2468:
31:
53:
704:
580:
Laumer, C. E., Fernández, R., Lemer, S., Combosch, D., Kocot, K. M., Riesgo, A., Andrade, S. C. S., Sterrer, W., Sørensen, M. V., & Giribet, G. (2019). Revisiting metazoan phylogeny with genomic sampling of all phyla. Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences, 286(1906), 20190831.
567:
Nosenko, T., Schreiber, F., Adamska, M., Adamski, M., Eitel, M., Hammel, J., Maldonado, M., Müller, W. E. G., Nickel, M., Schierwater, B., Vacelet, J., Wiens, M., & Wörheide, G. (2013). Deep metazoan phylogeny: When different genes tell different stories. Molecular
Phylogenetics and Evolution,
195:
It has been suggested that
Homoscleromorpha are more closely related to eumetazoans than to the other sponge groups, rendering sponges paraphyletic. This view has not been supported by later work using larger datasets and new techniques for phylogenetic inference, which tend to support sponges as
314:
Homoscleromorpha are exclusively marine sponges that tend to encrust on other surfaces at shallow depths. These sponges typically inhabit shady locations, under overhangs and inside caves. In the
Mediterranean Sea, 82% of the species in this taxon can be found in caves, and 41% of them are found
391:
van Soest, R. (2014). Van Soest RW, Boury-Esnault N, Hooper JN, Rützler K, de Voogd NJ, de Glasby BA, Hajdu E, Pisera AB, Manconi R, Schoenberg C, Janussen D, Tabachnick KR, Klautau M, Picton B, Kelly M, Vacelet J (eds.).
361:
van Soest, R. (2014). Van Soest RW, Boury-Esnault N, Hooper JN, Rützler K, de Voogd NJ, de Glasby BA, Hajdu E, Pisera AB, Manconi R, Schoenberg C, Janussen D, Tabachnick KR, Klautau M, Picton B, Kelly M, Vacelet J (eds.).
331:
van Soest, R. (2014). Van Soest RW, Boury-Esnault N, Hooper JN, Rützler K, de Voogd NJ, de Glasby BA, Hajdu E, Pisera AB, Manconi R, Schoenberg C, Janussen D, Tabachnick KR, Klautau M, Picton B, Kelly M, Vacelet J (eds.).
459:
Gazave, Eve; Lapébie, Pascal; Renard, Emmanuelle; Vacelet, Jean; Rocher, Caroline; Ereskovsky, Alexander V.; Lavrov, Dennis V.; Borchiellini, Carole (14 December 2010).
2143:
2391:
2182:
620:
2509:
2352:
2117:
2378:
2156:
515:
Gazave, Eve; Lapébie, Pascal; Ereskovsky, Alexander V.; Vacelet, Jean; Renard, Emmanuelle; Cárdenas, Paco; Borchiellini, Carole (May 2012).
2533:
600:
Conference: Proceedings of the 1st
Mediterranean Symposium on the Conservation of the Coralligenous and Other Calcareous Bio-concretions
735:
647:
2440:
2244:
772:
401:
371:
341:
767:
2467:
52:
2383:
2161:
421:
Kober, K. M.; Nichols, S. A. (December 2007). "On the phylogenetic relationships of hadromerid and poecilosclerid sponges".
2502:
2169:
851:
841:
824:
703:
2538:
2313:
2300:
2065:
2052:
145:
461:"Molecular phylogeny restores the supra-generic subdivision of homoscleromorph sponges (porifera, homoscleromorpha)"
516:
2396:
2187:
2528:
615:
2495:
282:
These sponges are massive or encrusting in form and have a very simple structure with very little variation in
856:
2005:
728:
640:
2318:
2070:
2043:
2417:
2218:
819:
225:
134:
30:
2291:
2236:
2445:
2339:
2249:
2197:
2091:
393:
363:
333:
270:
255:
243:
558:
Sperling, Pisani and
Peterson 2007, cited in: The Cambrian Explosion p. 80, Erwin and Valentine 2013
299:
219:
39:
231:
1284:
836:
814:
802:
777:
541:
438:
47:
2223:
2422:
2404:
2326:
2205:
2078:
1706:
1626:
976:
846:
809:
797:
787:
721:
677:
633:
494:
303:
2479:
2432:
237:
2409:
2210:
2148:
761:
693:
533:
484:
474:
430:
283:
1987:
1893:
1744:
1647:
1504:
1037:
517:"No longer Demospongiae: Homoscleromorpha formal nomination as a fourth class of Porifera"
166:
2057:
2305:
1652:
1448:
1360:
1338:
1301:
792:
489:
460:
2522:
1797:
1701:
1200:
669:
595:
524:
545:
442:
2331:
2083:
1903:
1898:
1786:
1642:
1528:
1414:
1317:
1296:
1166:
1117:
1073:
1054:
287:
208:
189:
177:
141:
113:
2028:
479:
2365:
2285:
2174:
2130:
2037:
1864:
1835:
1821:
1811:
1396:
1212:
1125:
907:
2475:
1961:
1946:
1941:
1922:
1917:
1845:
1792:
1762:
1754:
1696:
1570:
1562:
1545:
1325:
1237:
1190:
1130:
1092:
1066:
912:
897:
685:
569:
537:
434:
291:
204:
173:
130:
2276:
2104:
1927:
1874:
1869:
1840:
1829:
1778:
1773:
1725:
1637:
1630:
1424:
1419:
1381:
1230:
1222:
1151:
1103:
1024:
1011:
992:
987:
946:
264:
249:
64:
498:
625:
2270:
2022:
1951:
1935:
1858:
1850:
1805:
1768:
1749:
1738:
1720:
1714:
1575:
1516:
1492:
1389:
1270:
1159:
1043:
934:
925:
831:
596:"Overview of the Homoscleromorpha sponges diversity in the Mediterranean"
582:
465:
197:
2357:
1911:
1887:
1879:
1816:
1730:
1550:
1537:
1470:
1461:
1406:
1331:
594:
Ereskovsky, Alexander V.; Ivanisevic, Julijana; Pérez, Thierry (2009).
203:
On the basis of molecular and morphological evidence, the two families
2370:
2135:
713:
1956:
1690:
980:
890:
877:
748:
745:
657:
162:
84:
74:
2122:
1999:
192:. Therefore, it has been recognized as the fourth class of sponges.
2109:
2231:
295:
2344:
2003:
1009:
717:
629:
2096:
214:
There are 117 species in this group divided into 9 genera.
196:
188:
Homoscleromorpha is phylogenetically well separated from
2483:
423:
Journal of the Marine
Biological Association of the UK
2260:
2012:
1680:
1561:
1536:
1527:
1503:
1481:
1446:
1405:
1380:
1373:
1358:
1310:
1283:
1268:
1221:
1199:
1179:
1150:
1143:
1116:
1101:
1090:
1053:
1022:
945:
906:
875:
2503:
729:
641:
8:
510:
508:
454:
452:
570:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2013.01.010
286:form (all spicules tend to be very small).
2510:
2496:
2000:
1677:
1533:
1509:
1485:
1454:
1377:
1370:
1366:
1289:
1280:
1276:
1205:
1183:
1176:
1147:
1113:
1109:
1098:
1087:
1059:
1030:
1019:
1006:
918:
883:
872:
736:
722:
714:
648:
634:
626:
29:
20:
488:
478:
172:. The order is composed of two families:
1074:Hemichordata (acorn worms and relatives)
323:
217:The spiculate genera in this group are
1068:Echinodermata (starfish and relatives)
1038:Xenacoelomorpha (acoels and relatives)
583:https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0831
262:The aspiculate species are the genera
306:but is less common in other sponges.
7:
2464:
2462:
2237:3D3C8786-AC0D-FFB3-FF75-9EE2FD1B64AE
2198:3cd591ef-addd-48ec-87d2-aae5791be0e0
1339:Acanthocephala (thorny-headed worms)
616:What are sponges? Queensland Museum
2482:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by
936:Cnidaria (jellyfish and relatives)
14:
2466:
1980:Phyla with ≥1000 extant species
702:
402:World Register of Marine Species
372:World Register of Marine Species
342:World Register of Marine Species
51:
394:"Oscarellidae Lendenfeld, 1887"
1167:Nematomorpha (horsehair worms)
165:. It is the only order in the
1:
1779:Echinozoans inc. sea urchins
480:10.1371/journal.pone.0014290
298:is an oval form known as an
1836:Chelicerates inc. arachnids
1576:Phoronida (horseshoe worms)
1391:Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
1302:Gnathostomulida (jaw worms)
1191:Loricifera (corset animals)
2555:
2534:Taxa named by Arthur Dendy
2461:
1726:Medusozoans inc. jellyfish
1472:Annelida (segmented worms)
1297:Chaetognatha (arrow worms)
1213:Onychophora (velvet worms)
364:"Plakinidae Schulze, 1880"
1976:
1774:Asterozoans inc. starfish
1676:
1669:
1620:
1571:Brachiopoda (lamp shells)
1552:Ectoprocta (moss animals)
1512:
1488:
1457:
1397:Gastrotricha (hairybacks)
1369:
1292:
1279:
1208:
1186:
1175:
1126:Kinorhyncha (mud dragons)
1112:
1086:
1062:
1033:
1018:
1005:
970:
921:
898:Ctenophora (comb jellies)
886:
871:
755:
700:
665:
538:10.1007/s10750-011-0842-x
435:10.1017/S0025315407058237
126:
121:
48:Scientific classification
46:
37:
28:
23:
1332:Rotifera (wheel animals)
1131:Priapulida (penis worms)
302:. This form is usual in
1546:Entoprocta or Kamptozoa
1518:Nemertea (ribbon worms)
1239:Tardigrada (waterbears)
1232:Arthropoda (arthropods)
398:World Porifera database
368:World Porifera database
338:World Porifera database
16:Order of marine sponges
1721:Anthozoans inc. corals
1420:Dicyemida or Rhombozoa
211:have been reinstated.
161:is an order of marine
2474:This article about a
2418:Paleobiology Database
2219:Paleobiology Database
1851:Hexapods inc. insects
1161:Nematoda (roundworms)
1044:Chordata (chordates)
680:(calcareous sponges)
1494:Mollusca (molluscs)
979:of the animal root
334:"Homosclerophorida"
40:Oscarella lobularis
2539:Demospongiae stubs
1707:Calcareous sponges
892:Porifera (sponges)
304:calcareous sponges
24:Homosclerophorida
2491:
2490:
2456:
2455:
2405:Open Tree of Life
2206:Open Tree of Life
2058:Homosclerophorida
2044:Homosclerophorida
2014:Homosclerophorida
2006:Taxon identifiers
1997:
1996:
1972:
1971:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1139:
1138:
1082:
1081:
1001:
1000:
966:
965:
962:
961:
711:
710:
159:Homosclerophorida
156:
155:
149:
138:
117:
109:Homosclerophorida
100:
2546:
2529:Homoscleromorpha
2512:
2505:
2498:
2470:
2463:
2449:
2448:
2436:
2435:
2426:
2425:
2413:
2412:
2400:
2399:
2387:
2386:
2374:
2373:
2361:
2360:
2348:
2347:
2335:
2334:
2322:
2321:
2309:
2308:
2306:Homoscleromorpha
2296:
2295:
2294:
2292:Homoscleromorpha
2281:
2280:
2279:
2262:Homoscleromorpha
2253:
2252:
2240:
2239:
2227:
2226:
2214:
2213:
2201:
2200:
2191:
2190:
2178:
2177:
2175:NHMSYS0021057429
2165:
2164:
2152:
2151:
2139:
2138:
2126:
2125:
2113:
2112:
2100:
2099:
2087:
2086:
2074:
2073:
2061:
2060:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2001:
1678:
1634:
1534:
1510:
1486:
1455:
1451:
1378:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1290:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1206:
1184:
1177:
1148:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1099:
1095:
1088:
1060:
1031:
1027:
1020:
1007:
984:
919:
884:
880:
873:
784:
764:
738:
731:
724:
715:
706:
694:Homoscleromorpha
689:
681:
673:
650:
643:
636:
627:
604:
603:
591:
585:
578:
572:
568:67(1), 223–233.
565:
559:
556:
550:
549:
521:
512:
503:
502:
492:
482:
456:
447:
446:
429:(6): 1585–1598.
418:
412:
411:
409:
408:
388:
382:
381:
379:
378:
358:
352:
351:
349:
348:
328:
170:Homoscleromorpha
144:
133:
112:
98:
95:Homoscleromorpha
56:
55:
33:
21:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2459:
2457:
2452:
2444:
2439:
2431:
2429:
2421:
2416:
2408:
2403:
2395:
2390:
2382:
2377:
2369:
2364:
2356:
2351:
2343:
2338:
2330:
2325:
2317:
2312:
2304:
2299:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2256:
2248:
2243:
2235:
2230:
2222:
2217:
2209:
2204:
2196:
2194:
2186:
2181:
2173:
2168:
2160:
2155:
2147:
2142:
2134:
2129:
2121:
2116:
2108:
2103:
2095:
2090:
2082:
2077:
2069:
2064:
2056:
2051:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2008:
1998:
1993:
1968:
1894:Phylactolaemata
1682:
1672:
1671:
1657:
1648:Xenambulacraria
1624:
1580:
1557:
1523:
1505:Kryptotrochozoa
1499:
1477:
1447:
1434:
1425:Monoblastozoa (
1401:
1359:
1346:
1318:Micrognathozoa
1306:
1269:
1244:
1217:
1195:
1171:
1135:
1102:
1091:
1078:
1049:
1023:
1014:
997:
974:
958:
941:
910:
902:
876:
867:
866:
782:
760:
751:
742:
712:
707:
698:
687:
679:
672:(glass sponges)
671:
670:Hexactinellida
661:
654:
612:
607:
593:
592:
588:
579:
575:
566:
562:
557:
553:
519:
514:
513:
506:
458:
457:
450:
420:
419:
415:
406:
404:
390:
389:
385:
376:
374:
360:
359:
355:
346:
344:
330:
329:
325:
321:
312:
280:
271:Pseudocorticium
256:Tetralophophora
244:Plakinasterella
186:
167:monotypic class
152:
111:
99:Bergquist, 1978
97:
50:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2552:
2550:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2514:
2507:
2500:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2471:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2437:
2427:
2414:
2401:
2388:
2375:
2362:
2349:
2336:
2323:
2310:
2297:
2282:
2266:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2241:
2228:
2215:
2202:
2192:
2179:
2166:
2153:
2140:
2127:
2114:
2101:
2088:
2075:
2062:
2049:
2034:
2018:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1984:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1859:Platyhelminths
1855:
1854:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1686:
1684:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1653:Centroneuralia
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1567:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1548:
1542:
1540:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1489:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1475:
1468:
1458:
1452:
1449:Lophotrochozoa
1444:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1422:
1417:
1411:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1386:
1384:
1375:
1364:
1361:Platytrochozoa
1356:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1335:
1323:
1320:(Limnognathia)
1314:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1274:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1235:
1227:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1215:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1156:
1154:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1122:
1120:
1107:
1096:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1047:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1003:
1002:
999:
998:
996:
995:
990:
985:
971:
968:
967:
964:
963:
960:
959:
957:
956:
952:
950:
949:(Triploblasts)
943:
942:
940:
939:
932:
930:and relatives)
922:
916:
904:
903:
901:
900:
895:
887:
881:
869:
868:
865:
864:
863:
862:
861:
860:
857:Mesomycetozoea
854:
849:
839:
829:
828:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
806:
805:
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2484:expanding it
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2013:
1986:Potentially
1981:
1934:
1910:
1904:Gymnolaemata
1899:Stenolaemata
1888:Ectoproctans
1886:
1857:
1828:
1804:
1798:Pterobranchs
1785:
1761:
1737:
1713:
1689:
1683:within phyla
1681:Major groups
1551:
1538:Bryozoa s.l.
1529:Lophophorata
1517:
1493:
1471:
1463:
1426:
1415:Orthonectida
1390:
1337:
1330:
1319:
1238:
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1160:
1118:Scalidophora
1067:
1055:Ambulacraria
1042:
955:(see below↓)
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842:Opisthokonta
621:Sponge guide
599:
589:
576:
563:
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529:
523:
470:
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405:. Retrieved
397:
386:
375:. Retrieved
367:
356:
345:. Retrieved
337:
326:
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288:Reproduction
281:
269:
263:
261:
254:
248:
242:
236:
232:Placinolopha
230:
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209:Oscarellidae
202:
194:
190:Demospongiae
187:
178:Oscarellidae
169:
158:
157:
142:Oscarellidae
108:
94:
38:
18:
2366:iNaturalist
2286:Wikispecies
2131:iNaturalist
2038:Wikispecies
1962:Tusk shells
1947:Cephalopods
1918:Polychaetes
1865:Turbellaria
1846:Crustaceans
1822:Secernentea
1812:Chromadorea
1793:Acorn worms
1763:Echinoderms
1755:Vertebrates
1697:Demosponges
1631:is disputed
1093:Protostomia
981:is disputed
908:ParaHoxozoa
532:(1): 3–10.
278:Description
2523:Categories
2476:demosponge
1942:Gastropods
1923:Clitellata
1830:Arthropods
1769:Sea lilies
1715:Cnidarians
1633:; see also
1563:Brachiozoa
1326:Syndermata
1285:Gnathifera
983:; see also
928:Trichoplax
926:Placozoa (
913:Planulozoa
407:2014-05-22
377:2014-05-22
347:2014-05-22
319:References
292:viviparous
205:Plakinidae
174:Plakinidae
146:Lendenfeld
131:Plakinidae
2029:Q13140211
1928:Sipuncula
1875:Monogenea
1870:Trematoda
1841:Myriapods
1806:Nematodes
1750:Tunicates
1745:Lancelets
1739:Chordates
1731:Myxozoans
1638:Nephrozoa
1627:phylogeny
1427:Salinella
1382:Rouphozoa
1223:Tactopoda
1152:Nematoida
1104:Ecdysozoa
1025:Bilateria
1012:Bilateria
993:Benthozoa
988:Eumetazoa
977:phylogeny
947:Bilateria
837:Amoebozoa
815:Alveolata
803:Cryptista
778:Eukaryota
678:Calcarea
265:Oscarella
250:Plakortis
226:Corticium
122:Families
71:Kingdom:
65:Eukaryota
2345:11982360
2271:Wikidata
2023:Wikidata
1952:Bivalves
1936:Molluscs
1912:Annelids
1271:Spiralia
878:Animalia
832:Amorphea
810:Rhizaria
798:Hacrobia
788:Excavata
773:Bacteria
658:Porifera
546:14468684
499:21179486
466:PLOS ONE
443:84416168
294:and the
198:Calcarea
184:Taxonomy
85:Porifera
81:Phylum:
75:Animalia
61:Domain:
2433:7192641
2358:5964034
2277:Q139079
1957:Chitons
1880:Cestoda
1817:Enoplea
1691:Sponges
1464:Symbion
1407:Mesozoa
847:Animals
768:Archaea
744:Extant
660:classes
656:Extant
490:3001884
310:Habitat
284:spicule
238:Plakina
163:sponges
135:Schulze
105:Order:
91:Class:
2446:131587
2430:uBio:
2410:519088
2384:914184
2371:152111
2319:532656
2250:131601
2224:146757
2211:196337
2195:NZOR:
2162:659132
2136:152827
2110:1HSCLO
2071:105313
1982:bolded
825:Plants
762:Domain
746:animal
544:
497:
487:
441:
148:, 1887
137:, 1880
116:, 1905
2478:is a
2441:WoRMS
2397:80999
2332:8ZXV6
2245:WoRMS
2232:Plazi
2188:81000
2149:11929
2144:IRMNG
2084:8ZXXG
1144:N+L+P
852:Fungi
749:phyla
542:S2CID
520:(PDF)
439:S2CID
296:larva
114:Dendy
2480:stub
2423:3574
2392:NCBI
2379:ITIS
2353:GBIF
2314:BOLD
2183:NCBI
2157:ITIS
2123:1013
2118:GBIF
2105:EPPO
2097:8069
2066:BOLD
1625:The
975:The
495:PMID
268:and
253:and
207:and
176:and
2340:EoL
2327:CoL
2301:AFD
2170:NBN
2092:EoL
2079:CoL
2053:AFD
1482:M+K
1374:R+M
1311:M+S
1180:L+P
534:doi
530:687
485:PMC
475:doi
431:doi
290:is
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598:.
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445:.
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410:.
380:.
350:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
