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other buildings; and the public water supply reservoir and gas plant, each with a distribution system. He formed the
Holyoke Water Power Company and sold stock to investors. Over the next 30 years the company flourished, as a number of large mills were built in the area. Energy was transmitted from the waterwheels to mills via a distribution system of gears, shafts, pulleys, and belts. The canals first produced municipal electricity on October 14, 1884, from an electric generator connected to a water wheel–driven shafting in an industrial building. In 1888 this was replaced by a combination hydro and steam electric power plant on the First Level Canal.
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227:, this proposal called for linking Olmsted-designed parks to the Canal District, parks already along the canal, and the historical downtown. By 2015, the Massachusetts Department of Transportation completed a new phase of sidewalk construction alongside the canals, opening the Canal Walk that linked the downtown to the then-new
295:, along with one defunct deck bridge and another converted into a pedestrian bridge for the Canal Walk. At least two pedestrian bridges, one by Hadley Thread Mill and another by Holyoke Die Cut Card remain closed; another one pedestrian bridge at the corner of Oliver St was demolished in the latter half of the 20th century.
196:
create a new manufacturing center based on local river power. Over the next 10 years it would build the area's dam and canal system, lay out industrial, commercial, and residential areas on its 1,100 acres (445 ha) of land, and construct and operate two cotton mills and a factory making textile machinery.
338:
195:
Today's canals began in 1848, after river measurements indicated an available water power of 6,000 cubic feet per second (170 m/s), the equivalent of 30,000 horsepower (22,000 kW), or enough to power 450 mills. That year the company was reconstituted, with a capital stock of $ 4,000,000, to
258:
The First Level Canal contains 12 large gates regulating water coming into the system, each 15 feet (5 m) long by 9 feet (3 m) wide, and weighing more than four tons, and two smaller gates at 11 feet (3 m) by 4.5 feet (1.4 m), all powered by a water wheel. At its origin the canal
218:
In 1859, after the company had failed and had passed into receivership, Alfred Smith purchased at auction its hydraulic system, consisting of the dam, its gate houses, and 2.5 miles (4.0 km) of power canals with a boat lock; some 1,100 acres (445 ha) of land in
Holyoke containing mills and
214:
to divert water into the canals. It failed within hours, and was replaced by a second timber dam, which in turn was replaced in 1900 by a granite-faced dam about 150 feet (46 m) downstream from its predecessor. The early canals were dug by men with picks and shovels, together with horse-drawn
262:
The Second Level Canal runs parallel to the First but about 400 feet (120 m) east. It begins at its south end, and runs north for over a mile. For its first 2,000 feet (600 m), it is 140 feet (43 m) wide, then gradually narrows to 100 feet (30 m). Its average water depth is 15
222:
Today the canal system is owned by the City of
Holyoke and operated by its municipal Gas and Electric Department which bought out the assets of Holyoke Water Power in December 2001. As early as 1995, plans were proposed to create a "canal walk" as part of a "necklace park plan." Styled after the
266:
The Third Level Canal begins at the south end of the Second Level, but some 12 feet (4 m) lower, and extends 3,550 feet (1,082 m). It is about 100 feet (30 m) wide and 10 feet (3 m) deep, with an average height above the river varying between 23–28 feet (7–9 m).
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On hand for the dedication will be Mayor Samuel Resnic, Robert E. Barrett, Jr., president of the company, William
Skinner, a director, Everett R. Burkhardt, chief engineer, and Philippe P. Mathieu, veteran maintenance man for the
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287:. Of these, in total 21 remain operable. Five single lane bridges, all on the Third Canal, are closed, with one similar remaining in operation at Gatehouse Road. The oldest bridge in the system is the stone
259:
is 140 feet (43 m) wide with 22 feet (6.7 m) of water depth. It extends eastward about a thousand feet and then sweeps south for more than one mile (1.6 km) to supply the upper tier of mills.
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506:. Philander Anderson, Esq., Civil Engineer, has been employed there for some time, with assistants, in examining and laying out the grounds and making estimates for the improvements which are to be made.
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Today's canal system is 4.5 miles (7.2 km) in length on three levels. The canals are now used for electrical power generation as the water descends level by level to the river.
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Throughout the three canals there are 28 bridges carrying cars, pedestrians, and parts of the former
Holyoke & Westfield Railroad, today operated by the
1884:
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951:
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The earliest predecessor to
Holyoke's canals dates to 1827, when the Hadley Falls Company was established to manufacture cotton cloth. Its water-powered
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138:
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Philander
Anderson was the chief engineer of the designing and construction of the system, as also of the laying out the street system of Holyoke.
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We understand it is the intentions of those interested, to call the new manufacturing town or city in West
Springfield; opposite Hadley Falls,
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575:(Report). US Department of Agriculture. pp. 260–262 – via Proceedings of the 1995 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium.
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Proceeding of the
Connecticut Civil Engineers and Surveyors Association, at Its Summer Meeting Held at Holyoke, Mass. July 18, 1899
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291:, built in 1894, at the intersections of Cabot and Canal Street. Five rail bridges remain operable, including three
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Girder bridges in a common style in the early 20th century; other examples remain extant without lighting today.
2194:
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488:. New London, Conn.: The Day Publishing Co.; Connecticut Civil Engineers and Surveyors Association: 143–158.
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137:. Constructed over a period between 1847 and 1892, the Canal System, along with the Dam, is recognized as a
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In 1848 the first timber crib dam, about 1,000 feet (300 m) in length, was constructed across the
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1997:
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348:(right) dedicate Holyoke Water Power Park with employees of the Holyoke Water Power Company, 1960
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1969:
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231:. The canals are drained twice every year, in the spring and fall, to allow for maintenance.
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Horse-drawn carriages removing earth during the original construction of the canal system,
2121:
2043:
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2018:
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663:
Ducheney, Paul; Murray, Richard F. Jr.; Waldrip, Jesse E.; Tomichek, Christine A. (2006).
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606:"Structure No. H21008124DOTNBI [ST116/ST141/CABOT over WATER THIRD LEVEL CANAL]"
2274:
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2003:
1979:
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153:, the first means of measuring large-scale flows, and the McCormick-Holyoke Turbine by
121:. It is split into three canals based on elevation and distance from the inlet at the
93:
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2013:
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Paper mills line the canals, as they appeared looking south from Lyman Street, 1941
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The Third Level Canal, drained for routine dredging and maintenance, March 2018
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1289:
437:
National
Register of Historic Places listings in Hampden County, Massachusetts
383:
320:, this facility would lead to the development of the McCormick-Holyoke Turbine
2362:
2349:
2073:
1942:
701:
401:
1423:
539:"Dam! Holyoke's Disaster of 1848 (or How Not to Dam the Connecticut River)"
185:
157:, which doubled the efficiency of turbines to more than 80% in its time.
2422:
Transportation buildings and structures in Hampden County, Massachusetts
687:
344:
Roger E. Barrett Jr. (ctr), William Skinner II (2nd right), and Mayor
2412:
National Register of Historic Places in Hampden County, Massachusetts
2397:
Canals on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
612:. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration
1954:
1938:
274:
238:
198:
164:
456:
669:. HydroVision 2006 proceedings. HCI Publications. Archived from
181:
1911:
1347:
711:
215:
teams. Canal construction continued on and off until 1892.
1375:
U.S. National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
571:
Kelly, Stephanie B.; Moser, Barbara C.; Peterson, Philip.
523:. American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Archived from
656:"The city of Holyoke, its water power and its industries"
573:
A Necklace Park Plan for Historic Holyoke, Massachusetts
666:
Fish Passage at Hadley Falls: Past, Present, and Future
1074:
Massachusetts Green High Performance Computing Center
554:"Governor Patrick: Holyoke Canal Walk Groundbreaking"
635:. Springfield, Mass. September 9, 1960. p. 40.
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1404:
History of the National Register of Historic Places
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752:
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78:
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60:
16:
Historic power canals in Holyoke, Massachusetts, US
2392:Buildings and structures in Holyoke, Massachusetts
2009:Lowell Power Canal System and Pawtucket Gatehouse
500:. Springfield, Mass. August 25, 1847. p. 3.
2407:Bodies of water of Hampden County, Massachusetts
588:"Draining canals of Holyoke's hydroelectric dam"
1885:National Register of Historic Places portal
1923:
1359:
723:
8:
482:"Notes on Engineering Work at Holyoke, Mass"
2417:Hydroelectric power plants in Massachusetts
2078:
1930:
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1908:
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1366:
1352:
1344:
730:
716:
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610:LTBP Infobridge; National Bridge Inventory
49:
2427:Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmarks
38:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
143:American Society of Mechanical Engineers
139:Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark
448:
302:
243:An aerial view of Downtown Holyoke and
2250:High Service Water Tower and Reservoir
631:"Water Power Park Will Be Dedicated".
457:"National Register Information System"
145:for its use in the development of the
21:
918:Providence Behavioral Health Hospital
7:
462:National Register of Historic Places
316:as it appeared in 1895; designed by
203:The First Level Canal, as seen from
2387:Geography of Holyoke, Massachusetts
765:Holyoke Saint Patrick's Day Parade
702:Holyoke Canalwalk Project Overview
14:
658:– via Digital Commonwealth.
586:Plaisance, Mike (April 9, 2017).
1890:
1878:
1868:
1867:
1422:
977:
739:
414:
400:
386:
372:The Holyoke Canal Walk, May 2018
365:
353:
337:
325:
305:
1024:Dinosaur Footprints Reservation
552:Jessen, Klark (June 16, 2014).
88:
1:
1159:Gas & Electric (HG&E)
680:"Holyoke Water Power Company"
170:
2290:South Meadow Brook Reservoir
2050:Salem Beverly Waterway Canal
1019:Children's Museum at Holyoke
521:"Holyoke Water Power System"
19:United States historic place
2210:Briggs Reservoir (Plymouth)
1986:Hampshire and Hampden Canal
1848:National Historic Landmarks
1044:Holyoke Heritage State Park
480:Manning, George E. (1900).
205:Holyoke Heritage State Park
2443:
2205:Briggs Reservoir (Manomet)
1843:Cape Cod National Seashore
704:| Friends of the Canalwalk
247:with the Canal System and
1863:
1420:
1313:
1049:Holyoke Mall at Ingleside
975:
923:Soldiers' Home in Holyoke
881:Holyoke Community College
87:NRHP reference
48:
44:
35:
28:
24:
2112:Whiting Street Reservoir
1897:United States portal
1126:Whiting Street Reservoir
654:City of Holyoke (1879).
82:Philander Anderson, C.E.
2402:Canals in Massachusetts
2245:Great Sandy Bottom Pond
2215:Chestnut Hill Reservoir
2151:Taunton River Watershed
1295:Volleyball Hall of Fame
994:Volleyball Hall of Fame
496:"An Appropriate Name".
422:Renewable energy portal
285:Pioneer Valley Railroad
1394:Keeper of the Register
1054:Holyoke Merry-Go-Round
1003:Anniversary Hill Park
913:Holyoke Medical Center
777:Holyoke Civic Symphony
746:Holyoke, Massachusetts
498:Springfield Republican
280:
252:
207:
177:
119:Holyoke, Massachusetts
65:Holyoke, Massachusetts
2230:Fort Meadow Reservoir
2225:Fisher Hill Reservoir
2180:Aaron River Reservoir
2159:Little Quittacas Pond
1409:National Park Service
1389:Contributing property
1217:Hadley Falls District
690:on February 13, 2012.
678:Northeast Utilities.
673:on February 16, 2012.
467:National Park Service
314:Holyoke Testing Flume
278:
242:
202:
168:
2240:Great Quittacas Pond
1992:Holyoke Canal System
1290:Origin of volleyball
1034:Holyoke Canal System
541:. February 17, 2012.
394:United States portal
111:Holyoke Canal System
55:Holyoke Canal System
30:Holyoke Canal System
2363:42.2086°N 72.6002°W
2359: /
2220:East Head Reservoir
2141:Wachusett Reservoir
2063:Turners Falls Canal
1323:Greater Springfield
527:on August 28, 2018.
469:. January 23, 2007.
2325:Walden Pond (Lynn)
2270:Neponset Reservoir
2056:South Hadley Canal
1094:Mount Tom Ski Area
1059:Land of Providence
432:South Hadley Canal
281:
253:
208:
178:
131:Second Level Canal
2368:42.2086; -72.6002
2342:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2310:Sudbury Reservoir
2255:Little South Pond
2107:Quabbin Reservoir
2083:Connecticut River
1998:Jeremiah's Gutter
1970:Broad Brook Canal
1905:
1904:
1826:
1825:
1525:Barnstable County
1399:Historic district
1341:
1340:
1200:North High Street
1169:Water Works (HWW)
1069:Mackenzie Stadium
794:African-Americans
633:Springfield Union
263:feet (5 m).
249:Connecticut River
212:Connecticut River
192:'s Great Rapids.
190:Connecticut River
155:John B. McCormick
135:Third Level Canal
127:First Level Canal
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2330:Weston Reservoir
2315:Sugden Reservoir
2295:Stockbridge Bowl
2260:Littleville Lake
2190:Assawompset Pond
2164:Norton Reservoir
2092:Ashley Reservoir
2079:
1964:Blackstone Canal
1932:
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1918:
1909:
1895:
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1784:Worcester County
1634:Middlesex County
1522:
1426:
1368:
1361:
1354:
1345:
1235:Homestead Avenue
1014:Ashley Reservoir
981:
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686:. Archived from
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318:Clemens Herschel
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289:deck arch bridge
225:Emerald Necklace
184:were fed from a
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151:Clemens Herschel
103:December 3, 1980
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2122:Merrimack River
2116:
2068:
2044:Pawtucket Canal
2025:Middlesex Canal
2019:Merrimack Canal
1949:
1936:
1906:
1901:
1891:
1889:
1879:
1877:
1859:
1822:
1779:
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1613:
1567:
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1432:Lists by county
1427:
1418:
1377:
1372:
1342:
1337:
1309:
1300:Valley Blue Sox
1276:
1173:
1130:
1121:Victory Theater
1111:Springdale Park
1079:Mount Tom Range
982:
973:
903:Global outreach
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648:Further reading
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229:Holyoke station
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113:is a system of
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2275:Otis Reservoir
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2200:Blackmore Pond
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2097:Lake Monomonac
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2016:
2011:
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2004:Lechmere Canal
2001:
1994:
1989:
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1980:Cape Cod Canal
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1756:Suffolk County
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1730:Norfolk County
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1618:Hampden County
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1984:
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1816:southwestern
1811:northwestern
1572:Essex County
1305:Valley Arena
1195:Essex Street
1144:City council
1106:Pulaski Park
1033:
789:Demographics
784:Bibliography
688:the original
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671:the original
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616:December 30,
614:. Retrieved
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2366: /
2300:Stony Brook
2285:Silver Lake
2265:Miscoe Lake
2185:Accord Pond
2037:North Canal
1975:Broad Canal
1831:Other lists
1791:Southbridge
1671:Marlborough
1625:Springfield
1558:New Bedford
1252:Rock Valley
1039:Holyoke Dam
1007:Scott Tower
987:Attractions
251:highlighted
235:Description
174: 1855
123:Holyoke Dam
2381:Categories
2354:72°36′01″W
2351:42°12′31″N
2320:Tully Lake
2305:Stump Pond
2280:Round Pond
2235:Fresh Pond
2102:Lake Wyola
2074:Reservoirs
1943:reservoirs
1721:Winchester
1696:Somerville
1656:Framingham
1584:Gloucester
1553:Fall River
1532:Barnstable
1439:Barnstable
1267:Springdale
1136:Government
908:Healthcare
809:Dominicans
804:Colombians
443:References
188:along the
2136:Lost Lake
2124:Watershed
2085:Watershed
1801:Worcester
1737:Brookline
1706:Wakefield
1661:Lexington
1646:Cambridge
1641:Arlington
1504:Worcester
1484:Nantucket
1479:Middlesex
1474:Hampshire
1444:Berkshire
1239:Ingleside
1224:Highlands
1212:The Flats
1191:Downtown
1187:Churchill
1149:City Hall
1084:Mount Tom
898:Geography
876:Education
560:. Boston.
245:The Flats
79:Architect
2195:Big Pond
1873:Category
1796:Uxbridge
1773:southern
1768:northern
1701:Stoneham
1691:Sherborn
1594:Lawrence
1508:northern
1494:Plymouth
1464:Franklin
957:Politics
940:Timeline
849:Mexicans
839:Italians
592:masslive
378:See also
186:wing dam
94:80000473
61:Location
1838:Bridges
1806:eastern
1711:Waltham
1686:Reading
1676:Medford
1651:Concord
1604:Methuen
1589:Ipswich
1579:Andover
1563:Taunton
1537:Harwich
1499:Suffolk
1489:Norfolk
1469:Hampden
1449:Bristol
1247:Oakdale
1207:Elmwood
930:History
886:Library
871:Economy
824:Germans
814:English
799:Chinese
772:Culture
638:company
504:Hampden
299:Gallery
293:trusses
271:Bridges
161:History
141:by the
2173:Others
1955:Canals
1939:Canals
1853:Boston
1763:Boston
1747:Quincy
1742:Milton
1716:Weston
1681:Newton
1666:Lowell
1382:Topics
1282:Sports
952:People
829:Greeks
819:French
753:Topics
684:NU.com
133:, and
125:- the
1609:Salem
1459:Essex
1454:Dukes
1154:Mayor
947:Media
935:Mills
864:Scots
854:Poles
834:Irish
182:looms
71:Built
1941:and
1599:Lynn
844:Jews
618:2021
312:The
109:The
74:1847
1945:of
149:by
117:in
89:No.
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