366:. In a 1939 FHA report, Hoyt argued that segregation was an obvious necessity and that racially-mixed neighborhoods result in decreased land values. Hoyt also published a list of racial groups and ranked them from positive to negative influence on property values: "1. English, Scotch, Irish, Scandinavians, 2. North Italians, 3. Bohemians or Czechs, 4. Poles, 5. Lithuanians, 6. Greeks, 7. Russians, Jews (lower class), 8. South Italians, 9. Negroes, 10. Mexicans." The FHA subsequently justified the practice of
354:(FHA), his most notable public service position. The newly-formed FHA hired Hoyt to develop "the first underwriting criteria — who is a good credit risk and who is not." At the FHA, Hoyt pioneered the use of maps for business decision making and public policy analysis. Hoyt adapted his dissertation work to understand the spatial distribution of property values and mortgage risks. Supported by Hoyt's research and recommendations, the FHA developed the policy of
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in 1967. The
Institute remains active and prominent in the fields of land economics and real estate studies today. Notable initiatives of the Institute include the Hoyt Academic Fellowship, the Maury Seldin Advanced Studies Institute, the Weimer School, and the Weimer School Fellowship. Weimer School
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Hoyt's 1933 doctoral dissertation, "One hundred years of land values in
Chicago: The relationship of the growth of Chicago to the rise of its land values, 1830-1933," is among the most cited dissertations of all time and is still cited regularly today.
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Hoyt made a number of theoretical contributions to land economics and urban planning. First, he developed a novel approach to the historical analysis of land values that utilized
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lenders used his data to assess the risk a neighborhood posed for loans, they often refused loans in neighborhoods with predominantly non-white populations, a practice known as
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In his later years, Hoyt sought to bridge the gap between academic economists and the real estate industry. Towards this end, Hoyt underwrote the formation of the
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for several decades. His legacy is controversial today, due to his prominent role in the development and justification of racially segregated housing policy and
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Hoyt is notable for his numerous professional roles in academia, government, and the private sector. In 1917, he briefly became an economics instructor at
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in a white neighborhood would cause the value of the white-owned properties to decline, making their owners more likely to default on their mortgages.
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techniques, termed "overlay mapping." The approach correlated racial characteristics of a population with land value, so that when
413:, a nonprofit research and education foundation with a mission to improve the quality of public and private real estate decisions.
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381:(1941-1943) and Director of Economic Studies for the New York Regional Plan Association (1943-1946). He also taught as a
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714:"The Roots of Redlining: Academic, Governmental, and Professional Networks in the Making of the New Deal Lending Regime"
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358:, the refusal to loan money or allowing minorities to purchase homes in white neighborhoods and the inclusion of
512:/ Articles on law, real estate cycle, economic base, sector theory, shopping centers, urban growth, 1916–1966.
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518:; Michael Hoyt and Jean Hoyt. No city: photocopy, 2005. Available at Avery Library, Columbia University.
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218:(June 14, 1895 – November 29, 1984) was an American economist known for his pioneering work in
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The Color of Law: A Forgotten
History of How Our Government Segregated America
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522:"More Than Sector Theory: Homer Hoyt's Contributions to Planning Knowledge,"
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After leaving the FHA, Hoyt went on to work as
Director of Research for the
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based on the mix of basic and non-basic employment within their economies.
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801:"Racial Restriction and Housing Discrimination in the Chicagoland Area"
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Between 1934 and 1940, Hoyt served as the Chief Land
Economist for the
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Journal of
Planning History 6, 3 (2007):248-271 by Robert Beauregard.
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464:, which enabled municipal and state governments to assess potential
530:; Homer Hoyt. Washington DC: Federal Housing Administration, 1939.
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The
Structure and Growth of Residential Areas in American Cities
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331:(1924-1925), in addition to a brief stint as a statistician at
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as an economist. Hoyt went on to serve on the faculty of the
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Fellows include many prominent academics in the field of
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to the public by claiming that a purchase of a home by a
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and developed an influential approach to the analysis of
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619:"HOMER HOYT, EARLY PLANNER OF URBAN SHOPPING CENTERS"
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Hoyt was also an active contributor to the field of
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University of North
Carolina at Chapel Hill faculty
712:Winling, LaDale C; Michney, Todd M (June 1, 2021).
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291:He went on to earn a J.D. in 1918 and a Ph.D. in
536:; Homer Hoyt. New York : Arno Press, 1970,
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335:(1920-1921). From 1925 to 1934, he worked as a
855:Non-profit research and educational foundation
940:Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty
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510:According to Hoyt; Fifty Years of Homer Hoyt
534:One Hundred Years of Land Values in Chicago
460:. Additionally, Hoyt refined the method of
325:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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830:"Weimer School and Hoyt Academic Fellows"
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483:, which was published in seven editions.
456:, until it was itself supplanted by the
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397:, a prominent land use and real estate
960:American businesspeople in real estate
955:Mortgage industry of the United States
905:History of racism in the United States
479:, Hoyt wrote the successful text book
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230:. He conducted notable research on
669:from the original on March 9, 2023
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441:. Hoyt's work developed into the
915:Urban decay in the United States
885:20th-century American economists
699:The Atlanta Journal-Constitution
409:. In 1967, Hoyt established the
617:Cook, Joan (December 1, 1984).
930:University of Delaware faculty
925:University of Missouri faculty
547:Federal Housing Administration
352:Federal Housing Administration
118:Federal Housing Administration
1:
591:. Liveright. pp. 93–94.
116:Chief Land Economist for the
950:University of Chicago people
945:Columbia University faculty
718:Journal of American History
656:Homer Hoyt: An Introduction
587:Rothstein, Richard (2017).
516:Autobiography of Homer Hoyt
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452:as the dominant theory of
481:Principles of Real Estate
401:with a specialization in
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910:American segregationists
487:The Homer Hoyt Institute
347:while earning his Ph.D.
805:Digital Chicago History
379:Chicago Plan Commission
295:in 1933, both from the
64:Silver Spring, Maryland
920:Beloit College faculty
754:"Homer Hoyt Institute"
731:10.1093/jahist/jaab066
462:economic base analysis
450:concentric zone theory
393:. In 1946, he founded
329:University of Missouri
321:University of Delaware
283:aged 18, with both an
273:Saint Joseph, Missouri
45:Saint Joseph, Missouri
860:http://hoytgroup.org/
690:Dedman, Bill (1989).
504:Selected publications
498:real estate economics
473:real estate appraisal
458:multiple nuclei model
297:University of Chicago
228:real estate economics
204:Real estate economics
156:University of Chicago
692:"The Color of Money"
662:, January 29, 2019,
493:Homer Hoyt Institute
411:Homer Hoyt Institute
277:University of Kansas
258:in American cities.
142:University of Kansas
890:Regional economists
809:Lake Forest College
391:Columbia University
315:before joining the
250:was influential in
128:Academic background
900:Racial segregation
760:on January 5, 2016
383:visiting professor
341:real estate broker
99:Segregated Housing
16:American economist
858:The Hoyt Group -
475:. With co-author
466:population growth
445:, which replaced
327:(1921-1923), and
275:and attended the
271:Hoyt was born in
220:land use planning
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56:November 29, 1984
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780:"Google Scholar"
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187:Doctoral advisor
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407:shopping malls
403:site selection
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281:Phi Beta Kappa
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232:land economics
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833:. Retrieved
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814:February 22,
812:. Retrieved
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795:
783:. Retrieved
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762:. Retrieved
758:the original
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724:(1): 42–69.
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698:
671:, retrieved
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626:. Retrieved
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588:
557:Sector model
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492:
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443:sector model
427:primary data
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372:black person
362:in property
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244:sector model
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179:
94:Sector model
58:(1984-11-29)
18:
880:1984 deaths
875:1895 births
869:Categories
563:References
337:consultant
216:Homer Hoyt
200:Discipline
134:Alma mater
72:Occupation
37:1895-06-14
25:Homer Hoyt
895:Redlining
740:0021-8723
552:Redlining
439:redlining
368:redlining
356:redlining
313:Wisconsin
293:economics
267:Education
262:Biography
256:redlining
89:Redlining
76:Economist
664:archived
541:See also
435:mortgage
417:Research
333:AT&T
248:land use
835:May 25,
785:May 25,
764:May 25,
673:May 25,
628:May 25,
431:mapping
345:Chicago
287:and an
738:
595:
303:Career
242:. His
226:, and
224:zoning
175:Thesis
695:(PDF)
667:(PDF)
660:(PDF)
364:deeds
113:Title
837:2021
816:2022
787:2021
766:2021
736:ISSN
675:2021
630:2021
593:ISBN
429:and
405:for
389:and
339:and
289:A.M.
285:A.B.
238:and
180:1933
66:, US
53:Died
47:, US
31:Born
726:doi
722:108
387:MIT
385:at
343:in
311:in
246:of
164:PhD
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160:JD
150:AM
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