614:
419:
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554:. His rails were wedge-shaped in section, much wider at the top than at the bottom, with the intermediate portion or web thinner still. He recommended that they be made 18 ft (5.49 m) long, suggesting that several might be welded together end to end to form considerable lengths. They were supported on sleepers by chairs at intervals of 3 ft (914 mm), and were fish-bellied between the support points. As used by
584:
386:, each 3 ft (914 mm) long and 4 in (102 mm) wide, having on the inner side an upright ledge or flange, 3 in (76 mm) high at the centre and tapering to 2 in (51 mm) at the ends, for the purpose of keeping the flat wheels on the track. Subsequently, to increase strength, a similar flange might be added below the rail. Wooden
138:
610:, but it was more expensive than horses. He made three trips from the iron mines at Penydarren to the Merthyr-Cardiff Canal and each time broke the rails that were designed for horse wagon loads. There was general doubt at the time that smooth wheels could obtain traction on smooth rails. This resulted in proposals using rack or other drive mechanisms.
700:. The Stockton and Darlington had two inclined sections powered by cable. The transition from a wagonway to a fully steam-powered railway was gradual. Railways up to the 1830s that were steam-powered often made runs with horses when the steam locomotives were unavailable. Even in the steam age, it was convenient to use horses in station yards to
538:
51:
295:, rails were made of wood, were a few inches wide and were fastened end to end, on logs of wood or "sleepers", placed crosswise at intervals of two or three feet. In time, it became common to cover them with a thin flat sheathing or "plating" of iron, in order to add to their life and reduce friction. This caused more wear on the wooden
834:
695:
Stationary steam engines for mining were generally available around the middle of the 18th century. Wagonways and steam-powered railways had steep uphill sections and would employ a cable powered by a stationary steam engine to work the inclined sections. British troops in
Lewiston, New York used a
570:
they were usually 12 or 15 ft (3.66 or 4.57 m) long and weighed 35 lb/yd (17.4 kg/m) and were fastened by iron wedges to chairs weighing 15 or 17 lb (6.8 or 7.7 kg) each. The chairs were in turn fixed to the sleepers by two iron spikes, half-round wooden cross sleepers
661:
for the construction of a steam locomotive, which when trialled was reported to be successful. Stewart did not receive his expected reward and the two parties parted on bad terms. Stewart was 'obliged to abandon the engine to that
Company'. In 1821, a wagonway was proposed to connect the mines at
545:
The manufacture of the rails themselves was gradually improved. By making them in longer lengths, the number of joints per mile was reduced. Joints were always the weakest part of the line. Another advance was the substitution of wrought iron for cast iron, though that material did not gain wide
533:
again, where in 1811 the railways were connected with canals, collieries, ironworks, and copper works, and had a total length of nearly 150 miles (241 km), the plateway was almost universal. But in the North of
England and in Scotland the edge-rail was held in greater favor, and soon its
805:
As steam power gradually replaced horse power throughout the 19th century, the term "wagonway" became obsolete and was superseded by the term "railway". As of 2024, very few horse or cable freight railways are operating, notable examples being the cable-hauled
299:
of the wagons and towards the middle of the 18th century, led to the introduction of iron wheels. However, the iron sheathing was not strong enough to resist buckling under the passage of the loaded wagons, so rails made wholly of iron were invented.
525:, the SIR was available to the public on payment of tolls; previous lines had all been private and reserved exclusively for the use of their owners. Since it was used by individual operators, vehicles would vary greatly in wheel spacing (
462:. This difficulty was overcome by paving or "causewaying" the road up to the level of the top of the flanges. In 1790, Jessop and his partner Outram began to manufacture edge-rails. Another example of the edge rail application was the
571:
employed on embankments and stone blocks 20 in (508 mm) square by 10 in (254 mm) deep in cuttings. The fish-bellied rails were found to break near the chairs and starting in 1834, they were gradually replaced with
162:. This line used "Hund" carts with unflanged wheels running on wooden planks and a vertical pin on the truck fitting into the gap between the planks to keep it going the right way. The miners called the wagons
125:, which provided the track element, preventing the wagons from leaving the intended route. The Diolkos was in use for over 650 years, until at least the 1st century AD. Paved trackways were later built in
256:, which was built in 1758 as a wagonway, later became the world's first operational railway (other than funiculars), albeit in an upgraded form. In 1764, the first railway in America was built in
793:), driving four individually-rotating concave-rim wheels on stationary axles via chain drives; powerful but running less than 5 miles per hour (8.0 km/h). Still later, modified
509:
These two systems of constructing iron railways continued to exist until the early 19th century. In most parts of
England the plate-rail was preferred. Plate-rails were used on the
765:
typically had wheels either with concave rims that hugged the top of the pole rails, or un-flanged wheels with separate guide wheels running against the side of each rail. Steam
307:
Iron Works began to reinforce their wooden-railed tramway with iron bars, which were found to facilitate passage and diminish expenses. As a result, in 1767, they began to make
245:
from 1605, used by James
Clifford to transport coal from his mines in Broseley to the Severn River. It has been suggested that these are somewhat older than that at Wollaton.
731:
created pole roads using unmarketable logs, which were effectively free, to create tracks at a cost of between $ 100 and $ 500 per mile. Permanence was not an issue, as the
478:) used primarily for coal transport. The railway charged a toll and opened for traffic in 1798, making it the world's oldest public railway. The route started at Lake Lock,
1424:
649:
colliery, and found smooth wheels on smooth rails provided adequate grip. Although he later recounted that they called this locomotive 'My Lord' as it was financed by
458:
in 1789. This line was originally designed as a plateway on the Outram system, but objections were raised to laying rails with upstanding ledges or flanges on the
1441:
613:
402:, although he was not the originator. This type of rail was known as the plate-rail, tramway-plate or way-plate, names that are preserved in the modern term "
682:
successfully argued that horse-drawn wagonways were obsolete and a steam-powered railway could carry 50 times as much coal. In 1825 he built the locomotive
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704:
wagons from one place to another. Horses do not need lengthy times to raise steam in the boiler, and can take shortcuts from one siding to another. At
1486:
692:
in
England's northeast, which became the world's first public steam railway in 1825, via both horse power and steam power on different runs.
650:
1487:
Description and photographs of the archaeological excavation of a wooden waggonway on the site of
Lambton Coke Works in North East England.
727:
Wooden rails continued to be used for temporary railroads into the twentieth century. Some timber harvesting companies in the southeastern
410:. The wheels of flangeway wagons were plain, but they could not operate on ordinary roads as the narrow rims would dig into the surface.
357: in (30 mm) thick. Later, descriptions also refer to rails 3 ft (914 mm) long and only 2 in (50 mm) wide.
1506:
774:
534:
superiority was generally established. Wheels tended to bind against the flange of the plate rail and mud and stones would build up.
1462:
1308:
1195:
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418:
814:, which has been in continuous operation since around 1500. A few passenger lines continue to operate, including the horse-hauled
1491:
1407:
567:
1131:
Allison, Warren; Murphy, Samuel; Smith, Richard (2010). "An Early
Railway in the German Mines of Caldbeck". In Boyes, G. (ed.).
1056:
689:
559:
198:
used such a system. Archaeological work at the Mines Royal site at
Caldbeck in the English Lake District confirmed the use of "
819:
427:
1511:
807:
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per run— an approximate fourfold increase. Wagonways were usually designed to carry the fully loaded wagons downhill to a
1026:
43:
311:
rails. These were probably 6 ft (1.829 m) long, with four projecting ears or lugs 3 in (75 mm) by
483:
697:
588:
782:
815:
708:
tenders were called for the supply of horses, in part because normal railway staff lacked horse handling skills.
218:
502:). The wheels of an edgeway have flanges, like modern railways and tramways. Causewaying is also done on modern
654:
467:
435:
380:
371:
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as each area was cleared. At least one such pole road system reportedly extended some 20 miles (32 km).
491:
479:
99:, were used. The advantage of wagonways was that far bigger loads could be transported with the same power.
716:
494:, a distance of approximately 3 miles (4.8 km). Edge-rails (with a side rack) were used on the nearby
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31:
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A Pole Road in use: A logging engine moves on tracks made from logs of wood in A...HD Stock
Footage
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and some purpose-built locomotives were successfully used for hauling trains of logs. For example,
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Mr Blenkinsop of Middleton Colliery patented the use of cogged wheels in 1811 and in 1812, the
546:
adoption until after the patent for an improved method of rolling rails was granted in 1820 to
541:
Lengths of fishbelly rail on stone support blocks. These are edgerails for wheels with flanges.
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1034:
Early Railways. A Selection of Papers from the First International Early Railways Conference
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of 8 to 12 inches (20 to 30 cm) diameter, laid parallel directly on the ground without
675:
603:
195:
81:
789:, where it hauled up to seven cars of 3 or 4 logs each. This was a geared engine (4.5 to 1
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consisted of the horses, equipment and tracks used for hauling wagons, which preceded
1500:
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952:
839:
762:
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705:
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304:
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Wagonways improved coal transport by allowing one horse to deliver between 10 and 13
1150:"Time line for early railway developments & Wollaton Waggonway associated dates"
17:
883:
878:
747:
646:
572:
447:
387:
383:
326:
177:
1173:
Early Railways 4: Papers from the 4th International Early Railways Conference 2008
1133:
Early Railways 4: Papers from the 4th International Early Railways Conference 2008
1149:
121:
from around 600 BC. Wheeled vehicles pulled by men and animals ran in grooves in
1152:. Stephenson Locomotive Society & Waggonway Research Circle. 15 October 2007
863:
848:
583:
126:
629:(edgeway, rack rail) successfully used twin cylinder steam locomotives made by
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858:
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732:
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526:
521:. The SIR was sanctioned by Parliament in 1801 and finished in 1803. Like the
514:
403:
391:
242:
226:
1420:
1266:. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 819–820.
1037:
602:, in the first recorded use of steam power on a railway, ran a high-pressure
1472:
966:
Drijvers, J.W. (1992). "Strabo VIII 2,1 (C335): Porthmeia and the Diolkos".
923:
Cook, R.M. (1979). "Archaic Greek Trade: Three Conjectures 1. The Diolkos".
751:
487:
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122:
107:
The earliest evidence is of the 6 to 8.5 km (3.7 to 5.3 mi) long
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1318:
1008:
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King, Peter (2010). "The First Shropshire Railways". In Boyes, G. (ed.).
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39:
35:
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The two and a half mile long Dafen (Llanelli) railway opened in 1833.
375:
A replica of a "Little Eaton Tramway" wagon, the tracks are plateways
187:
118:
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50:
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990:"Le Diolkos de l'Isthme à Corinthe: son tracé, son fonctionnement"
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150:(1556). The guide pin fits in a groove between two wooden planks.
755:
736:
657:. In 1814 William Stewart was engaged by Parkend Coal Co in the
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made his first steam locomotive in 1813 (patented 1815) for the
283:
or boat dock and then return the empty wagons back to the mine.
276:
214:
61:
in July 1908 with the last train of loaded coal wagons arriving.
1251:
1332:
Stewart, William (October 1844). "Inventors and Capitalists".
1020:
1018:
422:
Cast iron fishbelly edge rail manufactured by Outram at the
566:
lines, they weighed 28 lb/yd (13.9 kg/m). On the
430:(1831). These are smooth edgerails for wheels with flanges.
325: in (95 mm) to enable them to be fixed to the
154:
Such an operation was illustrated in Germany in 1556 by
904:
Verdelis, Nikolaos (1957). "Le diolkos de L'Isthme".
1303:. London: Routledge & K. Paul. pp. 160–65.
696:
cable wagonway to move supplies to bases before the
1112:(2 ed.). London: Railway Gazette. p. 16.
1054:Fraser, P. M. (1961). "The ΔΙΟΛΚΟΣ of Alexandria".
606:with smooth wheels on an 'L' section plateway near
113:paved trackway, which transported boats across the
1450:
406:" applied to the workers who lay and maintain the
394:passing through the extremities—but, circa 1793,
166:("dogs") from the noise they made on the tracks.
775:Adams & Price Locomotive and Machinery Works
398:began to be used, an innovation associated with
1409:The life of George Stephenson, Railway Engineer
390:continued to be used—the rails were secured by
1345:
1343:
1334:The Practical Mechanic and Engineer's Magazine
1286:The Practical Mechanic and Engineers Magazine
8:
653:, it seems that it was known at the time as
529:) and the plate rail coped better. In South
1406:Smiles, Samuel; Stephenson, George (1857).
1350:"Pole Road Locomotives of the Early Days".
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1144:
1142:
1097:(Hoover translation ed.). p. 156.
1440:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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575:weighing 50 lb/yd (24.8 kg/m).
442:on a line that was opened as part of the
233:. Wagonways have been discovered between
27:Railway using horses to pull goods wagons
1299:Lewis, Michael Jonathan Taunton (1970).
1175:. Sudbury: Six Martlets. pp. 70–84.
1135:. Sudbury: Six Martlets. pp. 52–69.
587:A replica of Trevithick's engine at the
536:
498:(a length of this rail is on display in
1027:"Railways in the Greek and Roman world"
896:
1433:
997:Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique
906:Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique
7:
1057:The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
25:
1453:The Pictorial History of Railways
1188:Landmarks of the Niagara Frontier
1430:from the original on 2015-07-03.
1391:from the original on 2021-12-11.
1288:. November 1844. pp. 57–60.
1284:"Historical Notes on Railways".
832:
568:Liverpool and Manchester Railway
1387:. CriticalPast. June 21, 2014.
1036:. pp. 8–19. Archived from
1032:. In Guy, A.; Rees, J. (eds.).
925:The Journal of Hellenic Studies
690:Stockton and Darlington Railway
343: in (95 mm) wide and
1449:Westwood, John Norton (1988).
742:Typically the pole rails were
723:, a steam pole road locomotive
428:Cromford and High Peak Railway
1:
750:, and joined end-to-end with
783:Wallace, Sanford and Company
735:moved on to other stands of
496:Middleton-Leeds rack railway
484:Aire & Calder Navigation
176:from 16th century, found in
44:List of horse-drawn railways
1091:Agricola, Georgius (1913).
564:Canterbury & Whitstable
291:Until the beginning of the
1528:
808:St Michael's Mount Tramway
698:American Revolutionary War
589:National Waterfront Museum
434:Another form of rail, the
364:
29:
1507:History of rail transport
1250:Ross, Hugh Munro (1911).
1110:The Evolution of Railways
816:Douglas Bay Horse Tramway
787:Williams Station, Alabama
560:Stockton & Darlington
158:(image left) in his work
1108:Lee, Charles E. (1943).
820:San Francisco cable cars
379:A later system involved
1457:. London: Bison Books.
1263:Encyclopædia Britannica
225:Lane End, just west of
1186:Porter, Peter (1914).
1025:Lewis, M.J.T. (2001).
724:
622:
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444:Charnwood Forest Canal
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1301:Early Wooden Railways
1009:10.3406/bch.1993.1679
988:; Tolley, M. (1993).
869:Holy Island Waggonway
818:and the cable-hauled
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361:Plateways, flangeways
293:Industrial Revolution
213:, built to transport
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1512:Horse-drawn railways
795:semitrailer tractors
779:Nashville, Tennessee
552:Bedlington Ironworks
438:, was first used by
384:iron rails or plates
267:(10.2 and 13.2
78:horse-drawn railroad
74:horse-drawn railways
59:Little Eaton Gangway
32:Tramway (industrial)
18:Horse-drawn railroad
523:Lake Lock Rail Road
511:Surrey Iron Railway
464:Lake Lock Rail Road
207:Huntingdon Beaumont
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600:Richard Trevithick
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426:ironworks for the
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258:Lewiston, New York
217:from the mines at
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115:Isthmus of Corinth
63:
680:George Stephenson
643:George Stephenson
627:Middleton Railway
556:George Stephenson
500:Leeds City Museum
424:Butterley Company
329:. The rails were
250:Middleton Railway
211:Wollaton Wagonway
156:Georgius Agricola
72:), also known as
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604:steam locomotive
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884:Rail profile
879:Mine railway
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647:Killingworth
624:
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519:West Croydon
513:(SIR), from
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448:Loughborough
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396:stone blocks
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178:Transylvania
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133:Wooden rails
108:
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87:. The terms
77:
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69:
68:(also spelt
65:
64:
47:
1156:1 September
1064:: 134–138.
1003:: 233–261.
931:: 152–155.
864:Hay Railway
849:Barlow rail
785:sawmill at
733:lumberjacks
664:West Durham
579:Steam power
468:West Riding
287:Metal rails
192:Mines Royal
127:Roman Egypt
1501:Categories
1415:. London.
1367:(untitled)
912:: 526–529.
891:References
859:Guide rail
791:gear ratio
752:lap joints
748:cross-ties
685:Locomotion
672:River Tees
668:Darlington
621:locomotive
515:Wandsworth
404:platelayer
273:short tons
243:Shropshire
227:Nottingham
70:Waggonways
30:See also:
1436:cite book
1421:162233825
968:Mnemosyne
953:161378605
712:Pole road
619:Salamanca
598:In 1804,
550:, of the
488:Wakefield
482:, on the
472:Yorkshire
452:Nanpantan
436:edge rail
309:cast iron
265:long tons
239:Jackfield
205:In 1604,
144:shown in
123:limestone
66:Wagonways
1473:34774624
1425:Archived
1389:Archived
974:: 75–76.
874:Horsecar
826:See also
812:Reisszug
810:and the
688:for the
676:Stockton
670:and the
460:turnpike
446:between
414:Edgeways
388:sleepers
381:L-shaped
367:Plateway
327:sleepers
235:Broseley
223:Wollaton
219:Strelley
174:Minecart
142:Minecart
89:plateway
85:railways
40:Horsecar
36:Minecart
1385:YouTube
1260:(ed.).
1118:1591369
1078:3855873
801:Decline
771:Perdido
721:Perdido
655:BlĂĽcher
635:Holbeck
593:Swansea
558:on the
492:Outwood
480:Stanley
466:in the
352:⁄
338:⁄
320:⁄
297:rollers
231:England
196:Keswick
110:Diolkos
97:dramway
93:tramway
1471:
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1353:Trains
1319:138270
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945:630641
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756:wooden
737:timber
562:, and
392:spikes
188:miners
185:German
119:Greece
42:, and
1428:(PDF)
1413:(PDF)
1256:. In
1074:JSTOR
1041:(PDF)
1030:(PDF)
993:(PDF)
949:S2CID
941:JSTOR
702:shunt
639:Leeds
531:Wales
527:gauge
474:(now
281:canal
275:) of
254:Leeds
200:hunds
194:near
164:Hunde
1469:OCLC
1459:ISBN
1442:link
1417:OCLC
1315:OCLC
1305:ISBN
1192:ISBN
1158:2009
1114:OCLC
759:pegs
754:and
744:logs
617:The
450:and
277:coal
248:The
237:and
215:coal
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117:in
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