304:. In April 1274, the Yuan instructed Holdon and Hong Ta-gu to mobilize 15,000 men for the invasion of Japan. Hong was put in charge of the construction of large transports and was harsh and cruel in exploiting the Goryeo people for the project. Hong's people looted Goryeo dwellings while preparing for the invasion. In 1277, Goryeo officials reported that food prices rose due to Hong's looting. In 1278, Hong requisitioned rice and beans from western Goryeo. In 1279, a Goryeo envoy reported that the people were distracted by Hong's atrocities. During the actual invasion, one of the three commanding Yuan generals, Liu Fuxiang (Yu-Puk Hyong), was shot in the face by retreating samurai and seriously injured. Liu convened with the other generals Holdon and Hong back on his ship. Holdon wanted to keep advancing through the night before more Japanese reinforcements arrived, but Hong was worried that their troops were too exhausted and needed rest. There was also fear of being ambushed in the night. Liu agreed with Hong and recalled the Yuan forces back to their ships. Due to a storm, many of the Yuan ships were beached and destroyed. Of the 30,000 strong invasion force, 13,500 did not return. Hong also led the Eastern Route army along with Kim Pang-gyŏng during the second invasion. They disobeyed orders to wait for the Southern Route army and attacked the Japanese mainland by themselves. They failed.
308:
naturally threatened Hong's position. Hong and Kim ran afoul of each other due to Hong's harsh tendencies during the preparation for the invasion of Japan. When a scandal connected Kim to an alleged plot to have the king murdered, Hong arrested Kim, tortured him, and requested permission from the Yuan court for another campaign against Goryeo.
330:
says that Chung-hŭi served in the emperor's guard in 1276 and in 1279, he inherited his father's position as
Commander of Goryeo Warriors. He visited Goryeo in 1284 as a Yuan envoy and brought horses to the king as a present. Jung-gyong participated in putting down the rebellion of the Mongol prince
283:
According to Goryeo sources, Hong "hated his motherland". In 1269, when Im Yon attempted to remove
Wonjong from power, Hong received orders to invade Goryeo with 3,300 men. This campaign opened up Goryeo to direct Yuan management of internal affairs and Hong and his Goryeo warriors became one of the
350:
region to provoke conflict. Between 1309-1312, the Hong brothers proposed establishing a province in Goryeo instead of having a separate kingdom. Chung-hŭi argued that it was unreasonable for one person to sit on two thrones at the same time, referring to
Chungseon's position as both king of Goryeo
373:
Some of their relatives stayed in Goryeo and obtained relatively high positions there but played no significant role in Goryeo-Yuan relations. Hong Ta-gu's younger brother, Hong Kun-sang (?-1309) was a diplomat between Goryeo-Yuan. Hong Pok-wŏn's brother, Hong Baek-su and his family: son Hong Son
307:
After Hong's failure in Japan, his standing declined. He attacked a popular Goryeo general, Kim Pang-gyŏng, who had fought the
Mongols and afterwards sought establishment of friendly ties with the Yuan court. Kim also led Goryeo forces in the Sambyeolcho Rebellion and invasion of Japan, which
359:
of
Shenyang was created in 1260 to rule Goryeo people living in Shenyang. While real power resided in the Hong clan and other families, the symbolic power of the post occupied by the Goryeo royal family provided an alternative center of power among the Goryeo elite. In 1308,
364:
granted the post to
Chungseon. Chungseon also benefited from three rest stop villages established by Kublai in 1279 between Goryeo and Khanbaliq that became his base for expansion into Liaoyang. He was granted lands on the northern bank of the
292:
to attack the rebel base and he personally killed Wang On. He also refused to bow to the Goryeo king when he visited court that year. In 1273, Hong carried out the mass slaughter of rebel prisoners when Yuan and Goryeo troops took
279:
In 1263, Hong Ta-gu reported that Wang Jun, the Goryeo royal in command of Goryeo families in
Shenyang, boasted that his position was no less than that of the heir apparent. Wang Jun's command was stripped and given to Hong.
316:, where a discussion took place and Kublai sided with the king. The Mongol troops were called off, the king returned to Goryeo, and Hong's supporters were exiled. After 1281, there are no Goryeo sources about Hong Ta-gu.
369:
and gained significant influence over the region. The emperor rejected the proposal to turn Goryeo into a province in 1312. The Hong clan lost most of its power and the brothers are not mentioned again after 1312.
259:
Hong Ta-gu was arrested soon after his father's death in 1260 for trying to provoke conflict between Goryeo and the
Mongols by saying that the Goryeo king had lied about his intentions to move the capital back to
284:
primary instruments of such policy for about ten years. In 1270, he was part of the negotiations behind marrying the Goryeo king to a Mongol princess. In 1271, he participated in the suppression of the
288:
with particular zeal. Wang Jun had instructed his sons, who participated in the campaign, to save Wang On, a Goryeo prince who the rebels had named their king. Hong was the first to land on
342:
Both sons inherited their father's hatred of Goryeo. In 1302, the Hong clan proposed combining
Liaoyang and the Branch Secretariat for Eastern Campaigns (Goryeo). When
455:
Oleg
Pirozhenko, 'Political Trends of Hong Bog Won Clan in the Period of Mongol Domination', International Journal of Korean History, Vol. 9 (2005); available at
627:
219:, Hong Ta-gu led Goryeo forces who had defected in campaigns against Goryeo and Japan. The Hong family dominated the Goryeo defector families in
571:
346:
came to power in 1309, both brothers criticized his administrative reforms and proposed sending warriors from Shenyang to cut lumber in the
602:
418:
268:
of the Goryeo warriors. This was probably due to political considerations. There were a few tens of thousands of Goryeo warriors in
622:
123:
86:
264:. In 1261, Kublai summoned Hong Ta-gu and told him that his father had been unjustly punished. Hong Ta-gu was made
397:
301:
324:
Historical records provide information about two of Hong Ta-gu's sons: Hong Chung-hŭi and Hong Chung-gyŏng. The
617:
100:
332:
285:
612:
607:
309:
581:
563:
553:
374:(?-138), grandsons Hong T'ak, Hong Su, Hong Ik, Hong Myoungleehwasang. They were purged in 1356 by
343:
460:
25:
567:
375:
392:
387:
146:
361:
347:
326:
180:
251:, with his courage and military prowess. Kublai gave Chun-gi the courtesy name of Ta-gu.
236:
456:
596:
240:
216:
212:
289:
276:, and Kublai demanded their loyalty under threat of punishment for their families.
248:
204:
153:
557:
244:
20:
313:
273:
269:
224:
220:
426:
Eurasian Maritime History Case Study: Northeast Asia Thirteenth Century
261:
243:
in 1231. He entered the military at a young age and managed to impress
200:
49:
294:
215:
Ta-gu. Born to a northwestern warlord family that defected to the
190:
63:
366:
461:
http://ijkh.khistory.org/upload/pdf/9-08_oleg%20pirozhenko.pdf
538:
Khubilai Khan's Lost Fleet: In Search of a Legendary Armada
235:
Hong Ta-gu, originally named Chun-gi, was born in 1244 to
158:
457:
http://ijkh.khistory.org/journal/view.php?number=469
419:"Mongol Invasions of Northeast Asia Korea and Japan"
239:, a northwestern Goryeo warlord who defected to the
105:
91:
211:(俊奇; 준기, Jùnqí), but he was more well known by his
152:
145:
140:
122:
117:
99:
85:
80:
62:
48:
43:
34:
339:of Liaoyang instead of his uncle, Hong Kun-sang.
559:Genghis Khan and the Mongol Conquests, 1190–1400
128:
8:
227:during the latter half of the 13th century.
194:
184:
68:
54:
586:The Mongol Invasions of Japan 1274 and 1281
297:, the last stronghold of the Sambyeolcho.
137:
77:
519:
507:
495:
483:
409:
451:
449:
447:
445:
443:
441:
439:
437:
435:
247:, who later became the founder of the
31:
7:
335:in 1287. In 1306, he was appointed
628:Mongolian people of Korean descent
471:
14:
16:Korean Yuan commander (1244–1291)
547:China as a Sea Power 1127-1368
195:
185:
159:
129:
106:
92:
1:
459:; English translation here:
644:
603:13th-century Korean people
536:Delgado, James P. (2010).
312:and Hong were summoned to
18:
398:Manchuria under Yuan rule
302:Mongol invasions of Japan
300:Hong participated in the
170:
136:
76:
69:
55:
39:
124:Traditional Chinese
545:Lo, Jung-pang (2012),
623:Yuan dynasty generals
286:Sambyeolcho Rebellion
207:. His given name was
23:, the family name is
564:Taylor & Francis
310:Chungnyeol of Goryeo
87:Revised Romanization
344:Chungseon of Goryeo
199:; 1244–1291) was a
474:, p. 253-254.
417:Dr. Grant, Rhode.
582:Turnbull, Stephen
573:978-0-415-96862-1
554:Turnbull, Stephen
376:Gongmin of Goryeo
355:of Shenyang. The
337:Pyongjang chongsa
203:commander of the
174:
173:
166:
165:
147:Standard Mandarin
113:
112:
101:McCune–Reischauer
635:
589:
577:
549:
541:
523:
517:
511:
510:, p. 48-50.
505:
499:
493:
487:
481:
475:
469:
463:
453:
430:
429:
423:
414:
393:History of Korea
388:History of China
198:
197:
188:
187:
162:
161:
138:
132:
131:
109:
108:
95:
94:
78:
72:
71:
58:
57:
32:
643:
642:
638:
637:
636:
634:
633:
632:
618:Goryeo generals
593:
592:
580:
574:
552:
544:
535:
532:
527:
526:
518:
514:
506:
502:
494:
490:
482:
478:
470:
466:
454:
433:
421:
416:
415:
411:
406:
384:
348:Paektu Mountain
327:History of Yuan
322:
257:
233:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
641:
639:
631:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
595:
594:
591:
590:
578:
572:
550:
542:
531:
528:
525:
524:
512:
500:
488:
476:
464:
431:
408:
407:
405:
402:
401:
400:
395:
390:
383:
380:
321:
318:
256:
255:Mongol service
253:
232:
229:
172:
171:
168:
167:
164:
163:
156:
150:
149:
143:
142:
141:Transcriptions
134:
133:
126:
120:
119:
115:
114:
111:
110:
103:
97:
96:
89:
83:
82:
81:Transcriptions
74:
73:
66:
60:
59:
52:
46:
45:
41:
40:
37:
36:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
640:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
600:
598:
587:
583:
579:
575:
569:
565:
561:
560:
555:
551:
548:
543:
539:
534:
533:
529:
522:, p. 58.
521:
520:Turnbull 2010
516:
513:
509:
508:Turnbull 2010
504:
501:
498:, p. 97.
497:
492:
489:
486:, p. 96.
485:
480:
477:
473:
468:
465:
462:
458:
452:
450:
448:
446:
444:
442:
440:
438:
436:
432:
427:
420:
413:
410:
403:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
385:
381:
379:
377:
371:
368:
363:
358:
354:
349:
345:
340:
338:
334:
329:
328:
319:
317:
315:
311:
305:
303:
298:
296:
291:
287:
281:
277:
275:
271:
267:
263:
254:
252:
250:
246:
242:
241:Mongol Empire
238:
230:
228:
226:
222:
218:
217:Mongol Empire
214:
213:courtesy name
210:
206:
202:
192:
182:
178:
169:
157:
155:
151:
148:
144:
139:
135:
127:
125:
121:
116:
104:
102:
98:
90:
88:
84:
79:
75:
67:
65:
61:
53:
51:
47:
42:
38:
33:
28:
27:
22:
585:
558:
546:
537:
530:Bibliography
515:
503:
496:Delgado 2010
491:
484:Delgado 2010
479:
467:
425:
412:
372:
356:
352:
341:
336:
325:
323:
306:
299:
290:Jindo Island
282:
278:
265:
258:
249:Yuan dynasty
237:Hong Pok-wŏn
234:
208:
205:Yuan dynasty
176:
175:
154:Hanyu Pinyin
118:Chinese name
24:
613:1291 deaths
608:1244 births
193::
183::
160:Hóng Cháqiū
44:Korean name
21:Korean name
597:Categories
562:. London:
404:References
362:Külüg Khan
231:Early life
177:Hong Ta-gu
107:Hong Ta-gu
93:Hong Da-gu
35:Hong Ta-gu
588:. Osprey.
314:Khanbaliq
266:chonggwan
584:(2010).
556:(2003).
382:See also
274:Shenyang
270:Liaoyang
225:Shenyang
221:Liaoyang
19:In this
472:Lo 2012
262:Kaesong
209:Chun-gi
570:
320:Legacy
245:Kublai
201:Goryeo
189:;
181:Korean
50:Hangul
422:(PDF)
333:Nayan
295:Tamna
191:Hanja
64:Hanja
568:ISBN
367:Yalu
357:Wang
353:Wang
351:and
272:and
223:and
26:Hong
196:洪茶丘
186:홍다구
130:洪茶丘
70:洪茶丘
56:홍다구
599::
566:.
434:^
424:.
378:.
576:.
540:.
428:.
179:(
29:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.