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north of Elk Creek. They came upon the
Confederate camp on Elk Creek early in the morning on July 17. Confederate pickets saw the enemy guns in the early light and rushed to inform Cooper. After eating breakfast and resting from the march, Blunt formed his men into two brigades. One brigade, led by William A. Phillips and composed of a battalion of the Sixth Kansas Cavalry, the First and Third Regiments of Indian Home Guards, a battalion of the Second Colorado Infantry, and Capt. Henry Hopkins's (four-gun) battery of Kansas Artillery, plus two guns of Captain Edward A. Smith's battery attached to the cavalry. The other brigade, commanded by Col. William R. Judson, consisted of the Third Wisconsin Cavalry, the Second Regiment of Indian Home Guards, and the First Kansas Colored Infantry with an estimated 700 soldiers, and the remainder of Smith's battery of Kansas Artillery.
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637:, Confederate forces in the region would never regain the initiative or engage the Union army in an open, head-on battle again, instead relying almost entirely on guerrilla warfare and small-scale cavalry actions to fight the Federal Army. The loss of the supplies at Honey Springs depot would likewise prove disastrous. Confederate forces, already operating on a shoe-string budget and with bad equipment, would come to increasingly rely on captured Union war material to keep up the fight.
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back further and gradually beginning to turn Cooper's left, causing a general
Confederate retreat. Cooper attempted to fight a rearguard action, making a last stand another 1/2 mile south near Honey Springs Depot. Despite a notable half-hour stand by the Choctaw and Chickasaw regiment, the Indians and Texans were badly organized, disheartened, and in many cases due to poor powder, unarmed. Most simply continued to flee. The fighting was over by 2 p.m., four hours after it had begun.
496:, which were expected to reach Honey Springs by July 17. Cooper moved his army forward to Honey Springs, Indian Territory, an important Confederate supply depot, to rest and equip, while awaiting Cabell's brigade, marching to link up with Cooper. Union forces under General Blunt got wind of Cooper's plan however, and opted to attack him first, before Cabell arrived, which would have given the Confederates overwhelming numerical superiority. Blunt's command included three federal
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where they could treat the wounded and bury the dead of both sides. Blunt himself was still suffering a high fever from his bout of encephalitis. He finally had to spend the rest of the day in bed. Late the next day Blunt ordered the troops to return to Fort Gibson. Later, Cooper wrote a letter to Blunt, thanking him for burying the
Confederate dead. After the war, the Union corpses were exhumed and reburied in
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Blunt's troops crossed the
Arkansas River in the late afternoon of July 16. They began marching toward Honey Springs at 11 P. M., and continued through the night. They encountered a Confederate picket near Chimney Rock, a local landmark. After routing the picket, they met a Confederate scouting party
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According to his after-action report to
General Schofield, Blunt arrived in the area on July 11. He found the Arkansas River was high and ordered his troops to begin building boats to ferry them across the river. During this time, he apparently contracted encephalitis, because he had to spend July 14
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Cooper pulled his men back towards the depot to obtain new ammunition, but the
Federals continued to press his army closely. Heavy fighting occurred when Cooper's men made a stand at a bridge over Elk Creek, roughly 1/4 of a mile south of the original position. Union forces continued driving them
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Honey
Springs was a stage stop on the Texas Road before the Civil War. Its several springs provided water for men and horses. The U.S. Army equipped it with a commissary, log hospital, and numerous tents for troops. To prepare for an invasion, in 1863 the Confederate Army sent 6,000 soldiers to the
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After the battle, the defeated
Confederates withdrew, leaving their dead comrades behind, and met up with Cabell's 3,000 man relief force about 50 miles away. General Blunt did not pursue them because his own troops and horses were very tired. He ordered them to camp overnight at the battlefield,
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On August 21, 2011, the U.S. Department of
Agriculture Rural Development announced a $ 1.9 million public-private partnership that includes the Oklahoma Historical Society, McIntosh County and an area nonprofit organization to build a 5,000-square-foot (460 m) visitor's center to replace the
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Victorious Union forces took possession of the Honey
Springs depot, burning what couldn't be immediately used, and occupying the field. Blunt trumpeted the battle as a major victory, claiming Union losses of only 76 (17 dead and 60 wounded), with enemy casualties in excess of 500, although Cooper
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between the Confederate and Union lines. The Federal commanders gave the order for the Home Guards to fall back, the Confederates assumed it was an order to retreat and attacked. The Confederates charged into an established defensive line held by the 1st Kansas Colored Volunteer Infantry, which
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Blunt's attack began on July 17, with desultory morning skirmishing that revealed many of the Confederate soldiers had wet gunpowder, causing numerous misfires and accidents. The main Union attack began at mid-afternoon, and the beginning of a rain squall intensified the Confederate's ammunition
933:. According to the 1997 Master Plan Report, the original battlefield covered 2,997 acres (1,213 ha), of which the Oklahoma Historical Society owned 957 acres (387 ha) in 1997. The northern third is in Muskogee County and the southern two-thirds is in McIntosh County.
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The Confederate troops were poorly armed, typically with obsolete smoothbore muskets and flintlock shotguns. Ammunition for these was primarily made with cheap Mexican gunpowder that was very susceptible to damage by rainy weather.
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Copper called this Chimney Mountain in his report, and said that it was defended by the Choctaws and Texans, who mounted a successful counterattack. Then a heavy rain began, making the Confederates' cartridges useless, so they returned to Cooper's main
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The loss of the supplies at Honey Springs depot would likewise prove disastrous. Confederate forces, already operating on a shoe-string budget and with bad equipment, would come to increasingly rely on captured Union war material to keep up the
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Believing they were numerically superior, the Confederates plotted a counteroffensive against Union forces at Fort Gibson, to be launched by Cooper's Indians and some attached Texan troops, and 3,000 soldiers of Brigadier General
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The 1997 Master Plan Report was prepared by:The Center for Advanced SpatialTechnologies, University of Arkansas at Fayetteville for the National Park Service American Battlefield Protection Program and the Oklahoma Historical
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led the Colored Volunteer infantry forward, but the Confederates held their ground. Williams was wounded, but his troops conducted a disciplined withdrawal and sporadic firing continued. Afterwards, Blunt wrote
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spot. Provisions were supplied from Fort Smith, Boggy Depot, Fort Cobb, Fort Arbuckle, and Fort Washita. However, the Confederates failed to stop a 200-wagon Federal supply train in an engagement known as the
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The terrible equipment of the Confederates, and the rain squall which ruined their powder, played a large part in the Confederate defeat, although some eyewitness sources, notably future Creek Indian chief
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problems. Opposing artillerymen each eliminated one gun on the opposing side during an early artillery duel. Then Blunt saw an opportunity, and ordered the 1st Kansas Colored Infantry to attack. Colonel
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I never saw such fighting as was done by the Negro regiment....The question that negroes will fight is settled; besides they make better soldiers in every respect than any troops I have ever had under my
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White soldiers were the minority in both Union and Confederate fighting forces. Native Americans made up a significant portion of each of the opposing armies and African Americans fought with the Union
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newspaper cites the U.S. Department of the Interior report as giving consideration of designating the Honey Springs Battlefield as a U.S. National Battlefield Park. In 2013 the battlefield was named a
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480:. The supply train reached Fort Gibson about the same time as General Blunt himself arrived, accompanied by more troops and artillery. Federal forces at the fort totalled only about 3,000 men.
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drove Confederacy forces from the north of the region, and many of the Cherokee switched sides to support the Union. Union forces led by Colonel William A. Phillips reoccupied
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Hama, Karen and R. Brian Culpepper. Prepared by: The Center for Advanced Spatial Technologies, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas. 1997. Retrieved August 26, 2014.
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Hama, Karen and R. Brian Culpepper. Prepared by: The Center for Advanced Spatial Technologies, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas. 1997. Retrieved August 26, 2014.
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The battle was the largest ever fought in the Indian Territory, and would indeed prove to be decisive. The Oklahoma Historical Society even compared its importance to the
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633:. The Confederates abandoned Fort Smith in August, 1863, leaving it for the Union forces to recover. Despite the efforts of notable Confederate officers like
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The Union army, including its black and Native American forces, had a definite edge in both quantity and quality of weaponry. The Union artillery had ten 1857
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cattle trail. Confederate cavalry, operating from Cooper's encampment at Honey Springs, frequently harassed Fort Gibson and attacked its supply trains.
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reported only 181 Confederate casualties (134 killed or wounded and 47 taken prisoner). Cooper claimed that his enemy's forces losses were over 200.
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At the start of the American Civil War, the United States had abandoned the Five Civilized Tribes so for cultural and economic reasons, all of the
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in Indian Territory during April, threatening Confederate forces at Fort Smith. However, Phillips' supply line stretched from Fort Gibson to
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who had offered them protection, economic resources and sovereignty, raising native troops under the leadership of General
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Epple, Jess C., "Honey Springs Depot, Elk Creek, Creek Nation, Indian Territory" 1964, reprint/revised 2002 and 2019 (
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made up a significant portion of each of the opposing armies and the Union force contained African-American units.
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and its partners have acquired and preserved more than 83 acres (0.34 km) of the battlefield as of mid-2023.
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It is unclear whether these were rifles were the 1855 or the 1861 model, or some combination of the two.
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was supposed to have participated in the battle, but just before it began, Cooper sent them toward
1335:"Honey Springs Battlefield Designated NHL." Preservation Oklahoma News. Vol. XIX, No. 3 April 2013.
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The battle was the largest fought in the Indian Territory, based on numbers of troops engaged.
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Honey Springs, Elk Creek, Shaw's Inn – Civil War Oklahoma American Civil War July 17, 1863."
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The battlefield is located east of U.S. Highway 69 in McIntosh County, Oklahoma, between
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Honey Springs was a direct threat to Fort Gibson, which controlled shipping on the upper
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1209:"Report of Brig. Gen. Douglas H. Cooper, C. S. Army, commanding Confederate Forces."
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and an important victory for Union forces in their efforts to gain control of the
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Fischer, LeRoy H. Oklahoma Historical Society. "The Battle of Honey Springs,"
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existing facility consisting of a small trailer. A November 2011 story in the
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on July 26, 1863. Schofield was then Commander of the Department of Missouri.
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This name first appeared in General Robert E. Lee's report to Major General
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451:. The side that controlled this place could control traffic along the road.
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The battleground is about 4.5 miles (7.2 km) northeast of what is now
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National Register of Historic Places listings in Muskogee County, Oklahoma
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National Register of Historic Places listings in McIntosh County, Oklahoma
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Union cavalry charge at Honey Springs, 1863. Engraving based on sketch by
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The Battle of Honey Springs: The Civil War Comes to the Indian Territory,
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a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan
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The Battle of Honey Springs was important for many reasons, among them:
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Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture – Honey Springs, Battle of
1211:"Reading 3: The Battle of Honey Springs." Retrieved August 25, 2014.
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512:), one white infantry battalion consisting of six companies of the
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Battles of the Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War
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Honey Springs Battlefield Park 1997 Master Plan Report – Appendix
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National Register of Historic Places in Muskogee County, Oklahoma
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National Register of Historic Places in McIntosh County, Oklahoma
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CWSAC Report Update and Resurvey: Individual Battlefield Profiles
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Oklahoma's Largest Civil War Battlefield May Become National Park
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2nd Cherokee Mounted Rifles - Lieutenant Colonel James M. Bell
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Map of Honey Springs Battlefield core and study areas by the
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War in the Indian Nations 1861–1863 – extensive bibliography
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Operations to control Indian Territory (American Civil War)
1294:"Honey Springs Battlefield Park – 1997 Master Plan Report."
862:
1st Choctaw—Chickasaw Mounted Rifles - Colonel Tandy Walker
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20th Texas Cavalry (Dismounted) - Colonel Thomas Coker Bass
625:. The victory opened the way for Blunt's forces to capture
516:, and two Kansas artillery batteries making the remainder.
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Scanland's Squadron Texas Cavalry - Captain John Scanland
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Honey Springs Battlefield Park – 1997 Master Plan Report
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Gillett's Squadron Texas Cavalry - Captain L. E. Gillett
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Oklahoma Historical Society. Retrieved August 23, 2014.
369:. It was also about 20 miles (32 km) southwest of
1306:
Honey Springs to get 5000 Square Foot Visitor's Center
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5th Texas Partisan Rangers- Colonel Leonidas M. Martin
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Regiments recruited from all the Five Nations and the
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Battles of the American Civil War in Indian Territory
417:, 175 miles (282 km) to the north along the old
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Battle of Honey Springs, 1863-1988, Official Program
564:, fighting for the Union, accidentally strayed into
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1221:"The Battle of Honey Springs – Checotah, Oklahoma."
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The American Indian as Participant in the Civil War
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737:1st Indian Home Guard - Colonel Stephen H. Wattles
629:and the Arkansas River Valley all the way to the
997:List of National Historic Landmarks in Oklahoma
443:, a north–south artery between north Texas and
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847: Brigadier General Douglas Cooper
829:29th Texas Cavalry – Colonel Charles DeMorse (
439:Honey Springs was an important site along the
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1754:Protected areas of McIntosh County, Oklahoma
1084:Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
769:2nd Section - Lieutenant John P. Grassberger
1469:The Battle of Honey Springs – July 17, 1863
1245:Eicher, John; Eicher, David (1 June 2002).
809: Brigadier General
393:in Indian Territory opted to side with the
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1505:Indian Territory in the American Civil War
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1251:. Stanford University Press. p. 184.
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1744:Union victories of the American Civil War
711:(6 companies) - Captain Edward R. Stevens
1233:"The Civil War at Fort Smith, Arkansas."
1082:Ralph Jones. Honey Springs, Battle of."
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734:(6 companies) - Colonel Theodore H. Dodd
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1774:National Historic Landmarks in Oklahoma
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682: Colonel William R. Judson
671: Major General
539:American Battlefield Protection Program
891:Lee's Battery - Captain Roswell W. Lee
1398:Race and Radicalism in the Union Army
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766:1st Section - Captain Edward A. Smith
691:- Lieutenant Colonel Fred W. Schaurte
504:, with two white cavalry battalions (
385:General Douglas H. Cooper (1815–1879)
7:
820: Colonel Thomas C. Bass
1779:American Civil War orders of battle
1103:"The Battle of Honey Springs." In:
365:and 15 miles (24 km) south of
214:1st Brigade, Native American troops
1465:(1988) Retrieved February 4, 2014.
1107:. Volume 13, Number 2. June, 1935.
992:List of battles fought in Oklahoma
775:3rd Kansas Light Artillery Battery
761:2nd Kansas Light Artillery Battery
471:General James G. Blunt (1826–1881)
25:
705:), Lieutenant Colonel John Bowles
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27:Battle of the American Civil War
1678:Indian Council at Camp Napoleon
743:* - Colonel William F. Campbell
741:6th Kansas Cavalry (detachment)
1190:. University of Oklahoma Press
945:by the National Park Service.
514:2nd Colorado Infantry Regiment
484:in bed fighting a high fever.
1:
1275:. Oklahoma Historical Society
1184:"The Battle of Honey Springs"
805:District of Indian Territory
616:Fort Gibson National Cemetery
587:12-pounder Napoleon howitzers
395:Confederate States of America
1683:Indian Council at Fort Smith
1404:National Park Battle Summary
1155:Abel, Annie Heloise (1919).
1086:. Retrieved August 24, 2014.
1540:Price's Missouri Expedition
1355:"Honey Springs Battlefield"
1311:September 19, 2011, at the
1273:"Honey Springs Battlefield"
1143:"Battle of Honey Springs."
1116:Retrieved January 31, 2014.
931:Oklahoma Historical Society
854:1st Cherokee Mounted Rifles
695:1st Kansas Colored Infantry
502:1st Kansas Colored Infantry
339:, on July 17, 1863, was an
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1360:American Battlefield Trust
1344:Retrieved August 26, 2014.
1235:Retrieved August 25, 2014.
1223:Retrieved August 25, 2014.
1182:Fischer, LeRoy H. (1988).
1172:Retrieved August 25, 1863.
950:American Battlefield Trust
943:National Historic Landmark
856:- Major Joseph F. Thompson
763:- Captain Edward A. Smith
1729:Muskogee County, Oklahoma
1724:McIntosh County, Oklahoma
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1340:24 September 2015 at the
1112:November 8, 2014, at the
970:American Civil War portal
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777:* - Captain Henry Hopkins
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603:George Washington Grayson
581:Reasons for Union victory
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95:McIntosh County, Oklahoma
91:Muskogee County, Oklahoma
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42:Trans-Mississippi Theater
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18:Honey Springs Battlefield
929:. It is managed by the
666:District of the Frontier
240:Disputed: 180 - over 500
210:District of the Frontier
1248:Civil War High Commands
560:During this period the
463:Preparations for battle
333:Battle of Honey Springs
237:Disputed: 79 - over 200
74:July 17, 1863
35:Battle of Honey Springs
1105:Chronicles of Oklahoma
562:2nd Indian Home Guards
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492:'s brigade, camped in
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445:Baxter Springs, Kansas
403:Battle of Chustenahlah
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277:Operations to Control
183:Commanders and leaders
799:Regiments and Others
732:2nd Colorado Infantry
722: Colonel
709:3rd Wisconsin Cavalry
699:James Monroe Williams
689:2nd Indian Home Guard
659:Regiments and Others
569:repulsed the charge.
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478:Battle of Cabin Creek
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391:Five Civilized Tribes
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232:Casualties and losses
116:35.55618°N 95.46990°W
1101:Freeman, Charles R.
871:2nd Creek - Colonel
865:1st Creek - Colonel
623:Battle of Gettysburg
494:Fort Smith, Arkansas
335:, also known as the
198:William Lewis Cabell
724:William A. Phillips
337:Affair at Elk Creek
121:35.55618; -95.46990
112: /
1641:Middle Boggy Depot
1414:2009-02-01 at the
867:Daniel N. McIntosh
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415:Fort Scott, Kansas
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363:Checotah, Oklahoma
341:American Civil War
318:Second Cabin Creek
313:Middle Boggy Depot
47:American Civil War
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1653:Cabin Creek
1615:Cabin Creek
1519:Confederacy
939:Tulsa World
907:Stand Watie
786:Confederate
718:2nd Brigade
678:1st Brigade
635:Stand Watie
411:Fort Gibson
371:Fort Gibson
119: /
1718:Categories
1625:Perryville
1594:Fort Wayne
1512:Combatants
1066:References
697:- Colonel
627:Fort Smith
506:6th Kansas
441:Texas Road
419:Texas Road
377:Background
344:engagement
303:Perryville
107:95°28′12″W
104:35°33′22″N
78:1863-07-17
1666:Aftermath
1533:Campaigns
881:Artillery
793:Division
750:Artillery
653:Division
609:Aftermath
591:howitzers
1703:Category
1412:Archived
1366:June 21,
1338:Archived
1309:Archived
1194:22 April
1110:Archived
1058:Society.
956:See also
905:Colonel
796:Brigade
656:Brigade
556:command.
367:Muskogee
352:Oklahoma
219:Strength
86:Location
1549:Battles
1379:Sources
1279:24 June
138:victory
76: (
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927:Oktaha
925:, and
529:Battle
436:fight.
432:force.
132:Result
44:of the
1524:Union
1039:camp.
1013:Notes
646:Union
227:6,000
224:3,000
164:Union
136:Union
1634:1864
1608:1863
1582:1862
1556:1861
1386:ISBN
1368:2023
1281:2020
1253:ISBN
1196:2023
948:The
508:and
331:The
93:and
71:Date
447:or
1720::
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162:(
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