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205: – there was a greater chance of sleepwalking. The study found that children with chronic parasomnias may often also present SDB or, to a lesser extent, RLS. Furthermore, the disappearance of the parasomnias after the treatment of the SDB or RLS periodic limb movement syndrome suggests that the latter may trigger the former. The high frequency of SDB in family members of children with parasomnia provided additional evidence that SDB may manifest as parasomnias in children. Children with parasomnias are not systematically monitored during sleep, although past studies have suggested that patients with sleep terrors or sleepwalking have an elevated level of brief EEG arousals. When children receive
881:
375:
Ambien is a more widely used sleep aid. Because many sleep eaters prepare the food they consume, there are risks involving burns and such with ovens and other appliances. As expected, weight gain is also a common outcome of this disorder, because food that is frequently consumed contains high carbohydrates. As with sleepwalking, there are ways that sleep eating disorders can be maintained. There are some medications that calm the sleeper so they can get longer and better-quality rest, but activities such as yoga can also be introduced to reduce the stress and anxiety causing the action.
557:
was the desire to go to sleep in the same area as the individual had slept in childhood. Ten years later, he speculated about somnambulism in the article "A Metapsychological
Supplement to the Theory of Dreams" (1916–17 ). In this essay, he clarified and expanded his hypothetical ideas on dreams. He described the dream as a fragile equilibrium that is destabilized by the repressed unconscious impulses of the unconscious system, which does not obey the wishes of the ego. Certain preconscious daytime thoughts can be resistant and these can retain a part of their
58:
470:
or anticipatory waking, assertion training, relaxation training, managing aggressive feelings, sleep hygiene, classical conditioning (including electric shock), and play therapy. Pharmacological treatments have included tricyclic antidepressants (imipramine), an anticholinergic (biperiden), antiepileptics (carbamazepine, valproate), an antipsychotic (quetiapine), benzodiazepines (clonazepam, diazepam, flurazepam and triazolam), melatonin, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (paroxetine), a barbiturate (sodium amytal) and herbs.
529:
sleepwalking, the distorted fantasies they had about all authoritarian figures, such as fathers, officers and stern superiors." This same group published an article twelve years later with a new conclusion: "Sleepwalking, contrary to most belief, apparently has little to do with dreaming. In fact, it occurs when the sleeper is enjoying his most oblivious, deepest sleep—a stage in which dreams are not usually reported." More recent research has discovered that sleepwalking is actually a disorder of
387:, a person is able to actively engage and respond to their environment (e.g. having conversations or driving a vehicle), however the brain does not create memories for the events. Alcohol-induced blackouts can occur with blood alcohol levels higher than 0.06 g/dl. A systematic review of the literature found that approximately 50% of drinkers have experienced memory loss during a drinking episode and have had associated negative consequences similar to sleepwalkers, including injury and death.
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sleep behaviors in children. It was found that sleepwalking could be associated with children's bedtime routines. Those who have behavioral problems are more likely to develop a sleep disorder and should be assessed. The relationship between sleepwalking and the behavioral and emotional problems are more associated than their bedtime routines. This may very well be because sleep related disorders and sleepwalking happen simultaneously; one cannot exist without the other.
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decides to marry another. In fact, when stressed, Amina was susceptible to somnambulism; and had come to be in the stranger's bedchamber by sleep-walking along a high parapet (in full view of the opera's audience). Elvino, who later observes the (exhausted by all the fuss) Amina, sleep-walking across a very high, very unstable, and very rickety bridge at the local mill, realizes his mistake, abandons his plans of marriage to the other woman, and re-unites with Amina.
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sleepwalking. One study found that sleepwalking occurred in 45% of children who have one parent who sleepwalked, and in 60% of children if both parents sleepwalked. Thus, heritable factors may predispose an individual to sleepwalking, but expression of the behavior may also be influenced by environmental factors. Genetic studies using common fruit flies as experimental models reveal a link between night sleep and brain development mediated by
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parasomnia in children who are treated for SDB, as defined here, provides important evidence that subtle SDB can have substantial health-related significance. Also noteworthy is the report of familial presence of parasomnia. Studies of twin cohorts and families with sleep terror and sleepwalking suggest genetic involvement of parasomnias. RLS and SDB have been shown to have familial recurrence. RLS has been shown to have genetic involvement.
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294:, both populations being four to nine times more likely to experience an episode of sleepwalking. Hormonal fluctuations have been found to contribute to sleepwalking episodes in women, with the likeliness to sleepwalk being higher before the onset of menstruation. It also appears that hormonal changes during pregnancy decrease the likelihood of engaging in sleepwalking.
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839:. An individual can be accused of non-insane or insane automatism. The first is used as a defense for temporary insanity or involuntary conduct, resulting in acquittal. The latter results in a "special verdict of not guilty by reason of insanity." This verdict of insanity can result in a court order to attend a mental institution.
966:: Stephen Reitz killed his lover, Eva Weinfurtner. He told police he had no recollection of the attack but he had "flashbacks" of believing he was in a scuffle with a male intruder. His parents testified in court that he had been a sleepwalker from childhood. The court convicted Reitz of first-degree murder in 2004.
253:, where an individual can engage in sexual behaviors with oneself or others. Its occurrence is rare, but can happen during sleepwalking. Sleep-related eating disorder, in which sleepwalkers eat involuntarily, can also happen. The events can include eating/drinking regular foods or odd combinations of food.
144:
Although sleepwalking cases generally consist of simple, repeated behaviors, there are occasionally reports of people performing complex behaviors while asleep, although their legitimacy is often disputed. Sleepwalkers often have little or no memory of the incident, as their consciousness has altered
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Sleepwalking was initially thought to be a dreamer acting out a dream. For example, in one study published by the
Society for Science & the Public in 1954, this was the conclusion: "Repression of hostile feelings against the father caused the patients to react by acting out in a dream world with
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There have been no clinical trials to show that any psychological or pharmacological intervention is effective in preventing sleepwalking episodes. Despite this, a wide range of treatments have been used with sleepwalkers. Psychological interventions have included psychoanalysis, hypnosis, scheduled
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poses the problem that sleepwalking is less likely to occur in the sleep laboratory, and if an episode occurs, it is usually less complex than what the patient experiences at home. Therefore, the diagnosis can often be made by assessment of sleep history, time-course and content of the sleep related
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as well. Unconscious impulses and day residues can come together and result in a conflict. Freud then wondered about the outcome of this wishful impulse: an unconscious instinctual demand that becomes a dream wish in the preconscious. Freud stated that this unconscious impulse could be expressed as
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The lifetime prevalence of sleepwalking is estimated to be 4.6–10.3%. A meta-analysis of 51 studies, that included more than 100,000 children and adults, found that sleepwalking is more common in children with an estimated 5%, compared with 1.5% of adults, sleepwalking at least once in the previous
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For those whose sleepwalking episodes are hazardous, a door alarm may offer a measure of protection. There are various kinds of door alarms that can attach to a bedroom door and when the door is opened, the alarm sounds. The intention is that the sound will fully awaken the person and interrupt the
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are rarely found in children. Children's respiration during sleep should be monitored with nasal cannula or pressure transducer system or esophageal manometry, which are more sensitive than the thermistors or thermocouples currently used in many laboratories. The clear, prompt improvement of severe
899:
1961, Sergeant Willis
Boshears confessed to strangling a local woman named Jean Constable in the early hours on New Years Day 1961, but claimed that he was asleep and only woke to realize what he had done. He pled not guilty on the basis of being asleep at the time he committed the offence and was
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stated, "Each set of facts must require a careful examination of its own circumstances, but if by way of taking an illustration it were considered possible for a person to walk in his sleep and to commit a violent crime while genuinely unconscious, then such a person would not be criminally liable
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spoke about sleepwalking to the Vienna
Psychoanalytic Society (Nunberg and Federn). He believed that sleepwalking was connected to fulfilling sexual wishes and was surprised that a person could move without interrupting their dream. At that time, Freud suggested that the essence of this phenomenon
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Most studies look at sleep disorders in adults but children can also be affected. In the ten percent of the population that experience sleep-related disorders, children are mainly affected due to their youthful brains. A study conducted in
Australia, looked at sleepwalking and its association with
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Despite how it is portrayed in many cultures (eyes closed and walking with arms outstretched), the sleepwalker's eyes are open but may appear as a glassy-eyed stare or blank expression and pupils are dilated. They are often disoriented, consequent to awakening: the sleepwalker may be confused and
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can also occur. Most sleepwalkers get injuries at some point during sleepwalking, often minor injuries such as cuts or bruises. In rare occasions, however, sleepwalkers have fractured bones and died as the result of a fall. Sleepwalkers may also face embarrassment of being found naked in public.
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Sleep eating involves consuming food while asleep. These sleep eating disorders are more often than not induced for stress related reasons. Another major cause of this sleep eating subtype of sleepwalking is sleep medication, such as Ambien for example (Mayo Clinic). There are a few others, but
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In some cases, sleepwalking in adults may be a symptom of a psychological disorder. One study suggests higher levels of dissociation in adult sleepwalkers, since test subjects scored unusually high on the hysteria portion of the "Crown-Crisp
Experiential Index". Another suggested that "A higher
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is centered on the question of the innocence of the betrothed and soon-to-be married Amina, who, upon having been discovered in the bedchamber of a stranger, and despite the assurances of that stranger that Amina was entirely innocent, has been rejected by her enraged fiancé, Elvino—who, then,
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The cause of sleepwalking is unknown. A number of, as yet unproven, hypotheses are suggested for why it might occur, including: delay in the maturity of the central nervous system, increased slow wave sleep, sleep deprivation, fever, and excessive tiredness. There may be a genetic component to
969:
In 2001, Antonio Nieto murdered his wife and mother-in-law and attempted to murder his daughter and son, before being disarmed. Nieto claimed to have been asleep during the attack and dreaming that he was defending himself against aggressive ostriches. However, his children stated that he had
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Maintaining the safety of the sleepwalker and others and seeking treatment for other sleep problems is recommended. Reassurance is recommended if sleepwalking is not causing any problems. However, if it causes distress or there is risk of harm, hypnosis and scheduled waking are recommended as
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is the only accurate assessment of a sleepwalking episode. Because this is costly and sleepwalking episodes are usually infrequent, other measures commonly used include self-, parent-, or partner-report. Three common diagnostic systems that are generally used for sleepwalking disorders are
641:
Mr. Braid, surgeon, whose discoveries in hypnotism are well known, having invited the fair impersonator of a somnambulist to witness some of the abnormal feats of a real somnambulist, artificially thrown into that state, it was arranged that a private séance should take place
221:, especially in children. In the midst of a night terror, the affected person may wander in a distressed state while still asleep, and examples of sufferers attempting to run or aggressively defend themselves during these incidents have been reported in medical literature.
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recognized them and had told his son to not turn on the lights because their mother (gravely injured already) was sleeping. In 2007, Nieto was sentenced to 10 years internment in a psychiatric hospital and ordered to pay 171,100 euros as compensation to the victims.
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622:), what really set her apart was her outstanding ability to act"; and, moreover, in performing as Amina, rather than walking along a wide and well-protected walkway (as the others did), she routinely acrobatically balanced her way along narrow planks.
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Unlike other sleep disorders, sleepwalking is not associated with daytime behavioral or emotional problems. This may be because the sleepwalker's sleep is not disturbed—unless they are woken, they are still in a sleep state while sleepwalking.
3356:
3341:
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Kales, A., Soldatos, C. R., Caldwell, A. B., Kales, J. D., Humphrey, F. J., 2nd, Charney, D. S., & Schweitzer, P. K. (1980). Somnambulism. Clinical characteristics and personality patterns. Archives of
General Psychiatry, 37,
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Sleepwalkers should not have easily accessible weapons (loaded guns, knives) in the bedroom or any room of the house for that matter. If there are weapons, they should be locked away with keys secluded from the sleepwalker.
959:, was accused of killing his wife. The court concluded that the murder was too complex to be committed while sleepwalking. Falater was convicted of first-degree murder and sentenced to life with no possibility of parole.
633:", and that, from a rather different perspective, her stage performance could also be described as one of "artificial" (rather than spontaneous) somnambulism—her friends arranged for her to visit the local surgeon
618:, and gave two performances as Amina. The outstanding difference between Lind and her contemporaries was that, "whilst the beauty of her voice was far greater than any other in living memory (thus, the
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Blatt, I., Peled, R., Gadoth, N., & Lavie, P. (1991). The value of sleep recording in evaluating somnambulism in young adults. Electroencephalography & Clinical
Neurophysiology, 78, 407–412.
185:, but the talk typically does not make sense to the observer. There are varying degrees of amnesia associated with sleepwalking, ranging from no memory at all, vague memories or a narrative.
1839:
1302:
565:
As of 2002, sleepwalking has not been detected in non-human primates. It is unclear whether it simply has not been observed yet, or whether sleepwalking is a uniquely human phenomenon.
129:
stage of sleep, in a state of low consciousness, with performance of activities that are usually performed during a state of full consciousness. These activities can be as benign as
2103:
Schenck, C. H., & Mahowald, M. W. (1995b). Two cases of premenstrual sleep terrors and injurious sleep-walking. Journal of
Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology, 16, 79–84.
279:
Sleepwalking may be inherited as an autosomal dominant disorder with reduced penetrance. Genome-wide multipoint parametric linkage analysis for sleepwalking revealed a maximum
2432:
Hublin, C., Kaprio, J., Partinen, M., Heikkila, K., & Koskenvuo, M. (1997). Prevalence and genetics of sleepwalking: A population-based twin study. Neurology, 48, 177–181.
1900:
Kales, A.; Soldatos, C. R.; Bixler, E. O.; Ladda, R. L.; Charney, D. S.; Weber, G.; Schweitzer, P. K. (1 August 1980). "Hereditary factors in sleepwalking and night terrors".
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984:
Brian Thomas was accused of killing his wife in 2008 while dreaming that he was fighting off intruders. He was freed in 2009 by a judge, who found him not guilty of murder.
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into a state in which memories are difficult to recall. Although their eyes are open, their expression is dim and glazed over. This may last from 30 seconds to 30 minutes.
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152:(NREM sleep) cycles. It typically occurs within the first third of the night when slow-wave sleep is most prominent. Usually, it will occur once in a night, if at all.
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383:
Sleepwalking should not be confused with alcohol- or drug-induced blackouts, which can result in amnesia for events similar to sleepwalking. During an alcohol-induced
2112:
Hedman, C., Pohjasvaara, T., Tolonen, U., Salmivaara, A., & Myllyla, V. (2002). Parasomnias decline during pregnancy. Acta
Neurologica Scandinavica, 105, 209–214.
1310:
349:
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Joncas, S., Zadra, A., Paquet, J., & Montplaisir, J. (2002). The value of sleep deprivation as a diagnostic tool in adult sleepwalkers. Neurology, 58, 936–940.
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Sleepwalking has attracted a sense of mystery, but was not seriously investigated and diagnosed until the 19th century. The German chemist and parapsychologist
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In the study "Sleepwalking and Sleep Terrors in Prepubertal Children" it was found that, if a child had another sleep disorder – such as
2807:, Ph.D. Dissertation, School of History and Philosophy of Science, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, University of New South Wales, January 2013.
849:
249:
During the amnesic state sleepwalkers are in, many things can happen without their recollection. One thing that can happen is a sleep disorder called
2717:
2370:
Hartzler, Bryan; Fromme, Kim (2003). "Fragmentary and en bloc blackouts: Similarity and distinction among episodes of alcohol-induced memory loss".
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359:
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual defines two subcategories of sleepwalking, although sleepwalking does not need to involve either behaviours:
1834:
134:
2938:"While You Were Sleepwalking: Science and Neurobiology of Sleep Disorders & the Enigma of Legal Responsibility of Violence During Parasomnia"
3117:
Analysing Witness Testimony: Psychological, Investigative and Evidential Perspectives: A Guide for Legal Practitioners and Other Professionals
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For partners of sleepwalkers who are violent or disturb their sleep, sleeping in another room may lead to better sleep quality and quantity.
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541:(or REM Sleep Behavior Disorder). More accurate data about sleep is due to the invention of technologies, such as the electroencephalogram (
2984:
2738:
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920:: Burgess was accused of hitting his girlfriend on the head with a wine bottle and then a video tape recorder. He was found not guilty at
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There is no evidence to show that waking sleepwalkers is harmful or not, though the sleepwalker is likely to be disoriented if awakened.
209:, discrete patterns (e.g., nasal flow limitation, abnormal respiratory effort, bursts of high or slow EEG frequencies) should be sought;
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880:
2601:
2323:"Alcohol-Induced Blackouts: A Review of Recent Clinical Research with Practical Implications and Recommendations for Future Studies"
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844:
822:
518:
353:
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was acquitted of the murder of Maria Bickford in 1846, under a defense that he was sleepwalking. (National Police Gazette, 1846)
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3479:
1565:
Orme, J.E. (1967), "The Incidence of Sleepwalking in Various Groups", Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, Vol 43, Iss 3, pp 279–28.
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mobility during sleep. This would be what is observed in somnambulism, though what actually makes it possible remains unknown.
384:
1204:
760:
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perplexed, and might not know why or how they got out of bed; however, the disorientation will fade within minutes. They may
3188:[They agreed to intern the man who killed his wife and mother-in-law for 10 years, believing them to be ostriches].
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Milliet N, Ummenhofer W. Somnambulism and trauma: case report and short review of the literature. J Trauma. 1999;47(2):420–2
1493:
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Jules Lowe confessed to causing the death of his father Edward in 2004, but did not remember committing the act. Jules used
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Pressman. "Factors that predispose, prime and precipitate NREM parasomnias in adults: clinical and forensic implications."
803:
4061:
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31:
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Kavey, N. B., Whyte, J., Resor, S. R., Jr., & Gidro-Frank, S. (1990). Somnambulism in adults. Neurology, 40, 749–752.
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behaviors. Sometimes, home videos can provide additional information and should be considered in the diagnostic process.
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Sillesen NH, Nielsen LT, Bonde C. Complex injuries associated with somnambulism. Ugeskr Laeger. 2010;172(50):3489–90
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The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders : clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines
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used sleepwalking as a defense against charges of murdering Maria Bickford, a prostitute living in a Boston brothel.
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937:: Parks was accused of killing his mother-in-law and attempting to kill his father-in-law. He was acquitted by the
39:
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1943:
Kucherenko, Mariya M.; Ilangovan, Vinodh; Herzig, Bettina; Shcherbata, Halyna R.; Bringmann, Henrik (2016-01-01).
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sleepwalking episode, or if the sleepwalker lives with others, the sound will prompt them to check on the person.
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689:
2061:
Barabas, Gabor; Matthews, Wendy S.; Ferrari, Michael (2008). "Somnambulism in Children with Tourette Syndrome".
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3002:
Lederman, Eliezer. "Non-Insane and Insane Automatism: Reducing the Significance of a Problematic Distinction."
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Magiorkinis, Emmanouil; Diamantis, Aristidis; Sidiropoulou, Kalliopi; Panteliadis, Christos (24 August 2014).
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2899:, Vol.6, No.145, (9 October 1847), p.238; Braid, J., "(Letter to Dr. Storer, written on 28 September 1847)",
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As sleepwalking behaviours occur without volition, sleepwalking can be used as a legal defense, as a form of
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696:(1812), "Somno", a histrionic failed-actor-turned-manservant relives his wished-for roles when sleepwalking.
57:
521:(1788–1869) made extensive studies of sleepwalkers and used his discoveries to formulate his theory of the
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Sleepwalkers should aim to have their bedrooms on the ground floor of a home, apartment, dorm, hotel, etc.
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partial arousal during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, typically during the first third of the night
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317:—have been associated with sleepwalking. The best evidence of medications causing sleepwalking is for
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2859:, No.1948, (Wednesday, 8 September 1847), p.5, col.F; "Jenny Lind and the Manchester Somnambulists",
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65:
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Guilleminault, Christian; Palombini, Luciana; Pelayo, Rafael; Chervin, Ronald D. (1 January 2003).
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Stallman, Helen M; Kohler, Mark J; Biggs, Sarah N; Lushington, Kurt; Kennedy, Declan (2017-09-25).
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2855:, No.1947, (Saturday, 4 September 1847), p.7, col.C; "Jenny Lind and the Hypnotic Somnambulist",
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Description of the episode, including behavior, emotions, and thoughts during and after the event
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2503:"Wandering & Movement Alarms & Monitors / Page 1 - Independent Living Centres Australia"
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948:: Ricksgers was accused of killing his wife. He was sentenced to life in prison without parole.
864:, drug-induced amnesia, and other disorders in which sleep-related violence may occur, such as
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2215:"International classification of sleep disorders-third edition: highlights and modifications"
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12 months. The rate of sleepwalking has not been found to vary across ages during childhood.
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3186:"Acuerdan internar 10 años al hombre que mató a su mujer y su suegra creyéndolas avestruces"
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1742:"Sleepwalking, sleep terrors, sexsomnia and other disorders of arousal: the old and the new"
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1687:"Sleepwalking, sleep terrors, sexsomnia and other disorders of arousal: the old and the new"
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1632:"Sleepwalking, sleep terrors, sexsomnia and other disorders of arousal: the old and the new"
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1577:"Sleepwalking, sleep terrors, sexsomnia and other disorders of arousal: the old and the new"
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332:, are thought to trigger sleepwalking in people without a previous history of sleepwalking.
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1814:"Sleepwalker dies after falling from hotel window following night out with work colleagues"
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290:, which also appears to be metabolized differently in migraine patients and people with
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for that act." While the veracity of the cases are disputed, there have been acts of
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3230:"Sleepwalker Brian Thomas admits killing wife while fighting intruders in nightmare"
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1425:"Childhood Sleepwalking and Its Relationship to Daytime and Sleep Related Behaviors"
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2754:"Is somnambulism a distinct disorder of humans and not seen in non-human primates?"
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was accused of killing his wife and acquitted on the grounds of temporary insanity.
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2863:, No.9015, (Saturday, 17 September 1847), p.2, col.E; "Jenny Lind and Hypnotism",
1854:"Naked sleepwalker stumbles out of city hotel then makes an odd request to police"
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While she was in Manchester—on the basis that, at the time, many characterized "
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Sleep disorders: diagnosis, management and treatment: a handbook for clinicians
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2867:, Vol.16, No.416, (18 September 1847), p.602; and "Jenny Lind and Mesmerism",
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2383:
2246:
2238:
2027:
1970:
1765:
1710:
1655:
1600:
1534:
1454:"Sleepwalking and Sleep Terrors in Prepubertal Children: What Triggers Them?"
1398:
1103:
4150:
4101:
4096:
3962:
3924:
3661:
3567:
3557:
3542:
3457:
3428:
3393:
3234:
3067:
2753:
2214:
1265:
1051:
424:
How often these episodes occur (frequency) and how long they last (duration)
367:
306:
287:
86:
2971:
2880:
2785:
2696:
2576:
2391:
2356:
2254:
2199:
2150:
2035:
1988:
1773:
1718:
1663:
1608:
1479:
1470:
1281:
3447:
2669:
2230:
2082:
2003:
1921:
1913:
1552:
4017:
3992:
3912:
3704:
3679:
1517:
Crisp, A.H.; Matthews, BM; Oakey, M; Crutchfield, M; et al. (1990).
1107:
854:
558:
318:
254:
250:
234:
230:
2836:
533:(non-rapid eye movement) arousal. Acting out a dream is the basis for a
286:
Sleepwalking has been hypothesized to be linked to the neurotransmitter
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4012:
3917:
3751:
3651:
3609:
3562:
2338:
1390:
1033:
908:
857:
where the prime suspect may have committed the act while sleepwalking.
763: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
712:
681:
3333:
1757:
1702:
1647:
1592:
860:
Alternative explanations to homicidal or violent sleepwalking include
4111:
3997:
3360:
3345:
325:; all other reports are based on associations noted in case reports.
3313:
Crime and Insanity in England Volume One: The Historical Perspective
720:
is described as a sleepwalker. It is while she is sleepwalking that
433:
How conscious or aware the patient is, when awakened from an episode
430:
How responsive the patient is to external stimuli during the episode
3052:. Massachusetts, MA, USA: Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 317–319.
2533:"Prevalence of Sleepwalking: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
977:
as his defense, and was found not guilty by reason of insanity and
4007:
3825:
3488:
2637:
Society for Science & the Public. "Sleepwalker Not Dreaming."
1740:
Idir, Yannis; Oudiette, Delphine; Arnulf, Isabelle (August 2022).
1685:
Idir, Yannis; Oudiette, Delphine; Arnulf, Isabelle (August 2022).
1630:
Idir, Yannis; Oudiette, Delphine; Arnulf, Isabelle (August 2022).
1575:
Idir, Yannis; Oudiette, Delphine; Arnulf, Isabelle (August 2022).
879:
659:
210:
110:
3398:
2711:"History of the Scientific Standards of QEEG Normative Databases"
530:
3461:
2915:"The Sleep-Walker; or, Which is the Lady? A Farce, in Two Acts"
1266:"Assessment and treatment of sleepwalking in clinical practice"
1075:"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM–5)"
4091:
3987:
2841:. London: Sherwood, Gilbert and Piper – via Archive.org.
732:
542:
30:
This article is about the sleep disorder. For other uses, see
2838:
A treatise on insanity and other disorders affecting the mind
2822:
A Treatise on Insanity and Other Disorders Affecting the Mind
1235:
1233:
1231:
685:(1606) is one of the most famous scenes in all of literature.
451:
Family history for NREM parasomnias and other sleep disorders
283:
of 3.14 at chromosome 20q12-q13.12 between 55.6 and 61.4 cM.
2624:
Society for Science & the Public. "Sleepwalking Cause."
2004:"Identification of sleepwalking gene(s): Not yet, but soon?"
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
170:
dream-congruent motor behavior that may be simple or complex
1835:"Tragedy as sleepwalker plunges to death from hotel window"
3166:"7 Criminal Cases That Invoked the 'Sleepwalking Defense'"
3115:
Heaton-Armstrong A, Shepherd E, Wolchover D, eds. (2002).
2901:
The Critic: A Journal for Readers, Authors, and Publishers
2897:
The Critic: A Journal for Readers, Authors, and Publishers
2653:"Highights in the History of Epilepsy: The Last 200 Years"
217:
Sleepwalking may also accompany the related phenomenon of
2172:
Poryazova, R; Waldvogel, D; Bassetti, CL (October 2007).
1329:
1327:
167:
dreamy content that may or may not be recalled when awake
141:, violent gestures and grabbing at hallucinated objects.
2883:
The Maitland Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser
2805:
James Braid: Surgeon, Gentleman Scientist, and Hypnotist
3257:"Camper van 'dream killer' Brian Thomas freed by judge"
3019:
Mackay, Irene (1992). "The Sleepwalker is Not Insane".
2824:, Sherwood, Gilbert and Piper, (London), 1835, p.p.410.
1149:"SLEEP: Sex While Sleeping Is Real, and May Be No Joke"
1132:"SLEEP: Sex While Sleeping Is Real, and May Be No Joke"
981:
in a secure hospital. He was released after ten months.
461:
The assessment should rule out differential diagnoses.
2127:"Medication induced sleepwalking: A systematic review"
2120:
2118:
1375:"On dreaming, parasomnia, dream enactment, and murder"
414:
Some features that should always be assessed include:
1494:"Sleep terrors (night terrors) - Symptoms and causes"
1337:
Sleep: The Mysteries, the Problems, and the Solutions
3323:
2871:, No.39, (Saturday, 25 September 1847) p.294, col.A.
2737:. International Dictionary of Psychoanalysis. 2005.
3980:
3940:
3888:
3818:
3770:
3718:
3660:
3600:
3591:
3528:
3499:
3408:
3327:
2125:Stallman, HM; Kohler, M; White, J (February 2018).
148:Sleepwalking occurs during slow-wave sleep (N3) of
76:
50:
3284:"Man who killed his wife while sleeping goes free"
2851:"Jenny Lind at the Manufacturing Establishments",
1945:"TfAP-2 is required for night sleep in Drosophila"
1833:
1028:. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
2316:
2314:
2174:"Sleepwalking in patients with Parkinson disease"
366:sleepwalking with sleep-related sexual behavior (
176:impaired judgement, planning and problem-solving.
2002:Dogu, Okan; Pressman, Mark R. (4 January 2011).
1519:"Sleepwalking, night terrors, and consciousness"
1239:Lavie, Peretz, Atul Malhotra, and Giora Pillar.
2895:Storer, H., "Jenny Lind and the Somnambulist",
639:
421:When the episode occurs during the sleep period
350:International Classification of Sleep Disorders
3315:, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press (1968)
2327:Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research
1297:
1295:
454:Medical, psychiatric, and neurological history
225:incidence has been reported in patients with
3473:
2451:Zadra, Antonio; Pilon, Mathieu (2012-03-01).
301:receptor agonists and other GABA modulators,
27:Sleeping phenomenon combined with wakefulness
8:
2913:Oulton, Walley Chamberlain (16 March 1812).
2063:Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology
1104:"I went driving and motorbiking in my sleep"
675:The sleepwalking scene (Act V Scene 1) from
137:, and cleaning, or as hazardous as cooking,
133:, sitting up in bed, walking to a bathroom,
3006:International and Comparative Law Quarterly
2014:(1). American Academy of Neurology: 12–13.
1482:– via pediatrics.aappublications.org.
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1205:"Sleepwalking woman had sex with strangers"
1193:. MI: Omnigraphics, 1999. 249–254, 351–352.
537:(rapid eye movement) sleep disorder called
448:Other sleep disorders that might be present
3795:Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder
3597:
3480:
3466:
3458:
3324:
2321:Wetherill, Reagan R.; Fromme, Kim (2016).
1429:Sleep and Hypnosis - International Journal
995:Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder
392:rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder
56:
47:
2961:
2903:, Vol.6, No.145, (9 October 1847), p.238.
2686:
2668:
2566:
2556:
2346:
2189:
1978:
1960:
1542:
1469:
1436:
823:Learn how and when to remove this message
3228:de Bruxelles, Simon (18 November 2009).
1017:
1015:
637:, who had discovered hypnotism in 1841:
577:
442:Sleep–wake pattern and sleep environment
346:International Classification of Diseases
241:are 4–6 times more likely to sleepwalk.
3147:Homicidal Somnambulism: A Case Report.
2741:from the original on 22 September 2020.
2463:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376203.013.0028
1243:. London: Martin Dunitz, 2002. 146–147.
1069:
1067:
1065:
1011:
694:The Sleep-Walker; or, Which is the Lady
436:If the episode is remembered afterwards
363:sleepwalking with sleep-related eating.
297:Medications, primarily in four classes—
2792:from the original on 18 February 2022.
2723:from the original on 18 February 2022.
2590:Kushida, Clete A. (30 December 2012).
2213:Sateia, Michael J. (1 November 2014).
2050:from the original on 18 February 2022.
1418:
1416:
1288:from the original on 16 February 2022.
1189:Swanson, Jenifer, ed. "Sleepwalking".
1058:from the original on 18 February 2022.
173:impaired perception of the environment
3159:
3157:
2513:from the original on 18 February 2022
2478:"Sleepwalking: What Is Somnambulism?"
2261:from the original on 28 January 2022.
1313:from the original on 18 February 2022
1159:from the original on 18 February 2022
1114:from the original on 18 February 2022
439:The triggers or precipitating factors
390:Other differential diagnoses include
7:
3049:Clinical Handbook of Sleep Disorders
2985:Canadian Legal Information Institute
2885:, (Wednesday, 26 January 1848), p.1.
2596:. Academic Press. pp. 154–155.
1303:"Sleepwalking - Symptoms and causes"
761:adding citations to reliable sources
582:Amina, the somnabuliste, at the mill
457:Medication and substance use history
3081:Shearer, Lloyd (October 14, 1961).
610:In August 1847, the famous soprano
549:by Frank Duffy in the early 1980s.
3033:10.1111/j.1468-2230.1992.tb02845.x
2752:Kantha, S. S. (28 November 2003).
2075:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1984.tb04471.x
406:An assessment of sleepwalking via
160:Sleepwalking is characterized by:
25:
3211:"'Sleepwalker' accused of murder"
3192:(in European Spanish). 2007-02-21
1902:The British Journal of Psychiatry
1334:Schenck, Carlos H. (March 2007).
1134:, Michael Smith (June 19, 2006),
845:Bratty v A-G for Northern Ireland
519:Baron Karl Ludwig von Reichenbach
354:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
3635:Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
3630:Central hypoventilation syndrome
3446:
2531:Stallman, HM; Kohler, M (2016).
2297:"Sleep-Related Eating Disorders"
2274:"Sleep-related Eating Disorders"
1842:from the original on 2022-01-12.
1203:Rachel Nowak (15 October 2004).
737:
328:A number of conditions, such as
3790:Periodic limb movement disorder
3757:Non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder
2657:Epilepsy Research and Treatment
1438:10.5350/Sleep.Hypn.2016.18.0122
748:needs additional citations for
729:Sleepwalking as a legal defense
385:blackout (drug-related amnesia)
2936:Popat, S; Winslade, W (2015).
2881:Jenny Lind and the Mesmerist,
1874:"Sleep walker mows lawn naked"
1138:, access date 18 February 2022
275:transcription factors such as
203:sleep-disorder breathing (SDB)
109:, is a phenomenon of combined
1:
4062:Biphasic and polyphasic sleep
3870:Nocturnal clitoral tumescence
3732:Advanced sleep phase disorder
2770:10.1016/s0306-9877(03)00206-8
2372:Journal of Studies on Alcohol
1373:Willock, Brent (April 2022).
903:In 1981, Steven Steinberg of
545:) by Hans Berger in 1924 and
32:Sleepwalking (disambiguation)
3742:Delayed sleep phase disorder
3670:Excessive daytime sleepiness
3164:Lyon, Lindsey (8 May 2009).
2558:10.1371/journal.pone.0164769
2020:10.1212/WNL.0b013e318203e9c0
394:, confusional arousals, and
150:non-rapid eye movement sleep
36:Sleepwalker (disambiguation)
3875:Nocturnal penile tumescence
3747:Irregular sleep–wake rhythm
2835:Prichard, James C. (1835).
2457:. Oxford University Press.
2191:10.1001/archneur.64.10.1524
1270:Australian Family Physician
1264:Stallman, Helen M. (2017).
866:REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
281:logarithm of the odds score
4198:
3737:Cyclic alternating pattern
3171:US News & World Report
2476:Suni, Eric; Vyas, Nilong.
2143:10.1016/j.smrv.2017.01.005
1191:Sleep Disorders Sourcebook
872:, and episodic wandering.
669:Lady Macbeth, Sleepwalking
606:Jenny Lind and James Braid
40:Sleepwalk (disambiguation)
29:
3953:Behavioral sleep medicine
3762:Shift work sleep disorder
3710:Sleep state misperception
2954:10.1007/s12152-015-9229-4
2925:– via Google Books.
1962:10.1186/s12868-016-0306-3
1746:Journal of Sleep Research
1691:Journal of Sleep Research
1636:Journal of Sleep Research
1581:Journal of Sleep Research
1379:Psychoanalytic Psychology
946:Pennsylvania v. Ricksgers
690:Walley Chamberlain Oulton
125:family. It occurs during
64:
55:
3510:Rapid eye movement (REM)
3100:Donnelley, Paul (2000).
3083:"He killed in his sleep"
2628:. 27 February 1954: 132.
2384:10.15288/jsa.2003.64.547
1535:10.1136/bmj.300.6721.360
117:. It is classified as a
3831:Exploding head syndrome
3640:Obstructive sleep apnea
2639:The Science News-Letter
2626:The Science News-Letter
1523:British Medical Journal
1022:Zivetz, Laurie (1992).
939:Supreme Court of Canada
631:artificial somnambulism
233:". Also, patients with
183:talk while sleepwalking
139:driving a motor vehicle
4146:Sleeping while on duty
3695:Idiopathic hypersomnia
2131:Sleep Medicine Reviews
1471:10.1542/peds.111.1.e17
888:
724:lures and attacks her.
671:
653:
583:
379:Differential diagnoses
273:evolutionary conserved
18:Homicidal sleepwalking
3968:Neuroscience of sleep
3700:Night eating syndrome
3685:Kleine–Levin syndrome
3455:at Wikimedia Commons
3046:Culebras, A. (1996).
3021:The Modern Law Review
2809:Yeates (2013), p.788.
2593:Encyclopedia of Sleep
2231:10.1378/chest.14-0970
2178:Archives of Neurology
1914:10.1192/bjp.137.2.111
979:detained indefinitely
883:
663:
581:
539:REM Behavior Disorder
199:restless leg syndrome
4122:Sleep and creativity
3151:(1994); 17(3):253-64
3104:. Wharncliffe Books.
2869:The Lady's Newspaper
2272:Staff, Mayo Clinic.
1344:. pp. 105–109.
1153:www.medpagetoday.com
955:: Scott Falater, of
757:improve this article
189:Associated disorders
66:John Everett Millais
4117:Sleep and breathing
3573:Sensorimotor rhythm
2857:Manchester Guardian
2853:Manchester Guardian
2670:10.1155/2014/582039
2641:, 25 June 1966: 508
2549:2016PLoSO..1164769S
2507:ilcaustralia.org.au
2295:Clinic, Cleveland.
1085:on 18 February 2022
964:California v. Reitz
922:Bristol Crown Court
677:William Shakespeare
648:Manchester Guardian
620:Swedish Nightingale
330:Parkinson's disease
307:serotonergic agents
4127:Sleep and learning
3880:Nocturnal emission
3780:Nightmare disorder
3645:Periodic breathing
3409:External resources
2758:Medical Hypotheses
2339:10.1111/acer.13051
2299:. Cleveland Clinic
1391:10.1037/pap0000382
1079:www.psychiatry.org
953:Arizona v. Falater
889:
672:
650:, 8 September 1847
584:
445:Daytime sleepiness
352:(ICSD-3), and the
259:daytime sleepiness
156:Signs and symptoms
4159:
4158:
4137:Sleep deprivation
3976:
3975:
3451:Media related to
3443:
3442:
3130:978-1-85431-731-5
3059:978-0-7506-9644-9
3009:34.4 (1985): 819.
2865:The Medical Times
2861:Newcastle Courant
1890:11.1 (2007):5–30.
1758:10.1111/jsr.13596
1703:10.1111/jsr.13596
1648:10.1111/jsr.13596
1593:10.1111/jsr.13596
1529:(6721): 360–362.
1351:978-1-58333-270-2
926:insane automatism
842:In the 1963 case
833:
832:
825:
807:
692:'s two act farce
599:the plot of which
292:Tourette syndrome
239:Tourette syndrome
207:polysomnographies
121:belonging to the
96:
95:
45:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
4189:
4132:Sleep and memory
4072:Circadian rhythm
3819:Benign phenomena
3721:Circadian rhythm
3598:
3482:
3475:
3468:
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3450:
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3298:
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3246:
3244:
3243:
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3218:
3217:. 10 March 2005.
3207:
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3141:
3135:
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3121:Blackstone Press
3112:
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2872:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2832:
2826:
2820:Pritchard J.C.,
2816:
2810:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2764:(5–6): 517–518.
2749:
2743:
2742:
2731:
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2724:
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2715:
2707:
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2700:
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2543:(11): e0164769.
2528:
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2490:
2488:
2482:Sleep Foundation
2473:
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2262:
2225:(5): 1387–1394.
2210:
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2110:
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2101:
2095:
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2051:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1982:
1964:
1949:BMC Neuroscience
1940:
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1342:Avery Publishing
1331:
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1318:
1299:
1290:
1289:
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1237:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1213:. Archived from
1200:
1194:
1187:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1164:
1155:. 19 June 2006.
1145:
1139:
1129:
1123:
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1119:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1090:
1081:. Archived from
1071:
1060:
1059:
1019:
957:Phoenix, Arizona
876:Historical cases
837:legal automatism
828:
821:
817:
814:
808:
806:
765:
741:
733:
716:, the character
651:
589:'s 1831 Italian
587:Vincenzo Bellini
231:anxiety neuroses
101:, also known as
70:The Somnambulist
60:
48:
21:
4197:
4196:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4186:
4182:Sleep disorders
4162:
4161:
4160:
4155:
4050:Procrastination
4003:Four-poster bed
3972:
3936:
3930:Polysomnography
3908:Sleep induction
3884:
3855:Sleep paralysis
3814:
3766:
3725:
3722:
3714:
3656:
3615:Mouth breathing
3593:Sleep disorders
3587:
3524:
3515:Quiescent sleep
3495:
3493:sleep disorders
3486:
3444:
3439:
3438:
3434:article/1188854
3404:
3403:
3336:
3322:
3308:
3303:
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3293:
3291:
3288:The Independent
3282:
3281:
3277:
3268:
3266:
3262:BBC News Online
3255:
3254:
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3241:
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3226:
3222:
3215:BBC News Online
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2403:
2399:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2320:
2319:
2312:
2302:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2279:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2124:
2123:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1885:
1881:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1502:
1500:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1422:
1421:
1414:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1352:
1333:
1332:
1325:
1316:
1314:
1301:
1300:
1293:
1263:
1262:
1247:
1238:
1229:
1220:
1218:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1188:
1171:
1162:
1160:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1130:
1126:
1117:
1115:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1088:
1086:
1073:
1072:
1063:
1044:
1021:
1020:
1013:
1008:
991:
924:, by reason of
878:
829:
818:
812:
809:
766:
764:
754:
742:
731:
703:
679:'s tragic play
658:
652:
646:
608:
591:opera semiseria
576:
571:
515:
506:
487:
485:Safety planning
467:
408:polysomnography
404:
381:
341:Polysomnography
338:
303:antidepressants
268:
247:
229:, hysteria and
191:
158:
46:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4195:
4193:
4185:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4164:
4163:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4077:Comfort object
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4052:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4026:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3948:Sleep medicine
3944:
3942:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3915:
3905:
3900:
3894:
3892:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3822:
3820:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3776:
3774:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3728:
3726:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3666:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3617:
3612:
3606:
3604:
3595:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3534:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3506:
3504:
3497:
3496:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3477:
3470:
3462:
3441:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3425:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3406:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3390:
3379:
3368:
3353:
3337:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3328:Classification
3321:
3320:External links
3318:
3317:
3316:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3275:
3248:
3220:
3202:
3177:
3153:
3136:
3129:
3107:
3092:
3087:Ottawa Citizen
3073:
3058:
3038:
3027:(5): 715–716.
3011:
2995:
2977:
2948:(2): 203–214.
2928:
2905:
2888:
2873:
2844:
2827:
2811:
2803:Yeates, L.B.,
2795:
2744:
2735:"Somnambulism"
2726:
2702:
2643:
2630:
2617:
2602:
2582:
2523:
2494:
2468:
2454:Parasomnias II
2443:
2434:
2425:
2415:
2406:
2397:
2378:(4): 547–550.
2362:
2333:(5): 922–935.
2310:
2287:
2264:
2205:
2184:(10): 1524–7.
2164:
2114:
2105:
2096:
2069:(4): 457–460.
2053:
1994:
1935:
1908:(2): 111–118.
1892:
1879:
1865:
1845:
1838:. 2014-01-02.
1825:
1805:
1796:
1787:
1732:
1677:
1622:
1567:
1558:
1509:
1485:
1464:(1): e17–e25.
1444:
1412:
1365:
1350:
1323:
1291:
1276:(8): 590–593.
1245:
1227:
1195:
1169:
1140:
1124:
1110:. 2017-12-11.
1095:
1061:
1042:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1002:
997:
990:
987:
986:
985:
982:
971:
967:
960:
949:
942:
929:
912:
901:
897:
894:Albert Tirrell
885:Albert Tirrell
877:
874:
831:
830:
772:"Sleepwalking"
745:
743:
736:
730:
727:
726:
725:
702:
699:
698:
697:
686:
657:
654:
644:
607:
604:
575:
572:
570:
567:
514:
511:
505:
502:
486:
483:
466:
463:
459:
458:
455:
452:
449:
446:
443:
440:
437:
434:
431:
428:
425:
422:
419:
403:
400:
380:
377:
372:
371:
364:
348:(ICD-10), the
337:
334:
323:sodium oxybate
311:antipsychotics
299:benzodiazepine
267:
264:
246:
243:
190:
187:
178:
177:
174:
171:
168:
165:
157:
154:
135:consuming food
119:sleep disorder
94:
93:
83:Sleep medicine
80:
74:
73:
62:
61:
53:
52:
44:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4194:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3926:
3923:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3903:Sleep hygiene
3901:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3891:
3887:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3860:Sleep inertia
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3817:
3811:
3810:Sleep-talking
3808:
3806:
3805:Sleep driving
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3773:
3769:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3717:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3659:
3653:
3650:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3590:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3578:Sleep spindle
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3483:
3478:
3476:
3471:
3469:
3464:
3463:
3460:
3456:
3454:
3449:
3435:
3431:
3430:
3426:
3424:
3420:
3419:
3415:
3414:
3411:
3407:
3400:
3396:
3395:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3352:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3338:
3335:
3330:
3326:
3319:
3314:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3289:
3285:
3279:
3276:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3252:
3249:
3237:
3236:
3231:
3224:
3221:
3216:
3212:
3206:
3203:
3191:
3187:
3181:
3178:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3160:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3140:
3137:
3132:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3111:
3108:
3103:
3102:Essex Murders
3096:
3093:
3088:
3084:
3077:
3074:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3055:
3051:
3050:
3042:
3039:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3015:
3012:
3008:
3007:
2999:
2996:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2978:
2973:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2932:
2929:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2877:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2848:
2845:
2840:
2839:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2818:For example,
2815:
2812:
2808:
2806:
2799:
2796:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2748:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2730:
2727:
2719:
2712:
2706:
2703:
2698:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2647:
2644:
2640:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2618:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2603:9780123786111
2599:
2595:
2594:
2586:
2583:
2578:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2527:
2524:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2498:
2495:
2483:
2479:
2472:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2455:
2447:
2444:
2438:
2435:
2429:
2426:
2419:
2416:
2410:
2407:
2401:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2366:
2363:
2358:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2298:
2291:
2288:
2276:. Mayo Clinic
2275:
2268:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2209:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2168:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2057:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
1998:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1888:Sleep Med Rev
1883:
1880:
1876:. 2005-03-21.
1875:
1869:
1866:
1862:. 2016-05-22.
1861:
1860:
1855:
1849:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1829:
1826:
1822:. 2014-01-03.
1821:
1820:
1815:
1809:
1806:
1800:
1797:
1791:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1752:(4): e13596.
1751:
1747:
1743:
1736:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1697:(4): e13596.
1696:
1692:
1688:
1681:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1642:(4): e13596.
1641:
1637:
1633:
1626:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1587:(4): e13596.
1586:
1582:
1578:
1571:
1568:
1562:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1513:
1510:
1499:
1495:
1489:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1445:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1385:(2): 97–110.
1384:
1380:
1376:
1369:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1338:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1217:on 2007-05-09
1216:
1212:
1211:
1210:New Scientist
1206:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1136:MedPage Today
1133:
1128:
1125:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1099:
1096:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1043:9789241544221
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1005:
1001:
1000:Sleep driving
998:
996:
993:
992:
988:
983:
980:
976:
972:
968:
965:
961:
958:
954:
950:
947:
943:
940:
936:
935:
930:
927:
923:
919:
918:
913:
910:
906:
902:
898:
895:
891:
890:
886:
882:
875:
873:
871:
867:
863:
858:
856:
851:
847:
846:
840:
838:
827:
824:
816:
813:February 2013
805:
802:
798:
795:
791:
788:
784:
781:
777:
774: –
773:
769:
768:Find sources:
762:
758:
752:
751:
746:This section
744:
740:
735:
734:
728:
723:
722:Count Dracula
719:
718:Lucy Westenra
715:
714:
709:
705:
704:
700:
695:
691:
687:
684:
683:
678:
674:
673:
670:
666:
662:
655:
649:
643:
638:
636:
632:
628:
623:
621:
617:
613:
605:
603:
600:
596:
595:La sonnambula
592:
588:
580:
573:
568:
566:
563:
560:
555:
554:Sigmund Freud
550:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
526:
524:
520:
512:
510:
503:
501:
498:
494:
491:
484:
482:
478:
474:
471:
464:
462:
456:
453:
450:
447:
444:
441:
438:
435:
432:
429:
426:
423:
420:
417:
416:
415:
412:
409:
401:
399:
397:
396:night terrors
393:
388:
386:
378:
376:
369:
365:
362:
361:
360:
357:
355:
351:
347:
342:
335:
333:
331:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
295:
293:
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3292:. Retrieved
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1083:the original
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750:verification
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107:noctambulism
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103:somnambulism
102:
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98:
97:
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51:Sleepwalking
4177:Parasomnias
4107:Second wind
4082:Dream diary
3958:Sleep study
3898:Sleep diary
3850:Hypnopompia
3845:Sleep onset
3836:Hypnic jerk
3675:Hypersomnia
3625:Catathrenia
3620:Sleep apnea
3530:Brain waves
3500:Stages of
3418:MedlinePlus
2942:Neuroethics
2663:: e582039.
2137:: 105–113.
1498:Mayo Clinic
1307:Mayo Clinic
1034:10665/37958
934:R. v. Parks
917:R v Burgess
862:malingering
850:Lord Morris
708:Bram Stoker
635:James Braid
115:wakefulness
4166:Categories
4141:Sleep debt
4087:Microsleep
4067:Chronotype
3981:Daily life
3865:Somnolence
3841:Hypnagogia
3772:Parasomnia
3690:Narcolepsy
3602:Anatomical
3583:Theta wave
3553:Gamma wave
3548:Delta wave
3538:Alpha wave
3383:DiseasesDB
3294:2016-05-30
3269:2016-05-30
3242:2009-12-26
3196:2023-05-29
3190:Diario Sur
3143:Broughton
2990:R v. Parks
2923:1061924365
2612:1033861556
2517:2018-09-09
2423:1406–1410.
1503:2019-03-25
1458:Pediatrics
1360:1265420054
1317:2022-02-18
1221:2007-04-30
1163:2022-02-18
1118:2020-02-27
1089:2022-02-18
1006:References
975:automatism
905:Scottsdale
900:acquitted.
783:newspapers
701:Literature
665:Mary Hoare
616:Manchester
612:Jenny Lind
523:Odic force
402:Assessment
315:β-blockers
305:and other
123:parasomnia
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4151:Sleepover
4102:Power nap
4097:Nightwear
3963:Melatonin
3925:Somnology
3890:Treatment
3723:disorders
3662:Dyssomnia
3568:PGO waves
3563:Mu rhythm
3558:K-complex
3543:Beta wave
3520:Slow-wave
3429:eMedicine
3394:SNOMED CT
3235:The Times
2778:0306-9877
2679:2090-1348
2247:986580999
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2044:207118557
2028:0028-3878
2008:Neurology
1971:1471-2202
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710:'s novel
627:hypnotism
552:In 1907,
465:Treatment
368:sexsomnia
336:Diagnosis
288:serotonin
201:(RLS) or
127:slow wave
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4018:Mattress
3993:Bunk bed
3913:Hypnosis
3705:Nocturia
3680:Insomnia
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3238:. London
3068:34932724
2972:26203309
2790:Archived
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2739:Archived
2718:Archived
2697:25210626
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1157:Archived
1112:Archived
1108:BBC News
1056:Archived
1052:26553093
989:See also
855:homicide
645:—
614:visited
559:cathexis
319:Zolpidem
255:Insomnia
251:sexomnia
235:migraine
4045:Bedtime
4040:Bedroom
4035:Bedding
4030:Bed bug
4013:Hammock
3918:Lullaby
3752:Jet lag
3652:Snoring
3610:Bruxism
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3306:Sources
2993:. 1992.
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1922:7426840
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713:Dracula
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