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were used to create an outer facing wall, thereby encasing a rubble mound raised from the sea both by dumping from ships and tipping from the shore. Divers in submarine bells created the level foundations on which the tiers of facing stones were placed. These men worked underwater using picks and
150:
had created a transport revolution in Great
Britain. Poor weather delaying sailings from Holyhead was no longer acceptable because of the number of passengers and cargo crossing between Ireland and Great Britain. Holyhead needed a large area of calm water with safe anchorages for the number of
221:, the lightest standard-gauge shunters ever used on the British railways), the line continued in service for breakwater maintenance purposes until the 1980s when it finally ceased operations and maintenance duties were taken over by various road and all-terrain vehicles.
270:
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147:
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when a new engine was required, as the mid-1800s original had worn out. A locomotive with a plate inscribed "J. & C. Rigby, Holyhead
Harbour Works, 1861" worked on the 7 ft 0¼ in
152:
76:
could often prevent ships from
Ireland entering the old harbour at Holyhead. When adverse weather conditions halted sailings from Holyhead, passengers and cargo had to be moved to
84:. The sheltered bay was used from the mid-17th into the 19th century as an alternative to the main port. The customs post, dating from 1819, can still be seen at Porth Dafarch.
1453:
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in
Holyhead. Despite transport improvements on the mainland, the old harbour remained congested with marine traffic. The heavily-used Admiralty Pier (for the mail and
1541:
1413:
667:
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hammers, and carried out blasting using gunpowder sealed in watertight tin pipes. Up to 1,300 men were employed during the work; 40 died during construction.
143:) at the northern end of the old harbour (and attached to Salt Island) often took the brunt of bad weather which required frequent repairs and dredging.
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Since
November 2014, concrete blocks have been placed at the entrance to block traffic. However, the breakwater is still accessible to walkers.
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which would allow more than 400 acres (160 ha) of deep water to be enclosed by a stone breakwater in order to create a sheltered
558:
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to the working areas. The line eventually reached 1.48 mi (2.38 km) in length. In 1913 it was finally converted to
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in addition to
Holyhead's pre-existing 276 acres (112 ha) old harbour. With the opening of the
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The breakwater, which took 28 years to complete, was officially opened on 19 August 1873 by
574:
511:
Dictionary of
Mechanical Science, Arts, Manufactures, and Miscellaneous Knowledge, Volume 1
477:
Smith, Mick R. (1999). "Stone: Building Stone, Rock Fill and
Armourstone in Construction".
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railway was used to carry more than seven million tonnes of stone from the quarries on
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in August 1848 on
Anglesey, there was an immediate imperative to begin construction.
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necessitated immediate improvements to the old harbour to improve the links between
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vessels now using the port. In 1847, the New
Harbour was authorised by a
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until 1973. After a further transition to diesel traction (using the
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100:
624:
Stöckl, Fritz (1961). "The Last 7 ft. Gauge Railway in the World".
454:
Civil Engineering Heritage Series: Wales & West Central England
170:
41:
20:
713:
107:. Construction included the Admiralty Pier (built 1810-24) by
56:. The breakwater, which is accessible in good weather, has a
189:. Following his death in 1856, the project was completed by
709:
479:
Geological Society Engineering Geology Special Publication
48:, which is 1.7 miles (2.7 km) long, is the longest
575:"Ponta Delgada and the Broad Gauge Harbour Railways"
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179:In January 1848 work began under the auspices of
409:History of the Mail Routes to Ireland Until 1850
252:The Breakwater in the distance over the Harbour.
434:"Old Customs Post, Trearddur, Isle of Anglesey"
725:
8:
513:. H. Fisher, Son & Company. p. 103.
391:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
264:The Breakwater encompassing Holyhead Marina.
312:Lower level carried the breakwater railway.
72:In the age of sail, northerly winds in the
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718:
710:
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288:The Breakwater seaward from the land end.
32:is situated at the north-western end of
16:Longest breakwater in the United Kingdom
447:
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111:and the South Pier (built 1823-31) and
1542:Grade II* listed buildings in Anglesey
384:
336:The light was fully automated in 1961.
300:End of the Breakwater and Lighthouse.
7:
367:Denton, A., & Leach, N. (2008).
25:Holyhead Breakwater and Lighthouse.
175:Remains of the breakwater railway.
14:
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456:. Thomas Telford. pp. 7–8.
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226:Albert Edward, Prince of Wales
62:Holyhead Breakwater Lighthouse
60:on top which leads out to the
1:
215:Ponta Delgada harbour railway
1454:Registered parks and gardens
1414:Parliamentary constituencies
579:www.internationalsteam.co.uk
549:Jones, Geraint I.L. (2005).
509:Jamieson, Alexander (1879).
193:. Shaped 10-tonne blocks of
161:Chester and Holyhead Railway
371:. Landmark Publishing Ltd.
276:Entrance to the breakwater.
93:Parliament of Great Britain
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668:Under construction, c.1859
1487:
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524:Hughes, Margaret (2001).
153:Private Act of Parliament
80:on the southerly side of
895:Glan-yr-afon (Bodffordd)
412:. Lulu.com. p. 84.
146:By the mid 19th century
125:Menai Suspension Bridge
406:Ayres, George (2011).
176:
26:
1257:Lligwy Burial Chamber
1139:Hydrological features
960:Llanfair-yng-Nghornwy
641:"Holyhead Breakwater"
526:Anglesey from the Sea
452:Cragg, Roger (1997).
219:British Rail Class 01
174:
123:, which included the
97:Parliament of Ireland
24:
955:Llanfairpwllgwyngyll
600:"Railways in Açores"
369:Lighthouses of Wales
121:London-Holyhead Road
1537:7 ft gauge railways
1449:Scheduled Monuments
1212:Barclodiad y Gawres
692: /
628:. pp. 468–469.
46:Victorian structure
30:Holyhead Breakwater
1277:St Gwenfaen's Well
673:Breakwater railway
177:
129:Stanley Embankment
89:Acts of Union 1800
27:
1519:
1518:
1428:Listed Buildings
1267:Parciau hill fort
1247:Castell Bryn Gwyn
553:. Carreg Gwalch.
551:Anglesey Railways
528:. Carreg Gwalch.
419:978-1-4466-0504-2
378:978-1-84306-459-6
343:
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207:Holyhead Mountain
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1469:Lord Lieutenants
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885:Four Mile Bridge
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696:53.325°N 4.63°W
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181:superintendent
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1388:Ynys Moelfre
1358:Ynys Castell
1338:The Skerries
1318:Middle Mouse
1186:Menai Strait
1156:Afon Cadnant
1000:Llanrhyddlad
930:Llanddeusant
780:Menai Bridge
677:
648:. Retrieved
644:
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619:
607:. Retrieved
603:
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582:. Retrieved
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167:Construction
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141:Packet trade
115:designed by
113:graving dock
86:
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29:
28:
18:
1409:Communities
1368:Ynys Feurig
1353:Ynys Benlas
1343:North Stack
1333:South Stack
1328:Salt Island
1298:Holy Island
1262:Llys Rhosyr
1151:Afon Braint
1055:Pentre Berw
1025:Marian-glas
1010:Llantrisant
985:Llangwyllog
965:Llanfechell
845:Brynsiencyn
699: /
609:24 February
584:24 February
203:broad gauge
137:Salt Island
131:, ended at
109:John Rennie
82:Holy Island
1526:Categories
1479:Public art
1393:Ynys y Bîg
1373:Ynys Gaint
1363:Ynys Dulas
1348:West Mouse
1313:East Mouse
1252:Din Lligwy
1171:Llyn Cefni
1161:Afon Cefni
1090:Rhosmeirch
1035:Newborough
1020:Malltraeth
1015:Maenaddwyn
1005:Llansadwrn
945:Llanfaelog
940:Llandegfan
920:Llanbadrig
875:Church Bay
865:Cemaes Bay
840:Brynrefail
684:53°19′30″N
492:1862390290
463:0727725769
346:References
187:J.M.Rendel
68:Background
50:breakwater
1499:Geography
1437:Grade II*
1282:Tŷ Newydd
1272:Penmorwdd
1237:Caer Gybi
1166:Llyn Alaw
1146:Afon Alaw
1115:Trearddur
1095:Rhosneigr
1075:Rhoscolyn
1050:Pentraeth
1045:Penmynydd
970:Llanfwrog
935:Llanddona
915:Llaingoch
910:Pont-Hwfa
905:Gwalchmai
835:Bryngwran
825:Bodffordd
805:Aberffraw
775:Llangefni
760:Beaumaris
687:4°37′48″W
387:cite book
195:limestone
157:roadstead
95:with the
74:Irish Sea
58:promenade
1532:Holyhead
1308:Cribinau
1242:Caer Lêb
1125:Tŷ Croes
1110:Tandinas
1085:Rhosybol
1080:Rhosgoch
990:Llanidan
975:Llangoed
950:Llanfaes
850:Bull Bay
830:Bodorgan
820:Bodewryd
815:Bodedern
798:Villages
770:Holyhead
765:Benllech
741:Anglesey
650:1 August
184:engineer
38:Anglesey
34:Holyhead
1444:Museums
1432:Grade I
1424:Schools
1291:Islands
1222:Bodowyr
1120:Tregele
1105:Rhydwyn
1100:Rhosydd
1030:Moelfre
890:Gaerwen
485:: 296.
235:Gallery
52:in the
1419:Places
1402:Topics
1130:Valley
1040:Penmon
880:Dwyran
870:Cemlyn
860:Cemaes
855:Burwen
810:Bachau
755:Amlwch
557:
532:
489:
460:
416:
375:
119:; his
105:London
101:Dublin
44:. The
1511:Wales
1459:SSSIs
748:Towns
42:Wales
900:Gors
652:2018
611:2023
586:2023
555:ISBN
530:ISBN
487:ISBN
458:ISBN
414:ISBN
393:link
373:ISBN
127:and
103:and
87:The
135:on
40:in
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501:^
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385:{{
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