28:
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296:, who supervised home demonstration work in South Carolina, said that while white women could help black families, the work could only be done "properly" if black agents served black families. Negro extension work was funded at a lower rate than programs for white people and black women's extension services received less funding than black men's services. Black demonstration agents were also paid around half of what white women earned for the same work. In some cases, the difference between the salaries of white and black home demonstration agents was even more pronounced. For example, in
138:, although that requirement had been waived in the past. Home demonstration agents would work with clubs by making home visits. Agents also had office hours, wrote articles, conducted workshops and lectures, and had office hours. Agents felt that their jobs were to provide information, but not to provide "judgment." Agents, especially ones working black communities, understood the importance of building a rapport with their communities and worked to gain trust.
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98:
Clubs were sometimes known as
Homemakers clubs, home adviser groups and home bureaus. Clubs were often named after geographic areas, but some had unique names, such as O.N.O. (Our Night Out) and H.E.O. (Help Each Other). Clubs elected officers and often rotated to different members' homes. Members of
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Clubs in most states were part of a larger county organization that was then organized by state and finally, part of the organization, the
National Home Demonstration Council. Clubs could get a home demonstration agent to work with them by contacting their local state agricultural college or the
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and information about new technologies and goods of interest to rural women. Part of the purpose of the clubs was to make the same kind of information found at colleges and universities available to rural women. Clubs also helped raise the standards of living for members of the group. Clubs also
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to teach food preserving using canning in 1912. Four years later she became the state agent supervised district organizers. The system was racially segregated whilst black women agents taught black urban women in largely non-white areas, white women agents supervised other black clubs. In 1918,
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Home demonstration clubs started before 1911. In 1898, women in
Illinois recommended that farmers' institutes include "special subjects for farmers' wives and daughters." Other early prototypes of the Home demonstration clubs were the reading clubs set up for rural women starting in 1900 in
74:, and to encourage them to improve their families' living conditions. Home demonstration agents worked with local clubs to provide teaching services. The clubs also took on other education and charitable roles. These clubs survive into the present day.
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helped women have a sense of community with others and pride in their own work. Some clubs worked together to raise money to help improve their communities. Many women enjoyed the leadership opportunities the home demonstration clubs provided them.
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agents were hired and after 1920, when the emergency funds were no longer needed, white agents asked that black agents continue to be hired. McKimmon was one of the women who worked to keep on
African American agents full time. Throughout
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made national funds available for the home economics, including home demonstration agents. The act provided both legal and financial backing for home demonstration clubs. By 1951, there were 60,361 home demonstration clubs.
90:. People who were considered experts in various topics were brought into the clubs to teach and were called Home demonstration agents. Topics covered included domestic skills, issues relating to family life,
27:
449:
300:, Olga B. Hughes, the white home demonstration agent received a salary of $ 150 per month in 1931, while Grace Perryman, her black counterpart, received only $ 25 per month in the same year.
1188:
The Board does hereby employ Grace
Perryman as County Home Demonstration Agent of said county for a period of twelve months beginning first day of Jan. 1931 at and for sum of $ 25 per month.
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134:. They were employed to teach different skills inside of the home, outdoors or in the community. Home demonstration agents were required to have at least a bachelor's degree in
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was the Negro
District home demonstration agent from c.1918 until 1934. Both served until their deaths. The first Negro home demonstration agent worked in
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concepts into their homes. States like North
Carolina found that there was a need to organize the successful tomato clubs at a state level, and hired
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145:, almost a quarter of all agents working in the 1920s had been part of the early tomato clubs that preceded the idea of home demonstration clubs.
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the clubs worked with home demonstration agents to choose topics of interest to the clubs. Clubs also had a social element with members hosting
1500:"'Well I just generally bes the president of everything': Rural Black Women's Empowerment through South Carolina Home Demonstration Activities"
149:
1536:"From Canning to Contraceptives: Cooperative Extension Service Home Demonstration Clubs and Rural Montana Women in the Post-World War II Era"
276:
and victory canning. In South
Carolina, more than 17,500 black women and girls were involved in producing and conserving food during WWII.
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Home demonstration agents were considered to be the local representatives of individual states' county extension services and of the
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programs. Emergency funds were appropriated in order to hire more home demonstration agents during WWI. Out of these funds, many
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58:. Their goal was to teach farm women in rural America better methods for getting their work done, in areas such as
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had a "special work" project of Vice
President Mrs. W.S. Jennings, "A Home Demonstration Agent in Every County".
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216:
to set up girls' tomato clubs in 1911. Tomato clubs like the ones started by Powell and Trigg were part of a
1462:
And That's the Way it Was: 1920-1980: the 60 Year
History of Extension Home Economics Work in North Carolina
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in 1911 to do that work. In 1914, Mrs. Miller Earle was organizing tomato clubs for black girls in
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clubs, including in Montana. In 1951, 540 different home demonstration clubs employed 4H agents.
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Louisiana home demonstration club meeting has games and refreshments after a discussion, 1940.
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232:. Prior to home demonstration agents working with rural black women, Jeanes teachers from the
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Meat canning demonstration at meeting of the Akron Home Economics Club on December 19, 1916.
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558:"More Than Just a Happy Housewife: Home Demonstration Clubs in Post-World War II Montana"
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worked as the statewide home demonstration agent for black women from 1915 to 1931.
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1567:"Status and Results of Home Demonstration Work: Northern and Western States, 1919"
1492:. United States Office of Cooperative Extension Work – via Internet Archive.
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Advertisement for home demonstration event in Winston County, Mississippi in 1931.
859:
159:, home demonstration agents were often able to provide help to families in need.
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209:
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Home Demonstration Work, Special Collections Research Center at NCSU Libraries
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Fig 7 Home Demonstration Agent Relationships, from the 1933 USDA publication
1214:"National Register of Historic Places Registration: Galen Elementary School"
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67:
59:
107:. The first week of May was proclaimed "National Home Demonstration Week."
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traveled between farms and taught home economics and agricultural skills.
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values. The clubs were meant to help improve the lives of women living in
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movement to help improve the quality of life for rural women and bring
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Guide to the Juanita Lagg Cooperative Extension Papers circa 1915-2014
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Inductees of the Oklahoma Women's Hall of Fame Oral History Project
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Home demonstration agents serving rural women overlapped with
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accompanying standard building plan and nine photos from 1992
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served as Arkansas' state-level agent from 1917 to 1950, and
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United States Department of Agriculture Department Circular
861:
Official Register and Directory of Women's Clubs in America
337:
The clubs sometimes met in rural schoolhouses, such as the
1577:. Government Printing Office – via Internet Archive.
903:"Apron Strings and Kitchen Sinks: Home Demonstration Work"
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1465:. North Carolina Extension Homemakers Association, Inc.
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National Register of Historic Places Registration Form
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Christensen, Janice R.; Deekens, A. Maynard (n.d.).
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1312:"Virginia Cutler- Her Heart Is Where the Home Is"
1178:. Louisville, Mississippi. 20 Mar 1931. p. 6
1147:. Louisville, Mississippi. 23 Jan 1931. p. 7
1626:United States Department of Agriculture programs
1560:. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
1316:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints
836:"Girls' Tomato Clubs in Mississippi, 1911-1915"
1047:Von der Heide, Mary; Pronovost, Emily (2007).
641:(3): 13 – via The University of Arizona.
82:Home demonstration clubs were an extension of
8:
1431:"Oral history interview with Helen Thompson"
1373:. Gainesville, Florida: IFAS Extension. 2009
404:, first home demonstration agent in Florida.
204:clubs in 1912. A similar path was taken by
501:"Lea County Extension Office - Home Clubs"
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954:Cottrell, Debbie Mauldin (15 June 2010).
886:
696:
272:, clubs were involved in efforts such as
1543:Montana: The Magazine of Western History
1429:Nykolaiszyn, Juliana (August 16, 2011).
1285:"Goodbread-Black Farm Historic District"
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681:
604:
592:
26:
1409:Auburn University Archives Finding Aids
1212:Nancy Jane Baker (September 30, 1992).
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259:, home demonstration clubs worked with
214:Mississippi Federation of Women's Clubs
1486:"The Home Demonstration Agent at Work"
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1342:"De Baca, Fabiola Cabeza (1898-1933)"
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962:. Texas State Historical Association
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150:General Federation of Women's Clubs
1589:Home Demonstration Club Scrapbooks
1565:Ward, Florence E. (January 1921).
1505:Black Women, Gender & Families
722:"National Home Demonstration Week"
631:"Homemaker Clubs Help Communities"
25:
1405:"Marion Walker Spidle Collection"
1157:Mrs. Olga B. Hughes salary 150.00
525:"Homemaker Clubs | Laurel County"
330:and was hired in 1912. In Texas,
234:Jeanes Supervisor teacher program
1604:
1348:. University of Nebraska-Lincoln
1346:Encyclopedia of the Great Plains
200:worked with the USDA and girls'
1255:"Ella Graham Agnew (1871–1958)"
1392:Christensen & Deekens n.d.
1368:"Florida 4-H History Timeline"
1140:"Proceedings of January Board"
1006:Christensen & Deekens n.d.
430:, home demonstration agent in
420:, home demonstration agent in
410:, home demonstration agent in
394:, home demonstration agent in
392:Fabiola Cabeza de Baca Gilbert
384:, home demonstration agent in
374:, home demonstration agent in
364:, home demonstration agent in
52:U.S. Department of Agriculture
1:
1534:McKinney, Amy (Autumn 2011).
981:Morris, Sara (11 July 2017).
907:National Agricultural Library
450:Cooperative extension service
111:county's agricultural agent.
56:Cooperative Extension Service
1557:The Home Demonstration Agent
1484:Frysinger, Grace E. (1932).
1310:Gardner, Cynthia M. (1985).
1171:"Proceedings of March Board"
287:, who organized club for in
1490:Radio Scripts United States
505:New Mexico State University
298:Winston County, Mississippi
212:, who was working with the
1642:
1497:Harris, Carmen V. (2009).
1176:The Winston County Journal
1145:The Winston County Journal
1088:"Encyclopedia of Arkansas"
476:"Home Demonstration Clubs"
474:Hill, Elizabeth Griffin.
115:Home demonstration agents
1611:Home Demonstration Clubs
1529:– via ProjectMUSE.
1092:Encyclopedia of Arkansas
987:Mississippi Encyclopedia
960:Handbook of Texas Online
736:– via Google News.
480:Encyclopedia of Arkansas
50:) were a program of the
36:Home Demonstration Clubs
18:Home demonstration agent
840:Mississippi History Now
635:Progressive Agriculture
629:Redeker, Norma (1981).
562:Women's History Matters
343:Macon County, Tennessee
339:Galen Elementary School
125:Home Demonstration Work
1049:"Lowe, Dazelle Foster"
529:University of Kentucky
445:Agricultural extension
372:Lassie Goodbread-Black
308:
244:
127:
32:
1613:at Wikimedia Commons
1218:National Park Service
834:Moore, Danny (2003).
726:Weston County Gazette
428:Helen Harrod Thompson
408:Jane McKimmon Simpson
332:Mary Evelyn V. Hunter
306:
242:
122:
30:
1475:: CS1 maint: year (
983:"Home Demonstration"
956:"Home Demonstration"
418:Marion Walker Spidle
198:Edna Westbrook Trigg
1336:McShane, Becky Jo.
312:Connie J. Bonslagel
289:Mabelvale, Arkansas
279:The first agent in
48:home adviser groups
1518:10.1353/bwg.0.0001
868:. 1922. p. 13
864:. Vol. XXIV.
402:Agnes Ellen Harris
309:
245:
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33:
1609:Media related to
1338:Wishart, David J.
455:Women's Institute
362:Ella Graham Agnew
261:food conservation
192:respectively. In
16:(Redirected from
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1261:. Archived from
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226:Jane S. McKimmon
180:, started early
157:Great Depression
105:birthday parties
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728:. 28 April 1955
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249:Smith-Lever Act
218:Progressive Era
206:Susie V. Powell
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84:Progressive Era
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40:homemaker clubs
38:(also known as
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1511:(1): 91–112.
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