppard 1976
2152:
2149:
2145:
2144:Sheppard 1976
2140:
2137:
2133:
2132:Sheppard 1976
2128:
2125:
2121:
2120:Sheppard 1976
2116:
2113:
2106:
2099:
2098:Land Drainage
2094:
2090:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2065:0-900349-08-5
2061:
2057:
2056:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2016:
2015:
2008:
1993:
1989:
1982:
1977:
1970:
1967:HMSO (1963).
1965:
1961:
1960:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1909:
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1017:Meaux Bridge
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2564:. Retrieved
2550:
2545:, p. 5.
2538:
2526:. Retrieved
2512:
2500:
2488:
2476:
2464:. Retrieved
2460:the original
2450:
2423:. Retrieved
2409:
2397:
2385:
2373:
2368:, p. 2.
2361:
2349:
2344:, p. 1.
2337:
2325:
2318:Coulson 2010
2313:
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2139:
2134:, p. 3.
2127:
2122:, p. 2.
2115:
2097:
2078:
2054:
2034:
2013:
1999:. Retrieved
1992:the original
1987:
1958:
1938:
1903:
1884:
1865:
1844:Bibliography
1830:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1801:
1793:
1781:
1772:
1709:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1367:A165 bridge
611:Turf Gutter
550:Cross drain
268:Second phase
257:
253:barrier bank
250:
242:
229:John Smeaton
221:
212:
197:
188:
147:
122:
121:
18:
2664: /
2543:Jacobs 2006
2390:Porter 1978
2366:Wisdom 1966
2342:Wisdom 1966
1838:John Rennie
1778:Development
1740:River Board
1724:main rivers
487:Leven Canal
218:First phase
204:Meaux Abbey
155:river board
96:Start point
75:Date of act
49:operational
2695:Holderness
2679:Categories
2649:53°44′32″N
2528:1 February
2107:References
1811:Navigation
1756:privatised
730:Monk Dike
131:River Hull
127:Holderness
2652:0°17′12″W
2566:24 August
2378:HMSO 1963
2001:23 August
1770:in 1995.
1726:within a
107:End point
91:Geography
2560:Archived
2522:Archived
2466:2 August
2425:2 August
2419:Archived
2070:Archived
1930:Archived
1917:Archived
1857:Archived
1787:and the
208:Beverley
169:and the
139:Marfleet
111:Marfleet
101:Burshill
1797:Saltend
185:History
179:Tickton
133:in the
54:History
2085:
2062:
2041:
2022:
1945:
1891:
1872:
1699:Humber
1657:Humber
311:Legend
165:, the
115:Humber
99:NE of
46:Status
1995:(PDF)
1984:(PDF)
1972:(PDF)
1826:Louth
200:carrs
2568:2014
2530:2015
2468:2014
2427:2014
2083:ISBN
2060:ISBN
2039:ISBN
2020:ISBN
2003:2014
1943:ISBN
1889:ISBN
1870:ISBN
1692:The
234:bill
198:The
161:, a
157:, a
153:, a
86:1772
2681::
2435:^
2226:^
2199:^
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1986:.
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113:,
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2005:.
1951:.
1897:.
1878:.
294:e
287:t
280:v
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