876:
766:
1121:
42:
1102:. It is accepted that the three major animal ANTP-class clusters, Hox, ParaHox, and NK (MetaHox), are the result of segmental duplications. A first duplication created MetaHox and ProtoHox, the latter of which later duplicated into Hox and ParaHox. The clusters themselves were created by tandem duplications of a single ANTP-class homeobox gene. Gene duplication followed by
1217:
LIM genes (named after the initial letters of the names of three proteins where the characteristic domain was first identified) encode two 60 amino acid cysteine and histidine-rich LIM domains and a homeodomain. The LIM domains function in protein-protein interactions and can bind zinc molecules. LIM
983:
residues in the center of the recognition helix aid in stabilizing the helix packing. Homeodomain proteins show a preference for the DNA sequence 5'-TAAT-3'; sequence-independent binding occurs with significantly lower affinity. The specificity of a single homeodomain protein is usually not enough to
1152:
and colleagues in 1984. The main interest in this set of genes stems from their unique behavior and arrangement in the genome. Hox genes are typically found in an organized cluster. The linear order of Hox genes within a cluster is directly correlated to the order they are expressed in both time and
1040:
are highly conserved developmental master regulators with tight tissue-specific, spatiotemporal control. These genes are known to be dysregulated in several cancers and are often controlled by DNA methylation. The regulation of Hox genes is highly complex and involves reciprocal interactions, mostly
1297:
As in animals, the plant homeobox genes code for the typical 60 amino acid long DNA-binding homeodomain or in case of the TALE (three amino acid loop extension) homeobox genes for an atypical homeodomain consisting of 63 amino acids. According to their conserved intron–exon structure and to unique
1197:
cell (EC) migration by upregulating MMP14 and uPAR. Conversely, HoxD10 and HoxA5 have the opposite effect of suppressing EC migration and angiogenesis, and stabilizing adherens junctions by upregulating TIMP1/downregulating uPAR and MMP14, and by upregulating Tsp2/downregulating VEGFR2, Efna1,
1202:
growth. HoxA5 has far-reaching effects on gene expression, causing ~300 genes to become upregulated upon its induction in breast cancer cell lines. HoxA5 protein transduction domain overexpression prevents inflammation shown by inhibition of TNFalpha-inducible monocyte binding to HUVECs.
1000:
due to the DNA binding properties of the conserved HTH motif. Homeodomain proteins are considered to be master control genes, meaning that a single protein can regulate expression of many target genes. Homeodomain proteins direct the formation of the body axes and body structures during
984:
recognize specific target gene promoters, making cofactor binding an important mechanism for controlling binding sequence specificity and target gene expression. To achieve higher target specificity, homeodomain proteins form complexes with other transcription factors to recognize the
871:
Helix 1 Helix 2 Helix 3/4 ______________ __________ _________________ RRRKRTAYTRYQLLELEKEFHFNRYLTRRRRIELAHSLNLTERHIKIWFQNRRMKWKKEN ....|....|....|....|....|....|....|....|....|....|....|....| 10 20 30 40 50
1193:, and disease by orchestrating changes in matrix degradation, integrins, and components of the ECM. HoxA5 is implicated in atherosclerosis. HoxD3 and HoxB3 are proinvasive, angiogenic genes that upregulate b3 and a5 integrins and Efna1 in ECs, respectively. HoxA3 induces
1089:
Phylogenetic analysis of homeobox gene sequences and homeodomain protein structures suggests that the last common ancestor of plants, fungi, and animals had at least two homeobox genes. Molecular evidence shows that some limited number of Hox genes have existed in the
1298:
codomain architectures they have been grouped into 14 distinct classes: HD-ZIP I to IV, BEL, KNOX, PLINC, WOX, PHD, DDT, NDX, LD, SAWADEE and PINTOX. Conservation of codomains suggests a common eukaryotic ancestry for TALE and non-TALE homeodomain proteins.
1275:
motifs and also binds DNA. The two domains are linked by a flexible loop that is long enough to stretch around the DNA helix, allowing the two domains to bind on opposite sides of the target DNA, collectively covering an eight-base segment with
4981:
1280:
5'-ATGCAAAT-3'. The individual domains of POU proteins bind DNA only weakly, but have strong sequence-specific affinity when linked. The POU domain itself has significant structural similarity with repressors expressed in
963:
with the C-terminal recognition helix aligning in the DNA's major groove and the unstructured peptide "tail" at the N-terminus aligning in the minor groove. The recognition helix and the inter-helix loops are rich in
723:
to regulate expression of target genes. Homeodomain proteins regulate gene expression and cell differentiation during early embryonic development, thus mutations in homeobox genes can cause developmental disorders.
1106:
is responsible for the many homeobox genes found in eukaryotes. Comparison of homeobox genes and gene clusters has been used to understand the evolution of genome structure and body morphology throughout metazoans.
950:
interference of the beta-carbon with the main chain: for cro and repressor proteins the glycine appears to be mandatory, whereas for many of the homeotic and other DNA-binding proteins the requirement is relaxed.
1164:. For example, when one gene is lost the segment develops into a more anterior one, while a mutation that leads to a gain of function causes a segment to develop into a more posterior one. Famous examples are
1232:
Most Pax genes contain a homeobox and a paired domain that also binds DNA to increase binding specificity, though some Pax genes have lost all or part of the homeobox sequence. Pax genes function in embryo
4974:
3686:
Carrasco AE, McGinnis W, Gehring WJ, De
Robertis EM (June 1984). "Cloning of an X. laevis gene expressed during early embryogenesis coding for a peptide region homologous to Drosophila homeotic genes".
2970:
Carrasco AE, McGinnis W, Gehring WJ, De
Robertis EM (June 1984). "Cloning of an X. laevis gene expressed during early embryogenesis coding for a peptide region homologous to Drosophila homeotic genes".
879:
The vnd/NK-2 homeodomain-DNA complex. Helix 3 of the homeodomain binds in the major groove of the DNA and the N-terminal arm binds in the minor groove, in analogy with other homeodomain-DNA complexes.
1218:
domain proteins are found in both the cytosol and the nucleus. They function in cytoskeletal remodeling, at focal adhesion sites, as scaffolds for protein complexes, and as transcription factors.
677:
long, that regulates large-scale anatomical features in the early stages of embryonic development. Mutations in a homeobox may change large-scale anatomical features of the full-grown organism.
2509:
Billeter M, Qian YQ, Otting G, Müller M, Gehring W, Wüthrich K (December 1993). "Determination of the nuclear magnetic resonance solution structure of an
Antennapedia homeodomain-DNA complex".
5903:
10393:
4967:
6402:
2699:
Materials for the study of variation, treated with especial regard to discontinuity in the origin of species
William Bateson 1861–1926. London : Macmillan 1894 xv, 598 p
8609:
3781:
Fromental-Ramain C, Warot X, Messadecq N, LeMeur M, Dollé P, Chambon P (October 1996). "Hoxa-13 and Hoxd-13 play a crucial role in the patterning of the limb autopod".
1198:
Hif1alpha and COX-2, respectively. HoxA5 also upregulates the tumor suppressor p53 and Akt1 by downregulation of PTEN. Suppression of HoxA5 has been shown to attenuate
796:
revealed that this gene contained a 180 base pair sequence that encoded a DNA binding domain, which
William McGinnis termed the "homeobox". The existence of additional
786:
by isolating the gene responsible for a homeotic transformation where legs grow from the head instead of the expected antennae. Walter
Gehring identified a gene called
7287:
6309:
6304:
6299:
192:
5948:
2860:
McGinnis W, Levine MS, Hafen E, Kuroiwa A, Gehring WJ (1984). "A conserved DNA sequence in homoeotic genes of the
Drosophila Antennapedia and bithorax complexes".
5933:
5619:
2913:"Structural relationships among genes that control development: sequence homology between the Antennapedia, Ultrabithorax, and fushi tarazu loci of Drosophila"
1185:
clusters are partially redundant in function, but have also acquired several derived functions. For example, HoxA and HoxD specify segment identity along the
942:, homeodomain proteins, etc.). One of the principal differences between HTH motifs in these different proteins arises from the stereochemical requirement for
6442:
10959:
10237:
10221:
5040:
6294:
6079:
6072:
6067:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
5963:
116:
9959:
4268:
Rhoads K, Arderiu G, Charboneau A, Hansen SL, Hoffman W, Boudreau N (2005). "A role for Hox A5 in regulating angiogenesis and vascular patterning".
6758:
1053:
complexes to maintain the expression of Hox genes after the down-regulation of the pair-rule and gap genes that occurs during larval development.
907:
via a number of hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions, as well as indirect interactions via water molecules, which occur between specific
738:—replacement of the antenna on the head of a fruit fly with legs. The "homeo-" prefix in the words "homeobox" and "homeodomain" stems from this
10915:
5817:
3730:
Schneuwly S, Klemenz R, Gehring WJ (1987). "Redesigning the body plan of
Drosophila by ectopic expression of the homoeotic gene Antennapedia".
1253:
is a master regulator of eye development, such that the gene is necessary for development of the optic vesicle and subsequent eye structures.
4863:
4836:
3287:
140:
4583:"Analysis of TALE superclass homeobox genes (MEIS, PBC, KNOX, Iroquois, TGIF) reveals a novel domain conserved between plants and animals"
3101:
2839:
1142:
genes that determine the identity of embryonic regions along the anterior-posterior axis. The first vertebrate Hox gene was isolated in
926:. Through the HTH motif, they share limited sequence similarity and structural similarity to prokaryotic transcription factors, such as
10880:
9722:
5614:
5186:
10453:
10725:
9991:
8890:
6977:
2475:
4525:
3051:
10425:
6435:
6430:
6358:
6348:
5225:
5215:
5050:
1641:
Human TALE (Three Amino acid Loop
Extension) homeobox genes for an "atypical" homeodomain consist of 63 rather than 60 amino acids:
10468:
10463:
4630:
Derelle R, Lopez P, Le
Guyader H, Manuel M (2007). "Homeodomain proteins belong to the ancestral molecular toolkit of eukaryotes".
1638:. Dlx genes are involved in the development of the nervous system and of limbs. They are considered a subset of the NK-like genes.
2671:
10682:
6353:
6267:
4926:
3080:
1607:. The NK-like (NKL) genes, some of which are considered "MetaHox", are grouped with Hox-like genes into a large ANTP-like group.
829:
10939:
9289:
6565:
6555:
5156:
5035:
4754:
1077:. Duplication of homeobox genes can produce new body segments, and such duplications are likely to have been important in the
10949:
6920:
6560:
6255:
2297:
903:
helix is roughly perpendicular to the axes established by the first two. It is this third helix that interacts directly with
844:
studies detailing the evolutionary relationship between homeobox-containing genes showed that these genes are present in all
10859:
212:
10710:
10202:
10197:
9348:
6260:
10297:
8633:
6783:
6336:
6326:
1178:, which can cause the development of legs instead of antennae and the development of a duplicated thorax, respectively.
10677:
8802:
8797:
8348:
6425:
6343:
6331:
5407:
2199:
2015:
934:. The HTH motif shows some sequence similarity but a similar structure in a wide range of DNA-binding proteins (e.g.,
896:
4049:"The homeobox transcription factor Hox D3 promotes integrin alpha5beta1 expression and function during angiogenesis"
10869:
10735:
10567:
6538:
5536:
3383:"Pre-bilaterian origins of the Hox cluster and the Hox code: evidence from the sea anemone, Nematostella vectensis"
805:
10562:
9954:
6835:
6820:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6699:
6674:
6550:
6462:
6452:
5609:
5082:
3293:
3229:
Bhatlekar S, Fields JZ, Boman BM (August 2014). "HOX genes and their role in the development of human cancers".
10944:
9696:
9331:
8847:
8420:
8259:
7194:
7189:
7174:
6649:
6624:
6506:
6457:
6250:
5641:
5107:
4939:
1050:
1006:
840:
and William McGinnis revealed that numerous genes from a variety of species contained the homeobox. Subsequent
4357:"Restoring transcription factor HoxA5 expression inhibits the growth of experimental hemangiomas in the brain"
200:
3274:"The Role of RNAi and Noncoding RNAs in Polycomb Mediated Control of Gene Expression and Genomic Programming"
10954:
10803:
10740:
10715:
10598:
10518:
10061:
8102:
7419:
6533:
6521:
2241:
1268:
1054:
1046:
977:
52:
4776:
Kraus P, Lufkin T (July 2006). "Dlx homeobox gene control of mammalian limb and craniofacial development".
4546:
Walther C, Gruss P (December 1991). "Pax-6, a murine paired box gene, is expressed in the developing CNS".
3016:"A homologous protein-coding sequence in Drosophila homeotic genes and its conservation in other metazoans"
10788:
10687:
10672:
10641:
10542:
10192:
8239:
8234:
6629:
6526:
6321:
6282:
5345:
4994:
4917:
4229:"HOXA3 induces cell migration in endothelial and epithelial cells promoting angiogenesis and wound repair"
2293:
1234:
1018:
60:. The recognition helix and unstructured N-terminus are bound in the major and minor grooves respectively.
10899:
10793:
10720:
10619:
10557:
10552:
10483:
10418:
10184:
9744:
6543:
6479:
6474:
6287:
5363:
1149:
837:
670:
121:
3580:"Evolution of Homeobox Gene Clusters in Animals: The Giga-Cluster and Primary vs. Secondary Clustering"
196:
776:
mutant phenotype exhibit homeotic transformation of the antennae into leg-like structures on the head.
10808:
10651:
10646:
10528:
10523:
10510:
9765:
9757:
7595:
7077:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6272:
6155:
4990:
4742:
3739:
3642:
3394:
3327:
2924:
2869:
1339:
1103:
997:
833:
813:
712:
153:
4959:
875:
10904:
10079:
9783:
9479:
7682:
6887:
6469:
6447:
6420:
6382:
6316:
4855:
817:
4910:
The Homeodomain Resource (National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health)
3131:
Corsetti MT, Briata P, Sanseverino L, Daga A, Airoldi I, Simeone A, et al. (September 1992).
753:
and segmentation proteins, but is now known to be well-conserved in many other animals, including
10593:
9617:
4801:
4655:
4517:
4470:
4445:
Kadrmas JL, Beckerle MC (November 2004). "The LIM domain: from the cytoskeleton to the nucleus".
3841:
3763:
3712:
3668:
3560:
3465:
3345:
3254:
3043:
2996:
2893:
2729:
1564:
1277:
1242:
1182:
1161:
985:
865:
2099:
1779:
3109:
2747:
Scott MP, Tamkun JW, Hartzell GW (July 1989). "The structure and function of the homeodomain".
10854:
10838:
10634:
10629:
10538:
9199:
9190:
8827:
7775:
6516:
6511:
4890:
4859:
4832:
4793:
4758:
4715:
4647:
4612:
4563:
4509:
4462:
4427:
4386:
4337:
4285:
4250:
4209:
4160:
4119:
4070:
4029:
3980:
3931:
3902:"Flow-Dependent Epigenetic DNA Methylation in Endothelial Gene Expression and Atherosclerosis"
3882:
3833:
3798:
3755:
3704:
3660:
3611:
3552:
3517:
3457:
3422:
3381:
Ryan JF, Mazza ME, Pang K, Matus DQ, Baxevanis AD, Martindale MQ, et al. (January 2007).
3363:
3283:
3246:
3211:
3182:"Flow-Dependent Epigenetic DNA Methylation in Endothelial Gene Expression and Atherosclerosis"
3162:
3035:
2988:
2952:
2885:
2831:
2813:
2764:
2653:
2618:
2580:
2526:
2499:
1835:
1831:
1501:
1449:
1393:
1333:
1010:
939:
219:
187:
9010:
9005:
9000:
8995:
8990:
4915:
HomeoDB: a database of homeobox genes diversity. Zhong YF, Butts T, Holland PWH, since 2008.
2191:
1925:
1921:
1718:
1714:
1073:
changes in body segment identity, such as the Antennapedia and Bithorax mutant phenotypes in
10864:
10833:
10828:
10783:
10411:
8082:
7726:
7708:
6277:
6224:
5998:
4882:
4847:
4785:
4750:
4705:
4695:
4639:
4602:
4594:
4555:
4501:
4454:
4417:
4376:
4368:
4327:
4319:
4277:
4240:
4199:
4191:
4150:
4109:
4101:
4060:
4019:
4011:
3970:
3962:
3921:
3913:
3872:
3825:
3790:
3747:
3696:
3650:
3601:
3591:
3544:
3507:
3499:
3449:
3412:
3402:
3353:
3335:
3238:
3201:
3193:
3152:
3144:
3027:
2980:
2942:
2932:
2877:
2803:
2795:
2756:
2721:
2645:
2610:
2570:
2562:
2518:
2396:
2372:
2352:
2344:
2225:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1791:
1272:
1171:
884:
825:
809:
9170:
9165:
9115:
9105:
9085:
9070:
9050:
8975:
8955:
8097:
8092:
3951:"The role of epigenetics in the endothelial cell shear stress response and atherosclerosis"
3440:
Garcia-Fernàndez J (December 2005). "The genesis and evolution of homeobox gene clusters".
2333:
2317:
2237:
2233:
2207:
2195:
2087:
2055:
2019:
2011:
1992:
1984:
1960:
1952:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1674:
179:
10874:
10778:
10588:
9867:
9090:
8960:
8326:
8284:
8279:
8274:
8212:
8124:
8046:
7834:
7785:
7780:
5827:
4921:
4489:
3316:"Did homeodomain proteins duplicate before the origin of angiosperms, fungi, and metazoa?"
3015:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2329:
2281:
2211:
2179:
2071:
2059:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
1933:
1911:
1765:
1761:
1753:
1733:
1694:
1611:
1588:
1584:
1572:
1568:
1014:
734:
to describe the outright replacement of a discrete body part with another body part, e.g.
731:
4848:
4733:
Coulier F, Popovici C, Villet R, Birnbaum D (15 December 2000). "MetaHox gene clusters".
4137:
Chen Y, Xu B, Arderiu G, Hashimoto T, Young WL, Boudreau N, et al. (November 2004).
4746:
3743:
3646:
3398:
3331:
2928:
2873:
10934:
9964:
8244:
8227:
6370:
6025:
5022:
4710:
4683:
4381:
4356:
4332:
4307:
4204:
4179:
4155:
4138:
4114:
4089:
4024:
3999:
3975:
3950:
3926:
3901:
3512:
3487:
3417:
3382:
3206:
3181:
2799:
2679:
2575:
2550:
2340:
1238:
1186:
4873:
Ogishima S, Tanaka H (January 2007). "Missing link in the evolution of Hox clusters".
4607:
4582:
4195:
3655:
3630:
3157:
3132:
3073:
2947:
2912:
2808:
2783:
1189:
axis. Specific members of the Hox family have been implicated in vascular remodeling,
765:
10928:
10842:
10756:
10624:
10458:
10435:
8822:
8162:
6587:
6375:
5703:
4825:
4643:
4505:
3700:
3358:
3315:
3031:
2984:
2760:
2725:
2712:
Schofield PN (1987). "Patterns, puzzles and paradigms - The riddle of the homeobox".
2649:
2614:
1455:
1399:
1282:
1157:
1002:
973:
841:
685:
145:
4935:
4930:
4823:
Lodish H, Berk A, Matsudaira P, Kaiser CA, Krieger M, Scott MP, et al. (2003).
4805:
4521:
3716:
3672:
3564:
3469:
3258:
3047:
3000:
2733:
84:
41:
10667:
10488:
10478:
10372:
9684:
9567:
9559:
8930:
8886:
7889:
7737:
4659:
4474:
3845:
3767:
2897:
1507:
1286:
1190:
1166:
1138:
Hox genes are the most commonly known subset of homeobox genes. They are essential
1022:
935:
927:
916:
857:
788:
735:
716:
175:
47:
17:
3816:
Zákány J, Duboule D (April 1999). "Hox genes in digit development and evolution".
3488:"A comprehensive classification and evolutionary analysis of plant homeobox genes"
1120:
97:
4955:
4372:
4355:
Zhu Y, Cuevas IC, Gabriel RA, Su H, Nishimura S, Gao P, et al. (June 2009).
3966:
3407:
1160:
cause displacement of body segments during embryonic development. This is called
109:
10603:
10583:
10056:
9659:
8139:
7854:
7819:
6208:
6013:
6008:
5451:
5255:
5250:
5146:
5026:
2289:
1948:
1929:
1623:
1344:
1194:
980:
888:
821:
10403:
4886:
4139:"Retroviral delivery of homeobox D3 gene induces cerebral angiogenesis in mice"
3917:
3320:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3197:
2917:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1009:
by initiating the cascades of coregulated genes required to produce individual
10847:
10547:
10500:
10368:
10319:
9791:
9395:
9304:
9284:
9257:
8604:
8353:
8202:
8190:
8185:
7184:
7179:
5943:
5938:
5916:
5782:
5600:
5304:
5245:
5240:
5220:
4404:
Chen H, Rubin E, Zhang H, Chung S, Jie CC, Garrett E, et al. (May 2005).
3242:
2566:
2273:
2265:
2261:
2175:
2111:
2067:
1318:
1262:
1212:
1199:
1042:
931:
912:
908:
900:
892:
861:
782:
754:
4909:
4598:
3877:
3860:
3615:
3340:
3148:
10798:
10766:
10533:
10439:
10242:
10232:
10215:
9689:
8708:
6413:
5842:
5500:
3794:
3596:
3579:
3503:
2937:
2480:
2441:
1227:
1099:
1095:
1078:
1070:
1058:
923:
845:
701:
674:
4894:
4797:
4762:
4719:
4700:
4651:
4559:
4466:
4431:
4422:
4405:
4390:
4341:
4289:
4281:
4254:
4213:
4164:
4123:
4074:
4065:
4048:
3984:
3935:
3886:
3837:
3664:
3556:
3521:
3461:
3426:
3250:
3215:
2584:
2522:
684:
that are involved in the regulation of patterns of anatomical development (
4616:
4567:
4513:
4105:
4033:
4015:
3829:
3802:
3759:
3708:
3367:
3166:
3039:
2992:
2956:
2889:
2817:
2784:"Genomic and cDNA clones of the homeotic locus Antennapedia in Drosophila"
2768:
2657:
2622:
2530:
1267:
Proteins containing a POU region consist of a homeodomain and a separate,
149:
10761:
9709:
9487:
6408:
6365:
5417:
4951:
4789:
4323:
3998:
Boudreau N, Andrews C, Srebrow A, Ravanpay A, Cheresh DA (October 1997).
3133:"Differential DNA binding properties of three human homeodomain proteins"
1246:
1133:
1091:
1037:
1033:
965:
750:
739:
727:
104:
10493:
10109:
10089:
10084:
9796:
7770:
7554:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5444:
5439:
3631:"Hox proteins: sculpting body parts by activating localized cell death"
3279:
RNA and the Regulation of Gene Expression: A Hidden Layer of Complexity
1917:
1552:
1144:
1139:
943:
743:
708:
133:
128:
4245:
4228:
4178:
Myers C, Charboneau A, Cheung I, Hanks D, Boudreau N (December 2002).
3606:
2503:
651:
645:
639:
633:
627:
621:
615:
609:
603:
597:
591:
585:
579:
573:
567:
561:
555:
549:
543:
537:
531:
525:
519:
513:
507:
501:
495:
489:
483:
477:
471:
465:
459:
453:
447:
441:
435:
429:
423:
417:
411:
405:
399:
393:
387:
381:
375:
369:
363:
357:
351:
345:
339:
333:
327:
321:
315:
309:
303:
297:
291:
285:
279:
273:
267:
261:
255:
249:
243:
237:
231:
225:
10473:
10290:
10285:
10280:
10270:
10265:
9984:
9539:
9534:
9529:
9524:
8790:
8785:
8662:
8657:
8652:
8637:
8628:
8623:
8618:
8597:
8511:
8506:
8294:
8289:
8269:
8264:
8254:
8249:
8087:
8039:
8034:
8029:
8024:
7994:
7989:
7984:
7979:
7949:
7899:
7894:
7657:
7577:
7549:
7544:
7539:
7534:
7529:
7524:
7519:
7514:
7509:
7504:
7499:
7494:
7489:
7484:
7479:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7454:
7449:
7444:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7424:
7414:
7409:
7404:
7364:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7282:
7270:
7265:
7031:
7026:
7021:
6903:
6898:
6870:
6865:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6830:
6825:
6813:
6808:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6135:
6062:
6030:
5973:
5968:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5629:
5434:
5324:
5319:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5208:
4755:
10.1002/1097-010X(20001215)288:4<345::AID-JEZ7>3.0.CO;2-Y
3751:
3349:
3277:
3273:
2881:
2392:
2388:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2348:
2229:
2187:
2183:
2147:
2143:
1876:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1787:
1783:
1702:
1698:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1440:
1384:
1380:
1376:
969:
947:
864:
long domain composed of three alpha helixes. The following shows the
693:
689:
207:
4458:
3861:"The role of homeobox genes in vascular remodeling and angiogenesis"
3548:
3453:
2832:"Walter Jakob Gehring (1939-2014) | The Embryo Project Encyclopedia"
1724:
In addition, humans have the following homeobox genes and proteins:
1306:
The Hox genes in humans are organized in four chromosomal clusters:
4306:
Arderiu G, Cuevas I, Chen A, Carrio M, East L, Boudreau NJ (2007).
10334:
10312:
10307:
10275:
10164:
10159:
10104:
10099:
10094:
10038:
9947:
9942:
9937:
9932:
9927:
9922:
9917:
9912:
9860:
9855:
9843:
9838:
9833:
9828:
9816:
9811:
9806:
9801:
9770:
9737:
9732:
9727:
9674:
9669:
9664:
9639:
9597:
9592:
9587:
9582:
9577:
9572:
9544:
9497:
9492:
9438:
9433:
9428:
9423:
9400:
9175:
9160:
9155:
9150:
9145:
9140:
9135:
9130:
9125:
9120:
9110:
9100:
9095:
9080:
9075:
9065:
9060:
9055:
9045:
9040:
9035:
9030:
9025:
9020:
9015:
8985:
8980:
8970:
8965:
8950:
8945:
8940:
8935:
8869:
8864:
8859:
8832:
8807:
8775:
8768:
8763:
8669:
8647:
8642:
8614:
8592:
8587:
8582:
8577:
8472:
8467:
8412:
8405:
8400:
8385:
8358:
8019:
8014:
8009:
8004:
7999:
7974:
7969:
7964:
7959:
7954:
7944:
7939:
7934:
7929:
7924:
7919:
7914:
7909:
7904:
7884:
7879:
7874:
7869:
7864:
7859:
7844:
7839:
7664:
7652:
7647:
7642:
7637:
7605:
7600:
7399:
7389:
7384:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7260:
7250:
7243:
7238:
7233:
7228:
7218:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7053:
7048:
7043:
6987:
6982:
6881:
6860:
6855:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6704:
5911:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5636:
5624:
5574:
5554:
5495:
5483:
5478:
5402:
5395:
5390:
5380:
5373:
5368:
5299:
5230:
5203:
5198:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5151:
5139:
5134:
5112:
5102:
5097:
5087:
3014:
McGinnis W, Garber RL, Wirz J, Kuroiwa A, Gehring WJ (June 1984).
2321:
2313:
2203:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2095:
2091:
2075:
1980:
1976:
1964:
1956:
1941:
1937:
1853:
1773:
1769:
1710:
1706:
1670:
1666:
1600:
1596:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1153:
space during development. This phenomenon is called colinearity.
1119:
960:
874:
764:
697:
10771:
10361:
10356:
10351:
10341:
10329:
10324:
10171:
10154:
10018:
10013:
10008:
9979:
9974:
9907:
9902:
9897:
9892:
9887:
9882:
9877:
9872:
9823:
9717:
9679:
9654:
9649:
9644:
9627:
9519:
9512:
9507:
9388:
9383:
9378:
9373:
9368:
9363:
9358:
9353:
9343:
9336:
9326:
9321:
9309:
9299:
9294:
9277:
9272:
9267:
9250:
9245:
9240:
9215:
9210:
9205:
8923:
8918:
8913:
8908:
8903:
8842:
8817:
8812:
8753:
8748:
8743:
8738:
8733:
8728:
8723:
8718:
8713:
8684:
8679:
8572:
8567:
8562:
8557:
8543:
8538:
8533:
8528:
8523:
8494:
8489:
8484:
8450:
8445:
8440:
8435:
8430:
8425:
8390:
8378:
8373:
8368:
8321:
8316:
8311:
8306:
8301:
8222:
8207:
8197:
8173:
8168:
8154:
8149:
8144:
8134:
8129:
8117:
8112:
8056:
8051:
7829:
7814:
7809:
7797:
7792:
7625:
7620:
7615:
7459:
7394:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7070:
7065:
7009:
7004:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6952:
6947:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6915:
6910:
6893:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6669:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6018:
6003:
5980:
5953:
5926:
5921:
5886:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5837:
5832:
5822:
5812:
5762:
5720:
5715:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5586:
5581:
5569:
5527:
5522:
5512:
5427:
5422:
5412:
5331:
5314:
5277:
5265:
5260:
5235:
5193:
5122:
5117:
5092:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5045:
4947:
2325:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2285:
2277:
2269:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2219:
2215:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2107:
2103:
2079:
2063:
2051:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1988:
1972:
1968:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1884:
1880:
1757:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1729:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1619:
1615:
1604:
1592:
1580:
1576:
1560:
1556:
1250:
681:
169:
91:
79:
10407:
10132:
9461:
7703:
6203:
5005:
4963:
4914:
4227:
Mace KA, Hansen SL, Myers C, Young DM, Boudreau N (June 2005).
4090:"Homeobox B3 promotes capillary morphogenesis and angiogenesis"
959:
Homeodomains can bind both specifically and nonspecifically to
10003:
9632:
9622:
9502:
8898:
8455:
7804:
7255:
6992:
6486:
5958:
5787:
5777:
5772:
5564:
5559:
3314:
Bharathan G, Janssen BJ, Kellogg EA, Sinha N (December 1997).
2083:
1678:
904:
720:
57:
4684:"Classification and nomenclature of all human homeobox genes"
804:
homeobox sequence was independently reported by Ernst Hafen,
4180:"Sustained expression of homeobox D10 inhibits angiogenesis"
3955:
The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology
742:, which is observed when some of these genes are mutated in
746:. The homeobox domain was first identified in a number of
2601:
Gehring WJ (August 1992). "The homeobox in perspective".
4308:"HoxA5 stabilizes adherens junctions via increased Akt1"
1555:
genes are analogously found in four areas. They include
780:
The existence of homeobox genes was first discovered in
3486:
Mukherjee K, Brocchieri L, Bürglin TR (December 2009).
2749:
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer
1069:
Mutations to homeobox genes can produce easily visible
4946:
This article incorporates text from the public domain
3537:
Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Developmental Biology
2636:
Gehring WJ (December 1993). "Exploring the homeobox".
4831:(5th ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman and Company.
4406:"Identification of transcriptional targets of HOXA5"
4361:
Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology
4301:
4299:
10892:
10821:
10749:
10703:
10696:
10660:
10612:
10576:
10509:
10446:
10251:
10211:
10180:
10145:
10070:
10047:
10029:
9779:
9753:
9705:
9608:
9555:
9475:
9409:
9226:
9186:
8882:
8699:
8339:
8065:
7753:
7734:
7722:
7673:
7586:
7565:
6767:
6687:
6658:
6638:
6613:
6576:
6495:
6391:
6239:
6220:
6146:
6091:
5989:
5899:
5875:
5798:
5731:
5595:
5545:
5354:
5340:
5018:
2678:. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Archived from
218:
206:
186:
168:
163:
139:
127:
115:
103:
90:
78:
70:
65:
34:
4824:
4088:Myers C, Charboneau A, Boudreau N (January 2000).
3949:Dunn J, Simmons R, Thabet S, Jo H (October 2015).
3906:Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology
3535:Holland PW (2013). "Evolution of homeobox genes".
3186:Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology
4682:Holland PW, Booth HA, Bruford EA (October 2007).
4000:"Induction of the angiogenic phenotype by Hox D3"
792:that caused this homeotic phenotype. Analysis of
4854:(2nd ed.). New York: Garland Pub. pp.
3481:
3479:
1249:development, and formation of face structures.
930:proteins that alter the expression of genes in
2544:
2542:
2540:
10419:
10394:transcription factor/coregulator deficiencies
9465:β-Scaffold factors with minor groove contacts
4975:
4677:
4675:
4673:
4671:
4669:
4143:Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism
2707:
2705:
2596:
2594:
8:
4778:American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part A
1057:can silence the Hox genes by modulation of
10700:
10426:
10412:
10404:
10142:
10129:
9472:
9458:
7750:
7731:
7719:
7700:
6236:
6217:
6200:
5351:
5015:
5002:
4982:
4968:
4960:
2444:. Grouped as Pax2/5/8, Pax3/7, and Pax4/6.
1579:. Other genes considered Hox-like include
891:are connected by a short loop region. The
836:in 1984. Isolation of homologous genes by
160:
40:
4938:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
4709:
4699:
4606:
4421:
4380:
4331:
4244:
4203:
4154:
4113:
4064:
4023:
3974:
3925:
3876:
3654:
3605:
3595:
3511:
3416:
3406:
3357:
3339:
3205:
3156:
2946:
2936:
2807:
2782:Garber RL, Kuroiwa A, Gehring WJ (1983).
2574:
27:DNA pattern affecting anatomy development
4047:Boudreau NJ, Varner JA (February 2004).
1308:
1025:and preventing cell differentiation.
1017:. Other proteins in the family, such as
2491:
2406:
10916:Index of evolutionary biology articles
2413:Grouped as Lmx 1/5, 2/9, 3/4, and 6/8.
31:
4447:Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology
946:in the turn which is needed to avoid
883:Helix 2 and helix 3 form a so-called
7:
3900:Dunn J, Thabet S, Jo H (July 2015).
3859:Gorski DH, Walsh K (November 2000).
3180:Dunn J, Thabet S, Jo H (July 2015).
2549:Bürglin TR, Affolter M (June 2016).
868:homeodomain (~60 amino acid chain):
6148:(1.6) Basic helix-span-helix (bHSH)
4410:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
4053:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
1005:. Many homeodomain proteins induce
895:two helices of the homeodomain are
10960:Evolutionary developmental biology
10726:Evolutionary developmental biology
4156:10.1097/01.WCB.0000141770.09022.AB
3584:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
2800:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1983.tb01696.x
2476:Evolutionary developmental biology
922:Homeodomain proteins are found in
25:
4850:Introduction to protein structure
4184:The American Journal of Pathology
2911:Scott MP, Weiner AJ (July 1984).
2551:"Homeodomain proteins: an update"
2422:Grouped as Six 1/2, 3/6, and 4/5.
996:Homeodomain proteins function as
10683:Evolution of sexual reproduction
4927:Eukaryotic Linear Motif resource
4644:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2007.00153.x
10135:(0) Other transcription factors
9419:transcriptional enhancer factor
5036:Activating transcription factor
4735:Journal of Experimental Zoology
4528:from the original on 2021-05-02
4488:Gruss P, Walther C (May 1992).
3492:Molecular Biology and Evolution
3296:from the original on 2012-01-02
3083:from the original on 2011-07-21
3054:from the original on 2021-05-04
2842:from the original on 2019-12-09
1241:development, generation of the
1094:since before the earliest true
887:(HTH) structure, where the two
856:The characteristic homeodomain
10454:Genotype–phenotype distinction
4270:Lymphatic Research and Biology
2603:Trends in Biochemical Sciences
1:
10711:Regulation of gene expression
9349:Interferon regulatory factors
7588:(2.5) Alternating composition
6784:General transcription factors
4312:Cell Adhesion & Migration
4196:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64488-4
3656:10.1016/S0960-9822(02)01291-5
3272:Portoso M, Cavalli G (2008).
3231:Journal of Molecular Medicine
3102:"CATH Superfamily 1.10.10.60"
1612:"distal-less homeobox" family
1271:POU domain that contains two
164:Available protein structures:
10881:Endless Forms Most Beautiful
10661:Evolution of genetic systems
10469:Gene–environment correlation
10464:Gene–environment interaction
8634:Octamer transcription factor
5342:(1.2) Basic helix-loop-helix
4581:Bürglin TR (November 1997).
4506:10.1016/0092-8674(92)90281-G
4373:10.1097/NEN.0b013e3181a491ce
3967:10.1016/j.biocel.2015.05.001
3701:10.1016/0092-8674(84)90371-4
3408:10.1371/journal.pone.0000153
3032:10.1016/0092-8674(84)90370-2
2985:10.1016/0092-8674(84)90371-4
2761:10.1016/0304-419x(89)90033-4
2726:10.1016/0166-2236(87)90113-5
2650:10.1016/0378-1119(93)90068-E
2615:10.1016/0968-0004(92)90434-B
2511:Journal of Molecular Biology
1021:are involved in maintaining
988:of a specific target gene.
680:Homeoboxes are found within
10860:Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
5408:Myogenic regulatory factors
4846:Tooze C, Branden J (1999).
4632:Evolution & Development
4094:The Journal of Cell Biology
4004:The Journal of Cell Biology
3629:Alonso CR (November 2002).
1331:HOXA (or sometimes HOX1) -
1003:early embryonic development
700:, and numerous single cell
10976:
10736:Hedgehog signaling pathway
10613:Developmental architecture
4945:
4887:10.1016/j.gene.2006.08.011
3918:10.1161/ATVBAHA.115.305042
3282:. Caister Academic Press.
3198:10.1161/ATVBAHA.115.305042
1260:
1225:
1210:
1131:
10913:
10563:Transgressive segregation
10389:
10141:
10128:
9471:
9457:
9228:(3.5) Tryptophan clusters
7718:
7699:
6216:
6199:
5014:
5001:
3243:10.1007/s00109-014-1181-y
2567:10.1007/s00412-015-0543-8
1181:In vertebrates, the four
1098:, making these genes pre-
715:sharing a characteristic
159:
50:homeodomain protein from
39:
10049:(4.10) Cold-shock domain
4940:Medical Subject Headings
3878:10.1161/01.res.87.10.865
3818:Cell and Tissue Research
3341:10.1073/pnas.94.25.13749
3079:. Karolinksa Institute.
1081:of segmented animals.
1007:cellular differentiation
704:. Homeobox genes encode
10741:Notch signaling pathway
10716:Gene regulatory network
10599:Dual inheritance theory
4995:intracellular receptors
4233:Journal of Cell Science
3795:10.1242/dev.122.10.2997
3597:10.3389/fevo.2016.00036
3442:Nature Reviews Genetics
2938:10.1073/pnas.81.13.4115
2676:Genetics Home Reference
1269:structurally homologous
1126:Drosophila melanogaster
1124:Hox gene expression in
1111:Types of homeobox genes
1055:Polycomb-group proteins
56:bound to a fragment of
53:Drosophila melanogaster
10940:Developmental genetics
10789:cis-regulatory element
10697:Control of development
10577:Non-genetic influences
10543:evolutionary landscape
4827:Molecular Cell Biology
4701:10.1186/1741-7007-5-47
4599:10.1093/nar/25.21.4173
4587:Nucleic Acids Research
4560:10.1242/dev.113.4.1435
4423:10.1074/jbc.M413528200
4282:10.1089/lrb.2005.3.240
4066:10.1074/jbc.M305190200
3149:10.1093/nar/20.17.4465
3137:Nucleic Acids Research
2523:10.1006/jmbi.1993.1661
1129:
880:
777:
10950:Transcription factors
10900:Nature versus nurture
10804:Cell surface receptor
10721:Evo-devo gene toolkit
10620:Developmental biology
10558:Polygenic inheritance
10484:Quantitative genetics
9758:TATA-binding proteins
4991:Transcription factors
4106:10.1083/jcb.148.2.343
4016:10.1083/jcb.139.1.257
3830:10.1007/s004410051262
3504:10.1093/molbev/msp201
1123:
1036:and their associated
998:transcription factors
976:to the DNA backbone.
972:residues, which form
878:
852:Homeodomain structure
800:genes containing the
768:
719:structure that binds
713:transcription factors
10809:Transcription factor
10524:Genetic assimilation
10511:Genetic architecture
4790:10.1002/ajmg.a.31252
4490:"Pax in development"
4324:10.4161/cam.1.4.5448
3865:Circulation Research
1302:Human homeobox genes
1293:Plant homeobox genes
1104:neofunctionalization
1045:is known to use the
955:Sequence specificity
814:Walter Jakob Gehring
740:mutational phenotype
730:is a term coined by
10905:Morphogenetic field
10822:Influential figures
10253:(0.6) Miscellaneous
9784:High-mobility group
9480:Rel homology region
6470:Testicular receptor
6211:DNA-binding domains
4747:2000JEZ...288..345C
3744:1987Natur.325..816S
3647:2002CBio...12.R776A
3578:Ferrier DE (2016).
3399:2007PLoSO...2..153R
3332:1997PNAS...9413749B
3074:"The homeobox page"
2929:1984PNAS...81.4115S
2874:1984Natur.308..428M
1156:Mutations in these
992:Biological function
818:University of Basel
18:Homeodomain protein
10594:Genomic imprinting
9618:p53 p63 p73 family
9191:Heat shock factors
4920:2021-06-01 at the
4239:(Pt 12): 2567–77.
2431:Questionable, per
1278:consensus sequence
1243:frontal eye fields
1150:Edward De Robertis
1130:
940:repressor proteins
881:
838:Edward de Robertis
830:Indiana University
828:and Amy Weiner of
778:
711:products that are
10922:
10921:
10855:Eric F. Wieschaus
10817:
10816:
10635:Pattern formation
10539:Fitness landscape
10401:
10400:
10385:
10384:
10381:
10380:
10124:
10123:
10120:
10119:
9453:
9452:
9449:
9448:
8695:
8694:
8335:
8334:
7695:
7694:
7691:
7690:
6683:
6682:
6539:Mineralocorticoid
6195:
6194:
6191:
6190:
5895:
5894:
5008:(1) Basic domains
4865:978-0-8153-2305-1
4838:978-0-7167-4366-8
4246:10.1242/jcs.02399
3789:(10): 2997–3011.
3289:978-1-904455-25-7
1550:
1549:
860:consists of a 60-
663:
662:
659:
658:
213:structure summary
16:(Redirected from
10967:
10865:William McGinnis
10834:Richard Lewontin
10829:C. H. Waddington
10701:
10678:Neutral networks
10428:
10421:
10414:
10405:
10225:-related factors
10143:
10130:
10031:(4.9) Grainyhead
9473:
9459:
9411:(3.6) TEA domain
8701:(3.2) Paired box
8342:
8076:
8070:
7764:
7758:
7751:
7747:
7741:
7732:
7720:
7709:Helix-turn-helix
7701:
6663:
6643:
6618:
6581:
6551:Estrogen related
6500:
6396:
6244:
6237:
6225:Nuclear receptor
6218:
6201:
5880:
5801:
5734:
5603:
5548:
5357:
5352:
5016:
5003:
4984:
4977:
4970:
4961:
4898:
4869:
4853:
4842:
4830:
4810:
4809:
4773:
4767:
4766:
4730:
4724:
4723:
4713:
4703:
4679:
4664:
4663:
4627:
4621:
4620:
4610:
4578:
4572:
4571:
4543:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4533:
4485:
4479:
4478:
4442:
4436:
4435:
4425:
4416:(19): 19373–80.
4401:
4395:
4394:
4384:
4352:
4346:
4345:
4335:
4303:
4294:
4293:
4265:
4259:
4258:
4248:
4224:
4218:
4217:
4207:
4175:
4169:
4168:
4158:
4134:
4128:
4127:
4117:
4085:
4079:
4078:
4068:
4044:
4038:
4037:
4027:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3978:
3946:
3940:
3939:
3929:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3880:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3778:
3772:
3771:
3752:10.1038/325816a0
3727:
3721:
3720:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3658:
3626:
3620:
3619:
3609:
3599:
3575:
3569:
3568:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3515:
3483:
3474:
3473:
3437:
3431:
3430:
3420:
3410:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3361:
3343:
3326:(25): 13749–53.
3311:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3209:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3160:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3112:on 9 August 2017
3108:. Archived from
3098:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3078:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3011:
3005:
3004:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2950:
2940:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2882:10.1038/308428a0
2868:(5958): 428–33.
2857:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2811:
2788:The EMBO Journal
2779:
2773:
2772:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2709:
2700:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2598:
2589:
2588:
2578:
2546:
2535:
2534:
2506:
2496:
2463:
2460:
2454:
2451:
2445:
2438:
2432:
2429:
2423:
2420:
2414:
2411:
1309:
1273:helix-turn-helix
911:and the exposed
885:helix-turn-helix
826:Matthew P. Scott
810:William McGinnis
654:
648:
642:
636:
630:
624:
618:
612:
606:
600:
594:
588:
582:
576:
570:
564:
558:
552:
546:
540:
534:
528:
522:
516:
510:
504:
498:
492:
486:
480:
474:
468:
462:
456:
450:
444:
438:
432:
426:
420:
414:
408:
402:
396:
390:
384:
378:
372:
366:
360:
354:
348:
342:
336:
330:
324:
318:
312:
306:
300:
294:
288:
282:
276:
270:
264:
258:
252:
246:
240:
234:
228:
161:
44:
32:
21:
10975:
10974:
10970:
10969:
10968:
10966:
10965:
10964:
10945:Protein domains
10925:
10924:
10923:
10918:
10909:
10888:
10875:Sean B. Carroll
10813:
10745:
10692:
10656:
10608:
10589:Maternal effect
10572:
10505:
10442:
10432:
10402:
10397:
10377:
10247:
10207:
10176:
10137:
10116:
10066:
10043:
10025:
9775:
9749:
9701:
9604:
9551:
9467:
9445:
9405:
9222:
9182:
8878:
8691:
8340:
8331:
8072:
8071:
8066:
8061:
7760:
7759:
7754:
7743:
7742:
7735:
7714:
7687:
7669:
7582:
7570:
7561:
6776:
6772:
6763:
6692:
6689:(2.2) Other Cys
6679:
6659:
6654:
6639:
6634:
6614:
6609:
6577:
6572:
6507:Steroid hormone
6496:
6491:
6392:
6387:
6251:Thyroid hormone
6240:
6231:
6212:
6187:
6142:
6087:
5985:
5891:
5878:
5876:
5871:
5799:
5794:
5732:
5727:
5598:
5596:
5591:
5546:
5541:
5355:
5336:
5010:
4997:
4988:
4958:
4922:Wayback Machine
4906:
4901:
4872:
4866:
4845:
4839:
4822:
4818:
4816:Further reading
4813:
4784:(13): 1366–74.
4775:
4774:
4770:
4732:
4731:
4727:
4681:
4680:
4667:
4629:
4628:
4624:
4593:(21): 4173–80.
4580:
4579:
4575:
4545:
4544:
4540:
4531:
4529:
4487:
4486:
4482:
4459:10.1038/nrm1499
4444:
4443:
4439:
4403:
4402:
4398:
4354:
4353:
4349:
4305:
4304:
4297:
4267:
4266:
4262:
4226:
4225:
4221:
4190:(6): 2099–109.
4177:
4176:
4172:
4136:
4135:
4131:
4087:
4086:
4082:
4046:
4045:
4041:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3948:
3947:
3943:
3899:
3898:
3894:
3858:
3857:
3853:
3815:
3814:
3810:
3780:
3779:
3775:
3738:(6107): 816–8.
3729:
3728:
3724:
3685:
3684:
3680:
3635:Current Biology
3628:
3627:
3623:
3577:
3576:
3572:
3549:10.1002/wdev.78
3534:
3533:
3529:
3498:(12): 2775–94.
3485:
3484:
3477:
3454:10.1038/nrg1723
3439:
3438:
3434:
3380:
3379:
3375:
3313:
3312:
3308:
3299:
3297:
3290:
3271:
3270:
3266:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3143:(17): 4465–72.
3130:
3129:
3125:
3115:
3113:
3106:www.cathdb.info
3100:
3099:
3095:
3086:
3084:
3076:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3057:
3055:
3013:
3012:
3008:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2845:
2843:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2794:(11): 2027–36.
2781:
2780:
2776:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2714:Trends Neurosci
2711:
2710:
2703:
2698:
2694:
2685:
2683:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2644:(1–2): 215–21.
2635:
2634:
2630:
2600:
2599:
2592:
2548:
2547:
2538:
2508:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2472:
2467:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2439:
2435:
2430:
2426:
2421:
2417:
2412:
2408:
1304:
1295:
1285:, particularly
1265:
1259:
1230:
1224:
1215:
1209:
1136:
1118:
1113:
1087:
1067:
1031:
994:
986:promoter region
957:
899:and the longer
873:
854:
763:
732:William Bateson
650:
644:
638:
632:
626:
620:
614:
608:
602:
596:
590:
584:
578:
572:
566:
560:
554:
548:
542:
536:
530:
524:
518:
512:
506:
500:
494:
488:
482:
476:
470:
464:
458:
452:
446:
440:
434:
428:
422:
416:
410:
404:
398:
392:
386:
380:
374:
368:
362:
356:
350:
344:
338:
332:
326:
320:
314:
308:
302:
296:
290:
284:
278:
272:
266:
260:
254:
248:
242:
236:
230:
224:
61:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10973:
10971:
10963:
10962:
10957:
10955:Homeobox genes
10952:
10947:
10942:
10937:
10927:
10926:
10920:
10919:
10914:
10911:
10910:
10908:
10907:
10902:
10896:
10894:
10890:
10889:
10887:
10886:
10885:
10884:
10872:
10867:
10862:
10857:
10852:
10851:
10850:
10839:François Jacob
10836:
10831:
10825:
10823:
10819:
10818:
10815:
10814:
10812:
10811:
10806:
10801:
10796:
10791:
10786:
10781:
10776:
10775:
10774:
10764:
10759:
10753:
10751:
10747:
10746:
10744:
10743:
10738:
10733:
10728:
10723:
10718:
10713:
10707:
10705:
10698:
10694:
10693:
10691:
10690:
10685:
10680:
10675:
10670:
10664:
10662:
10658:
10657:
10655:
10654:
10649:
10644:
10639:
10638:
10637:
10632:
10622:
10616:
10614:
10610:
10609:
10607:
10606:
10601:
10596:
10591:
10586:
10580:
10578:
10574:
10573:
10571:
10570:
10568:Sequence space
10565:
10560:
10555:
10550:
10545:
10536:
10531:
10526:
10521:
10515:
10513:
10507:
10506:
10504:
10503:
10498:
10497:
10496:
10486:
10481:
10476:
10471:
10466:
10461:
10456:
10450:
10448:
10444:
10443:
10433:
10431:
10430:
10423:
10416:
10408:
10399:
10398:
10390:
10387:
10386:
10383:
10382:
10379:
10378:
10376:
10375:
10366:
10365:
10364:
10359:
10354:
10344:
10339:
10338:
10337:
10332:
10327:
10317:
10316:
10315:
10310:
10300:
10295:
10294:
10293:
10288:
10283:
10278:
10273:
10268:
10257:
10255:
10249:
10248:
10246:
10245:
10240:
10235:
10229:
10227:
10209:
10208:
10206:
10205:
10200:
10195:
10189:
10187:
10178:
10177:
10175:
10174:
10169:
10168:
10167:
10162:
10151:
10149:
10139:
10138:
10133:
10126:
10125:
10122:
10121:
10118:
10117:
10115:
10114:
10113:
10112:
10107:
10102:
10097:
10092:
10087:
10076:
10074:
10068:
10067:
10065:
10064:
10059:
10053:
10051:
10045:
10044:
10042:
10041:
10035:
10033:
10027:
10026:
10024:
10023:
10022:
10021:
10016:
10011:
10006:
9996:
9995:
9994:
9989:
9988:
9987:
9982:
9977:
9962:
9957:
9952:
9951:
9950:
9945:
9940:
9935:
9930:
9925:
9920:
9915:
9910:
9905:
9900:
9895:
9890:
9885:
9880:
9875:
9865:
9864:
9863:
9858:
9848:
9847:
9846:
9841:
9836:
9831:
9821:
9820:
9819:
9814:
9809:
9804:
9794:
9788:
9786:
9777:
9776:
9774:
9773:
9768:
9762:
9760:
9751:
9750:
9748:
9747:
9742:
9741:
9740:
9735:
9730:
9725:
9714:
9712:
9703:
9702:
9700:
9699:
9694:
9693:
9692:
9687:
9682:
9677:
9672:
9667:
9662:
9657:
9652:
9647:
9637:
9636:
9635:
9630:
9625:
9614:
9612:
9610:(4.3) p53-like
9606:
9605:
9603:
9602:
9601:
9600:
9595:
9590:
9585:
9580:
9575:
9564:
9562:
9553:
9552:
9550:
9549:
9548:
9547:
9542:
9537:
9532:
9527:
9517:
9516:
9515:
9510:
9505:
9500:
9495:
9484:
9482:
9469:
9468:
9462:
9455:
9454:
9451:
9450:
9447:
9446:
9444:
9443:
9442:
9441:
9436:
9431:
9426:
9415:
9413:
9407:
9406:
9404:
9403:
9398:
9393:
9392:
9391:
9386:
9381:
9376:
9371:
9366:
9361:
9356:
9346:
9341:
9340:
9339:
9334:
9329:
9324:
9314:
9313:
9312:
9307:
9302:
9297:
9287:
9282:
9281:
9280:
9275:
9270:
9260:
9255:
9254:
9253:
9248:
9243:
9232:
9230:
9224:
9223:
9221:
9220:
9219:
9218:
9213:
9208:
9195:
9193:
9184:
9183:
9181:
9180:
9179:
9178:
9173:
9168:
9163:
9158:
9153:
9148:
9143:
9138:
9133:
9128:
9123:
9118:
9113:
9108:
9103:
9098:
9093:
9088:
9083:
9078:
9073:
9068:
9063:
9058:
9053:
9048:
9043:
9038:
9033:
9028:
9023:
9018:
9013:
9008:
9003:
8998:
8993:
8988:
8983:
8978:
8973:
8968:
8963:
8958:
8953:
8948:
8943:
8938:
8928:
8927:
8926:
8921:
8916:
8911:
8906:
8895:
8893:
8880:
8879:
8877:
8876:
8875:
8874:
8873:
8872:
8867:
8862:
8852:
8851:
8850:
8845:
8835:
8830:
8820:
8815:
8810:
8805:
8800:
8795:
8794:
8793:
8788:
8778:
8773:
8772:
8771:
8766:
8758:
8757:
8756:
8751:
8746:
8741:
8736:
8731:
8726:
8721:
8716:
8705:
8703:
8697:
8696:
8693:
8692:
8690:
8689:
8688:
8687:
8682:
8672:
8667:
8666:
8665:
8660:
8655:
8650:
8645:
8640:
8631:
8626:
8621:
8612:
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8509:
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8438:
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8017:
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6558:
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6541:
6536:
6534:Glucocorticoid
6531:
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6503:
6501:
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5459:
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5415:
5405:
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5317:
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5280:
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5080:
5079:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5032:
5030:
5023:leucine zipper
5012:
5011:
5006:
4999:
4998:
4989:
4987:
4986:
4979:
4972:
4964:
4944:
4943:
4933:
4924:
4912:
4905:
4904:External links
4902:
4900:
4899:
4881:(1–2): 21–30.
4870:
4864:
4843:
4837:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4811:
4768:
4741:(4): 345–351.
4725:
4665:
4622:
4573:
4554:(4): 1435–49.
4538:
4480:
4453:(11): 920–31.
4437:
4396:
4347:
4295:
4260:
4219:
4170:
4149:(11): 1280–7.
4129:
4080:
4039:
3990:
3941:
3892:
3871:(10): 865–72.
3851:
3808:
3773:
3722:
3678:
3641:(22): R776-8.
3621:
3570:
3527:
3475:
3448:(12): 881–92.
3432:
3373:
3306:
3288:
3264:
3221:
3172:
3123:
3093:
3064:
3006:
2979:(2): 409–414.
2962:
2923:(13): 4115–9.
2903:
2852:
2836:embryo.asu.edu
2823:
2774:
2739:
2701:
2692:
2663:
2628:
2590:
2561:(3): 497–521.
2536:
2517:(4): 1084–93.
2490:
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2446:
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2415:
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2404:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2222:
1996:
1945:
1914:
1888:
1873:
1850:
1776:
1610:Humans have a
1548:
1547:
1510:
1505:
1496:
1495:
1458:
1453:
1444:
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1402:
1397:
1388:
1387:
1342:
1337:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1315:
1303:
1300:
1294:
1291:
1283:bacteriophages
1261:Main article:
1258:
1255:
1239:nervous system
1226:Main article:
1223:
1220:
1211:Main article:
1208:
1205:
1158:homeotic genes
1132:Main article:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1086:
1083:
1066:
1063:
1030:
1027:
993:
990:
974:hydrogen bonds
956:
953:
870:
853:
850:
806:Michael Levine
762:
759:
661:
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656:
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45:
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2:
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10877:
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10868:
10866:
10863:
10861:
10858:
10856:
10853:
10849:
10846:
10845:
10844:
10843:Jacques Monod
10840:
10837:
10835:
10832:
10830:
10827:
10826:
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10820:
10810:
10807:
10805:
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10797:
10795:
10792:
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10785:
10782:
10780:
10777:
10773:
10770:
10769:
10768:
10765:
10763:
10760:
10758:
10757:Homeotic gene
10755:
10754:
10752:
10748:
10742:
10739:
10737:
10734:
10732:
10729:
10727:
10724:
10722:
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10709:
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10669:
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10653:
10650:
10648:
10645:
10643:
10640:
10636:
10633:
10631:
10628:
10627:
10626:
10625:Morphogenesis
10623:
10621:
10618:
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10611:
10605:
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10592:
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10472:
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10462:
10460:
10459:Reaction norm
10457:
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10186:
10185:Pocket domain
10183:
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10173:
10170:
10166:
10163:
10161:
10158:
10157:
10156:
10153:
10152:
10150:
10148:
10147:(0.2) HMGI(Y)
10144:
10140:
10136:
10131:
10127:
10111:
10108:
10106:
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5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5159:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5132:
5131:
5128:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5084:
5081:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5038:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5024:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4985:
4980:
4978:
4973:
4971:
4966:
4965:
4962:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4941:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4919:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4907:
4903:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4871:
4867:
4861:
4857:
4852:
4851:
4844:
4840:
4834:
4829:
4828:
4821:
4820:
4815:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4772:
4769:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4729:
4726:
4721:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4678:
4676:
4674:
4672:
4670:
4666:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4626:
4623:
4618:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4577:
4574:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4542:
4539:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4500:(5): 719–22.
4499:
4495:
4491:
4484:
4481:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4441:
4438:
4433:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4400:
4397:
4392:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4367:(6): 626–32.
4366:
4362:
4358:
4351:
4348:
4343:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4318:(4): 185–95.
4317:
4313:
4309:
4302:
4300:
4296:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4276:(4): 240–52.
4275:
4271:
4264:
4261:
4256:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4223:
4220:
4215:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4174:
4171:
4166:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4133:
4130:
4125:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4100:(2): 343–51.
4099:
4095:
4091:
4084:
4081:
4076:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4059:(6): 4862–8.
4058:
4054:
4050:
4043:
4040:
4035:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4010:(1): 257–64.
4009:
4005:
4001:
3994:
3991:
3986:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3945:
3942:
3937:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3912:(7): 1562–9.
3911:
3907:
3903:
3896:
3893:
3888:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3855:
3852:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3812:
3809:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3777:
3774:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3726:
3723:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3695:(2): 409–14.
3694:
3690:
3682:
3679:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3625:
3622:
3617:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3574:
3571:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3531:
3528:
3523:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3436:
3433:
3428:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3377:
3374:
3369:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3310:
3307:
3295:
3291:
3285:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3268:
3265:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3237:(8): 811–23.
3236:
3232:
3225:
3222:
3217:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3192:(7): 1562–9.
3191:
3187:
3183:
3176:
3173:
3168:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3127:
3124:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3097:
3094:
3082:
3075:
3068:
3065:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3010:
3007:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2966:
2963:
2958:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2907:
2904:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2856:
2853:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2827:
2824:
2819:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2778:
2775:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2743:
2740:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2693:
2682:on 2019-12-21
2681:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2664:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2632:
2629:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2609:(8): 277–80.
2608:
2604:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2586:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2505:
2501:
2495:
2492:
2486:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2459:
2456:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2437:
2434:
2428:
2425:
2419:
2416:
2410:
2407:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1456:chromosome 12
1454:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1400:chromosome 17
1398:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1301:
1299:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1264:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1229:
1221:
1219:
1214:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1135:
1127:
1122:
1115:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
999:
991:
989:
987:
982:
979:
975:
971:
967:
962:
954:
952:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
920:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
889:alpha helices
886:
877:
869:
867:
863:
859:
851:
849:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
790:
785:
784:
775:
771:
767:
760:
758:
756:
752:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
722:
718:
714:
710:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
686:morphogenesis
683:
678:
676:
673:, around 180
672:
668:
653:
647:
641:
635:
629:
623:
617:
611:
605:
599:
593:
587:
581:
575:
569:
563:
557:
551:
545:
539:
533:
527:
521:
515:
509:
503:
497:
491:
485:
479:
473:
467:
461:
455:
449:
443:
437:
431:
425:
419:
413:
407:
401:
395:
389:
383:
377:
371:
365:
359:
353:
347:
341:
335:
329:
323:
317:
311:
305:
299:
293:
287:
281:
275:
269:
263:
257:
251:
245:
239:
233:
227:
223:
221:
217:
214:
211:
209:
205:
202:
198:
194:
191:
189:
185:
181:
177:
174:
171:
167:
162:
158:
155:
151:
147:
144:
142:
138:
135:
132:
130:
126:
123:
120:
118:
114:
111:
108:
106:
102:
99:
96:
93:
89:
86:
83:
81:
77:
73:
69:
64:
59:
55:
54:
49:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
10879:
10772:eyeless gene
10730:
10668:Evolvability
10642:Segmentation
10519:Canalisation
10489:Heterochrony
10479:Heritability
10447:Key concepts
10391:
10346:
10302:
10260:
10252:
10224:
10218:
10212:
10181:
10146:
10134:
10071:
10048:
10030:
9998:
9969:
9850:
9780:
9754:
9706:
9609:
9556:
9476:
9464:
9418:
9410:
9316:
9262:
9235:
9227:
9198:
9187:
8931:FOX proteins
8891:winged helix
8883:
8854:
8837:
8780:
8700:
8674:
8552:
8518:
8501:
8479:
8462:
8395:
8363:
8217:
8180:
8161:
8107:
8073:
8067:
7849:
7761:
7755:
7744:
7738:Antennapedia
7736:
7723:
7711:
7705:
7674:
7632:
7610:
7587:
7566:
7324:
7277:
7223:
7169:
7082:
7060:
7038:
7016:
6999:
6957:
6886:
6768:
6736:
6688:
6660:
6640:
6615:
6578:
6544:Progesterone
6497:
6393:
6241:
6227:
6221:
6205:
6147:
6100:
6092:
5990:
5900:
5849:
5807:
5767:
5740:
5710:
5683:
5517:
5507:
5490:
5473:
5385:
5341:
5309:
5272:
5129:
5019:
5007:
4931:LIG_HOMEOBOX
4929:motif class
4878:
4874:
4849:
4826:
4781:
4777:
4771:
4738:
4734:
4728:
4691:
4687:
4638:(3): 212–9.
4635:
4631:
4625:
4590:
4586:
4576:
4551:
4547:
4541:
4530:. Retrieved
4497:
4493:
4483:
4450:
4446:
4440:
4413:
4409:
4399:
4364:
4360:
4350:
4315:
4311:
4273:
4269:
4263:
4236:
4232:
4222:
4187:
4183:
4173:
4146:
4142:
4132:
4097:
4093:
4083:
4056:
4052:
4042:
4007:
4003:
3993:
3958:
3954:
3944:
3909:
3905:
3895:
3868:
3864:
3854:
3824:(1): 19–25.
3821:
3817:
3811:
3786:
3782:
3776:
3735:
3731:
3725:
3692:
3688:
3681:
3638:
3634:
3624:
3587:
3583:
3573:
3543:(1): 31–45.
3540:
3536:
3530:
3495:
3491:
3445:
3441:
3435:
3390:
3386:
3376:
3323:
3319:
3309:
3298:. Retrieved
3278:
3267:
3234:
3230:
3224:
3189:
3185:
3175:
3140:
3136:
3126:
3114:. Retrieved
3110:the original
3105:
3096:
3085:. Retrieved
3072:Bürglin TR.
3067:
3056:. Retrieved
3026:(2): 403–8.
3023:
3019:
3009:
2976:
2972:
2965:
2920:
2916:
2906:
2865:
2861:
2855:
2844:. Retrieved
2835:
2826:
2791:
2787:
2777:
2755:(1): 25–48.
2752:
2748:
2742:
2717:
2713:
2695:
2684:. Retrieved
2680:the original
2675:
2672:"Homeoboxes"
2666:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2606:
2602:
2558:
2554:
2514:
2510:
2494:
2458:
2449:
2436:
2427:
2418:
2409:
1890:SINE-class:
1852:CERS-class:
1723:
1640:
1609:
1551:
1508:chromosome 2
1500:
1448:
1392:
1340:chromosome 7
1332:
1324:
1317:
1312:
1305:
1296:
1287:lambda phage
1266:
1235:segmentation
1231:
1216:
1191:angiogenesis
1180:
1175:
1167:Antennapedia
1165:
1155:
1143:
1137:
1125:
1088:
1074:
1068:
1041:inhibitory.
1032:
1023:pluripotency
995:
958:
928:lambda phage
921:
919:of the DNA.
917:major groove
897:antiparallel
882:
858:protein fold
855:
842:phylogenetic
802:antennapedia
801:
797:
794:antennapedia
793:
789:antennapedia
787:
781:
779:
774:antennapedia
773:
769:
747:
736:antennapedia
726:
717:protein fold
705:
679:
671:DNA sequence
666:
664:
51:
48:Antennapedia
29:
10870:Mike Levine
10779:Distal-less
10604:Polyphenism
10584:Epigenetics
10436:development
10072:(4.11) Runt
7727:Homeodomain
7325:zinc finger
6661:subfamily 0
6641:subfamily 6
6616:subfamily 5
6579:subfamily 4
6498:subfamily 3
6394:subfamily 2
6242:subfamily 1
6209:Zinc finger
5452:Neurogenins
5020:(1.1) Basic
4688:BMC Biology
4548:Development
3783:Development
3393:(1): e153.
2224:NKL-class:
1998:PRD-class:
1916:CUT-class:
1875:HNF-class:
1778:POU-class:
1728:LIM-class:
1195:endothelial
1061:structure.
981:hydrophobic
932:prokaryotes
915:within the
909:side chains
834:Bloomington
822:Switzerland
755:vertebrates
706:homeodomain
74:Homeodomain
66:Identifiers
35:Homeodomain
10929:Categories
10848:Lac operon
10673:Robustness
10652:Modularity
10647:Metamerism
10553:Plasticity
10548:Pleiotropy
10501:Heterotopy
8605:POU domain
7745:ANTP class
7675:(2.6) WRKY
6958:GLI family
6093:(1.5) RF-X
5991:(1.4) NF-1
4532:2019-12-11
3961:: 167–76.
3607:10023/8685
3300:2008-02-27
3087:2010-01-30
3058:2019-12-09
2846:2019-12-09
2686:2019-11-20
2555:Chromosoma
2487:References
1947:ZF-class:
1319:chromosome
1263:POU family
1213:LIM domain
1200:hemangioma
1176:Drosophila
1075:Drosophila
1071:phenotypic
1043:Drosophila
1029:Regulation
924:eukaryotes
901:C-terminal
893:N-terminal
862:amino acid
846:bilaterian
798:Drosophila
783:Drosophila
770:Drosophila
748:Drosophila
702:eukaryotes
675:base pairs
176:structures
10799:Morphogen
10784:Engrailed
10767:Pax genes
10688:Tinkering
10534:Epistasis
10529:Dominance
10440:phenotype
10392:see also
10233:Apetala 2
8887:Fork head
7567:(2.4) Cys
6769:(2.3) Cys
5501:Scleraxis
4956:IPR001356
4694:(1): 47.
3616:2296-701X
2507:;
2481:Body plan
2442:Pax genes
2002:(CART1),
1257:POU genes
1228:Pax genes
1222:Pax genes
1207:LIM genes
1116:Hox genes
1100:Paleozoic
1085:Evolution
1079:evolution
1065:Mutations
1059:chromatin
1051:trithorax
1038:microRNAs
1034:Hox genes
978:Conserved
866:consensus
848:animals.
772:with the
761:Discovery
649:,
643:,
637:,
631:,
625:,
619:,
613:,
607:,
601:,
595:,
589:,
583:,
577:,
571:,
565:,
559:,
553:,
547:,
541:,
535:,
529:,
523:,
517:,
511:,
505:,
499:,
493:,
487:,
481:,
475:,
469:,
463:,
457:,
451:,
445:,
439:,
433:,
427:,
421:,
415:,
409:,
403:,
397:,
391:,
385:,
379:,
373:,
367:,
361:,
355:,
349:,
343:,
337:,
331:,
325:,
319:,
313:,
307:,
301:,
295:,
289:,
283:,
277:,
271:,
265:,
259:,
253:,
247:,
241:,
235:,
229:,
134:PDOC00027
110:IPR001356
10762:Hox gene
10750:Elements
10731:Homeobox
9710:MADS box
7850:Homeobox
7762:Hox-like
7756:protoHOX
6517:Estrogen
6512:Androgen
6366:Rev-ErbA
5904:bHLH-ZIP
5879:bHLH-COE
5418:Myogenin
4952:InterPro
4936:Homeobox
4918:Archived
4895:17098381
4806:32619323
4798:16688724
4763:11144283
4720:17963489
4652:17501745
4526:Archived
4522:44613005
4467:15520811
4432:15757903
4391:19458547
4342:19262140
4290:16379594
4255:15914537
4214:12466126
4165:15545924
4124:10648567
4075:14610084
3985:25979369
3936:25953647
3887:11073881
3838:10199961
3717:30114443
3673:17558233
3665:12445403
3565:44396110
3557:23799629
3522:19734295
3470:42823485
3462:16341069
3427:17252055
3387:PLOS ONE
3294:Archived
3259:17159381
3251:24996520
3216:25953647
3116:27 March
3081:Archived
3052:Archived
3048:40456645
3001:30114443
2840:Archived
2734:53188259
2585:26464018
2470:See also
1836:POU5F1P4
1832:POU5F1P1
1247:skeletal
1172:bithorax
1140:metazoan
1134:Hox gene
1096:Bilatera
1092:Cnidaria
1047:polycomb
966:arginine
751:homeotic
728:Homeosis
667:homeobox
193:RCSB PDB
105:InterPro
10893:Debates
10704:Systems
10630:Eyespot
10494:Neoteny
10110:RUNX1T1
10090:CBFA2T3
10085:CBFA2T2
9965:TCF/LEF
8074:NK-like
8068:metaHOX
7771:ParaHox
7712:domains
6403:COUP-TF
5877:Group F
5800:Group E
5733:Group D
5597:Group C
5547:Group B
5491:Paraxis
5356:Group A
4743:Bibcode
4711:2211742
4660:9530210
4617:9336443
4568:1687460
4514:1591773
4475:6030950
4382:2728585
4333:2634105
4205:1850921
4115:2174277
4034:9314544
4025:2139816
3976:4592147
3927:4754957
3846:3192774
3803:8898214
3768:4320668
3760:3821869
3740:Bibcode
3709:6327066
3643:Bibcode
3513:2775110
3418:1779807
3395:Bibcode
3368:9391098
3328:Bibcode
3207:4754957
3167:1357628
3040:6327065
2993:6327066
2957:6330741
2925:Bibcode
2898:4235713
2890:6323992
2870:Bibcode
2818:6416827
2769:2568852
2720:: 3–6.
2658:7903947
2623:1357790
2576:4901127
2531:7903398
2038:, DUX (
1926:ONECUT3
1922:ONECUT2
1918:ONECUT1
1719:TGIF2LY
1715:TGIF2LX
1553:ParaHox
1499:HOXD -
1447:HOXC -
1391:HOXB -
1183:paralog
1162:ectopia
1145:Xenopus
1011:tissues
944:glycine
816:of the
744:animals
709:protein
690:animals
655:
129:PROSITE
122:SM00389
85:PF00046
10794:Ligand
10474:Operon
8823:Bicoid
8088:BARHL2
8083:BARHL1
7665:JMJD1B
7578:HIVEP1
6063:I-SMAD
6031:R-SMAD
5949:MLXIPL
5704:Period
5630:ARNTL2
5435:NeuroD
4942:(MeSH)
4893:
4862:
4835:
4804:
4796:
4761:
4718:
4708:
4658:
4650:
4615:
4608:147054
4605:
4566:
4520:
4512:
4473:
4465:
4430:
4389:
4379:
4340:
4330:
4288:
4253:
4212:
4202:
4163:
4122:
4112:
4073:
4032:
4022:
3983:
3973:
3934:
3924:
3885:
3844:
3836:
3801:
3766:
3758:
3732:Nature
3715:
3707:
3671:
3663:
3614:
3563:
3555:
3520:
3510:
3468:
3460:
3425:
3415:
3366:
3356:
3348:
3286:
3257:
3249:
3214:
3204:
3165:
3158:334173
3155:
3046:
3038:
2999:
2991:
2955:
2948:345379
2945:
2896:
2888:
2862:Nature
2816:
2809:555405
2806:
2767:
2732:
2656:
2621:
2583:
2573:
2529:
2397:NKX6-3
2393:NKX6-2
2389:NKX6-1
2373:NKX2-6
2369:NKX2-5
2365:NKX2-3
2361:NKX3-2
2357:NKX3-1
2353:NKX2-8
2349:NKX2-2
2345:NKX2-4
2341:NKX2-1
2339:Nkx:
2230:BARHL2
2226:BARHL1
2188:RHOXF2
2184:RHOXF1
2148:PHOX2B
2144:PHOX2A
1877:HMBOX1
1848:POU6F2
1846:; and
1844:POU6F1
1840:POU5F2
1828:POU5F1
1824:POU4F3
1820:POU4F2
1816:POU4F1
1812:POU3F4
1808:POU3F3
1804:POU3F2
1800:POU3F1
1796:POU2F3
1792:POU2F2
1788:POU2F1
1784:POU1F1
1703:PKNOX2
1699:PKNOX1
1634:, and
1603:; and
1575:; and
1545:HOXD13
1541:HOXD12
1537:HOXD11
1533:HOXD10
1493:HOXC13
1489:HOXC12
1485:HOXC11
1481:HOXC10
1441:HOXB13
1385:HOXA13
1381:HOXA11
1377:HOXA10
1015:organs
970:lysine
948:steric
812:, and
698:plants
208:PDBsum
182:
172:
154:SUPFAM
98:CL0123
71:Symbol
10935:Genes
10373:Sigma
10238:EREBP
10222:EREBP
10213:(0.5)
10182:(0.3)
10105:RUNX3
10100:RUNX2
10095:RUNX1
10039:TFCP2
9960:SSRP1
9781:(4.7)
9771:TBPL1
9755:(4.6)
9707:(4.4)
9557:(4.2)
9498:NFKB2
9493:NFKB1
9488:NF-κB
9477:(4.1)
9401:MYBL2
9188:(3.4)
8884:(3.3)
8833:BICD2
8808:SHOX2
8776:PROP1
8760:PRRX
8670:SATB2
8615:BRN-3
8610:PIT-1
8502:PKNOX
8417:TALE
8413:NOBOX
8386:HESX1
8359:CUTL1
8341:other
8235:NANOG
8098:BARX2
8093:BARX1
7845:MEOX2
7840:MEOX1
7724:(3.1)
7633:JARID
7606:GRLF1
7601:DIDO1
7261:Zbtb7
7251:TSHZ3
7219:PRDM9
7017:HIVEP
6882:ATBF1
6836:TFIIH
6821:TFIIF
6804:TFIIE
6799:TFIID
6794:TFIIB
6789:TFIIA
6759:TRPS1
6625:LRH-1
6603:NURR1
6593:NGFIB
6421:Ear-2
6222:(2.1)
5964:SREBP
5901:(1.3)
5663:NPAS
5652:EPAS1
5637:CLOCK
5625:ARNTL
5599:bHLH-
5575:n-Myc
5570:l-Myc
5565:c-Myc
5555:FIGLA
5537:Twist
5496:TCF15
5403:MESP2
5381:ATOH1
5374:ASCL2
5369:ASCL1
5300:NFIL3
5231:GABPA
5226:DDIT3
5157:C/EBP
5152:BLZF1
5113:c-Jun
5103:FOSL2
5098:FOSL1
5088:c-Fos
4858:–66.
4802:S2CID
4656:S2CID
4518:S2CID
4471:S2CID
3842:S2CID
3764:S2CID
3713:S2CID
3669:S2CID
3561:S2CID
3466:S2CID
3359:28378
3350:43805
3346:JSTOR
3255:S2CID
3077:(gif)
3044:S2CID
2997:S2CID
2894:S2CID
2730:S2CID
2334:VENTX
2322:TSHZ3
2318:TSHZ2
2314:TSHZ1
2294:NANOG
2238:BARX2
2234:BARX1
2208:TPRX1
2204:SHOX2
2196:SEBOX
2172:PRRX2
2168:PRRX1
2164:PROP1
2160:PITX3
2156:PITX2
2152:PITX1
2096:NOBOX
2092:MIXL1
2088:LEUTX
2076:HESX1
2020:DMBX1
2012:ARGFX
1993:HOMEZ
1985:ZFHX4
1981:ZFHX3
1977:ZFHX2
1965:TSHZ3
1961:TSHZ2
1957:TSHZ1
1953:ADNP2
1942:SATB2
1938:SATB1
1885:HNF1B
1881:HNF1A
1870:LASS6
1866:LASS5
1862:LASS4
1858:LASS3
1854:LASS2
1774:LMX1B
1770:LMX1A
1711:TGIF2
1707:TGIF1
1675:MEIS3
1671:MEIS2
1667:MEIS1
1601:MEOX2
1597:MEOX1
1529:HOXD9
1525:HOXD8
1521:HOXD4
1517:HOXD3
1513:HOXD1
1502:HOXD@
1477:HOXC9
1473:HOXC8
1469:HOXC6
1465:HOXC5
1461:HOXC4
1450:HOXC@
1437:HOXB9
1433:HOXB8
1429:HOXB7
1425:HOXB6
1421:HOXB5
1417:HOXB4
1413:HOXB3
1409:HOXB2
1405:HOXB1
1394:HOXB@
1373:HOXA9
1369:HOXA7
1365:HOXA6
1361:HOXA5
1357:HOXA4
1353:HOXA3
1349:HOXA2
1345:HOXA1
1334:HOXA@
1251:Pax 6
1019:NANOG
961:B-DNA
913:bases
694:fungi
688:) in
682:genes
669:is a
150:SCOPe
141:SCOP2
117:SMART
10434:The
10342:MNDA
10261:ARID
10216:AP-2
10203:RBL2
10198:RBL1
10172:HBP1
10155:HMGA
10062:YBX1
10057:CSDA
9992:LEF1
9824:HMGN
9797:HMGB
9718:Mef2
9697:MYRF
9685:TBR2
9680:TBR1
9628:TP63
9568:STAT
9560:STAT
9520:NFAT
9513:RELB
9508:RELA
9463:(4)
9344:FLI1
9310:SPIB
9011:D4L6
9006:D4L5
9001:D4L4
8996:D4L3
8991:D4L1
8855:PITX
8818:VSX2
8813:VSX1
8803:SHOX
8781:PHOX
8463:MEIS
8391:HOPX
8327:VAX2
8322:VAX1
8317:TLX3
8312:TLX2
8307:TLX1
8302:NATO
8285:HMX3
8280:HMX2
8275:HMX1
8213:LBX2
8208:LBX1
8198:HHEX
8057:MNX1
8052:GBX2
8047:GBX1
7835:Evx2
7830:Evx1
7798:PDX1
7793:Xlox
7683:WRKY
7596:AIRE
7555:804A
7278:ZBTB
7224:SALL
7214:OSR1
7209:MYT1
7204:MTF1
7039:IKZF
6978:REST
6953:GFI1
6948:ERV3
6916:E4F1
6911:CTCF
6700:GATA
6670:DAX1
6650:GCNF
6598:NOR1
6426:HNF4
6295:PPAR
6228:(Cys
6156:AP-2
6026:SMAD
5981:USF1
5954:MXI1
5934:MITF
5927:MXD3
5922:MXD1
5912:AP-4
5887:EBF1
5763:Pho4
5741:BHLH
5620:ARNT
5615:AHRR
5587:TCF4
5582:MXD4
5513:LYL1
5474:OLIG
5428:MYF6
5423:MYF5
5413:MyoD
5386:HAND
5364:AS-C
5346:bHLH
5332:XBP1
5236:GCN4
5216:CREM
5194:CREB
5147:BATF
5130:BACH
5123:JunD
5118:JUNB
5108:JDP2
5093:FOSB
5083:AP-1
5041:AATF
5027:bZIP
4993:and
4950:and
4948:Pfam
4891:PMID
4875:Gene
4860:ISBN
4833:ISBN
4794:PMID
4759:PMID
4716:PMID
4648:PMID
4613:PMID
4564:PMID
4510:PMID
4494:Cell
4463:PMID
4428:PMID
4387:PMID
4338:PMID
4286:PMID
4251:PMID
4210:PMID
4161:PMID
4120:PMID
4071:PMID
4030:PMID
3981:PMID
3932:PMID
3883:PMID
3834:PMID
3799:PMID
3756:PMID
3705:PMID
3689:Cell
3661:PMID
3612:ISSN
3553:PMID
3518:PMID
3458:PMID
3423:PMID
3364:PMID
3284:ISBN
3247:PMID
3212:PMID
3163:PMID
3118:2018
3036:PMID
3020:Cell
2989:PMID
2973:Cell
2953:PMID
2886:PMID
2814:PMID
2765:PMID
2654:PMID
2638:Gene
2619:PMID
2581:PMID
2527:PMID
2504:1AHD
2462:Nk5.
2453:Nk4.
2440:The
2385:HMX3
2381:HMX2
2377:HMX1
2330:VAX2
2326:VAX1
2310:TLX3
2306:TLX2
2302:TLX1
2298:NOTO
2290:MSX2
2286:MSX1
2282:LBX2
2278:LBX1
2274:HLX1
2270:HHEX
2258:EMX2
2254:EMX1
2250:DBX2
2246:DBX1
2220:VSX2
2216:VSX1
2212:UNCX
2200:SHOX
2180:RAX2
2140:PAX8
2136:PAX7
2132:PAX6
2128:PAX5
2124:PAX4
2120:PAX3
2116:PAX2
2108:OTX2
2104:OTX1
2080:HOPX
2072:GSC2
2064:ESX1
2036:DUXB
2032:DUXA
2028:DRGX
2024:DPRX
2008:ALX4
2004:ALX3
2000:ALX1
1989:ZHX1
1973:ZEB2
1969:ZEB1
1949:ADNP
1934:CUX2
1930:CUX1
1912:SIX6
1908:SIX5
1904:SIX4
1900:SIX3
1896:SIX2
1892:SIX1
1766:LHX9
1762:LHX8
1758:LHX6
1754:LHX5
1750:LHX4
1746:LHX3
1742:LHX2
1738:LHX1
1734:ISL2
1730:ISL1
1695:PBX4
1691:PBX3
1687:PBX2
1683:PBX1
1663:IRX6
1659:IRX5
1655:IRX4
1651:IRX3
1647:IRX2
1643:IRX1
1636:DLX6
1632:DLX5
1628:DLX4
1624:DLX3
1620:DLX2
1616:DLX1
1605:MNX1
1593:GBX2
1589:GBX1
1585:EVX2
1581:EVX1
1577:PDX1
1573:GSX2
1569:GSX1
1565:CDX4
1561:CDX2
1557:CDX1
1325:gene
1313:name
1187:limb
1170:and
1049:and
1013:and
968:and
938:and
824:and
652:9ant
646:3hdd
640:2r5z
634:2r5y
628:2p81
622:2lfb
616:2jwt
610:2hoa
604:2hi3
598:2hdd
592:2h8r
586:2ecc
580:2ecb
574:2e1o
568:2dmq
562:2cuf
556:2cue
550:2cra
544:2cqx
538:1ztr
532:1zq3
526:1yz8
520:1yrn
514:1x2n
508:1x2m
502:1wi3
496:1vnd
490:1uhs
484:1san
478:1s7e
472:1qry
466:1puf
460:1pog
454:1p7j
448:1p7i
442:1oct
436:1ocp
430:1o4x
424:1nk3
418:1nk2
412:1mnm
406:1mh4
400:1mh3
394:1lfu
388:1lfb
382:1le8
376:1kz2
370:1k61
364:1jgg
358:1ig7
352:1ic8
346:1hom
340:1hf0
334:1hdp
328:1hdd
322:1gt0
316:1ftz
310:1ftt
304:1fjl
298:1f43
292:1enh
286:1e3o
280:1du6
274:1du0
268:1cqt
262:1bw5
256:1b8i
250:1b72
244:1au7
238:1apl
232:1akh
226:1ahd
201:PDBj
197:PDBe
180:ECOD
170:Pfam
146:1ahd
94:clan
92:Pfam
80:Pfam
46:The
10438:of
10369:Rho
10347:NFY
10320:MLL
10303:IFI
10298:CAP
10080:CBF
9999:TOX
9970:TCF
9955:SRY
9868:SOX
9851:HNF
9792:BBX
9766:TBP
9745:SRF
9690:TFT
9640:TBX
9633:p73
9623:p53
9503:REL
9396:MYB
9317:ETV
9305:ERG
9290:ETS
9285:ERF
9263:ELK
9258:EGF
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