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466:, written about 356–62, mentions the well created by the desert hermit Antony. It is unclear how many Christian holy wells there may have been, as records are very fragmentary and often a well appears only once, making it impossible to tell when reverence for it began and when it ceased, but by the
270:
Holy wells in different forms occur in such a wide variety of cultures, religious environments, and historical periods that it seems to be a universal human instinct to revere water sources. However, the fragmentary nature of the evidence, and the historical differences among cultures and nations,
578:
religious practices and thought of holy wells in that way. This affected the outlook of those who came to study holy well traditions later. The pioneers of folklore study took the view that the customs and legends they were recording were debased versions of pagan rites and myths. Thus it became
671:
In a sense, the restoration of holy wells began almost as soon as they were in decline, as a number became the subject of antiquarian interest and some were turned into garden features and put to other decorative uses. However, in more modern times wells have been restored as an expression of
727:-orientated spirituality and retreat centre. Other wells, however, are often visited on an informal basis for religious or sightseeing reasons. New forms of holy well reverence continue to emerge now and again, notoriously the so-called Well of the
612:(1991) which argued that the evidence for what constituted pre-Christian British religious practices, certainly outside Romano-British times, was next to nil. As far as wells themselves were concerned, the controversy emerged in the pages of
655:, and argues 'apart from being venerated and being wet, they have little in common'; Harte has also stressed that limited evidence may mean scholars are considerably overestimating the number of holy wells which were active at any one time.
470:
England, for instance, probably possessed some hundreds. As they were closely linked with the cults of the saints, many wells in countries that converted to
Protestant forms of Christianity fell into disuse and were lost, the Holy Well at
579:
standard to begin any account of holy wells with the statement that the
Christian church had adopted them from the pagans and replaced the heathen gods with Christian saints, in order to win people over to the new religion more smoothly.
623:
Tristan Gray-Hulse. A number of articles in the journal challenged long-standing myths about holy well history, and the editors published an exchange between the authors and Cheryl
Straffon, editor of Cornish earth mysteries magazine
76:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge (XXG).
643:
on the well cult. The late
Francine Nicholson, an independent student of Celtica, argued forcefully and controversially that the Celts had a unique sensitivity to sacred wells, but never elaborated this in any published work.
1292:
86:
62:
632:. The eco-pagan movement has largely accepted the new historiographical approach, but occasionally rather more old-fashioned accounts of holy wells are published, for instance, Gary Varner's
306:(1893), the first comprehensive survey of its kind, featured several named wells not dedicated to saints, along with rivers and lakes associated with folklore, as noted in Hope's subtitle.
912:
1076:
1402:
Lefèvre, Eckard. 1988. Plinius-Studien : IV : Die
Naturauffassung in den Beschreibungen der Quelle am Lacus Larius (4,30), des Clitumnus (8,8) und des Lacus Vadimo (8,20).
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Often unmarked on maps and undistinguished by archaeological features, holy wells are a uniquely vulnerable category of ancient site. They continue to be lost to
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604:, among others, helped shape this approach. During the early and mid-1990s, this viewpoint was under increasing attack crowned by the publication of
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96:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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and ancient sites; the view that the
Christians had 'stolen' holy wells from the pagan religions fitted in well with their position. The magazines
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756:(1985) was influential in reviving interest in the history and folklore of holy wells in Britain. The same year saw the foundation of the journal
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262:, and other writers generalising from those actual 'Holy Wells', which survived into the modern era. The term 'holy-hole' is sometimes employed.
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or religious motives, but mostly as a statement of continuity with the history of a particular community. A good example is St Osyth's Well at
403:), suggests that reverence for such sites continued without a break. There is abundant evidence for the importance of wells and springs in the
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More recently, radically minded scholars have begun questioning the unity of concepts imposed by the term 'holy well'. In a paper in the
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in County
Donegal, Ireland, c.1900. On the left, two women are praying by the well. On the right, an array of crutches, bandages and
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503:(from the 17th century) and folklorists (from the 19th) began to take notice of holy wells and record their surviving traditions.
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make it very hard to generalize. While there are a few national studies of holy well lore and history, mainly concentrating on
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302:, or otherwise considered sacred. By the late 19th century, the term had evolved to its current usage. Robert Charles Hope's
117:
Content in this edit is translated from the existing French
Knowledge (XXG) article at ]; see its history for attribution.
367:
In
England, examples of reverence for wells and springs occur at a variety of historical periods. The medieval traveller
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427:) which have medicinal springs at their centre, but a variety of smaller sites, and at wells and ritual shafts used for
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enjoyed two runs from 1985 to 1989 and 1994 to 1998, and the web-based Living Spring has had only two issues to date).
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1947:
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218:, the water is often said to have been made to flow by the action of a saint. Holy wells are often also places of
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toponym attached to specific springs in the landscape; its current use has arisen through folklore scholars,
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era and the source of a river which had been the site of ritual activity. The proximity of named springs to
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by Mark
Valentine. Attempts to maintain a regular journal for the study of holy wells have been erratic (
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context, sometimes both. The water of holy wells is often thought to have healing qualities, through the
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495:. Visiting of wells for therapeutic and entertainment purposes did not completely die out, however, as
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The National Wells Index, dedicated to promoting information about and preservation of holy wells
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of the 16th century often assumed that medieval Catholic practices embodied lingering remains of
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Die Bedeutung des Wassers im Kult und Leben der Alten. Eine symbolgeschichtliche Untersuchung.
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American Catholics in the Protestant Imagination: Rethinking the Academic Study of Religion
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Sacred Wells: A Study in the History, Meaning, and Mythology of Holy Wells and Waters.
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in the village, vanished completely. Nevertheless, this particular holy well at the
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The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles: Their Nature and Legacy
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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Among the earliest enthusiasts for holy wells in modern times was the
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St Peter's Well at Houstin in Scotland. A rare Scottish covered well.
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was restored nearby the original site and its water is known for its
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The most active holy wells in Britain are those linked to Christian
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was responsible for exposing the infamous archaeological fraud of
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Christianity strongly affected the development of holy wells in
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Historiographically, the publication of Janet and Colin Bord's
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A related argument was over the nature of the influence of the
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1937:
1392:, I. Transl. by Krapp P. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
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became fashionable in the 17th century and later. Eventually,
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25:
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Wells and Spas, the online discussion list for wells and spas
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1366:. Swords, Dublin: Fingal County Libraries, 2005, pp. 62-63.
739:). In 2001 Channel 4's archaeological television programme
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observances at Irish wells bearing the names of Christian
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to this template: there are already 1,433 articles in the
279:, there is a need for more work examining other regions.
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The earliest work specifically devoted to holy wells is
1019:, ed. J. Harvey (Oxford: Clarendon), 1981, pp. 290–291.
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properties, thus making it a popular site of Christian
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A cabinet containing offerings from pilgrims to a well
616:, the holy wells journal edited by Roy Fry and former
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monuments, such as the Swallowhead Springs, close to
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Russian holy wells and sacred springs Full HD photos
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Harte, J. 2000. Holey Wells and other Holey Places.
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a machine-translated version of the French article.
711:), or popular tourist sites (Bath, Somerset). The
1418:Remarks on Local Scenery and Manners in Scotland.
1043:Remarks on Local Scenery and Manners in Scotland.
995:J. Harte, 'Holey Wells and other Holey Places',
610:The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles
304:The Legendary Lore of the Holy Wells of England
749:, a site which included an alleged holy well.
371:saw a 'holy-hole, or well' within the cave at
111:accompanying your translation by providing an
56:Click for important translation instructions.
43:expand this article with text translated from
1515:
206:presence of its guardian spirit or Christian
16:Well or spring revered in a religious context
8:
1271:WELLS-AND-SPAS Archives – January 2003 (#23)
1045:London: William Miller. Vol. 1, facing p. 1.
1167:London: Wells Gardner & Darton; p. 180.
1015:(London: RKP), 1967, 107; Willy Worcestre,
837:St Brigid's Well, Cullion, County Westmeath
194:or small pool of water revered either in a
1522:
1508:
1500:
1122:Woodbridge: Boydell, chapters 7, 8, and 9.
174:deliberately left at the well by pilgrims.
1134:(1925) "The Holy Wells of Cornwall". In:
586:movement, for whom wells formed part of '
485:Anglican Shrine of Our Lady of Walsingham
1413:Darmstadt : Wiss. Buchgesellschaft.
1177:Carroll, Michael P. (29 December 2010).
506:More than a hundred holy wells exist in
399:) or the Holy Well near Tadmarton Hill (
158:
146:
2121:International scale of river difficulty
1312:(High Wycombe: Umbra), 2003, pp. 31-32.
1205:(Woodbridge: Boydell), 1995, Chapter 9.
1007:
1005:
988:
827:
411:, not just at temple complexes such as
123:{{Translated|fr|Fontaines à dévotion}}
90:
1442:. London: Wells Gardner & Darton.
1427:2nd ed. New York: Algora Publishing.
672:interest in the past, sometimes from
538:), literally "holiness". Examples of
379:), a site of human habitation in the
214:associated with them; for example in
7:
1108:. Walsingham Review. pp. 12–13.
454:, visited by the fourth-century nun
1092:The Archaeology of Ritual and Magic
513:Several holy wells also survive in
19:For places with similar names, see
1152:Ancient and Holy Wells of Cornwall
904:St. Mary of the Spring in Istanbul
784:of St Bridget's Well at Rosepark,
14:
1032:(London: Granada), 1985, pp. 1–3.
719:(Somerset) is at the centre of a
2768:Types of monuments and memorials
1260:from the original on 2017-01-24.
1138:. Truro: Blackford; pp. 249-257.
911:
895:
873:
861:
842:
830:
548:Church of St. Mary of Blachernae
544:Church of St. Mary of the Spring
30:
2278:Flooded grasslands and savannas
1079:from the original on 2007-09-27
803:during the construction of the
558:Historiographical controversies
1453:Cornish ancient and holy wells
1094:. London: Batsford; pp. 23–50.
121:You may also add the template
1:
2788:Ritual purity in Christianity
1310:Holy Wells of Buckinghamshire
1250:"The Search for Bride's Well"
799:the destruction of a well at
2444:Universal Soil Loss Equation
2394:Hydrological transport model
2288:Storm Water Management Model
458:and many other pilgrims. St
1181:. JHU Press. p. 1878.
918:Llanllawer holy well, Wales
431:and sub-religious rituals.
134:Knowledge (XXG):Translation
93:will aid in categorization.
2804:
1948:Antecedent drainage stream
1075:, UK: Jiscmail, May 1999,
530:
266:Culture and representation
68:Machine translation, like
18:
2712:
2684:River valley civilization
2567:Riparian-zone restoration
1472:The Living Spring Journal
1163:Wall, J. Charles (1912),
1154:. London: Chas. J. Clark.
349:
45:the corresponding article
21:Holywell (disambiguation)
2747:Countries without rivers
2722:Rivers by discharge rate
2434:Runoff model (reservoir)
2399:Infiltration (hydrology)
1466:Magazine online archive
1438:Wall, J. Charles. 1912.
1378:Bord, J. & C. 1985.
1106:Streams of Healing Grace
902:Holy well (Hagiasma) of
318:Saint Bernard's well at
210:. They often have local
2419:River Continuum Concept
2184:Agricultural wastewater
1420:London: William Miller.
1215:Hutton, Ronald (1991).
1104:Barnes, Philip (2017).
1072:Wells and Spas Archives
1041:Stoddart, John (1800),
1028:e.g. J. & C. Bord,
423:), and Blunsdon Ridge (
322:near Edinburgh in 1800.
155:in County Cork, Ireland
132:For more guidance, see
2742:River name etymologies
2669:Hydraulic civilization
2527:Floodplain restoration
2303:Point source pollution
2078:Sedimentary structures
1423:Varner, Gary R. 2009.
1416:Stoddart, John. 1800.
1390:Archaic Roman Religion
1090:Merrifield, R. (1987)
668:
567:
360:, especially those of
323:
310:Origin and development
175:
156:
2354:Discharge (hydrology)
2316:Industrial wastewater
1797:Sedimentary processes
1478:The Megalithic Portal
1397:Living Spring Journal
1364:Fingallian Holy Wells
1055:Living Spring Journal
997:Living Spring Journal
666:
649:Living Spring Journal
565:
317:
288:Holy Wells of Ireland
162:
150:
105:copyright attribution
2459:Volumetric flow rate
2043:Riffle-pool sequence
1165:Porches & Fonts.
1150:& Lilian (1894)
1148:Quiller-Couch, Mabel
1136:Cornish Church Guide
1013:Pagan Celtic Britain
572:Protestant Reformers
566:Dupath Well in 1912.
493:religious pilgrimage
369:William of Worcester
2633:Whitewater kayaking
2628:Whitewater canoeing
2429:Runoff curve number
2273:Flood pulse concept
1440:Porches & Fonts
590:' study along with
356:consecrated to the
2783:Christian folklore
2659:Aquatic toxicology
2572:Stream restoration
2537:Infiltration basin
2389:Hydrological model
1905:Sediment transport
1728:Estavelle/Inversac
1606:Subterranean river
1488:2014-12-18 at the
1349:2011-02-27 at the
1327:2007-06-07 at the
1295:2007-09-27 at the
1276:2007-09-27 at the
1118:Rattue, J. (1995)
822:Various Holy Wells
809:Tara-Skryne Valley
733:Minster-in-Sheppey
669:
568:
550:, both located in
324:
284:Philip Dixon Hardy
176:
157:
113:interlanguage link
2755:
2754:
2732:Whitewater rivers
2638:Whitewater slalom
2469:River engineering
2369:Groundwater model
2330:River measurement
2258:Flood forecasting
2073:Sedimentary basin
1930:Fluvial landforms
1835:Bed material load
1611:River bifurcation
1254:people.bath.ac.uk
1203:The Living Stream
1120:The Living Stream
953:Nuragic holy well
938:Fountain of Youth
695:, at Walsingham,
542:are found in the
216:Christian legends
145:
144:
57:
53:
2795:
2778:Religious places
2717:Rivers by length
2552:River morphology
2454:Wetted perimeter
2359:Drainage density
1870:Headward erosion
1699:Perennial stream
1571:Blackwater river
1524:
1517:
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1409:Ninck, M. 1960.
1386:Dumézil, Georges
1382:London: Granada.
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92:
91:|topic=
89:, and specifying
74:Google Translate
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2557:Retention basin
2517:Erosion control
2512:Detention basin
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2379:Hjulström curve
2331:
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2241:Non-water flood
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2116:Helicoidal flow
2102:
2003:Fluvial terrace
1998:Floating island
1924:
1799:
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1782:Rhythmic spring
1716:
1708:
1689:Stream gradient
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1616:River ecosystem
1581:Channel pattern
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1490:Wayback Machine
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1373:Further reading
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2409:Playfair's law
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2349:Bradshaw model
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2255:
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2238:
2236:Urban flooding
2228:
2223:
2221:Crevasse splay
2218:
2216:100-year flood
2212:
2210:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2180:
2178:
2176:Surface runoff
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2156:Stream capture
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2112:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2068:Rock-cut basin
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
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2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
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1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1934:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1910:Suspended load
1907:
1902:
1900:Secondary flow
1897:
1892:
1890:Retrogradation
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1855:Dissolved load
1852:
1847:
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1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1806:
1804:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1789:
1787:Spring horizon
1784:
1779:
1774:
1772:Mineral spring
1769:
1768:
1767:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1753:list in the US
1750:
1740:
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1724:
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1679:Stream channel
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1601:Drainage basin
1598:
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1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1561:Alluvial river
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1529:
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1448:
1447:External links
1445:
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1393:
1383:
1380:Sacred Waters.
1374:
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1301:
1290:Harte, op.cit.
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813:
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797:
769:
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729:Triple Goddess
688:Year in 2000.
660:
659:Modern revival
657:
634:Sacred Springs
596:Wood and Water
559:
556:
328:ancient Greece
311:
308:
267:
264:
247:
244:
236:Celtic regions
143:
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2699:Surface water
2697:
2695:
2694:Sacred waters
2692:
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2687:
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2679:Riparian zone
2677:
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2664:Body of water
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2332:and modelling
2328:
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2300:
2294:
2293:Return period
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2279:
2276:
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2253:Flood control
2251:
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2248:Flood barrier
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2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
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1976:
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1971:
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1941:
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1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
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1881:
1880:Palaeochannel
1878:
1876:
1873:
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1866:
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1840:Granular flow
1838:
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1586:Channel types
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1569:
1567:
1566:Braided river
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1433:9780875867182
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1352:
1348:
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1322:Sacred waters
1318:
1315:
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1305:
1302:
1298:
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1030:Sacred Waters
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958:Sacred waters
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754:Sacred Waters
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619:
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606:Ronald Hutton
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462:' Life of St
461:
457:
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429:superstitious
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277:British Isles
274:
265:
263:
261:
257:
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252:haeligewielle
245:
243:
241:
240:clootie wells
237:
233:
229:
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184:sacred spring
181:
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154:
151:Holy well at
149:
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128:
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114:
110:
106:
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98:
95:
88:
87:main category
84:
83:
78:
75:
71:
67:
64:
61:
60:
54:
48:
46:
41:You can help
37:
28:
27:
22:
2737:Flash floods
2689:River cruise
2586:River sports
2439:Stream gauge
2424:Rouse number
2414:Relief ratio
2263:Flood-meadow
2194:Urban runoff
2108:Fluvial flow
2093:River valley
2063:River island
2028:Meander scar
1943:Alluvial fan
1885:Progradation
1760:Karst spring
1737:
1704:Winterbourne
1659:Chalk stream
1621:River source
1596:Distributary
1471:
1463:
1439:
1424:
1417:
1410:
1406:95: 236–269.
1403:
1396:
1389:
1379:
1363:
1362:Skyvova, P.
1358:
1342:
1341:Channel 4 –
1336:
1317:
1309:
1304:
1285:
1266:
1253:
1244:
1232:. Retrieved
1217:
1210:
1202:
1197:
1178:
1172:
1164:
1159:
1151:
1143:
1135:
1127:
1119:
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1057:
1054:
1050:
1042:
1037:
1029:
1024:
1016:
1012:
996:
991:
978:Wishing well
973:Well of Wyrd
933:Clootie well
850:Clootie well
771:
768:Preservation
761:
757:
753:
751:
740:
721:modern pagan
713:Chalice Well
690:
670:
648:
646:
638:
633:
625:
613:
609:
599:
595:
581:
569:
539:
535:
518:
512:
505:
501:antiquarians
450:' well near
433:
415:(Somerset),
393:Silbury Hill
381:Palaeolithic
366:
341:
335:
325:
303:
287:
281:
269:
260:antiquarians
251:
249:
183:
179:
177:
172:rosary beads
168:Kilmacrennan
109:edit summary
100:
80:
50:
42:
2598:Fly fishing
2522:Fish ladder
2507:Daylighting
2226:Flash flood
2189:First flush
2136:Plunge pool
1860:Downcutting
1845:Debris flow
1820:Aggradation
1694:Stream pool
1308:J. Rattue,
1201:J. Rattue,
963:Water deity
881:Su Tempiesu
811:in Ireland.
805:M3 Motorway
782:desecration
717:Glastonbury
693:pilgrimages
626:Meyn Mamvro
618:Benedictine
601:Meyn Mamvro
481:Virgin Mary
468:Reformation
440:Middle East
401:Oxfordshire
320:Stockbridge
256:Anglo-Saxon
52:(June 2014)
2773:Holy wells
2762:Categories
2704:Wild river
2384:Hydrograph
2374:Hack's law
2339:Baer's law
2283:Inundation
2268:Floodplain
2208:stormwater
2166:Whitewater
2038:Oxbow lake
1875:Knickpoint
1850:Deposition
1743:Hot spring
1684:Streamflow
1674:Stream bed
1591:Confluence
999:, 1, 2000.
984:References
943:Holy water
856:, Scotland
786:Balrothery
701:Lancashire
697:Fernyhalgh
686:Millennium
540:hagiasmata
473:Walsingham
460:Athanasius
452:Mount Nebo
294:attack on
292:Protestant
290:(1836), a
230:and leave
224:pilgrimage
2674:Limnology
2623:Triathlon
2593:Canyoning
2562:Revetment
2492:Check dam
2404:Main stem
2161:Waterfall
2048:Point bar
2033:Mouth bar
1973:Billabong
1920:Water gap
1915:Wash load
1895:Saltation
1815:Anabranch
1738:Holy well
1626:Tributary
1404:Gymnasium
1343:Time Team
1017:Itinerary
1011:A. Ross,
801:Rath Lugh
742:Time Team
592:ley lines
517:, called
444:Beersheba
425:Wiltshire
417:Chedworth
397:Wiltshire
385:Neolithic
352:), was a
342:nymphaion
337:nymphaeum
250:The term
196:Christian
180:holy well
164:Doon Well
127:talk page
79:Consider
47:in French
2477:Aqueduct
2344:Baseflow
2311:Effluent
1988:Cut bank
1953:Avulsion
1830:Bed load
1810:Abrasion
1486:Archived
1388:. 1970.
1347:Archived
1325:Archived
1293:Archived
1274:Archived
1258:Archived
1234:25 March
1077:archived
927:See also
889:Sardinia
854:Munlochy
788:(County
747:Llygadwy
705:Holywell
674:romantic
636:(2002).
584:Neopagan
552:Istanbul
546:and the
536:hagiasma
508:Cornwall
438:and the
389:Iron Age
377:Somerset
354:monument
350:νυμφαίον
296:Catholic
275:and the
204:numinous
103:provide
2654:Aquifer
2647:Related
2603:Rafting
2131:Meander
2126:Log jam
2088:Thalweg
1993:Estuary
1865:Erosion
1802:erosion
1714:Springs
1669:Current
1636:Streams
1576:Channel
1539:springs
1535:streams
1060:, 2002.
816:Gallery
807:in the
794:Ireland
774:farming
725:New Age
678:Bierton
531:ἁγίασμα
525:, from
523:Turkish
489:healing
477:Norfolk
362:springs
273:Ireland
212:legends
125:to the
107:in the
49:.
2449:WAFLEX
2321:Sewage
2204:Floods
2146:Riffle
2141:Rapids
2083:Strath
2053:Ravine
1978:Canyon
1733:Geyser
1664:Coulee
1649:Bourne
1644:Arroyo
1547:Rivers
1531:Rivers
1464:Source
1431:
1225:
1185:
883:well,
790:Dublin
762:Source
758:Source
723:- and
703:) and
630:Brigid
614:Source
519:ayazma
515:Turkey
464:Antony
456:Egeria
436:Europe
373:Wookey
358:nymphs
300:saints
220:ritual
192:spring
2547:Levee
2532:Flume
2487:Canal
2231:Flood
2151:Shoal
2018:Gully
2013:Gulch
1983:Chine
1968:Bayou
1825:Armor
1777:Ponor
1552:lists
885:Orune
709:Wales
641:Celts
576:pagan
527:Greek
448:Moses
405:Roman
346:Greek
246:Names
234:. In
208:saint
200:pagan
186:is a
153:Coole
70:DeepL
2577:Weir
2542:Leat
2206:and
2098:Wadi
2058:Rill
2023:Glen
2008:Gill
1958:Bank
1800:and
1765:list
1748:list
1719:list
1654:Burn
1537:and
1429:ISBN
1236:2017
1223:ISBN
1183:ISBN
780:the
737:Kent
621:monk
598:and
570:The
497:spas
413:Bath
407:and
334:, a
332:Rome
330:and
228:pray
222:and
188:well
101:must
99:You
63:View
2497:Dam
1963:Bar
1938:Ait
852:at
731:at
715:at
608:'s
521:in
387:or
340:or
326:In
286:'s
198:or
182:or
166:at
72:or
2764::
1533:,
1399:1.
1256:.
1252:.
1004:^
887:,
792:,
554:.
364:.
348::
242:.
190:,
178:A
1721:)
1717:(
1554:)
1550:(
1523:e
1516:t
1509:v
1435:.
1353:.
1331:.
1299:.
1280:.
1238:.
1191:.
1081:.
1058:2
906:.
735:(
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136:.
129:.
23:.
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