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At this point the combustion chamber (A) is filled with pure, relatively cold air, into which the pure fuel (gas or atomized oil) is blown through the valve (E), thus forming the explosive mixture which is ignited by a spark. In order to make the impulses imparted to the turbine wheel more uniform, several combustion chambers working alternately are arranged in a circle around the turbine wheel (H).
136:, gas turbine in which combustion takes place cyclically in a combustion chamber closed off by valves. The Holzwarth gas turbine is named after its developer Dr Hans Holzwarth (1877-1953) who designed several prototype engines used for testing and experimental service in Germany and Switzerland between 1908 and 1943.
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The two
Holzwarth gas turbines built by Brown Boveri after 1928 used two stages of combustion chambers and a “two stoke” version of the cycle where gas admission and exhaust took place simultaneously. The first stage comprised the final charging of the combustion chamber, the explosion, the delivery
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The explosion chamber (A) is filled intermittently with a rich mixture supplied from the gas chamber (C) and the air chamber (B). The mixture is ignited by spark after which the explosion of the mixture causes and increase in pressure throwing open the nozzle valve (F), allowing the compressed gases
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When the expansion has been completed, air is blown, or drawn, in at a slight pressure through the valve (D). This scavenging air throws any residual gases left in the combustion chamber. through the nozzle, into the exhaust, after which the nozzle valve and the air valve (D) are positively closed.
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factory in 1938 for the
Hamborn steelworks. Fuel for combustion was blast-furnace gas compressed to about 6 bar (87 psi). The gas turbine had hydraulically operated valves working at 60-100 cycles per minute. The unit was only infrequently run and was not part of the steelwork's regular
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to flow through the nozzle (G) to the turbine wheel (H) on which the work is to be performed. While passing through the nozzle, the gases are expanded to the pressure of the exhaust (J). The nozzle valve (F) is kept open by fresh air throughout the expansion and subsequent scavenging and cooling.
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From 1928, Holzwarth once again collaborated with Brown Boveri to build a version of his gas turbine with two sets of combustion chambers connected in series. These two-stage machines used a compressor driven by a stream turbine which was fed from the evaporation of water from the cooling water
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At the start of the 20th century, designers across Europe were working on the development of the constant flow gas turbine. The biggest problem for these early pioneers was the design of the compressor. The low efficiency of the turbo compressors available at the time meant that the compressor
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consumed all the energy supplied by the turbine. Holzwarth's design avoided this problem by having combustion take place cyclically in combustion chambers closed off by valves. Since the pressure rise took place in the sealed combustion chamber there was no need for a compressor.
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In early
Holzwarth machines, gas and air were supplied at a relatively low pressure around 0.1–1 bar (1–15 psi) in later models a gas compressor was used to supply fuel at pressures up to 6 bar (87 psi). The gas compressor was driven by a
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fuel which was found to burn acceptably in the combustion chamber but produced exhaust particles which damaged turbine blades. In 1927, Hans
Holzwarth left Thyssen & Co and founded his own company,
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to build a market-ready 1,000 hp (746 kW) gas turbine however output and efficiency were below expectations and Brown Boveri withdrew from the project in 1912.
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of heat and energy in the steam generator and gas turbine. The second stage comprised the scavenging and the pre-charging. The residual exhaust gases escaped through an
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Holzwarth continued to work on his design while he was employed as chief engineer for gas turbines at
Thyssen. In 1923 a prototype machine was delivered to the
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Observations regarding the loss of waste heat to the cooling water led jacket led to the development, by Brown Boveri, of the commercially successful
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tested a 500 kW (671 hp) oil fired
Holzwarth gas turbine and found that only 8% of the fuel's energy was transformed into mechanical energy
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where it was used to drive a 350 kW (469 hp) generator for several years. During this period tests were carried out using
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in the USA. Holzwarth returned to
Germany in 1908 where he designed and built a 25 hp (19 kW) machine while working for
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jacket. In 1933, a two-stage machine driving a 2,000 kW (2,682 hp) generator was installed at the
Thyssen
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The last
Holzwarth gas turbine was an experimental 5,000 kW (6,705 hp) machine built by Brown Boveri's
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450:"Pressure Charging, Velox Boiler and Gas Turbine, a review of their origin and development by Brown Boveri"
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fed from the evaporation of water from the gas turbines cooling jacket which required the addition of a
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Holzwarth developed the theoretical concept for his gas turbine from 1905, while he was an employee of
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Diagrammatic section through one of the combustion chambers of a
Holzwarth gas turbine
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ended, interest in the Holzwarth design declined and no further units were built.
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Holzwarth, Hans (1912). "1 - General Description of the Gas Turbine Process".
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418:"The Combustion Gas Turbine, Its History, Development and Prospects"
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This first prototype Holzwarth gas turbine is on display at the
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bombing raid after which no further test runs were made. After
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equipment. In 1943, the gas turbine was damaged during an
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Eckardt, Dietrich (2014). "3.3 - The Holzwarth Gas Turbine".
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A Holzwarth gas turbine prototype on the test bench at the
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505:. London, UK: Charles Griffin and Company. pp. 1–2.
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German Jet Engine and Gas Turbine Development 1930-1945
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Kay, Antony L (2002). "Holzwarth Gasturbinen GmbH".
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463:. Baden, Switzerland: Brown Boveri and Company.
428:. Baden, Switzerland: Brown Boveri and Company.
360:. Oldenbourg Verlag Munchen. pp. 72–76.
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16:Early type of gas turbine engine
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164:and is now on display at the
487:(24): 543–544. 15 June 1912.
479:"What Inventors Are Doing".
193:Holzwarth Gasturbinen GmbH.
132:is a form of explosion, or
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448:Noack, Walter G (1941).
457:The Brown Boveri Review
422:The Brown Boveri Review
177:Brown, Boveri & Cie
150:Hooven-Owens-Rentschler
358:Gas Turbine Powerhouse
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184:Prussian state railway
140:Design and Development
416:Meyer, Adolf (1939).
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130:Holzwarth gas turbine
22:Holzwarth gas turbine
481:Scientific American
286:to the atmosphere.
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290:Surviving example
276:surface condenser
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121:Brown Boveri
104:2 dual-stage
528:Gas engines
314:Gas Turbine
99:Total Units
61:Fuel source
53:Application
47:Gas turbine
517:Categories
332:References
284:economiser
215:steelworks
278:package.
249:Operation
188:coal dust
77:Coal dust
234:Mannheim
223:fuel oil
197:In 1927
91:Invented
83:Inventor
73:Fuel oil
65:Coal gas
219:Hamborn
162:Hanover
158:Körting
117:Thyssen
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300:Munich
239:Allied
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453:(PDF)
392:ISBN
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
