2070:
literature. There is ample evidence to show that children raised by same-gender parents fare as well as those raised by heterosexual parents. More than 25 years of research have documented that there is no relationship between parents' sexual orientation and any measure of a child's emotional, psychosocial, and behavioral adjustment. These data have demonstrated no risk to children as a result of growing up in a family with 1 or more gay parents. No research supports the widely held conviction that the gender of parents matters for child well-being. It is well-established that both men and women have the capacity to be good parents, and that having parents of both genders does not enhance adjustment. The methodologies used in the major studies of same-sex parenting meet the standards for research in the field of developmental psychology and psychology generally. They constitute the type of research that members of the respective professions consider reliable.
1753:: "Gay men and lesbians form stable, committed relationships that are equivalent to heterosexual relationships in essential respects. The institution of marriage offers social, psychological, and health benefits that are denied to same-sex couples. By denying same-sex couples the right to marry, the state reinforces and perpetuates the stigma historically associated with homosexuality. Homosexuality remains stigmatized, and this stigma has negative consequences. California's prohibition on marriage for same-sex couples reflects and reinforces this stigma". They concluded: "There is no scientific basis for distinguishing between same-sex couples and heterosexual couples with respect to the legal rights, obligations, benefits, and burdens conferred by civil marriage."
1597:
1156:
2074:
co-habitation status of parents. If gay, lesbian, or bisexual parents were inherently less capable than otherwise comparable heterosexual parents, their children would evidence problems regardless of the type of sample. This pattern clearly has not been observed. Given the consistent failures in this research literature to disprove the null hypothesis, the burden of empirical proof is on those who argue that the children of sexual minority parents fare worse than the children of heterosexual parents.
1887:, and regarding different forms of homosexuality and bisexuality, current authoritative bodies and doctrines of the world's largest religions generally view homosexuality negatively. This can range from quietly discouraging homosexual activity, to explicitly forbidding same-sex sexual practices among adherents and actively opposing social acceptance of homosexuality. Some teach that homosexual orientation itself is sinful, while others assert that only the sexual act is a sin.
1762:
1587:, which "...gives the Justice Department the power to investigate and prosecute bias-motivated violence where the perpetrator has selected the victim because of the person's actual or perceived race, color, religion, national origin, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity or disability," was signed into law and makes hate crime based on sexual orientation, amongst other offenses, a federal crime in the United States.
1122:, a 2006 study suggested that 20% of the population anonymously reported some homosexual feelings, few of them identifying as homosexual. Percentage of persons identifying homosexual was 2–3%. According to a 2008 poll, while only 6% of Britons define their sexual orientation as homosexual or bisexual, more than twice that number (13%) of Britons have had some form of sexual contact with someone of the same sex.
1021:
1734:
the workplace, the ability to run churches, charitable organizations and other religious organizations in accordance with one's religious views, and that the acceptance of homosexual relationships by religious organizations might be forced through threatening to remove the tax-exempt status of churches whose views don't align with those of the government.
2417:
2121:
The vast majority of families in the United States today are not the "middle-class family with a bread-winning father and a stay-at-home mother, married to each other and raising their biological children" that has been viewed as the norm. Since the end of the 1980s, it has been well established that
2046:
to one or more children, either as biological or non-biological parents. Gay men face options which include: "foster care, variations of domestic and international adoption, diverse forms of surrogacy (whether "traditional" or gestational), and kinship arrangements, wherein they might coparent with a
1618:
movement, with annual parades and displays of rainbow flags. Yet not all LGBT people choose to participate in "queer culture", and many gay men and women specifically decline to do so. To some it seems to be a frivolous display, perpetuating gay stereotypes. To some others, the gay culture represents
1451:
enacted laws decriminalizing homosexual behavior and prohibiting discrimination against lesbian and gay people in employment, housing, and services. On the other hand, many countries today in the Middle East and Africa, as well as several countries in Asia, the
Caribbean and the South Pacific, outlaw
1646:
epidemic at first seemed to slow the progress of the gay rights movement, but in time it galvanized some parts of the LGBT community into community service and political action, and challenged the heterosexual community to respond compassionately. Major
American motion pictures from this period that
1981:
Negative stereotypes characterize LGB people as less romantically stable, more promiscuous and more likely to abuse children, but there is no scientific basic to such assertions. Gay men and lesbians form stable, committed relationships that are equivalent to heterosexual relationships in essential
1856:
fifteen years earlier, stating that homosexuals had weakened the Dutch UN battalion charged with protecting the enclave. In the U.S. Senate, Sheehan said that
European countries had tried to "socialize" their armed forces by letting people serve in the army too easily, which according to him, left
1733:
believe that all sexual relationships with people other than an opposite-sex spouse undermine the traditional family and that children should be reared in homes with both a father and a mother. There is concern that gay rights may conflict with individuals' freedom of speech, religious freedoms in
1779:
personnel vary widely around the world. Some countries allow gay men, lesbians, and bisexual people to serve openly and have granted them the same rights and privileges as their heterosexual counterparts. Many countries neither ban nor support LGB service members. A few countries continue to ban
1094:
Measuring the prevalence of homosexuality may present difficulties. The research must measure some characteristic that may or may not be defining of sexual orientation. The class of people with same-sex desires may be larger than the class of people who act on those desires, which in turn may be
2069:
Although it is sometimes asserted in policy debates that heterosexual couples are inherently better parents than same-sex couples, or that the children of lesbian or gay parents fare worse than children raised by heterosexual parents, those assertions find no support in the scientific research
1102:
reported that nearly 46% of the male subjects had "reacted" sexually to persons of both sexes in the course of their adult lives, and 37% had had at least one homosexual experience. Kinsey's methodology was criticized. A later study tried to eliminate the sample bias, but still reached similar
2054:, 33 percent of female same-sex couple households and 22 percent of male same-sex couple households reported at least one child under eighteen living in their home. Some children do not know they have an LGB parent; coming out issues vary and some parents may never come out to their children.
1090:
policy. Further, knowledge of the size of the "gay and lesbian population holds promise for helping social scientists understand a wide array of important questions—questions about the general nature of labor market choices, accumulation of human capital, specialization within households,
2073:
The family studies literature indicates that it is family processes (such as the quality of parenting and relationships within the family) that contribute to determining children's well-being and 'outcomes', rather than family structures, per se, such as the number, gender, sexuality and
1961:
is a fear of, aversion to, or discrimination against homosexual people. It manifests in different forms, and a number of different types have been postulated, among which are internalized homophobia, social homophobia, emotional homophobia, rationalized homophobia, and others. Similar is
1510:
refers to discrimination against potential or current tenants by landlords. In the United States, there is no federal law against such discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity, but at least thirteen states and many major cities have enacted laws prohibiting
1982:
respects. Sexual orientation does not affect the likelihood that people will abuse children. Claims that there is scientific evidence to support an association between being gay and being a pedophile are based on misuses of those terms and misrepresentation of the actual evidence.
1822:, the question of homosexuality in the military was highly politicized in the United States. However, such politicization did not occur in many other countries, as sexuality in these cultures is considered a more personal aspect of one's identity than in the United States.
1176:
2171:"Demographics of the Gay and Lesbian Population in the United States: Evidence from Available Systematic Data Sources", Dan Black, Gary Gates, Seth Sanders, Lowell Taylor, Demography, Vol. 37, No. 2 (May, 2000), pp. 139–154 (available on JSTOR).
1380:. Some nations mandate that all individuals restrict themselves to heterosexual relationships; that is, in some jurisdictions homosexual activity is illegal. Offenders can face the death penalty in some fundamentalist Muslim areas such as
1169:
1630:
in the early 1980s, many LGBT groups and individuals organized campaigns to promote efforts in AIDS education, prevention, research, patient support, and community outreach, as well as to demand government support for these programs.
2118:(CPA). CPA is concerned that some persons and institutions are mis-interpreting the findings of psychological research to support their positions, when their positions are more accurately based on other systems of belief or values.
2085:
and all of the major professional organizations with expertise in child welfare have issued reports and resolutions in support of gay and lesbian parental rights". These organizations include the
American Academy of Pediatrics, the
1109:
Estimates of the frequency of homosexual activity also vary from one country to another. A 1992 study reported that 6.1% of males in
Britain had had a homosexual experience, while in France the number was 4.1%. According to a 2003
1162:
1473:
there is "very little statutory, common law, and case law establishing employment discrimination based upon sexual orientation as a legal wrong." Some exceptions and alternative legal strategies are available. President
3328:
Proceedings of the
American Psychological Association, Incorporated, for the legislative year 2004. Minutes of the meeting of the Council of Representatives July 28 & 30, 2004, Honolulu, HI. Retrieved November 18,
3970:"Elizabeth Short, Damien W. Riggs, Amaryll Perlesz, Rhonda Brown, Graeme Kane: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) Parented Families - A Literature Review prepared for The Australian Psychological Society"
2047:
woman or women with whom they are intimately but not sexually involved." LGBT parents can also include single people who are parenting; to a lesser extent, the term sometimes refers to families with LGBT children.
2780:
4197:
2377:
Binson, Diane; Michaels, Stuart; Stall, Ron; Coates, Thomas J.; Gagnon, John H.; Catania, Joseph A. (1995). "Prevalence and Social
Distribution of Men Who Have Sex with Men: United States and Its Urban Centers".
1857:
them weakened. He claimed that his opinion was shared by the leadership of the Dutch armed forces, mentioning the name "Hankman Berman", most probably referring to the then chief of the Dutch defence staff,
1583:). Each of these statutes covers bias on the basis of race, religion, and ethnicity; 32 of them cover sexual orientation, 28 cover gender, and 11 cover transgender/gender-identity. In October 2009, the
1584:
1133:, 4% of electorate self-identified as gay, lesbian, or bisexual, the same percentage as in 2004." An estimated 34,000 homosexuals who are in a relationship are employed by the federal government.
1933:
In many cultures, homosexual people are frequently subject to prejudice and discrimination. Like members of many other minority groups that are the objects of prejudice, they are also subject to
2535:
Sell RL, Wells JA, Wypij D (June 1995). "The prevalence of homosexual behavior and attraction in the United States, the United
Kingdom and France: results of national population-based samples".
1429:. On July 2, 2009, homosexuality was decriminalized in India by a High Court ruling. A turning point was reached in 1973 when the American Psychiatric Association removed homosexuality from the
1482:(1998) prohibits discrimination based on sexual orientation in the competitive service of the federal civilian workforce, and federal non-civil service employees may have recourse under the
562:
606:
2000:
reported that 15.6% of hate crimes reported to police in 2004 were based on perceived sexual orientation. Sixty-one percent of these attacks were against gay men. The 1998 murder of
1829:, morale, recruitment and retention. Sexual orientation is irrelevant to task cohesion, the only type of cohesion that critically predicts the team's military readiness and success.
1078:
Reliable data as to the size of the gay and lesbian population is of value in informing public policy. For example, demographics would help in calculating the costs and benefits of
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3797:
3447:
2895:
1431:
3382:
2087:
2915:
1470:
1106:
Estimates of the occurrence of exclusive homosexuality range from one to twenty percent of the population, usually finding there are slightly more gay men than lesbians.
4204:
3527:
claiming that homosexuality is an unchosen "condition," rather than a sin of the heart, contradicts the teaching of
Scripture that both the desire and the act are sin.
1937:, which further adds to marginalization. The prejudice, discrimination and stereotyping are all likely tied to forms of homophobia and heterosexism, which is negative
1825:
According to
American Psychological Association empirical evidence fails to show that sexual orientation is germane to any aspect of military effectiveness including
3368:
1469:
refers to discriminatory employment practices such as bias in hiring, promotion, job assignment, termination, and compensation, and various types of harassment.
4131:
655:
3636:
Berkowitz, D & Marsiglio, W (2007). Gay Men: Negotiating Procreative, Father, and Family Identities. Journal of Marriage and Family 69 (May 2007): 366–381
1765:
Barack Obama signing the repeal of 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell', a policy that forbid gay and lesbian people from openly serving in the United States armed forces.
2773:
490:
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792:
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901:
3310:
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648:
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3253:
2103:
1673:
1155:
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968:
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856:
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1376:. Some jurisdictions further recognize identical rights, protections, and privileges for the family structures of same-sex couples, including
4094:
4073:
3719:
3059:
2821:
1528:
728:
3783:
1745:
In 2006, the American Psychological Association, American Psychiatric Association and National Association of Social Workers stated in an
2066:
ruled that same-sex couples have the right to adopt a child. In the U.S., LGB people can legally adopt in all states except for Florida.
1783:
Most Western military forces have removed policies excluding sexual minority members. Of the 26 countries that participate militarily in
2099:
1146:
923:
572:
530:
3164:
3126:
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2260:
4002:
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3145:
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547:
205:
148:
143:
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595:
3501:
2111:
3870:
Brief presented to the Legislative House of Commons Committee on Bill C38 By the Canadian Psychological Association June 2, 2005.
2091:
1414:
787:
380:
4157:
3538:
2919:
2412:
Bogaert, A. F. (2004). The prevalence of male homosexuality: The effect of fraternal birth order and variation in family size.
2107:
1788:
1206:
748:
700:
397:
3647:
2876:
Kelly v. City of Oakland, 198 F.3d 779, 81 Fair Empl. Prac. Cas. (BNA) 1455, 77 Empl. Prac. Dec. (CCH) P 46281 (9th Cir. 1999)
2082:
2081:, stated: “Rarely is there as much consensus in any area of social science as in the case of gay parenting, which is why the
2063:
829:
690:
441:
126:
2428:
Fay RE, Turner CF, Klassen AD, Gagnon JH (January 1989). "Prevalence and patterns of same-gender sexual contact among men".
2867:
Ashton v. Civiletti, 613 F.2d 923, 20 Fair Empl. Prac. Cas. (BNA) 1601, 21 Empl. Prac. Dec. (CCH) P 30297 (D.C. Cir. 1979)
1610:
Since the 1960s, many LGBT people in the West, particularly those in major metropolitan areas, have developed a so-called
1079:
988:
275:
3508:
2719:
1991:
1390:
918:
886:
1911:
for guidance on this issue. However, the authority of various traditions or scriptural passages and the correctness of
1750:
419:
402:
4135:
3041:
1087:
215:
1891:
On the other hand, voices exist within many of these religions that view homosexuality more positively, and liberal
1737:
Critics charge that political correctness has led to the association of sex between males and HIV being downplayed.
4233:
2051:
1900:
1876:
1870:
1819:
1704:
1632:
1041:
1008:
782:
696:
685:
470:
297:
3502:"Charge No. 1 and specifications preferred by the Presbytery of Southern California against The Rev. C. Lee Irons"
2784:
3194:
2238:
1836:
announced that he wanted to put an end to the Don't Ask, Don't Tell policy, former U.S. general and high ranking
1465:
1299:
993:
943:
765:
602:
429:
270:
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1949:
in favor of opposite-sex sexuality and relationships. Heterosexism can include the presumption that everyone is
1903:
can be found around the world. Regardless of their position on homosexuality, many people of faith look to both
3560:
2146:
1499:
874:
869:
630:
325:
282:
3893:"The effects of marriage, civil union, and domestic partnership laws on the health and well-being of children"
3408:
1811:
excludes all gay and lesbian people during peacetime but allows some gay men to serve in wartime (see below).
2812:
Donovan, James M; American Association of Law Libraries Standing Committee on Lesbian and Gay Issues (2007).
3289:
2699:
TERESA L. WAITE, December 8, 1992 "Sexual Behavior Levels Compared in Studies in Britain and France" in the
2471:
Johnson AM, Wadsworth J, Wellings K, Bradshaw S, Field J (December 1992). "Sexual lifestyles and HIV risk".
1388:. There are, however, often significant differences between official policy and real-world enforcement. See
625:
26:
3822:
3941:
3616:
2977:
2948:
1892:
1661:
1506:
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680:
330:
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have statutes criminalizing various types of bias-motivated violence or intimidation (the exceptions are
2899:
2122:
children and adolescents can adjust just as well in nontraditional settings as in traditional settings.
1938:
1787:, more than 20 permit openly gay, lesbian and bisexual people to serve. Of the permanent members of the
1605:
1556:
1479:
1406:
1034:
582:
552:
475:
320:
198:
3165:"Christian Horizons rebuked: Employer ordered to compensate fired gay worker, abolish code of conduct"
2334:
Billy JO, Tanfer K, Grady WR, Klepinger DH (1993). "The sexual behavior of men in the United States".
1815:
is the only country in the Middle East region that allows openly LGB people to serve in the military.
2623:
2480:
2437:
2292:
1858:
1568:
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1410:
1402:
392:
4106:
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2078:
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1448:
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1003:
743:
365:
335:
3711:
3705:
3008:
3932:
Biblarz, Timothy J.; Stacey, Judith (1 February 2010). "How Does the Gender of Parents Matter?".
3420:
3354:
3027:
2661:
S. S. et C. L. Janus, The Janus Report on Sexual Behavior, New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1993.
2560:
2504:
2395:
2351:
2316:
2215:
1888:
1655:
1483:
963:
849:
577:
98:
4003:"Legal recognition of same-sex relationships in the United States: a social science perspective"
3074:
4025:
3914:
3764:
3715:
3701:
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3362:
3263:
2817:
2683:
2675:
2552:
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2017:
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1954:
1934:
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1359:
958:
953:
834:
807:
705:
665:
424:
183:
4033:
3228:
2953:
1366:
Marriage not available locally. Some jurisdictions may perform other types of partnerships.
4161:
4057:
3876:
3594:
3582:
3432:
3013:
2210:
2001:
1950:
1861:. Dutch authorities dismissed Sheehan's statements as "disgraceful" and "total nonsense".
1841:
1708:
1552:
1436:
973:
812:
802:
660:
375:
302:
287:
210:
168:
158:
153:
119:
3848:
1064:, as a phenomenon and as a behavior, has existed throughout all eras in human societies.
3512:
2484:
2441:
2296:
1970:(against bisexual people). When such attitudes manifest as crimes they are often called
1761:
1639:
are some notable American examples of the LGBT community's response to the AIDS crisis.
3107:
2902:
2055:
2013:
1946:
1792:
1649:
1576:
1444:
1373:
948:
881:
670:
567:
292:
3737:, American Psychological Association, July 28 & 30, 2004. Retrieved on 2007-04-06.
3191:"Banned in Boston:The coming conflict between same-sex marriage and religious liberty"
4227:
3955:
2885:
Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services, Inc., 523 U.S. 75, 118 S. Ct. 998, 1002 (1998)
2714:
2059:
1826:
1800:
1682:
1611:
1457:
1418:
1398:
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1099:
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978:
911:
817:
760:
537:
512:
495:
436:
414:
358:
253:
173:
17:
2564:
1372:
Most nations do not impede consensual sex between unrelated persons above the local
3462:"PM slams ´disgraceful´ Srebrenica gay comments - World Report - World - Dalje.com"
3258:
2579:
Sexual behavior in Britain: The national survey of sexual attitudes and lifestyles.
2508:
2320:
1924:
1889:
Some claim that homosexuality can be overcome through religious faith and practice.
1833:
1746:
1620:
1524:
1475:
1422:
1111:
1083:
1024:
983:
839:
797:
733:
635:
517:
458:
136:
109:
4158:"Position Statement on Parenting of Children by Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Adults"
1647:
dramatized the response of individuals and communities to the AIDS crisis include
507:
4183:
3734:
3561:
Affidavit - United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts (2009)
2035:
1975:
1971:
1963:
1958:
1912:
1904:
1853:
1845:
1544:
1288:
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896:
861:
824:
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542:
480:
453:
409:
235:
230:
225:
163:
131:
81:
76:
4021:
1729:
LGBT movements are opposed by a variety of individuals and organizations. Some
3350:
2391:
1928:
1696:
1536:
1515:
1142:
1115:
844:
500:
448:
387:
370:
240:
114:
2213:(July 28, 2000). "John Tukey, 85, Statistician; Coined the Word 'Software'".
2523:
The social organization of sexuality: Sexual practices in the United States.
2449:
1908:
1615:
1540:
1491:
891:
465:
220:
4029:
3918:
3909:
3892:
1095:
larger than the class of people who self-identify as gay/lesbian/bisexual.
3768:
3760:
3686:
3678:
2978:"HRC | President Barack Obama Signs Hate Crimes Legislation into Law"
2556:
2521:
Laumann, E. O., Gagnon, J. H., Michael, R. T., & Michaels, S. (1994).
2500:
2457:
2363:
2312:
3487:
3254:"LDS Church expresses disappointment in California gay marriage decision"
2031:
1967:
1880:
1776:
1532:
770:
755:
178:
3819:"Latest breaking news available as free video on demand | Euronews"
3448:"Gay Dutch soldiers responsible for Srebrenica massacre says US general"
1020:
2548:
2399:
2355:
2023:
1580:
1572:
1564:
1447:
on the grounds of sexual orientation. During the 1980s and 1990s, most
1435:, thus negating its previous definition of homosexuality as a clinical
1385:
71:
66:
4051:
http://www.psychology.org.au/Assets/Files/LGBT-Families-Lit-Review.pdf
1452:
homosexuality. In six countries, homosexual behavior is punishable by
3383:"Former US general: 'gays make Dutch military weak' - archief nrc.nl"
2743:, Stephen Losey. Federal Times. June 20, 2010. Accessed June 13, 2011
2652:
S. Hite, The Hite Report on Male Sexuality, New York, A. Knopf, 1991.
2492:
2304:
2043:
1879:
can vary greatly across time and place, within and between different
1812:
1808:
1796:
1720:
1636:
1548:
1440:
775:
102:
3075:"Employer's Dilemma: When Religious Expression and Gay Rights Cross"
2347:
2004:, a gay student, is one of the most notorious incidents in the U.S.
1695:
have attained numerous government posts, even in countries that had
1623:
and is scorned as widening the gulf between gay and non-gay people.
1186:
Worldwide laws regarding same-sex intercourse, unions and expression
3747:
Dunne EJ (1987). "Helping gay fathers come out to their children".
1443:
became the first state-level jurisdiction in the world to prohibit
3735:
APA Policy Statement on Sexual Orientation, Parents & Children
3542:
3488:"BBC News - Dutch fury at US general's gay theory over Srebrenica"
2577:
Wellings, K., Field, J., Johnson, A., & Wadsworth, J. (1994).
1804:
1760:
1595:
1397:
Although homosexual acts were decriminalized in some parts of the
1154:
193:
86:
34:
2283:
ACSF Investigators (1992). "AIDS and sexual behavior in France".
4049:
cited in Cooper & Cates, 2006, p. 36; citation available on
3146:"Catholic Charities to halt adoptions over issue involving gays"
2182:
Queer Science: The Use and Abuse of Research into Homosexuality.
2039:
1942:
1884:
1837:
1784:
1643:
1627:
1381:
2985:
4070:"Children with Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Parents"
3611:
2027:
1997:
1585:
Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act
610:
2062:
may be controversial in some countries. In January 2008, the
3648:"Many Couples Must Negotiate Terms of 'Brokeback' Marriages"
3060:"Christian group likens Tory candidate review to witch hunt"
3541:
from Allies Committee website, Department of Student Life,
3409:"US general: Gay Dutch soldiers caused Srebrenica massacre"
3351:"General Sheehan: gays responsible for Srebrenica massacre"
2916:"Renter's Rights Against Sexual Orientation Discrimination"
1953:
or that opposite-sex attractions and relationships are the
1349: Restrictions of association with arrests or detention
1091:
discrimination, and decisions about geographic location."
4095:
Adoption and Co-parenting of Children by Same-sex Couples
3891:
Pawelski JG, Perrin EC, Foy JM, et al. (July 2006).
1899:. Some view same-sex love and sexuality as sacred, and a
1129:, according to exit polling on 2008 Election Day for the
3094:"Collision of religious and gay rights in the workplace"
3665:
Büntzly G (1993). "Gay fathers in straight marriages".
1523:) are crimes motivated by bias against an identifiable
4198:"Canadian Psychological Association > - www.cpa.ca"
3042:"I'd like to say this, but it might land me in prison"
3009:"Defining Marriage Down - We need to protect marriage"
3407:
Traynor, Ian; correspondent, Europe (19 March 2010).
1432:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
3357:
from the original on 2021-12-15 – via YouTube.
3702:"The Heterosexually Married Gay and Lesbian Parent"
2088:
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
2639:
2637:
1502:" theory, a sexual stereotyping theory, or others.
4132:"Position Statement on Gay and Lesbian Parenting"
3127:"Catholic adoption service stops over gay rights"
1417:in 1967, it was not until the mid-1970s that the
3210:"Church Group Complains of Civil Union Pressure"
2595:"Norway world leader in casual sex, Aftenposten"
3576:Facts About Homosexuality and Child Molestation
2618:
2616:
2273:Martin Duberman on Gebhart's "cleaning" of data
1600:Demonstration for gay rights in London in 1972.
2807:
2805:
2741:"New benefits for partners - gay and straight"
2589:
2587:
1775:Policies and attitudes toward gay and lesbian
1339: Restrictions of expression, not enforced
3886:
3884:
3607:"Crime in the United States 2004: Hate Crime"
1614:. To many, gay culture is exemplified by the
1170:
1042:
656:2020s anti-LGBT movement in the United States
8:
3229:"Group Loses Tax Break Over Gay Union Issue"
3193:. Vol. 011, no. 33. Archived from
2112:North American Council on Adoptable Children
3507:. Presbytery of Southern California of the
3367:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3288:. Vol. 9. Business Day. Archived from
1803:) do so. The other three generally do not:
1358:No imprisonment in the past three years or
1086:, and of the impact of the U.S. military's
2850:. Vol. 63, no. 105. June 2, 1998
1642:The bewildering death toll wrought by the
1559:. In the United States, 45 states and the
1177:
1163:
1049:
1035:
258:
21:
3945:
3908:
3570:
3568:
3028:"The Family: A Proclamation to the World"
2753:Mitta, Manoj; Singh, Smriti (July 2009).
2200:Sexual Behavior in the Human Male, p. 656
3782:Francis, Thomas Jeatt for Taylor &.
3305:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3286:"The risks in hiding the HIV/AIDS truth"
1915:and interpretations are hotly disputed.
1832:On March 18, 2010, after U.S. President
3847:. Human Rights Campaign. Archived from
3555:
3553:
3551:
2839:"Executive Order 13087 of May 28, 1998"
2167:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2142:Societal attitudes toward homosexuality
1986:Violence against gay and lesbian people
1771:Sexual orientation and military service
1699:in their recent past. Examples include
1236: Prison, with arrests or detention
311:
261:
33:
3428:
3418:
3360:
2250:John Tukey criticizes sample procedure
2104:National Association of Social Workers
1966:(specifically targeting lesbians) and
1807:bans gay and lesbian people outright,
1674:Common Threads: Stories from the Quilt
969:LGBT conservatism in the United States
3092:Ritter, Bob (January–February 2008).
3073:Moldover, Judith (October 31, 2007).
2715:"27% of Gay Voters Sided with McCain"
2525:Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
7:
3868:Canadian Psychological Association:
3593:American Psychological Association:
3446:Staff, Our Foreign (19 March 2010).
3339:American Psychological Association:
2414:Journal of Theoretical Biology, 230,
1681:, last displayed in its entirety on
1490:. Private sector workers may have a
3784:"Home - Taylor & Francis Group"
3700:Bozett, Frederick W. (1987-08-19).
3326:American Psychological Association
3040:Gove, Michael (December 24, 2002).
2624:"Sex uncovered poll: Homosexuality"
2100:American Psychoanalytic Association
1147:LGBT rights by country or territory
3189:Gallagher, Maggie (May 15, 2006).
3108:"Bishop loses gay employment case"
2772:Ottosson, Daniel (November 2006).
2132:Decriminalization of homosexuality
2116:Canadian Psychological Association
2096:American Psychological Association
1844:blamed homosexuals serving in the
1677:(1989), the last referring to the
1074:Demographics of sexual orientation
14:
3208:Capuzzo, Jill (August 14, 2007).
3144:LeBlanc, Steve (March 10, 2006).
3125:Beckford, Martin (June 5, 2008).
2774:"LGBT world legal wrap up survey"
2672:Sexual Behavior in the Human Male
2261:"Book Review by Martin Duberman,
2137:Legal status of same-sex marriage
1679:NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt
3956:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2009.00678.x
2092:American Psychiatric Association
1875:Though the relationship between
1456:; in ten others, it carries the
1216: Prison; death not enforced
1019:
3845:"Adoption Laws: State by State"
3798:"EMRK is for the LGBT adoption"
3163:Mercer, Greg (April 24, 2008).
3007:Brownback, Sam (July 9, 2004).
2108:Child Welfare League of America
1789:United Nations Security Council
1780:homosexual personnel outright.
1421:first began to achieve limited
1277: Extraterritorial marriage
3934:Journal of Marriage and Family
3646:Butler, Katy (March 7, 2006).
3284:Chin, James (March 12, 2007).
3252:Moore, Carrie (May 15, 2008).
3062:. CBC News. November 28, 2007.
2814:Sexual Orientation and the Law
2755:"India decriminalises gay sex"
2083:American Academy of Pediatrics
2064:European Court of Human Rights
1082:, of the impact of legalizing
573:Rights by country or territory
1:
2894:Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins,
1194:Same-sex intercourse illegal.
1080:domestic partnership benefits
989:Social construction of gender
938:Academic fields and discourse
3509:Orthodox Presbyterian Church
3227:Capuzzo, Jill (2007-09-18).
3167:. The Record. Archived from
2816:. William S. Hein & Co.
2336:Family Planning Perspectives
2077:Professor Judith Stacey, of
1992:Violence against LGBT people
1527:, usually groups defined by
1494:action under a quid pro quo
1391:Violence against LGBT people
1321: Optional certification
1118:have had homosexual sex. In
4001:Herek GM (September 2006).
3595:Lesbian & Gay Parenting
3539:The Riddle Homophobia Scale
3349:txcraig75 (18 March 2010).
2952:. June 2006. Archived from
2380:The Journal of Sex Research
1919:Heterosexism and homophobia
1751:Supreme Court of California
1255:Same-sex intercourse legal.
1131:2008 Presidential elections
607:Blood donation restrictions
4250:
4022:10.1037/0003-066X.61.6.607
2581:London, UK: Penguin Books.
2011:
1996:In the United States, the
1989:
1922:
1901:mythology of same-sex love
1877:homosexuality and religion
1871:Religion and homosexuality
1868:
1768:
1603:
1246: Prison, not enforced
1228: Death under militias
1140:
1071:
749:Grooming conspiracy theory
686:Mixed-orientation marriage
616:LGBT medical organizations
15:
4010:The American Psychologist
3875:October 13, 2012, at the
2392:10.1080/00224499509551795
2184:Cambridge: The MIT Press
1848:military for the fall of
1466:Employment discrimination
1344:
1253:
1192:
994:Socialism and LGBT rights
944:Communism and LGBT rights
3749:Journal of Homosexuality
3667:Journal of Homosexuality
2147:Timeline of LGBT history
2060:adoption by LGBT couples
1957:and therefore superior.
1852:to Serb militias in the
1693:Publicly gay politicians
1500:hostile work environment
4184:"NACAC - Public Policy"
3707:Gay and Lesbian Parents
3574:Gregory M. Herek, PhD:
2941:"State Hate Crime Laws"
2450:10.1126/science.2911744
2022:LGBT parenting is when
1893:religious denominations
1818:Prior to the repeal of
1633:Gay Men's Health Crisis
1257:Recognition of unions:
857:Intersex discrimination
626:Transgender health care
3910:10.1542/peds.2006-1279
2949:Anti-Defamation League
2643:McConaghy et al., 2006
1766:
1662:And the Band Played On
1635:, Project Inform, and
1601:
1535:, sexual orientation,
1507:Housing discrimination
1369:
1151:LGBT rights opposition
681:LGBT rights opposition
216:Sex–gender distinction
4138:on September 28, 2011
3761:10.1300/J082v14n01_16
3679:10.1300/J082v24n03_07
2180:LeVay, Simon (1996).
1923:Further information:
1764:
1715:cabinet minister and
1626:With the outbreak of
1606:LGBT social movements
1604:Further information:
1599:
1557:political affiliation
1480:Executive Order 13087
1311: Limited foreign
1158:
1141:Further information:
1088:Don't ask, don't tell
583:Yogyakarta Principles
553:Intersex human rights
476:Same-sex relationship
199:Queer heterosexuality
3825:on February 17, 2012
3468:on September 4, 2012
3079:New York Law Journal
2601:on February 24, 2010
2271:on January 11, 2009.
1859:Henk van den Breemen
1820:Don't Ask Don't Tell
1731:social conservatives
1561:District of Columbia
1471:In the United States
959:Lavender linguistics
3559:Michael Lamb, PhD:
2485:1992Natur.360..410J
2442:1989Sci...243..338F
2297:1992Natur.360..407A
2265:, November 3, 1997"
2079:New York University
1724:Minister of Finance
1449:developed countries
1427:developed countries
1004:Transgender studies
744:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
4056:2011-03-04 at the
3581:2010-04-19 at the
3545:A&M University
3431:has generic name (
2988:on 28 October 2009
2759:The Times of India
2670:Alfred C. Kinsey,
2630:. 25 October 2008.
2549:10.1007/BF01541598
2216:The New York Times
1897:same-sex marriages
1767:
1656:Longtime Companion
1602:
1592:Political activism
1484:due process clause
1370:
1098:In 1948 and 1953,
964:LGBTQ conservatism
578:Transgender rights
99:Sexual orientation
4234:LGBTQ and society
3721:978-0-275-92541-3
3292:on March 3, 2016.
2823:978-0-8377-0166-0
2723:. 7 November 2008
2291:(6403): 407–409.
2231:"Biography 15.1,
2018:Same-sex adoption
1749:presented to the
1717:Per-Kristian Foss
1701:Guido Westerwelle
1496:sexual harassment
1488:U.S. Constitution
1454:life imprisonment
1413:in 1944, and the
1367:
1363:
1354:
1353:
1059:
1058:
902:Non-binary people
793:Domestic violence
676:Heteronormativity
548:Decriminalization
398:Awareness periods
349:
348:
276:Same-sex marriage
189:Non-binary gender
4241:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4215:
4209:
4203:. Archived from
4202:
4194:
4188:
4187:
4186:. 28 April 2017.
4180:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4164:on June 13, 2010
4160:. Archived from
4154:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4134:. Archived from
4128:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4103:
4097:
4092:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4081:
4076:on June 15, 2010
4072:. Archived from
4066:
4060:
4047:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4032:. Archived from
4007:
3998:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3982:on March 4, 2011
3981:
3975:. Archived from
3974:
3966:
3960:
3959:
3949:
3929:
3923:
3922:
3912:
3888:
3879:
3866:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3841:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3821:. Archived from
3815:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3804:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3744:
3738:
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3691:
3690:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3643:
3637:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3615:. Archived from
3603:
3597:
3591:
3585:
3572:
3563:
3557:
3546:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3524:
3523:
3517:
3511:. Archived from
3506:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3490:. 19 March 2010.
3484:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3464:. Archived from
3458:
3452:
3451:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3430:
3426:
3424:
3416:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3385:. Archived from
3379:
3373:
3372:
3366:
3358:
3346:
3340:
3337:
3331:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3311:"Site Has Moved"
3307:
3294:
3293:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3262:. Archived from
3249:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3197:on May 16, 2006.
3186:
3180:
3179:
3177:
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3160:
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3153:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3114:. July 18, 2007.
3104:
3098:
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3070:
3064:
3063:
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3050:
3049:
3037:
3031:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2984:. Archived from
2974:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2958:
2945:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2918:. Archived from
2912:
2906:
2892:
2886:
2883:
2877:
2874:
2868:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2847:Federal Register
2843:
2835:
2829:
2827:
2809:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2789:
2783:. Archived from
2778:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2750:
2744:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2711:
2705:
2697:
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2659:
2653:
2650:
2644:
2641:
2632:
2631:
2620:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2597:. Archived from
2591:
2582:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2532:
2526:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2493:10.1038/360410a0
2468:
2462:
2461:
2436:(4889): 338–48.
2425:
2419:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2305:10.1038/360407a0
2280:
2274:
2272:
2267:. Archived from
2257:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2237:. Archived from
2227:
2221:
2220:
2207:
2201:
2198:
2192:
2178:
2172:
2169:
2058:in general, and
2052:2000 U.S. Census
1757:Military service
1687:Washington, D.C.
1365:
1357:
1348:
1338:
1330:
1320:
1319:
1310:
1300:Limited domestic
1297:
1286:
1276:
1265:
1245:
1235:
1227:
1226:
1215:
1204:
1190:
1189:
1179:
1172:
1165:
1051:
1044:
1037:
1023:
954:Lesbian feminism
835:Heteropatriarchy
706:Sexual diversity
666:Amatonormativity
649:Social attitudes
563:Military service
442:in New York City
425:New queer cinema
381:African-American
259:
184:Non-heterosexual
58:
55:
52:
49:
46:
43:
22:
4249:
4248:
4244:
4243:
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4239:
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4104:
4100:
4093:
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4079:
4077:
4068:
4067:
4063:
4058:Wayback Machine
4048:
4044:
4036:
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4000:
3999:
3995:
3985:
3983:
3979:
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3967:
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3947:10.1.1.593.4963
3931:
3930:
3926:
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3889:
3882:
3877:Wayback Machine
3867:
3863:
3854:
3852:
3843:
3842:
3838:
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3817:
3816:
3812:
3802:
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3796:
3795:
3791:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3755:(1–2): 213–22.
3746:
3745:
3741:
3733:
3729:
3722:
3699:
3698:
3694:
3673:(3–4): 107–14.
3664:
3663:
3659:
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3644:
3640:
3635:
3631:
3622:
3620:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3592:
3588:
3583:Wayback Machine
3573:
3566:
3558:
3549:
3537:
3533:
3521:
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3515:
3504:
3500:
3499:
3495:
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3459:
3455:
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3427:
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3406:
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3392:
3390:
3381:
3380:
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3347:
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3334:
3325:
3321:
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3309:
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3297:
3283:
3282:
3278:
3269:
3267:
3266:on June 1, 2009
3251:
3250:
3246:
3237:
3235:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3174:
3172:
3171:on July 6, 2008
3162:
3161:
3157:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3058:
3057:
3053:
3039:
3038:
3034:
3026:
3022:
3014:National Review
3006:
3005:
3001:
2991:
2989:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2943:
2939:
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2934:
2925:
2923:
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2884:
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2669:
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2647:
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2602:
2593:
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2585:
2576:
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2534:
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2529:
2520:
2516:
2479:(6403): 410–2.
2470:
2469:
2465:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2411:
2407:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2348:10.2307/2136206
2333:
2332:
2328:
2282:
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2277:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2244:
2242:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2211:David Leonhardt
2209:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2179:
2175:
2170:
2159:
2155:
2128:
2020:
2012:Main articles:
2010:
2002:Matthew Shepard
1994:
1988:
1931:
1921:
1873:
1867:
1773:
1759:
1743:
1709:Peter Mandelson
1705:Vice-Chancellor
1608:
1594:
1553:gender identity
1519:(also known as
1437:mental disorder
1368:
1364:
1356:
1350:
1346:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1302:
1295:
1291:
1284:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1263:
1247:
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1233:
1229:
1224:
1223:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1202:
1188:
1183:
1153:
1139:
1076:
1070:
1055:
1014:
1013:
974:Queer anarchism
939:
931:
930:
803:Straightwashing
788:Criminalization
724:
716:
715:
691:Media portrayal
661:Allonormativity
651:
641:
640:
598:
588:
587:
533:
523:
522:
361:
351:
350:
345:
307:
303:Stonewall riots
298:Same-sex unions
256:
246:
245:
211:Sexual identity
169:Gender variance
159:Gender identity
154:Gender fluidity
120:Gray asexuality
105:
91:
56:
53:
50:
47:
44:
41:
20:
12:
11:
5:
4247:
4245:
4237:
4236:
4226:
4225:
4221:
4220:
4189:
4175:
4149:
4123:
4107:"Object moved"
4098:
4087:
4061:
4042:
4039:on 2010-06-10.
3993:
3961:
3924:
3880:
3861:
3836:
3810:
3789:
3774:
3739:
3727:
3720:
3692:
3657:
3652:New York Times
3638:
3629:
3598:
3586:
3564:
3547:
3531:
3493:
3479:
3453:
3438:
3399:
3374:
3341:
3332:
3319:
3295:
3276:
3244:
3233:New York Times
3219:
3214:New York Times
3200:
3181:
3155:
3136:
3117:
3099:
3084:
3065:
3051:
3032:
3020:
2999:
2969:
2932:
2907:
2887:
2878:
2869:
2860:
2830:
2822:
2801:
2764:
2745:
2733:
2706:
2701:New York Times
2692:
2663:
2654:
2645:
2633:
2612:
2583:
2570:
2537:Arch Sex Behav
2527:
2514:
2463:
2420:
2405:
2369:
2326:
2275:
2252:
2222:
2202:
2193:
2173:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2127:
2124:
2056:LGBT parenting
2014:LGBT parenting
2009:
2006:
1990:Main article:
1987:
1984:
1947:discrimination
1920:
1917:
1869:Main article:
1866:
1863:
1793:United Kingdom
1769:Main article:
1758:
1755:
1742:
1739:
1650:An Early Frost
1593:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1512:
1503:
1445:discrimination
1415:United Kingdom
1374:age of consent
1355:
1352:
1351:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1335:
1333:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1315:
1313:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1294:
1292:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1273:
1271:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1232:
1230:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1212:
1210:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1184:
1182:
1181:
1174:
1167:
1159:
1138:
1135:
1072:Main article:
1069:
1066:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1053:
1046:
1039:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
949:Gender studies
946:
940:
937:
936:
933:
932:
929:
928:
927:
926:
916:
915:
914:
909:
904:
894:
889:
884:
879:
878:
877:
872:
864:
859:
854:
853:
852:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
821:
820:
815:
810:
805:
795:
790:
785:
780:
779:
778:
768:
763:
758:
753:
752:
751:
741:
736:
731:
725:
722:
721:
718:
717:
714:
713:
708:
703:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
671:Cisnormativity
668:
663:
658:
652:
647:
646:
643:
642:
639:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
599:
594:
593:
590:
589:
586:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
534:
529:
528:
525:
524:
521:
520:
515:
510:
505:
504:
503:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
462:
461:
456:
446:
445:
444:
434:
433:
432:
427:
422:
412:
407:
406:
405:
403:Largest events
400:
390:
385:
384:
383:
373:
368:
362:
357:
356:
353:
352:
347:
346:
344:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
317:
314:
313:
309:
308:
306:
305:
300:
295:
293:Gay liberation
290:
285:
280:
279:
278:
267:
264:
263:
257:
252:
251:
248:
247:
244:
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
202:
201:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
140:
139:
129:
124:
123:
122:
112:
106:
97:
96:
93:
92:
90:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
63:
60:
59:
38:
37:
31:
30:
16:Main article:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4246:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4210:on 2012-10-13
4206:
4199:
4193:
4190:
4185:
4179:
4176:
4163:
4159:
4153:
4150:
4137:
4133:
4127:
4124:
4112:
4108:
4102:
4099:
4096:
4091:
4088:
4075:
4071:
4065:
4062:
4059:
4055:
4052:
4046:
4043:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4016:(6): 607–21.
4015:
4011:
4004:
3997:
3994:
3978:
3971:
3965:
3962:
3957:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3928:
3925:
3920:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3903:(1): 349–64.
3902:
3898:
3894:
3887:
3885:
3881:
3878:
3874:
3871:
3865:
3862:
3851:on 2008-11-18
3850:
3846:
3840:
3837:
3824:
3820:
3814:
3811:
3799:
3793:
3790:
3785:
3778:
3775:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3743:
3740:
3736:
3731:
3728:
3723:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3708:
3703:
3696:
3693:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3661:
3658:
3653:
3649:
3642:
3639:
3633:
3630:
3619:on 2007-04-11
3618:
3614:
3613:
3608:
3602:
3599:
3596:
3590:
3587:
3584:
3580:
3577:
3571:
3569:
3565:
3562:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3535:
3532:
3528:
3518:on 2008-07-23
3514:
3510:
3503:
3497:
3494:
3489:
3483:
3480:
3467:
3463:
3457:
3454:
3449:
3442:
3439:
3434:
3422:
3414:
3410:
3403:
3400:
3389:on 2010-03-22
3388:
3384:
3378:
3375:
3370:
3364:
3356:
3352:
3345:
3342:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3323:
3320:
3316:. 6 May 2020.
3312:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3296:
3291:
3287:
3280:
3277:
3265:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3248:
3245:
3234:
3230:
3223:
3220:
3215:
3211:
3204:
3201:
3196:
3192:
3185:
3182:
3170:
3166:
3159:
3156:
3151:
3147:
3140:
3137:
3132:
3128:
3121:
3118:
3113:
3109:
3103:
3100:
3095:
3088:
3085:
3080:
3076:
3069:
3066:
3061:
3055:
3052:
3047:
3043:
3036:
3033:
3029:
3024:
3021:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3003:
3000:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2973:
2970:
2959:on 2007-06-14
2955:
2951:
2950:
2942:
2936:
2933:
2922:on 2007-12-10
2921:
2917:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2897:
2891:
2888:
2882:
2879:
2873:
2870:
2864:
2861:
2849:
2848:
2840:
2834:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2815:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2790:on 2007-09-25
2786:
2782:
2775:
2768:
2765:
2760:
2756:
2749:
2746:
2742:
2737:
2734:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2688:0-253-33412-8
2685:
2681:
2680:0-7216-5445-2
2677:
2673:
2667:
2664:
2658:
2655:
2649:
2646:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2625:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2600:
2596:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2574:
2571:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2543:(3): 235–48.
2542:
2538:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2518:
2515:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2467:
2464:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2409:
2406:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2386:(3): 245–54.
2385:
2381:
2373:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2330:
2327:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2279:
2276:
2270:
2266:
2264:
2256:
2253:
2241:on 2015-02-27
2240:
2236:
2234:
2233:John W. Tukey
2226:
2223:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2206:
2203:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2190:0-262-12199-9
2187:
2183:
2177:
2174:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2045:
2042:) people are
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2015:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1930:
1926:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1872:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1828:
1827:unit cohesion
1823:
1821:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1801:United States
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1778:
1772:
1763:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1741:Relationships
1740:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1675:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1651:
1645:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1622:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1598:
1591:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1458:death penalty
1455:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1419:gay community
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1399:Western world
1395:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1384:and parts of
1383:
1379:
1375:
1361:
1343:
1334:
1326:
1325:
1314:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1293:
1290:
1282:
1281:
1272:
1269:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1241:
1240:
1231:
1221:
1220:
1211:
1208:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1180:
1175:
1173:
1168:
1166:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1127:United States
1123:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1107:
1104:
1103:conclusions.
1101:
1100:Alfred Kinsey
1096:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1075:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1062:Homosexuality
1052:
1047:
1045:
1040:
1038:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
999:Transfeminism
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
979:Queer studies
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
941:
935:
934:
925:
922:
921:
920:
917:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
899:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
876:
875:Vulnerability
873:
871:
868:
867:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
851:
848:
847:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
800:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
777:
774:
773:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
750:
747:
746:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
726:
720:
719:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
698:
697:homosexuality
695:Religion and
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
653:
650:
645:
644:
637:
634:
632:
631:Youth suicide
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
608:
604:
601:
600:
597:
592:
591:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
535:
532:
527:
526:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
502:
499:
498:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
486:Socialization
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
460:
457:
455:
452:
451:
450:
447:
443:
440:
439:
438:
437:LGBTQ culture
435:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
417:
416:
413:
411:
408:
404:
401:
399:
396:
395:
394:
391:
389:
386:
382:
379:
378:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
363:
360:
355:
354:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
318:
316:
315:
310:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
283:Homosexuality
281:
277:
274:
273:
272:
269:
268:
266:
265:
260:
255:
250:
249:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
200:
197:
196:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
174:Homosexuality
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
138:
135:
134:
133:
130:
128:
125:
121:
118:
117:
116:
113:
111:
108:
107:
104:
100:
95:
94:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
68:
65:
64:
62:
61:
40:
39:
36:
32:
28:
24:
23:
19:
18:Homosexuality
4212:. Retrieved
4205:the original
4192:
4178:
4166:. Retrieved
4162:the original
4152:
4140:. Retrieved
4136:the original
4126:
4114:. Retrieved
4110:
4101:
4090:
4078:. Retrieved
4074:the original
4064:
4045:
4034:the original
4013:
4009:
3996:
3984:. Retrieved
3977:the original
3964:
3937:
3933:
3927:
3900:
3896:
3864:
3853:. Retrieved
3849:the original
3839:
3827:. Retrieved
3823:the original
3813:
3801:. Retrieved
3792:
3777:
3752:
3748:
3742:
3730:
3706:
3695:
3670:
3666:
3660:
3651:
3641:
3632:
3621:. Retrieved
3617:the original
3610:
3601:
3589:
3534:
3526:
3520:. Retrieved
3513:the original
3496:
3482:
3470:. Retrieved
3466:the original
3456:
3441:
3429:|last2=
3413:The Guardian
3412:
3402:
3391:. Retrieved
3387:the original
3377:
3344:
3335:
3322:
3290:the original
3279:
3268:. Retrieved
3264:the original
3259:Deseret News
3257:
3247:
3236:. Retrieved
3232:
3222:
3213:
3203:
3195:the original
3184:
3173:. Retrieved
3169:the original
3158:
3150:Boston Globe
3149:
3139:
3130:
3120:
3111:
3102:
3087:
3078:
3068:
3054:
3045:
3035:
3023:
3012:
3002:
2990:. Retrieved
2986:the original
2981:
2972:
2961:. Retrieved
2954:the original
2947:
2935:
2924:. Retrieved
2920:the original
2910:
2890:
2881:
2872:
2863:
2852:. Retrieved
2845:
2833:
2813:
2792:. Retrieved
2785:the original
2767:
2758:
2748:
2736:
2725:. Retrieved
2720:The Advocate
2718:
2709:
2700:
2695:
2671:
2666:
2657:
2648:
2628:The Guardian
2627:
2603:. Retrieved
2599:the original
2578:
2573:
2540:
2536:
2530:
2522:
2517:
2476:
2472:
2466:
2433:
2429:
2423:
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2342:(2): 52–60.
2339:
2335:
2329:
2288:
2284:
2278:
2269:the original
2262:
2255:
2243:. Retrieved
2239:the original
2235:(1915-2000)"
2232:
2225:
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2205:
2196:
2181:
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2120:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2049:
2021:
1995:
1980:
1951:heterosexual
1935:stereotyping
1932:
1925:Heterosexism
1913:translations
1905:sacred texts
1874:
1842:John Sheehan
1831:
1824:
1817:
1782:
1774:
1747:amicus brief
1744:
1736:
1728:
1713:Labour Party
1711:, a British
1703:, Germany's
1691:
1672:
1671:(1993), and
1668:Philadelphia
1666:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1641:
1625:
1621:heterophobia
1609:
1525:social group
1520:
1514:
1505:
1476:Bill Clinton
1464:
1430:
1423:civil rights
1396:
1389:
1371:
1289:Civil unions
1254:
1193:
1185:
1124:
1108:
1105:
1097:
1093:
1084:gay adoption
1077:
1068:Demographics
1061:
1060:
1025:LGBTQ portal
984:Queer theory
924:Trans people
840:Heterosexism
701:trans people
699: /
636:Detransition
621:Reproduction
609: /
144:Demographics
137:Pansexuality
110:Aromanticism
35:LGBTQ topics
4111:www.apa.org
3940:(1): 3–22.
3096:. Humanist.
2982:www.hrc.org
2905: (1989)
2036:transgender
1976:gay bashing
1972:hate crimes
1964:lesbophobia
1854:Bosnian War
1719:, formerly
1697:sodomy laws
1689:, in 1996.
1612:gay culture
1545:nationality
1521:bias crimes
1516:Hate crimes
1498:theory, a "
1439:. In 1977,
1196:Penalties:
1120:New Zealand
912:Trans women
897:Transphobia
866:LGBT youth
862:Lesbophobia
825:Gay bashing
739:AIDS stigma
711:Stereotypes
543:Civil union
491:Subcultures
471:QPR and QPP
454:Pride Month
430:Periodicals
410:Gay village
336:Transgender
331:Bisexuality
236:Transsexual
231:Transgender
226:Trans woman
206:Questioning
164:Gender role
149:Environment
132:Bisexuality
82:Transgender
4214:2016-12-14
3897:Pediatrics
3855:2008-07-09
3710:. p.
3623:2007-05-04
3522:2008-06-27
3393:2010-06-17
3270:2009-08-21
3238:2010-03-31
3175:2009-08-21
3030:, lds.org.
2992:13 January
2963:2007-05-04
2926:2007-09-07
2854:2007-09-07
2727:2008-11-08
2690:(reprint).
2263:The Nation
2245:2009-05-19
2153:References
1959:Homophobia
1929:Homophobia
1895:may bless
1850:Srebrenica
1537:disability
1401:, such as
1360:moratorium
1331: None
1143:Sodomy law
1116:Norwegians
845:Homophobia
766:Censorship
513:Moe aikāne
388:Dyke March
371:Coming out
312:Identities
241:Two-spirit
115:Asexuality
3942:CiteSeerX
3421:cite news
3133:. London.
3131:Telegraph
3048:. London.
3046:The Times
2794:April 27,
2008:Parenting
1939:attitudes
1909:tradition
1881:religions
1840:official
1791:, three (
1721:Norwegian
1616:gay pride
1541:ethnicity
1492:Title VII
1409:in 1933,
1405:in 1932,
1114:, 12% of
907:Trans men
892:Sexualism
882:Migration
830:Gayphobia
734:Arophobia
729:Acephobia
568:Parenting
508:Takatāpui
466:Queer art
376:Community
288:Movements
221:Trans man
4228:Category
4054:Archived
4030:16953748
3919:16818585
3873:Archived
3579:Archived
3363:cite web
3355:Archived
3112:BBC News
2682:(o.p.),
2674:, 1948,
2565:12929812
2126:See also
2032:bisexual
1968:biphobia
1865:Religion
1777:military
1683:the Mall
1665:(1993),
1659:(1990),
1653:(1985),
1533:religion
1425:in some
1378:marriage
1268:Marriage
1009:Travesti
919:Violence
808:Bisexual
771:Closeted
761:Bullying
756:Biphobia
558:Marriage
538:Adoption
366:Business
341:Intersex
271:Timeline
179:Intersex
77:Bisexual
27:a series
25:Part of
4168:May 30,
4142:May 30,
4116:May 30,
4080:May 30,
3986:May 30,
3829:May 30,
3803:May 30,
3769:3655343
3687:8505530
3472:May 30,
2605:May 30,
2557:7611844
2509:4343010
2501:1448163
2481:Bibcode
2458:2911744
2438:Bibcode
2430:Science
2416:33–37.
2400:3812794
2364:8491287
2356:2136206
2321:4260957
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2024:lesbian
1547:, age,
1486:of the
1407:Denmark
1386:Nigeria
1362:on law.
1125:In the
870:Suicide
850:Liberal
813:Lesbian
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783:Comphet
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496:Symbols
359:Culture
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321:Lesbian
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254:History
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2317:S2CID
1885:sects
1846:Dutch
1834:Obama
1805:China
1555:, or
1207:Death
818:Trans
501:Flags
481:Slang
449:Pride
420:Films
415:Media
194:Queer
87:Queer
4170:2020
4144:2020
4118:2020
4082:2020
4026:PMID
3988:2020
3915:PMID
3831:2020
3805:2020
3765:PMID
3716:ISBN
3683:PMID
3474:2020
3433:help
3369:link
3329:2004
2994:2022
2900:U.S.
2818:ISBN
2796:2021
2781:ILGA
2684:ISBN
2676:ISBN
2607:2020
2553:PMID
2497:PMID
2454:PMID
2360:PMID
2309:PMID
2186:ISBN
2040:LGBT
2016:and
1974:and
1955:norm
1943:bias
1927:and
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1785:NATO
1644:AIDS
1628:AIDS
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