1581:
20:
412:
should he not be able also, in descending, the cause the rain to cease, and the face of the blue sky to clear? And that is why I conjecture and suggest that the early
Chinese must have seen in the Rainbow one avatar of the wonder-working Dragon as conceived by their animistic mentality. That would likewise explain why to the arching bow seen with their bodily eyes they added the Dragon heads beheld only by the eye of faith.
276:
296:
1138:; it serves therefore as an emblem of a marriage. You should never point your finger at a rainbow. But the rainbow can have another meaning, in that it may appear when either husband or wife is more handsome and attractive than the other, and therefore enters upon an adulterous relationship. The rainbow is then an emblem of fornication or sexual abuse, and forebodes ill.
1150:
In China, dragon essence is woman essence. The connection is through the mysterious powers of fertilizing rain, and its extensions in running streams, lakes, and marshes. In common belief as in literature, the dark, wet side of nature showed itself alternately in women and in dragons. The great water
1654:
Myths of a giant rainbow-serpent are common among primitive tribes inhabiting the tropics. Outside the tropical belt the rainbow-serpent concept is hardly to be found. This points to the fact that the myth must be intimately connected with the occurrence and geographic distribution of a particular
411:
It is the belief of the
Chinese that the appearance of the Rainbow is at once the herald and the cause of the cessation of rain and the return of clear skies. … Now, if by his own volition, when mounting to the upper air, the Dragon could beget the rolling thunder and the drenching rain-storm, how
402:
What should we see in this simple but striking image? We should, I now feel sure, discern a
Rainbow terminating in two animal heads. But of what animal? Certainly of the Dragon, must be the answer. For the design of the character is, in the main, naturalistic, in so far as it is clearly modeled on
777:
The girdle is the rainbow. Its appearance announces that someone who ought not to is about to have a baby; for the arc of the rainbow typifies the swelling girdle of a pregnant woman. No one dares point at it, because pointing is disrespectful, and one must respect a warning sent by Heaven."
1276:"beautiful person", named after times when disharmony between Yin and Yang, marital disorder, rampant immorality, men and women considering one another "beautiful", constantly chasing after each other, and such overbearing behaviors are flourishing.
367:
of an arched dragon or serpent with open-mouthed heads at both ends. Eberhard notes, "In early reliefs, the rainbow is shown as a snake or a dragon with two heads. In West China they give it the head of a donkey, and it rates as a lucky symbol."
1070:
rainbows only appear during half the year. In the last month of spring, "Moles are transformed into quails. Rainbows begin to appear." In the first month of winter, "Pheasants enter the great water and become
1151:
deities of
Chinese antiquity were therefore snake queens and dragon ladies: they were avatars of dragons precisely because they were equally spirits of the meres and mists and nimbus clouds.
1014:"flights" through the skies, frequently in contexts with other dragons, for instance: "To hang at my girdle the coiling Green Dragon, To wear at my belt the sinuous [
261:) meaning the class of "insects, worms, spiders, and smaller reptiles". Following Carr, "wug" is used as the English translation of the Chinese logographic radical
782:"Although many ancient cultures believed rainbows were good omens,"Carr explains, "the Chinese saw them as meteorological disasters. Unlike the auspicious [
2443:
562:
means "secondary rainbow" or "supernumerary rainbow", which results from double reflection of sunlight, with colors inverted from a primary rainbow (see
2468:
1110:"Yin/female rainbow". Granet analyzed ancient Chinese beliefs about rainbows, which were believed to emanate from interchanges between earthly Yin
1613:'rainbow' has always represented a dragon to the Chinese," says Carr, "from Shang oracle pictographs of dicephalous sky-serpents to the modern
751:: "There is a girdle in the east; No one dares point at it. A girl has run away, Far from father and mother, far from brothers young and old."
489:
word for "rainbow", now usually restricted to literary or historical usage. These three characters combine the "wug radical" with phonetics of
1774:
1650:
Loewenstein compares rainbow-serpent legends throughout
Southeast Asia, the Pacific, Australia, Africa, and South America; and concludes:
403:
the semi-circular Bow in the sky, but symbolistic through the addition of two heads, for where the
Rainbow ends, there the Dragon begins!
2132:
1753:). She supposedly created the first rainbow by melting stones of 5 or 7 different colors to patch the sky. Nüwa and her brother-consort
2300:
2200:
1840:
174:
1175:"Explaining Heaven"), which defines words through phono-semantic glosses, gave the oldest Chinese "etymologies" for rainbows.
1142:
Like rainbows, dragons were explained in Yin-Yang theory. Rain-dragons supposedly had Yin powers since they controlled water.
2236:
2175:
2288:
742:) "disorder; conflict; quarrel": "That kid with horns was truly a portent of disaster, my son!" Another poem begins with
2498:
2190:
178:
1126:
51 above) and a competition between male and female river gods or dragons. Eberhard explains the
Chinese symbolism.
177:, "radical-phonetic" or "phono-semantic" characters are statistically the most common category, and they combine a "
1714:
2423:
1757:
are represented as having the upper body of a human and the tail of a dragon or serpent. They are associated with
1655:
family of snakes, the Boidae, which includes the largest specimens in existence, namely the
Pythons and the Boas.
1832:
1026:] rainbow flag Iike an awning above me, And pennants dyed in the hues of the sunset." This mythical Green or
2493:
681:
203:
radical typically name not only insects, but also reptiles, and other miscellaneous creatures, including some
392:"shaped like a wug". Over 18 centuries later, Hopkins described the recently discovered oracle character for
1884:
230:
2472:
1668:
1326:
1290:
424:
2192:
China's Place in
Philology. An Attempt to Show that the Languages of Europe and Asia Have a Common Origin
1640:
1636:
1628:
685:
677:
23:
1259:"rise; ascend" when seen in the west, [rainbows] appear when the morning sun begins to "rise".
1644:
1073:
815:
563:
356:
elaborated this same radical-phonetic combination. However, the oldest characters for "rainbow" in
209:
2069:. Translated by Crump, J. I. (2nd revised ed.). Chinese Materials Center. 1979. p. 454 #297.
1705:
1632:
864:
360:
279:
145:
860:: "the people looked to him, as we look in a time of great drought to the clouds and rainbows."
1580:
2463:
2316:
Haudricourt, André G. (1950). "Introduction à la phonologie historique des langues Miao–Yao".
2296:
2292:
2228:
2196:
2163:
1836:
1143:
486:
92:
19:
2325:
1930:
1860:
1815:
1807:
1788:
1723:
1624:
247:
107:
42:
1660:
1550:
1077:] large mollusks. Rainbows are hidden and do not appear." Along with the rainbow, the
96:
2046:
Schindler, Bruno (1923). "The
Development of the Chinese Conceptions of Supreme Beings".
66:
1827:
The Songs of the South: An Anthology of Ancient Chinese Poems by Qu Yuan and Other Poets
441:
432:
419:
is an uncommon pronunciation of 虹, limited to colloquial or dialectal usage, and unlike
1825:
1031:
843:
835:"bright rainbow threads the sun". For example, it is a portent of assassination in the
316:
186:
167:
88:
2487:
2168:
2128:
1874:
1696:
1664:
1566:
1558:
1316:
1294:
857:
377:
dictionary, the first Chinese character dictionary, described the seal character for
373:
357:
353:
234:
194:
182:
1713:
is a three-headed sea serpent, with one anthropomorphic and two reptilian heads, in
1486:
1231:, which always appears in the east when the sun is in the west, a [rainbow]
1089:
1027:
752:
350:
1935:
1918:
1893:
1546:
1880:
1688:
1469:
1462:
1428:"east" phonetic signifying "red part of the sky") as semantically related with *
666:
582:
346:
343:
299:
170:
275:
2454:
1864:
1437:
1330:
1311:
1199:
1006:"clouds and rainbows" (both with the "cloud radical"). Many rainbows occur in
887:
732:
652:
587:
571:
558:
552:
364:
338:
321:
225:
214:
162:
153:
2329:
1719:
1286:
1011:
837:
804:
295:
2477:
2409:
Read, Bernard E. (1934). "Chinese Materia Medica VII; Dragons and Snakes".
173:
and loosely translated in English as the "insect radical". In traditional
2284:
1739:
1701:
1593:
931:
631:
220:
190:
2429:
1730:
1710:
1585:
1545:
suggests a non-Sino-Tibetan "source for this etymon", possibly include
1162:
927:
705:
111:
2250:
Benedict, Paul K. (1967). "Austro-Thai Studies, 3. Thai and Chinese".
919:
204:
50:
2170:
The Divine Woman: Dragon Ladies and Rain Maidens in T'ang Literature
1579:
1204:] "attack; assault", [rainbows result from] pure Yang
957:
18:
665:(with "second; subsidiary") means "secondary rainbow" in Chinese
1754:
1589:
1057:
869:
810:
718:
635:
237:
discovered many languages have zoological categories similar to
802:
was inauspicious because it appeared after a rain shower." The
1692:
1122:
below). Rainbows thus symbolized a sexual union of Yin-Yang (
841:"a white halo pierced the sun." One notable exception is the
1130:
The rainbow is seen as a resplendent symbol of the union of
1919:"Folk Zoological Life-Forms: Their Universality and Growth"
1623:"rainbow" dragon has a few parallels in the natural world (
1206:
1851:
Hopkins, Lionel Charles (1931). "Where the Rainbow Ends".
1729:
Lastly, another Chinese rainbow myth involves the creator
1461:
and compares "very irregular" dialect forms such as Proto-
2231:(1979) . "Sino-Tibetan Notes". In Cohen, Alvin P. (ed.).
979:) than any other early text. It graphically interchanges
792:
dragon symbolizing forthcoming rain, the two-headed [
1738:
repairing a crack in the sky caused by the water deity
2344:
Benedict, Paul K. (1986). "Archaic Chinese Initials".
1385:
were early Chinese borrowings from Proto-Austro-Tai *
609:"winter cicada", which is a "silent, mute" metaphor.
1528:. He concludes the "wide range of forms" including
1279:又曰美人，陰陽不和，婚姻錯亂，淫風流行，男美於女，女美於男，恒相奔隨之時，則此氣盛，故以其盛時名之也。
2167:
1892:
1824:
1619:graph with the 'wug' radical." The mythic Chinese
621:means "primary and secondary rainbows; rainbows",
445:"rainbow colors; iridescence; the iris; banners",
2386:Loewenstein, John (1961). "Rainbow and Serpent".
1043:"Bright rainbows darting swiftly in the traces".
808:says both rainbows and comets were warnings from
1453:"rainbow", Schuessler reconstructs Old Chinese *
1684:"rainbow snake"). Some other examples include:
727:, which is interpreted as a loan character for
2318:Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient
1363:"dragon" descended from a Proto-Sino-Tibetan *
856:"cloud and rainbow" to describe the legendary
2455:
2447:
1748:
1742:
1733:
1679:
1614:
1608:
1532:
1524:and notes the survival in Gan Wuning dialect
1515:
1506:
1497:
1480:
1448:
1423:
1414:
1401:
1380:
1371:
1358:
1349:
1301:
1277:
1271:
1260:
1254:
1241:
1235:
1226:
1215:
1197:
1191:
1182:
1170:
1105:
1096:
1081:
1065:
1050:
1038:
1021:
1015:
1001:
992:
983:
974:
968:
962:
947:
938:
913:
904:
895:
877:
851:
830:
797:
787:
768:
759:
746:
737:
722:
660:
642:
625:
616:
604:
595:
576:
535:
526:
517:
511:
502:
493:
480:
474:
458:
449:
393:
387:
381:
306:
286:
262:
241:
198:
136:
127:
118:
99:legends in various cultures and mythologies.
8:
1899:. Translated by Waley, Arthur. Grove. 1960 .
1240:[same phonetic with the "mouth radical"
814:"heaven; god". Several classic texts (e.g.,
647:"neon light", compare the chemical loanword
333:"rainbow" combines the "wug radical" with a
1196:[same phonetic with the "beat radical"
157:"insect; worm; reptile; etc." (cf. tripled
82:
2281:ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese
1812:The Local Cultures of South and East China
1262:又曰蝃蝀,其見每於日在西而見於東,啜飲東方之水氣也。見於西方曰升,朝日始升而出見也。
566:). These characters combine a phonetic of
1934:
997:except the latter is exclusively used in
2150:
1961:
1722:is a male and female rainbow serpent in
294:
274:
2134:Fêtes et chansons anciennes de la Chine
1985:
1973:
1909:
1765:, like secondary and primary rainbows.
1306:"rainbow" was "doubtless a variant" of
1092:cosmology dichotomized between primary
1020:] rainbow serpent ... A great [
709:has the oldest known textual usages of
71:
2103:
2091:
575:"child" with either the "wug radical"
16:Two-headed dragon in Chinese mythology
2471:, Dragon or Rainbow Serpent Project,
2115:
2079:
2021:
2009:
1997:
1796:Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area
1476:. He lists etymological proposals of
1034:ruling the southern sky reoccur with
7:
2373:
2361:
2215:
2033:
1949:
1853:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
1775:Chinese mythology in popular culture
1520:"rainbow", Schuessler reconstructs *
1055:"Monthly Ordinances" section of the
918:"lift/carry two." The commentary of
688:(5th–3rd centuries BCE) referred to
2422:de Visser, Marinus Willern (1913).
2233:Selected Works of Peter A. Boodberg
463:(with "absorb; suck up") "siphon".
454:(with "bridge") "arch bridge", and
1879:. Vol. 2 vols. Translated by
1389:"dragon; rainbow"; but later saw *
1250:from easterly water. It is called
1101:"Yang/male rainbow" and secondary
26:jade pendant with two dragon heads
14:
934:), and gives additional names of
193:" element that roughly indicates
2140:. Ernest Leroux. pp. 272–7.
1289:" in the usual Western sense of
961:has more rainbow occurrences (8
891:"rain sacrifice", defines it as
175:Chinese character classification
2411:Peking Natural History Bulletin
1030:ruling the eastern sky and the
909:"secondary rainbow" was called
2456:
2448:
2237:University of California Press
2176:University of California Press
1749:
1743:
1734:
1680:
1615:
1609:
1533:
1516:
1507:
1498:
1481:
1449:
1424:
1415:
1402:
1381:
1372:
1359:
1350:
1302:
1278:
1272:
1261:
1255:
1242:
1236:
1227:
1216:
1198:
1192:
1183:
1171:
1106:
1097:
1086:is considered to be a dragon.
1082:
1066:
1051:
1039:
1022:
1016:
1002:
993:
984:
975:
969:
963:
948:
939:
914:
905:
896:
878:
852:
831:
798:
788:
769:
760:
747:
738:
723:
661:
643:
626:
617:
605:
596:
577:
536:
527:
518:
512:
503:
494:
481:
475:
459:
450:
394:
388:
382:
307:
287:
263:
242:
199:
137:
128:
119:
91:with two heads on each end in
55:
1:
2425:The Dragon in China and Japan
1936:10.1525/aa.1979.81.4.02a00030
1695:of rainbows and fertility in
684:(8th–5th centuries BCE) and
2428:. J. Müller. Archived from
2289:University of Hawai'i Press
2195:. Trubner. pp. 117–8.
1367:"wug" root. first thought *
1333:etymological proposals for
1315:"bow" and compared it with
922:notes rainbows were called
736:(with the "speech radical"
148:share a graphic element of
2515:
2351:. Sanlian. pp. 25–71.
926:in Jiangdong (present day
867:, the ca. 3rd century BCE
436:(with "color") "rainbow",
231:Linguistic anthropologists
197:. Words written with this
2446:, ancient characters for
2279:Schuessler, Axel (2007).
1917:Brown, Cecil. H. (1979).
1865:10.1017/S0035869X00110639
1704:is a two-headed snake in
1436:
1310:
886:
731:
651:
586:
570:
557:
551:
440:
431:
337:
320:
224:
213:
161:
152:
46:
2348:
2252:Behavioral Science Notes
1354:"rainbow (dragon)" and *
682:Spring and Autumn period
673:Early textual references
87:'rainbow') is a
2346:Wang Li Memorial Volume
2330:10.3406/befeo.1951.5185
2189:Edkins, Joseph (1871).
1923:American Anthropologist
1885:Oxford University Press
1715:Kwakwaka'wakw mythology
1671:(translated as Chinese
1297:first proposed Chinese
764:"spider" as a loan for
246:, and Brown coined the
166:), known in Chinese as
103:Chinese "rainbow" names
2480:, Circle of the Dragon
2473:Queensland Art Gallery
2269:Boodberg, 1986, p. 58.
1789:"Chinese Dragon Names"
1787:Carr, Michael (1990).
1669:Indigenous Australians
1657:
1597:
1576:Mythological parallels
1291:historical linguistics
1153:
1140:
952:"split cover/screen".
943:"beautiful woman" and
780:
423:not normally found in
414:
405:
342:"work" phonetic. Both
312:
292:
27:
1691:is a rainbow serpent
1652:
1641:rainbows in mythology
1637:comparative mythology
1629:Farancia erytrogramma
1583:
1412:tiad-[skl]ung
1148:
1128:
775:
755:explains translating
686:Warring States period
678:Chinese classic texts
409:
407:Hopkins elucidated.
400:
298:
278:
218:"aquatic dragon" and
141:"secondary rainbow".
24:Warring States period
22:
2118:, pp. 263, 297.
1341:. Boodberg thought *
1325:Carr compares Proto-
900:"rainbow", and says
638:in expressions like
144:Note that all these
2499:Rainbows in culture
1645:snakes in mythology
1419:"rainbow" (with a *
717:, and both are bad
2239:. pp. 162–70.
2229:Boodberg, Peter A.
2164:Schafer, Edward H.
1835:. Penguin. 2011 .
1706:Egyptian mythology
1633:Epicrates cenchria
1631:, and Rainbow Boa
1598:
1246:] "sucks" the
1114:and heavenly Yang
865:Chinese dictionary
507:"girdle; sash" in
361:oracle bone script
319:Chinese character
313:
293:
280:Oracle bone script
146:Chinese characters
95:, comparable with
28:
2464:Kangxi Dictionary
2153:, pp. 245–6.
1976:, pp. 604–5.
1895:The Book of Songs
1808:Eberhard, Wolfram
1584:Tomb painting of
1472:Shanggao dialect
1144:Edward H. Schafer
826:) use the phrase
487:Classical Chinese
114:" words, regular
93:Chinese mythology
85:
2506:
2459:
2458:
2451:
2450:
2433:
2418:
2397:
2395:
2383:
2377:
2371:
2365:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2341:
2335:
2333:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2276:
2270:
2267:
2261:
2259:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2225:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2173:
2160:
2154:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2125:
2119:
2113:
2107:
2101:
2095:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2063:
2057:
2055:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1914:
1900:
1898:
1888:
1868:
1846:
1831:. Translated by
1830:
1819:
1803:
1793:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1745:
1737:
1736:
1724:Yoruba mythology
1683:
1682:
1627:, Rainbow Snake
1625:two-headed snake
1618:
1617:
1612:
1611:
1536:
1535:
1519:
1518:
1510:
1509:
1501:
1500:
1484:
1483:
1452:
1451:
1440:
1427:
1426:
1418:
1417:
1405:
1404:
1384:
1383:
1375:
1374:
1362:
1361:
1353:
1352:
1314:
1305:
1304:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1274:
1264:
1263:
1258:
1257:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1238:
1230:
1229:
1219:
1218:
1203:
1202:
1195:
1194:
1186:
1185:
1174:
1173:
1109:
1108:
1100:
1099:
1085:
1084:
1069:
1068:
1054:
1053:
1042:
1041:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1018:
1010:descriptions of
1005:
1004:
996:
995:
987:
986:
978:
977:
972:
971:
966:
965:
951:
950:
942:
941:
917:
916:
908:
907:
899:
898:
890:
881:
880:
855:
854:
834:
833:
801:
800:
791:
790:
772:
771:
763:
762:
750:
749:
741:
740:
735:
726:
725:
721:. One poem uses
680:dating from the
664:
663:
655:
646:
645:
629:
628:
620:
619:
608:
607:
599:
598:
590:
580:
579:
574:
564:Alexander's band
561:
555:
539:
538:
530:
529:
521:
520:
515:
514:
506:
505:
497:
496:
484:
483:
478:
477:
462:
461:
453:
452:
444:
435:
427:. For instance,
397:
396:
391:
390:
385:
384:
341:
324:
310:
309:
290:
289:
266:
265:
248:portmanteau word
245:
244:
229:"flood dragon".
228:
217:
202:
201:
165:
156:
140:
139:
131:
130:
122:
121:
86:
83:
79:
63:
48:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2494:Chinese dragons
2484:
2483:
2478:Rainbow Serpent
2440:
2421:
2408:
2405:
2403:Further reading
2400:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2372:
2368:
2360:
2356:
2350:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2303:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2149:
2145:
2137:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2114:
2110:
2102:
2098:
2090:
2086:
2078:
2074:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2032:
2028:
2020:
2016:
2008:
2004:
1996:
1992:
1984:
1980:
1972:
1968:
1960:
1956:
1948:
1944:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1891:
1871:
1850:
1843:
1823:
1806:
1791:
1786:
1783:
1771:
1661:Rainbow Serpent
1659:The well-known
1578:
1434:g[l]ung
1406:"rainbow" and *
1399:k[l]ung
1395:g'[l]uŋ
1166:dictionary (1,
1160:The ca. 200 CE
1158:
828:baihong guan ri
675:
546:
469:
273:
105:
97:Rainbow Serpent
17:
12:
11:
5:
2512:
2510:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2486:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2475:
2466:
2452:
2439:
2438:External links
2436:
2435:
2434:
2432:on 2008-10-26.
2419:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2378:
2376:, p. 103.
2366:
2354:
2336:
2324:(2): 555–576.
2308:
2301:
2271:
2262:
2242:
2220:
2218:, p. 105.
2208:
2201:
2181:
2155:
2143:
2129:Granet, Marcel
2120:
2108:
2096:
2094:, p. 290.
2084:
2082:, p. 171.
2072:
2058:
2038:
2036:, p. 101.
2026:
2014:
2002:
2000:, p. 302 #256.
1990:
1988:, p. 606.
1978:
1966:
1964:, p. 246.
1954:
1942:
1929:(4): 791–812.
1908:
1902:
1901:
1889:
1869:
1841:
1821:
1820:
1804:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1770:
1767:
1727:
1726:
1717:
1708:
1699:
1665:creation myths
1663:is central to
1635:) and many in
1577:
1574:
1283:
1282:
1265:
1220:
1210:attacking Yin
1157:
1154:
1032:Vermilion Bird
674:
671:
667:meteorological
600:can also mean
545:
542:
498:"connect" or
468:
465:
317:regular script
272:
269:
187:semantic field
185:that suggests
168:Kangxi radical
104:
101:
89:Chinese dragon
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2511:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2469:Cai Guo-Qiang
2467:
2465:
2461:
2453:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2431:
2427:
2426:
2420:
2417:(4): 279–362.
2416:
2412:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2393:
2389:
2382:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2358:
2355:
2347:
2340:
2337:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2312:
2309:
2304:
2302:9780824829759
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2275:
2272:
2266:
2263:
2257:
2253:
2246:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2212:
2209:
2204:
2202:9781402181047
2198:
2194:
2193:
2185:
2182:
2178:. p. 36.
2177:
2172:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2156:
2152:
2151:Eberhard 1968
2147:
2144:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2124:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2076:
2073:
2068:
2067:Chan-kuo ts'e
2062:
2059:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2027:
2024:, p. 43.
2023:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1962:Eberhard 1968
1958:
1955:
1952:, p. 87.
1951:
1946:
1943:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1897:
1896:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1876:
1875:Book of Rites
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1842:9780140443752
1838:
1834:
1833:Hawkes, David
1829:
1828:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1741:
1732:
1725:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1697:Haitian Vodou
1694:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1678:
1675:and Japanese
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1656:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1607:
1603:
1595:
1592:excavated in
1591:
1587:
1582:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1514:
1505:
1502:"dragon" and
1496:
1492:
1488:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1447:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1422:
1413:
1409:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1379:
1370:
1366:
1357:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1300:
1296:
1295:Joseph Edkins
1292:
1288:
1270:
1266:
1253:
1249:
1234:
1225:
1221:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1201:
1190:
1187:"rainbow" is
1181:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1155:
1152:
1147:
1145:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1104:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1064:
1061:Legge claims
1060:
1059:
1049:
1044:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1013:
1009:
1000:
991:
982:
960:
959:
953:
946:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
912:
903:
894:
889:
885:
876:
872:
871:
866:
861:
859:
858:Tang of Shang
850:
846:
845:
840:
839:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
812:
807:
806:
795:
785:
779:
774:
767:
758:
754:
745:
734:
730:
720:
716:
712:
708:
707:
701:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
672:
670:
669:terminology.
668:
659:
654:
650:
641:
637:
634:from English
633:
624:
615:
610:
603:
594:
589:
584:
573:
569:
565:
560:
554:
550:
543:
541:
534:
525:
510:
501:
492:
488:
473:
466:
464:
457:
448:
443:
439:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
413:
408:
404:
399:
386:"rainbow" as
380:
376:
375:
374:Shuowen Jiezi
369:
366:
362:
359:
358:Shang dynasty
355:
354:bronze script
352:
348:
345:
340:
336:
332:
328:
323:
318:
305:
301:
297:
285:
281:
277:
270:
268:
260:
256:
252:
249:
240:
236:
235:folk taxonomy
232:
227:
223:
222:
216:
212:
211:
206:
196:
195:pronunciation
192:
188:
184:
183:determinative
180:
176:
172:
169:
164:
160:
155:
151:
147:
142:
135:
126:
117:
113:
109:
102:
100:
98:
94:
90:
80:
78:
74:
68:
64:
62:
58:
52:
44:
40:
39:
34:
33:
25:
21:
2430:the original
2424:
2414:
2410:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2369:
2357:
2345:
2339:
2321:
2317:
2311:
2280:
2274:
2265:
2255:
2251:
2245:
2232:
2223:
2211:
2191:
2184:
2169:
2158:
2146:
2133:
2123:
2111:
2106:, p. 217 #8.
2099:
2087:
2075:
2066:
2061:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2029:
2017:
2012:, p. 42 #51.
2005:
1993:
1986:Hopkins 1931
1981:
1974:Hopkins 1931
1969:
1957:
1945:
1926:
1922:
1912:
1904:
1903:
1894:
1881:Legge, James
1872:
1856:
1852:
1826:
1822:
1811:
1802:(2): 87–189.
1799:
1795:
1762:
1758:
1728:
1676:
1672:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1620:
1605:
1601:
1599:
1572:"rainbow".)
1569:
1562:
1554:
1542:
1538:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1512:
1511:"red".( For
1503:
1494:
1490:
1477:
1473:
1465:
1458:
1454:
1445:
1443:
1433:
1429:
1420:
1411:
1407:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1377:
1368:
1364:
1355:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1327:Sino-Tibetan
1324:
1319:
1307:
1298:
1284:
1268:
1267:Also called
1251:
1247:
1232:
1223:
1222:Also called
1211:
1205:
1188:
1179:
1167:
1161:
1159:
1149:
1141:
1135:
1131:
1129:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1102:
1093:
1090:Yin and Yang
1088:
1078:
1072:
1062:
1056:
1047:
1045:
1035:
1028:Azure Dragon
1007:
998:
989:
980:
956:
954:
944:
935:
923:
910:
901:
892:
883:
874:
868:
862:
848:
842:
836:
827:
823:
819:
809:
803:
793:
783:
781:
776:
765:
756:
753:Arthur Waley
743:
728:
714:
710:
704:
702:
697:
693:
689:
676:
657:
656:"neon; Ne".
648:
639:
622:
613:
611:
601:
592:
583:rain radical
567:
548:
547:
532:
523:
508:
499:
490:
471:
470:
455:
446:
437:
428:
420:
416:
415:
410:
406:
401:
378:
372:
370:
351:Zhou dynasty
334:
330:
326:
314:
303:
283:
258:
254:
250:
238:
219:
208:
158:
149:
143:
133:
124:
115:
106:
76:
72:
70:
60:
56:
54:
37:
36:
31:
30:
29:
2104:Hawkes 2011
2092:Hawkes 2011
1873:The Li Ki (
1816:E. J. Brill
1689:Ayida-Weddo
1553:words like
1543:tê(t)s-tlôŋ
1493:or Chinese
1485:from Proto-
1356:lyung-t'lia
1322:"rainbow".
1217:虹攻也,純陽攻陰氣也。
1156:Etymologies
882:was called
863:The oldest
773:"girdle".
371:The 121 CE
365:pictographs
347:seal script
344:Qin dynasty
300:Seal script
123:, literary
110:has three "
2488:Categories
2462:, 1716 CE
2460:entry page
2349:王力先生紀念論文計集
2258:: 288–291.
2116:Legge 1885
2080:Legge 1885
2056:p. 322 #3.
2054:: 298–351.
2048:Asia Major
2022:Waley 1937
2010:Waley 1937
1998:Waley 1937
1859:: 603–12.
1781:References
1539:tê(t)s-tôŋ
1331:Austro-Tai
1329:and Proto-
700:rainbows.
640:nihongdeng
531:"east" in
171:number 142
67:Wade–Giles
2444:Etymology
2388:Anthropos
2374:Carr 1990
2362:Carr 1990
2216:Carr 1990
2034:Carr 1990
1950:Carr 1990
1905:Footnotes
1740:Gong Gong
1720:Oshunmare
1557:or Proto-
1317:"Siamese"
1287:etymology
838:Zhanguoce
816:Liu Xiang
805:Huainanzi
425:compounds
311:"rainbow"
291:"rainbow"
233:studying
2394:: 31–40.
2285:Honolulu
2166:(1973).
2131:(1919).
1810:(1968).
1769:See also
1702:Nehebkau
1677:nijihebi
1594:Xinjiang
1487:Miao–Yao
1408:tiadtung
1012:shamanic
973:, and 5
932:Zhejiang
820:Shuoyuan
632:loanword
581:or the "
447:hongqiao
207:such as
191:phonetic
189:with a "
2334:p. 559.
2260:p. 291.
1887:. 1885.
1711:Sisiutl
1673:hongshe
1667:of the
1547:Kam–Tai
1474:lɑn-luŋ
1441:"red".
1365:s-brong
1285:Using "
1233:chuoyin
1168:Shitian
1163:Shiming
1124:Shijing
1120:Shiming
1048:Yueling
928:Jiangsu
706:Shijing
602:hanchan
438:hongcai
429:caihong
205:dragons
179:radical
112:rainbow
108:Chinese
43:Chinese
2396:p. 37.
2299:
2293:p. 278
2199:
1839:
1604:< *
1555:tu-tuŋ
1551:Zhuang
1541:< *
1537:< *
1530:didong
1457:< *
1432:< *
1410:< *
1393:< *
1345:< *
1339:didong
1269:meiren
1224:didong
1146:says.
936:meiren
920:Guo Pu
911:qie'er
875:didong
847:using
844:Mengzi
796:]
786:]
744:didong
715:didong
696:, and
694:didong
658:Fuhong
623:nihong
614:hongni
612:While
472:Didong
467:Didong
456:hongxi
253:(from
132:, and
125:didong
77:chiang
69::
53::
51:pinyin
45::
2138:(PDF)
1792:(PDF)
1747:(cf.
1639:(see
1606:g'ung
1565:(cf.
1522:krôŋh
1513:jiang
1466:ghioŋ
1430:g'ung
1391:g'ung
1378:g'ung
1376:and *
1369:lyung
1347:glung
1343:g'ung
1252:sheng
1118:(see
1071:[
1036:baini
1008:Chuci
999:yunni
967:, 10
958:Chuci
873:says
849:yunni
824:Xinxu
719:omens
630:is a
485:is a
417:Jiang
363:were
331:jiang
181:" or
159:chong
61:jiàng
38:jiang
2297:ISBN
2287:HI:
2197:ISBN
1857:1931
1837:ISBN
1763:yang
1761:and
1755:Fuxi
1731:Nüwa
1643:and
1621:hong
1602:Hong
1590:Fuxi
1588:and
1586:Nüwa
1567:Thai
1563:Druŋ
1549:and
1504:hong
1495:long
1491:kluŋ
1478:hong
1468:and
1459:gloŋ
1446:hong
1444:For
1421:tung
1397:or *
1337:and
1335:hong
1320:lung
1308:gung
1299:hong
1189:gong
1180:Hong
1134:and
1132:yang
1094:hong
1079:shen
1074:shen
1063:hong
1058:Liji
1046:The
988:and
955:The
945:xiyi
930:and
893:hong
870:Erya
832:白虹貫日
822:and
811:tian
794:hong
784:long
757:zhuo
729:hong
713:and
711:hong
703:The
690:hong
636:neon
533:dong
524:dong
522:and
491:zhuo
421:hong
379:hong
349:and
335:gong
327:hong
325:for
315:The
304:hong
302:for
284:hong
282:for
271:Hong
255:worm
221:jiao
210:shen
116:hong
84:lit.
73:hung
57:hóng
32:Hong
2326:doi
1931:doi
1861:doi
1759:yin
1693:loa
1647:).
1570:ruŋ
1559:Tai
1526:kɔŋ
1470:Gan
1463:Min
1455:gôŋ
1387:ruŋ
1136:yin
818:'s
649:nai
644:霓虹燈
556:or
516:or
500:dai
479:or
389:狀似蟲
329:or
259:bug
251:wug
239:hui
150:hui
75:or
59:or
35:or
2490::
2413:.
2392:56
2390:.
2322:44
2320:.
2295:.
2291:.
2283:.
2254:.
2235:.
2174:.
2050:.
1927:81
1925:.
1921:.
1883:.
1855:.
1814:.
1800:13
1798:.
1794:.
1744:共工
1735:女媧
1681:虹蛇
1534:蝃蝀
1416:蝃蝀
1360:龍魑
1293:,
1273:美人
1248:qi
1237:啜飲
1228:蝃蝀
1214:.
1212:qi
1207:qi
1172:釋天
1116:qi
1112:qi
1103:ni
1052:月令
1040:白霓
1003:雲霓
990:ni
981:ni
949:析翳
940:美人
924:yu
915:挈貳
902:ni
884:yu
879:螮蝀
853:雲霓
766:di
748:蝃蝀
698:ni
692:,
662:副虹
627:霓虹
618:虹霓
606:寒蟬
593:Ni
591:.
585:"
568:er
549:Ni
544:Ni
540:.
509:di
482:螮蝀
476:蝃蝀
460:虹吸
451:虹橋
442:虹彩
433:彩虹
398:.
267:.
257:+
134:ni
129:蝃蝀
81:;
65:;
49:;
2457:虹
2449:虹
2415:8
2364:.
2332:.
2328::
2305:.
2256:4
2205:.
2052:1
1939:.
1933::
1877:)
1867:.
1863::
1845:.
1818:.
1750:虹
1616:虹
1610:虹
1600:"
1596:.
1561:*
1517:虹
1508:紅
1499:龍
1489:*
1482:虹
1450:虹
1438:紅
1425:東
1403:虹
1382:虹
1373:龍
1351:虹
1312:弓
1303:虹
1256:升
1243:口
1200:攴
1193:攻
1184:虹
1107:霓
1098:虹
1083:蜃
1067:虹
1023:霓
1017:虹
994:霓
985:蜺
976:蜺
970:霓
964:虹
906:蜺
897:虹
888:雩
799:虹
789:龍
770:螮
761:蝃
739:言
733:訌
724:虹
653:氖
597:蜺
588:雨
578:虫
572:兒
559:霓
553:蜺
537:蝀
528:東
519:螮
513:蝃
504:帶
495:叕
395:虹
383:虹
339:工
322:虹
308:虹
288:虹
264:虫
243:虫
226:蛟
215:蜃
200:虫
163:蟲
154:虫
138:蜺
120:虹
47:虹
41:(
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