325:
312:. A 2016 study found that the abundance of individuals in this community is six times greater than it is at a site on the trench edge at approximately 6,250 m (20,510 ft) near the deep and that the difference in biomass between these locations is even bigger. Species diversity, on the other hand, is twice as big on the trench slope, probably because of a small number of opportunistic species in the trench. Figures for abundance and biomass are similar for the deeps of the Mariana Trench but considerably lower in the
499:
167:
35:
34:
771:
573:
maximum spreading rate in the NELSC is 94 mm/a (3.7 in/year) but spreading decreases to zero at either end of the spreading centre. The total spreading rate between the Tongan and
Australian plates, however, is 157 mm/a (6.2 in/year), and additional microplates and/or deformations zones must thus exist. The NELSC probably receives magmatic contributions from the
201:
241:
443:. Subduction rates decrease southward along the Tonga-Kermadec Arc, from 24 cm/year (9.4 in/year) in the north to 6 cm/year (2.4 in/year) in the south and also become more oblique southward. The high rate in the Tonga Trench is largely due to a reduction in extension in the Lau Basin. Crustal extension in the Miocene
624:. The subducting Louisville Ridge has caused a significant amount of erosion on the outer edge of the southern Tonga fore-arc and has probably accelerated subsidence in the Tonga Trench, a process which makes the Tonga Trench the second deepest trench on Earth and considerably deeper than the Kermadec Trench.
463:
While most of the large earthquakes occur at the contact zone between both tectonic plates, related to the friction during subduction, others are produced in the
Pacific Plate due to its bending. The Pacific crust that descends into the trench is old, 100–140 Ma, and relatively cold and it can
572:
Just north of the MTJ lies the south–north-trending
Northeast Lau Spreading Centre (NELSC) which intercepts the northern end of the Tonga Trench and is one of three major spreading centres in the northern Lau Basin (together with the Futuna Spreading Centre and Northwest Lau Spreading Centre). The
502:
At its northern end the Tonga Trench bends west into the microplates, interconnected spreading centres, and deformation zones of the Lau Basin. But the Tonga Trench also has a continuation in the inactive Vitiaz Trench (north of map area) with which it formed a single continuous trench before the
725:
located on the eastern wall of the northern Tonga Trench (see map above). It is a large guyot, 100 km (62 mi) wide at its base with a small part of its reefal or lagoonal summit reaching 440 m (1,440 ft) below sea level. The bending of the
Pacific Plate at the Tonga Trench is
730:
is developing parallel to the trench; the western slope of the guyot has reached the 9,000 m deep (30,000 ft) trench and has started to fill it; the summit of the guyot is tilted 1.7° towards the trench and its centre is only 45 km (28 mi) from the trench axis. The
Capricorn
612:
in the northern pacific. The
Louisville collision zone migrates southward at a rate of 18 cm/year (7.1 in/year) because of the difference in the oblique angle between the Louisville Ridge relative the direction of convergence. In the eastern Lau Basin spreading centres are propagating
649:
Geochemical evidence suggests that the
Louisville chain has been subducting under the Tonga-Kermadec Arc since 4 Ma. Seismic studies have identified a southward, along-arc mantle flow that indicate that Pacific mantle is being replaced by Indo-Australian mantle west of the Tonga Trench.
645:
The
Louisville collision zone correlates with a zone of seismic quiescence along the Tonga-Kermadec Trench known as the "Louisville Gap". This gap in seismicity indicates that subducting seamounts inhibit or even prevent seismicity at subduction zones, perhaps by increasing intervals between
577:. The NELSC has a morphology which is similar to those of slow-spreading ridges with many closely packed ridges and troughs reaches. Where it meets the trench, a ridge-transform-transform boundary is developing between the Tonga Ridge, the Pacific Plate, and the Australian Plate.
455:. This extension has propagated southward since and has developed into a spreading centre in the Lau Basin in front of the Tonga Trench. New crust is thus produced in front of the Tonga-Kermadec trenches while old crust is consumed behind it in the Tonga Trench.
631:, is sitting on the edge of the trench and its former flat top is currently tilting towards the trench. West of the Osbourn Seamount a broad zone of faulted blocks shallows the trench by 3,000 m (9,800 ft) while the adjacent fore-arc is elevated by
1455:
German, C. R.; Baker, E. T.; Connelly, D. P.; Lupton, J. E.; Resing, J.; Prien, R. D.; Walker, S. L.; Edmonds, H. N.; Langmuir, C. H. (2006). "Hydrothermal exploration of the
Fonualei Rift and spreading center and the Northeast Lau spreading center".
580:
North-east of the 60° bend in the Tonga Trench the
Pacific seafloor is full of parallel lineations. These have been interpreted as remnants of an extinct, east-to-west-trending spreading centre on the Pacific Plate, much older than the Tonga Trench.
1370:
Contreras-Reyes, E.; Grevemeyer, I.; Watts, A. B.; Flueh, E. R.; Peirce, C.; Moeller, S.; Papenberg, C. (2011). "Deep seismic structure of the Tonga subduction zone: Implications for mantle hydration, tectonic erosion, and arc magmatism".
702:
east of New Zealand which had been estimated to have been at 86 Ma, although may be as recent as 79 Ma. The western end of the Osbourn Trough is bounded by the Tonga Trench and its eastern by the
464:
therefore store a lot of elastic energy. As it reaches deep into the mantle, more than 600 km (370 mi), and encounters barriers, it is being contorted, which produces deep mantle earthquakes.
707:. In between the Osbourn Trough is divided into three segments separated by dextral offsets. Near the Tonga Trench the bathymetry of these structures is affected by the rotation of the Pacific Plate.
439:
measurements in the northern trench indicate a convergence rate of 24 cm/year (9.4 in/year) there. This is the fastest plate velocity on Earth, a result is the earth's most active zone of
475:
has collided with the subducted Pacific Plate which produces many large-scale earthquakes. The subducted Pacific Plate is also being deformed in the collision as both slabs settle on the
751:
broke up in the atmosphere, and the heat source plunged into an area of the Pacific Ocean that is either in or near the Tonga Trench. However, due to protective casing, no release of
1708:
Smith, I. E.; Worthington, T. J.; Stewart, R. B.; Price, R. C.; Gamble, J. A. (2003). "Felsic volcanism in the Kermadec arc, SW Pacific: crustal recycling in an oceanic setting".
190:
intersection. Blue represents ocean depths of a kilometer or so and brown shades are shallower. Land is shown in dark green and the black line delineates the continent of
283:, is 10,800 ± 10 m (35,433 ± 33 ft) deep, making it the deepest point in the Southern Hemisphere and the second deepest on Earth after the
1984:
204:
The Tonga Trench constitutes the northern half of the Tonga-Kermadec subduction system, which extends 2,550 km (1,580 mi) between New Zealand and Tonga.
174:
1171:
358:. The objective of this expedition is to thoroughly map and visit the deepest points of all five of the world's oceans by the end of September 2019.
789:
1605:
Peirce, C.; Watts, T. (2010). Post-Doctoral Researchers in Marine Geophysics Further Particulars (Report). Durham University/University of Oxford.
1564:"Comparison between infaunal communities of the deep floor and edge of the Tonga Trench: Possible effects of differences in organic matter supply"
1275:
Bevis, M.; Taylor, F. W.; Schutz, B. E.; Recy, J.; Isacks, B. L.; Helu, S.; Singh, R.; Kendrick, E.; Stowell, J.; Taylor, B.; Calmant, S. (1995).
830:
380:
pressure measurements. This descent and direct depth measurement of Sirena Deep occurred a month after descending four times to the bottom of the
351:
1531:
Hill, P. J.; Glasby, G. P. (1996). "Capricorn Seamount – geology and geophysics of a subducting guyot". In Meylan, M. A.; Glasby, G. P. (eds.).
324:
1670:"The Tonga–Kermadec arc and Havre–Lau back-arc system: their role in the development of tectonic and magmatic models for the western Pacific"
748:
609:
565:), known as the King's or Mangatolu Triple Junction (MTJ), characterised by deformation and recent and intense volcanism (see for example
298:
664:
The Osbourn Trough, located at 25.5°S just north of the Louisville Ridge collision zone, is a 900 km (560 mi)-long extinct
1411:
1994:
1808:
Timm, C.; Bassett, D.; Graham, I. J.; Leybourne, M. I.; De Ronde, C. E.; Woodhead, J.; Layton-Matthews, D.; Watts, A. B. (2013).
569:). The Tofua volcanic arc on the northern Tonga Ridge extends to less than 40 km (25 mi) of the trench's northern end.
1945:
376:, a Triton 36000/2 model submersible) and measured a depth of 10,823 m (35,509 ft) ±10 m (33 ft) by direct
361:
As part of the Five Deeps expedition, Sirena Deep, itself 5,750 km (3,570 mi) away from Horizon Deep, was visited by
1756:
759:
of 87.7 years) used as heat source in the thermoelectric generator could be detected by atmospheric and oceanic monitoring.
941:
1853:"Osbourn Trough: Structure, geochemistry and implications of a mid-Cretaceous paleospreading ridge in the South Pacific"
1757:"Seismic velocity structure and deformation due to the collision of the Louisville Ridge with the Tonga-Kermadec Trench"
784:
887:
613:
southward at roughly the same rate. The collision zone also offsets the Tonga Trench to the north-west relative to the
255:
431:
The Tonga Trench-Arc system is an extension-dominated, non-accretionary convergent margin. The Pacific Plate is being
344:
329:
1532:
888:"Major partnership announced between The Nippon Foundation-GEBCO Seabed 2030 Project and The Five Deeps Expedition"
1989:
1172:"Reconciling the Cretaceous breakup and demise of the Phoenix Plate with East Gondwana orogenesis in New Zealand"
436:
537:
343:
The Tonga Trench and the operating area was surveyed by the support ship, the Deep Submersible Support Vessel
498:
476:
1810:"Louisville seamount subduction and its implication on mantle flow beneath the central Tonga–Kermadec arc"
1725:
1606:
1473:
1388:
1340:
695:
435:
westward in the trench. The convergence rate has been estimated to 15 cm/year (5.9 in/year) but
166:
1170:
van de Lagemaat, Suzanna H.A.; Kamp, Peter J.J.; Boschman, Lydian M.; van Hinsbergen, Douwe J.J. (2023).
313:
1755:
Stratford, W.; Peirce, C.; Paulatto, M.; Funnell, M.; Watts, A. B.; Grevemeyer, I.; Bassett, D. (2015).
516:
512:
440:
355:
350:, with a Kongsberg SIMRAD EM124 multibeam echosounder system. The gathered data will be donated to the
1907:
1864:
1821:
1771:
1717:
1681:
1633:
1578:
1465:
1426:
1380:
1332:
1288:
1186:
515:, trending east–west north of Fiji, but the trench ends in a complex transition from subduction to a
482:
Oceanic trenches are important sites for the formation of what will become continental crust and for
405:
60:
1730:
1611:
1563:
1345:
1851:
Worthington, Tim J.; Hekinian, Roger; Stoffers, Peter; Kuhn, Thomas; Hauff, Folkmar (30 May 2006).
1478:
1393:
691:
370:
1923:
1743:
1649:
1533:
Manihiki Plateau, Machias and Capricorn Seamounts, Niue, and Tofua Trough: Results of Tui Cruises
1491:
1358:
1304:
743:
mission was aborted in 1970 following an explosion in an oxygen tank, it had to bring the entire
716:
444:
73:
425:
220:. It is the deepest trench in the Southern hemisphere and the second deepest on Earth after the
1412:"Slab pull effects from a flexural analysis of the Tonga and Kermadec Trenches (Pacific Plate)"
178:
The major geological relationships of the Tonga Trench (violet) which to the south becomes the
1839:
1204:
673:
483:
486:. Along the Tonga Trench mantle-derived melts are transferred to the island arc systems, and
1915:
1872:
1868:
1829:
1779:
1735:
1689:
1641:
1586:
1483:
1434:
1398:
1350:
1296:
1194:
669:
668:
midway between two large oceanic plateaux north and south of the Tonga Trench respectively:
639:
628:
597:
472:
468:
409:
377:
187:
149:
140:
131:
122:
113:
1622:"When slabs collide: A tectonic assessment of deep earthquakes in the Tonga-Vanuatu region"
1504:
665:
614:
531:
527:
381:
284:
179:
93:
1562:
Leduc, D.; Rowden, A. A.; Glud, R. N.; Wenzhöfer, F.; Kitazato, H.; Clark, M. R. (2016).
1277:"Geodetic observations of very rapid convergence and back-arc extension at the Tonga arc"
1911:
1825:
1775:
1721:
1685:
1637:
1582:
1469:
1430:
1384:
1336:
1292:
1190:
479:. This slab collision probably occurred 5–4 Ma when the Lau Basin started to open.
704:
659:
421:
401:
362:
288:
221:
213:
183:
104:
1978:
1852:
1747:
1693:
1669:
1653:
1621:
1439:
776:
752:
574:
487:
413:
225:
224:. The fastest plate-tectonic velocity on Earth is occurring at this location, as the
217:
1891:
Wright, D. J.; Bloomer, S. H.; MacLeod, C. J.; Taylor, B.; Goodliffe, A. M. (2000).
1495:
1276:
1199:
676:
1,550 km (960 mi) to the south. These plateaux once formed part of the 100
1927:
1362:
1308:
770:
744:
731:
Seamount is expected to be completely consumed by the trench within 500,000 years.
726:
currently slicing it like a loaf of bread: inside the guyot a north–south-trending
699:
452:
1892:
1789:
1739:
727:
417:
366:
158:
1876:
1919:
1590:
1076:, Map 1: A strike-slip boundary and the termination of the Trench, pp. 499–502
766:
698:(LIP). Spreading between the plateaux ceased when Hikurangi collided with the
432:
305:
292:
229:
1960:
1947:
1208:
552:
539:
270:
257:
756:
740:
566:
511:
The northern end of the Tonga Trench (at 15°10'S) is probably linked to the
448:
398:
191:
49:
17:
1843:
200:
1784:
1543:
1487:
1402:
1354:
646:
earthquakes, but the mechanism behind this process is poorly understood.
605:
309:
971:, Tonga Plate (TO), Kermadec Plate (KE), and Niuafo’ou Plate (NI), p. 28
240:
1834:
1809:
826:
1136:, The Louisville Ridge–Tonga Trench collision, pp. 9–11; Fig. 3, p. 10
1645:
1300:
1109:
1097:
384:, which is also approximately 6,000 km away from the Tonga Trench.
308:
trenches, the sediment of the Horizon Deep harbours a community of
722:
601:
497:
323:
239:
199:
1323:
Bird, P. (2003). "An updated digital model of plate boundaries".
1033:
875:
490:
oceanic sediments and fragments of oceanic crust are collected.
42:
1221:
1157:
747:
back to Earth. As the LEM was jettisoned prior to reentry, its
1121:
507:(centre right) is sitting on the eastern slope of the trench.
1021:
1009:
942:"CONFIRMED: Horizon Deep Second Deepest Point on the Planet"
627:
The oldest and westernmost of the Louisville seamounts, the
252:
The deepest point of the Tonga Trench, the Horizon Deep at
1893:"Bathymetry of the Tonga Trench and Forearc: A Map Series"
1145:
1073:
985:
1410:
Garcia-Castellanos, D.; Torne, M.; Fernandez, M. (2000).
1085:
916:
1069:
1067:
1065:
863:
851:
503:
opening of the North Fiji Basin (west of map area). The
416:
plates and is subdivided into several small plates, the
27:
Deepest oceanic trench in the southwestern Pacific Ocean
1571:
Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers
1542:(Report). Vol. 10. pp. 17–29. Archived from
1236:, Abstract; Morphology and Seismic Evidence, pp. 21–24
447:
began at 6 Ma which initiated the opening of the
1044:
997:
301:, the crew of which found the deep in December 1952.
1505:"US space missions using radioisotope power systems"
530:. In or near this zone there is a ridge-ridge-ridge
428:
plates. The Tonga Plate is facing the Tonga Trench.
1056:
519:and seismicity patterns indicate a presence of a
365:on the first crewed descent to the bottom of the
354:Seabed 2030 initiative. The dive was part of the
1710:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
1257:
369:on 5 June 2019 (in the Deep-Submergence Vehicle
876:The Nippon Foundation-GEBCO Seabed 2030 Project
672:1,750 km (1,090 mi) to the north and
248:(1948), used as Auxiliary Fleet Tug USS ATA-180
1674:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
1034:Garcia-Castellanos, Torne & Fernandez 2000
981:
979:
977:
608:on the Pacific Plate roughly parallel to the
8:
1373:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
467:About 500 km (310 mi) beneath the
397:The region between the Tonga trench and the
1620:Richards, S.; Holm, R.; Barber, G. (2011).
1133:
827:"GEBCO Gazetteer of Undersea Feature Names"
1245:
1233:
813:
484:recycling of material back into the mantle
165:
1833:
1783:
1729:
1610:
1503:Furlong, R. R.; Wahlquist, E. J. (1999).
1477:
1438:
1392:
1344:
1198:
596:) the Tonga Trench is colliding with the
911:
909:
790:List of submarine topographical features
806:
504:
471:, a detached segment of the subducted
291:. It is named for the research vessel
1985:Oceanic trenches of the Pacific Ocean
749:radioisotope thermoelectric generator
526:transition zone rather than a simple
524: 100 km-broad (62 mi)
7:
1458:Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
1325:Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
968:
1857:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
1668:Smith, I. E.; Price, R. C. (2006).
585:Louisville Seamount Chain collision
299:Scripps Institution of Oceanography
25:
1764:Geophysical Journal International
1419:Geophysical Journal International
917:"The Five Deeps Expedition: Home"
494:Tonga Trench–Lau Basin transition
1694:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2006.03.006
1440:10.1046/j.1365-246x.2000.00096.x
1057:Richards, Holm & Barber 2011
769:
328:Deep Submersible Support Vessel
33:
1200:10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104276
1124:, p. 6, Geological setting
988:, Geologic setting, pp. 490–491
636: 300 m (980 ft)
610:Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain
408:, moves independently from the
622: 50 km (31 mi)
62: Tonga-
1:
1900:Marine Geophysical Researches
1740:10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.219.01.05
632:
618:
590:
520:
1258:Furlong & Wahlquist 1999
785:Geology of the Pacific Ocean
721:The Capricorn Seamount is a
705:Wishbone–East Manihiki scarp
216:located in the southwestern
1110:Contreras-Reyes et al. 2011
1098:Contreras-Reyes et al. 2011
2011:
1877:10.1016/j.epsl.2006.03.018
714:
657:
1591:10.1016/j.dsr.2015.11.003
598:Louisville Seamount Chain
477:660 km discontinuity
393:Tonga-Kermadec arc system
1540:SOPAC Technical Bulletin
232:westward in the trench.
1995:Extreme points of Earth
1920:10.1023/A:1026514914220
1869:2006E&PSL.245..685W
1222:Worthington et al. 2006
1158:Worthington et al. 2006
1134:Peirce & Watts 2010
728:horst and graben system
271:23.25833°S 174.726667°W
1246:Hill & Glasby 1996
1234:Hill & Glasby 1996
1100:, Fig. 1, p. 2; , p. 2
814:Smith & Price 2006
696:large igneous province
508:
459:Pacific slab avalanche
340:
304:As one of the deepest
276:-23.25833; -174.726667
249:
205:
75: Lau-
1814:Nature Communications
1179:Earth-Science Reviews
1122:Stratford et al. 2015
589:At its southern end (
501:
356:Five Deeps Expedition
327:
243:
203:
1488:10.1029/2006GC001324
1403:10.1029/2011JB008434
1355:10.1029/2001GC000252
694:-Manihiki-Hikurangi
690:10 cu ft)
406:Tonga-Kermadec Ridge
1957: /
1912:2000MarGR..21..489W
1826:2013NatCo...4.1720T
1776:2015GeoJI.200.1503S
1722:2003GSLSP.219...99S
1686:2006JVGR..156..315S
1638:2011Geo....39..787R
1583:2016DSRI..116..264L
1470:2006GGG.....711022G
1431:2000GeoJI.141..479G
1385:2011JGRB..11610103C
1337:2003GGG.....4.1027B
1293:1995Natur.374..249B
1191:2023ESRv..23604276V
549: /
267: /
1835:10.1038/ncomms2702
1795:on 26 October 2015
1785:10.1093/gji/ggu475
1224:, pp. 686–687
1086:German et al. 2006
1074:Wright et al. 2000
986:Wright et al. 2000
717:Capricorn Seamount
711:Capricorn Seamount
553:15.617°S 174.867°W
517:strike-slip motion
513:Fiji Fracture Zone
509:
505:Capricorn Seamount
445:Lau-Colville Ridge
341:
250:
206:
1287:(6519): 249–251.
1045:Bevis et al. 1995
1022:Smith et al. 2003
1010:Smith et al. 2003
998:Bevis et al. 1995
864:Leduc et al. 2016
852:Leduc et al. 2016
558:-15.617; -174.867
441:mantle seismicity
314:Peru–Chile Trench
79: Ridge
66: Ridge
16:(Redirected from
2002:
1990:Subduction zones
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1863:(3–4): 685–701.
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1788:. Archived from
1787:
1770:(3): 1503–1522.
1761:
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1646:10.1130/G31937.1
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1301:10.1038/374249a0
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1146:Timm et al. 2013
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629:Osbourn Seamount
623:
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473:Australian Plate
469:North Fiji Basin
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188:Louisville Ridge
182:(violet) at the
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1759:
1754:
1731:10.1.1.972.7814
1707:
1698:
1696:
1667:
1658:
1656:
1619:
1612:10.1.1.619.2915
1604:
1595:
1593:
1566:
1561:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1535:
1530:
1521:
1519:
1507:
1502:
1454:
1445:
1443:
1414:
1409:
1379:(B10): B10103.
1369:
1346:10.1.1.695.1640
1322:
1313:
1311:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1264:
1256:
1252:
1244:
1240:
1232:
1228:
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1216:
1174:
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1156:
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1128:
1120:
1116:
1108:
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1096:
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1084:
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1072:
1063:
1055:
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1016:
1008:
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984:
975:
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953:
951:
944:
940:
939:
935:
925:
923:
915:
914:
907:
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895:
894:. 11 March 2019
886:
885:
881:
874:
870:
862:
858:
850:
846:
836:
834:
833:. 26 April 2015
825:
824:
820:
812:
808:
803:
798:
775:
768:
765:
737:
719:
713:
687:
679:
677:
666:spreading ridge
662:
656:
638:and covered by
635:
621:
615:Kermadec Trench
593:
587:
557:
555:
551:
548:
543:
540:
538:
536:
535:
532:triple junction
528:transform fault
523:
496:
461:
395:
390:
382:Challenger Deep
373:Limiting Factor
337:Limiting Factor
322:
285:Challenger Deep
275:
273:
269:
266:
261:
258:
256:
254:
253:
238:
198:
197:
196:
195:
180:Kermadec Trench
176:
171:
170:
163:
162:
157:
155:
150:
148:
146:
141:
139:
137:
132:
130:
128:
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119:
114:
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110:
105:
103:
101:
96:
94:
92:
90:
87:
85:
83:
78:
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74:
72:
70:
65:
63:
61:
59:
57:
52:
51: Lau
50:
48:
46:
41:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2008:
2006:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1977:
1976:
1940:
1939:
1906:(5): 489–512.
1888:
1848:
1805:
1752:
1705:
1680:(3): 315–331.
1665:
1632:(8): 787–790.
1617:
1602:
1559:
1528:
1500:
1479:10.1.1.846.412
1464:(11): Q11022.
1452:
1425:(2): 479–484.
1407:
1394:10.1.1.725.500
1367:
1320:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1250:
1238:
1226:
1214:
1162:
1150:
1138:
1126:
1114:
1102:
1090:
1088:, pp. 3–4
1078:
1061:
1049:
1037:
1026:
1014:
1002:
990:
973:
961:
933:
905:
879:
868:
856:
844:
818:
805:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
793:
792:
787:
781:
780:
764:
761:
736:
733:
715:Main article:
712:
709:
660:Osbourn Trough
658:Main article:
655:
654:Osbourn Trough
652:
586:
583:
495:
492:
460:
457:
402:back-arc basin
394:
391:
389:
386:
363:Victor Vescovo
321:
320:Crewed descent
318:
289:Mariana Trench
237:
234:
222:Mariana Trench
214:oceanic trench
184:Osbourn Trough
177:
173:
172:
164:
156:
147:
138:
129:
120:
111:
106:Osbourn Trough
102:
91:
84:
71:
58:
47:
40:
39:
32:
31:
30:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2007:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1973:
1970:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1894:
1889:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1823:
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1815:
1811:
1806:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1716:(1): 99–118.
1715:
1711:
1706:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
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1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1565:
1560:
1549:on 2017-04-15
1545:
1541:
1534:
1529:
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1471:
1467:
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1428:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1408:
1404:
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1395:
1390:
1386:
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1378:
1374:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
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1338:
1334:
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1326:
1321:
1310:
1306:
1302:
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1282:
1278:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1259:
1254:
1251:
1247:
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1239:
1235:
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1227:
1223:
1218:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1173:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1115:
1112:, 4:12; 14:38
1111:
1106:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1050:
1047:, p. 251
1046:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1030:
1027:
1024:, p. 114
1023:
1018:
1015:
1012:, p. 100
1011:
1006:
1003:
999:
994:
991:
987:
982:
980:
978:
974:
970:
965:
962:
950:
949:fivedeeps.com
943:
937:
934:
922:
921:fivedeeps.com
918:
912:
910:
906:
893:
889:
883:
880:
877:
872:
869:
865:
860:
857:
853:
848:
845:
832:
828:
822:
819:
816:, p. 316
815:
810:
807:
800:
795:
791:
788:
786:
783:
782:
778:
777:Oceans portal
772:
767:
762:
760:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
734:
732:
729:
724:
718:
710:
708:
706:
701:
697:
693:
686: km (3.5
685:
675:
671:
667:
661:
653:
651:
647:
643:
641:
630:
625:
616:
611:
607:
603:
600:, a chain of
599:
584:
582:
578:
576:
575:Samoa hotspot
570:
568:
562:
533:
529:
518:
514:
506:
500:
493:
491:
489:
485:
480:
478:
474:
470:
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458:
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454:
450:
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442:
438:
434:
429:
427:
423:
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415:
411:
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403:
400:
392:
387:
385:
383:
379:
375:
374:
368:
364:
359:
357:
353:
349:
348:
347:Pressure Drop
338:
334:
333:
332:Pressure Drop
326:
319:
317:
315:
311:
307:
302:
300:
296:
295:
290:
286:
280:
247:
242:
235:
233:
231:
227:
226:Pacific Plate
223:
219:
218:Pacific Ocean
215:
211:
202:
193:
189:
185:
181:
175:
168:
160:
153:
144:
135:
126:
117:
108:
99:
81:
68:
55:
44:
36:
19:
1942:
1931:. Retrieved
1903:
1899:
1880:. Retrieved
1860:
1856:
1817:
1813:
1797:. Retrieved
1790:the original
1767:
1763:
1713:
1709:
1697:. Retrieved
1677:
1673:
1657:. Retrieved
1629:
1625:
1594:. Retrieved
1574:
1570:
1551:. Retrieved
1544:the original
1539:
1520:. Retrieved
1515:
1512:Nuclear News
1511:
1461:
1457:
1444:. Retrieved
1422:
1418:
1376:
1372:
1328:
1324:
1312:. Retrieved
1284:
1280:
1260:, p. 27
1253:
1248:, p. 20
1241:
1229:
1217:
1182:
1178:
1165:
1153:
1141:
1129:
1117:
1105:
1093:
1081:
1052:
1040:
1029:
1017:
1005:
993:
964:
952:. Retrieved
948:
936:
924:. Retrieved
920:
896:. Retrieved
891:
882:
871:
859:
847:
835:. Retrieved
821:
809:
745:Lunar Module
738:
720:
700:Chatham Rise
683:
663:
648:
644:
626:
588:
579:
571:
510:
481:
466:
462:
453:Havre Trough
430:
396:
372:
360:
346:
342:
339:at its stern
336:
331:
303:
293:
251:
245:
236:Horizon Deep
210:Tonga Trench
209:
207:
18:Horizon Deep
1964: /
1882:17 December
1659:24 December
1577:: 264–275.
1331:(3): 1027.
1148:, p. 2
866:, p. 8
692:Ontong Java
594: 26°S
556: /
367:Sirena Deep
274: /
262:174°43′36″W
159:New Zealand
1979:Categories
1961:22°S 174°W
1185:(104276).
1160:, Abstract
1059:, Abstract
1000:, Abstract
926:January 9,
854:, Abstract
796:References
410:Australian
310:roundworms
259:23°15′30″S
115:Louisville
1966:-22; -174
1748:140676351
1726:CiteSeerX
1654:140706943
1607:CiteSeerX
1474:CiteSeerX
1389:CiteSeerX
1341:CiteSeerX
1209:0012-8252
969:Bird 2003
892:gebco.net
757:half-life
741:Apollo 13
739:When the
735:Apollo 13
674:Hikurangi
606:seamounts
567:Home Reef
449:Lau Basin
433:subducted
426:Niuafo'ou
371:DSV
230:subducted
228:is being
192:Zealandia
142:Hikurangi
1844:23591887
1820:: 1720.
1799:16 April
1699:19 March
1596:17 April
1553:14 April
1496:59394719
954:June 19,
898:June 19,
763:See also
670:Manihiki
544:174°52′W
422:Kermadec
335:and DSV
124:Seamount
95:Kermadec
77:Colville
64:Kermadec
1933:9 April
1928:6072675
1908:Bibcode
1865:Bibcode
1822:Bibcode
1772:Bibcode
1718:Bibcode
1682:Bibcode
1634:Bibcode
1626:Geology
1579:Bibcode
1522:9 April
1518:: 26–35
1466:Bibcode
1446:9 April
1427:Bibcode
1381:Bibcode
1363:9127133
1333:Bibcode
1314:9 April
1309:4331835
1289:Bibcode
1268:Sources
1187:Bibcode
837:9 April
640:canyons
541:15°37′S
488:abyssal
414:Pacific
388:Geology
297:of the
294:Horizon
287:in the
246:Horizon
1926:
1842:
1746:
1728:
1652:
1609:
1494:
1476:
1391:
1361:
1343:
1307:
1281:Nature
1207:
602:guyots
424:, and
404:, the
212:is an
151:Trough
97:Trench
88:Trench
1952:174°W
1924:S2CID
1896:(PDF)
1793:(PDF)
1760:(PDF)
1744:S2CID
1650:S2CID
1567:(PDF)
1547:(PDF)
1536:(PDF)
1508:(PDF)
1492:S2CID
1415:(PDF)
1359:S2CID
1305:S2CID
1175:(PDF)
945:(PDF)
831:GEBCO
801:Notes
723:guyot
418:Tonga
352:GEBCO
345:DSSV
330:DSSV
306:hadal
133:Chain
86:Tonga
53:Basin
1949:22°S
1935:2017
1884:2016
1840:PMID
1801:2017
1701:2017
1661:2016
1598:2017
1555:2017
1524:2017
1448:2017
1316:2017
1205:ISSN
956:2019
928:2019
900:2019
839:2017
604:and
412:and
208:The
186:and
43:Fiji
1916:doi
1873:doi
1861:245
1830:doi
1780:doi
1768:200
1736:doi
1714:219
1690:doi
1678:156
1642:doi
1587:doi
1575:116
1484:doi
1435:doi
1423:141
1399:doi
1377:116
1351:doi
1297:doi
1285:374
1195:doi
1183:236
617:by
437:GPS
399:Lau
378:CTD
244:RV
1981::
1922:.
1914:.
1904:21
1902:.
1898:.
1871:.
1859:.
1855:.
1838:.
1828:.
1816:.
1812:.
1778:.
1766:.
1762:.
1742:.
1734:.
1724:.
1712:.
1688:.
1676:.
1672:.
1648:.
1640:.
1630:39
1628:.
1624:.
1585:.
1573:.
1569:.
1538:.
1516:42
1514:.
1510:.
1490:.
1482:.
1472:.
1460:.
1433:.
1421:.
1417:.
1397:.
1387:.
1375:.
1357:.
1349:.
1339:.
1327:.
1303:.
1295:.
1283:.
1279:.
1203:.
1193:.
1181:.
1177:.
1064:^
976:^
947:.
919:.
908:^
890:.
829:.
753:Pu
680:10
642:.
633:c.
619:c.
591:c.
521:c.
420:,
316:.
1937:.
1918::
1910::
1886:.
1875::
1867::
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1832::
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1803:.
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1750:.
1738::
1720::
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1684::
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1644::
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1600:.
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1581::
1557:.
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1468::
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1189::
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930:.
902:.
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688:Ă—
684:^
678:Ă—
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20:)
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