3330:
3344:
248:
40:
280:, which would favor the Japanese archipelago, while in La Niña years the formation of tropical cyclones, along with the subtropical ridge position, shift west, which increases the threat to China. In the Atlantic basin, the subtropical ridge position tends to lie about 5 degrees farther south during El Niño years, which leads to a more southerly recurvature for tropical cyclones during those years.
312:
158:. This air mass rises and then diverges, moving away from the equator in both northerly and southerly directions. As the air moves towards the mid-latitudes on both sides of the equator, it cools and sinks. This creates a ridge of high pressure near the 30th parallel in both hemispheres. At the surface level, the sinking air diverges again with some returning to the equator, creating the
2286:
100:
called the "dead horse" time, and it usually lasted a month or two. The seaman's ceremony was to celebrate having worked off the "dead horse" debt. As west-bound shipping from Europe usually reached the subtropics at about the time the "dead horse" was worked off, the latitude became associated with the ceremony.
141:
And a last explanation is that this naming first appeared in the english translation of a german book, where "Ross
Breiten" (i.e. "Ross latitudes", Ross being the english man who described them first) was incorrectly understood as "Pferd Breiten" (because Pferd and Ross are synonym german names for a
119:
A third explanation, which simultaneously explains both the northern and southern horse latitudes and does not depend on the length of the voyage or the port of departure, is based on maritime terminology: a ship was said to be 'horsed' when, although there was insufficient wind for sail, the vessel
115:
transported horses by ship to their colonies in the West Indies and
Americas. Ships often became becalmed in mid-ocean in this latitude, thus severely prolonging the voyage; the resulting water shortages made it impossible for the crew to keep the horses alive, and they would throw the dead or dying
255:
The subtropical ridge starts migrating poleward in late spring reaching its zenith in early autumn before retreating equatorward during the late fall, winter, and early spring. The equatorward migration of the subtropical ridge during the cold season is due to increasing north-south temperature
99:
of a horse around the deck before throwing it overboard. Seamen were paid partly in advance before a long voyage, and they frequently spent their pay all at once, resulting in a period of time without income. If they got advances from the ship's paymaster, they would incur debt. This period was
267:
form on the side of the subtropical ridge closer to the equator, then move poleward past the ridge axis before recurving into the main belt of the
Westerlies. When the subtropical ridge shifts due to ENSO, so will the preferred tropical cyclone tracks. Areas west of Japan and Korea tend to
327:
extend into the United States. The subtropical ridge across North
America typically migrates far enough northward to begin monsoon conditions across the Desert Southwest from July to September. When the subtropical ridge is farther north than normal towards the
653:
339:
In summer, On the subtropical ridge's western edge (generally on the eastern coast of continents), the high-pressure cell pushes poleward a southerly flow (northerly in the southern hemisphere) of tropical air. In the United States, the subtropical ridge
336:. When the high pressure moves south, its circulation cuts off the moisture, and the hot, dry continental airmass returns from the northwest, and therefore the atmosphere dries out across the Desert Southwest, causing a break in the monsoon regime.
130:, October 1967). He argued the maritime use of 'horsed' described a ship that was being carried along by an ocean current or tide in the manner of a rider on horseback. The term had been in use since the end of the seventeenth century. Furthermore,
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363:
When surface winds become light, the subsidence produced directly under the subtropical ridge can lead to a buildup of particulates in urban areas under the ridge, leading to widespread
947:
181:
allowing for a more northerly axis for the ridge, while El Niños show flatter, more southerly ridges. The change of the ridge position during ENSO cycles changes the tracks of
859:
1991:
352:. This flow pattern also occurs on the eastern coasts of continents in other subtropical climates such as South China, southern Japan, central-eastern South America
866:
256:
differences between the poles and tropics. The latitudinal movement of the subtropical ridge is strongly correlated with the progression of the monsoon trough or
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2227:
2645:
900:
767:
203:
The consistently warm, dry, and sunny conditions of the horse latitudes are the main cause for the existence of the world's major hot deserts, such as the
735:
138:, an island off the coast of Brazil, mentions it had been visited frequently by ships "occasioned by the currents having horsed them to the westward".
173:
The subtropical ridge moves poleward during the summer, reaching its highest latitude in early autumn, before moving back during the cold season. The
3059:
977:
506:
India
Directory, or, Directions for Sailing to and from the East Indies, China, Australia, Cape of Good Hope, Brazil and the Interjacent Ports..
185:
that form around their equatorward and western peripheries. As the subtropical ridge varies in position and strength, it can enhance or depress
501:
India directory, or, Directions for sailing to and from the East Indies, China, Australia, Cape of Good Hope, Brazil, and the interjacent ports
3395:
627:
1984:
1808:
933:
768:
Interannual and
Interdecadal Variations of the East Asian Summer Monsoon and Tropical Pacific SSTs. Part I: Roles of the Subtropical Ridge.
192:
The horse latitudes are associated with the subtropical anticyclone. The belt in the
Northern Hemisphere is sometimes called the "calms of
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174:
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3025:
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2912:
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33:
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1977:
940:
803:
349:
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399:
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155:
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The subtropical ridge shows up as a large area of black (dryness) on this water vapor satellite image from
September 2000.
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915:
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2431:
2315:
2213:
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783:
3184:
3166:
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2185:
691:"Impacts of El Nino-Southern Oscillation Events on Tropical Cyclone Landfalling Activity in the Western North Pacific"
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740:
715:
690:
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2459:
2410:
1788:
568:
541:
925:
1704:
745:
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2953:
2403:
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2274:
1107:
384:
91:
A likely and documented explanation is that the term is derived from the "dead horse" ritual of seamen (see
67:. They are characterized by sunny skies, calm winds, and very little precipitation. They are also known as
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deserts in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, all in the
Northern Hemisphere; and the
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helps create the hot, sultry summers with daily thunderstorms with buoyant airmasses typical of the
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season for Asia. The subtropical ridge position is linked to how far northward monsoon moisture and
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124:. This was suggested by Edward Taube in his article "The Sense of 'Horse' in the Horse Latitudes" (
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2014:
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When the subtropical ridge in the northwest
Pacific is stronger than normal, it leads to a wet
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291:(1995–present), it amplifies the subtropical ridge across the central and eastern Atlantic.
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and neutral years, while mainland China experiences much greater landfall frequency during
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years. During El Niño years, the break in the subtropical ridge tends to lie near
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which during summer is reinforced by other climatological mechanisms such as the
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17:
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273:
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1960:
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1947:
1803:
429:
US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
103:
An alternative theory, of sufficient popularity to serve as an example of
3286:
3179:
3174:
2180:
2056:
394:
52:
268:
experience far fewer September–November tropical cyclone impacts during
3243:
3019:
2024:
1918:
1735:
1477:
1061:
1022:
982:
333:
320:
306:
186:
64:
893:
353:
96:
730:
Bell, Gerald; Chelliah, Muthuvel; Mo, Kingste; Goldenberg, Stanley;
177:(ENSO) can displace the northern hemisphere subtropical ridge, with
2019:
1763:
770:
Journal of Climate: pp. 4310–4325. Retrieved on February 11, 2007.
310:
246:
228:
166:. Many of the world's deserts are caused by these climatological
38:
32:
This article is about the geographical area. For other uses, see
364:
2209:
1973:
1708:
929:
43:
A diagram showing the relative positions of the horse latitudes
372:
889:, Sixth Edition. New York: Columbia University Press, 2003.
716:
10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<1419:IOENOE>2.0.CO;2
142:
horse) and then wrongly translated into "horse latitudes".
600:
Channel Video Productions. Retrieved on February 11, 2007.
569:
10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<3192:SAASM>2.0.CO;2
470:, Sixth Edition. New York: Columbia University Press, 2003
95:). In this practice, the seaman paraded a straw-stuffed
781:
Basics of the Arizona Monsoon & Desert Meteorology.
29:
Latitudes 30–35 degrees north and south of the Equator
458:, London, Oxford University Press, 1976. pp. 233, 399
801:
Review of Variability in the North American Monsoon.
689:
Wu, M. C.; Chang, W. L.; Leung, W. M. (March 2004).
196:" and that in the Southern Hemisphere the "calms of
120:
could make good progress by latching on to a strong
3279:
3209:
3200:
3165:
3142:
3133:
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3049:
2987:
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2007:
1946:
1937:
1926:
1917:
1872:
1826:
1817:
1751:
611:
332:, monsoon thunderstorms can spread northward into
766:C.-P. Chang, Yongsheng Zhang, and Tim Li (1999).
540:Rodwell, M. J.; Hoskins, B. J. (August 1, 2001).
867:University Corporation for Atmospheric Research
610:Roger Graham Barry, Richard J. Chorley (1992).
154:leads to large amounts of convection along the
2776:List of atmospheric pressure records in Europe
734:; Blake, Eric; Pasch, Richard (May 17, 2004).
542:"Subtropical Anticyclones and Summer Monsoons"
2221:
1985:
1720:
941:
189:regimes around their low-latitude periphery.
8:
916:Physical Geography – The Global Environment
817:Environment: An Interdisciplinary Anthology
3206:
3139:
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2228:
2214:
2206:
2202:
2087:
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1992:
1978:
1970:
1943:
1934:
1923:
1823:
1727:
1713:
1705:
948:
934:
926:
663:. United States Navy. 2006. Archived from
714:
585:
567:
557:
456:The Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea
295:Role in weather formation and air quality
3060:South-West Indian Ocean tropical cyclone
921:Winds and the Global Circulation System
736:"NOAA: 2004 Atlantic Hurricane Outlook"
421:
371:rises towards 100 percent overnight,
7:
1809:Tropical cyclones and climate change
887:The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia
468:The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia
315:Mean July subtropical ridge position
3033:Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone
3026:North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone
2959:Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone
2842:East Asian-northwest Pacific storms
654:"3.3 JTWC Forecasting Philosophies"
3121:Upper tropospheric cyclonic vortex
3067:Australian region tropical cyclone
508:. London: W. H. Allen. p. 31.
25:
869:. Retrieved on February 11, 2007.
806:. Retrieved on February 11, 2007.
779:Arizona State University (2009).
641:Atmosphere, weather, and climate.
285:Atlantic multidecadal oscillation
3342:
3328:
2284:
975:
614:Atmosphere, weather, and climate
215:deserts in the Middle East, the
150:The heating of the earth at the
34:Horse latitudes (disambiguation)
3081:South Atlantic tropical cyclone
3040:Black Sea tropical-like cyclone
846:Retrieved on February 11, 2007.
804:United States Geological Survey
790:Retrieved on February 11, 2007.
431:"What are the Horse Latitudes?"
350:East Coast of the United States
3074:South Pacific tropical cyclone
2837:Continental North Asian storms
400:Intertropical Convergence Zone
258:Intertropical Convergence Zone
156:Intertropical Convergence Zone
1:
3396:Tropical cyclone meteorology
3335:Tropical cyclones portal
2376:Great Sheffield Gale of 1962
2316:Moray Firth fishing disaster
1859:Ridiculously Resilient Ridge
661:Joint Typhoon Warning Center
289:tropical cyclone development
239:in the Southern Hemisphere.
175:El Niño–Southern Oscillation
3185:Mesoscale convective vortex
3167:Mesoscale convective system
2769:List of European windstorms
2186:Pacific Northwest windstorm
835:Myanmar government (2007).
356:, southern Queensland and,
3412:
842:February 24, 2008, at the
360:province in South Africa.
304:
298:
31:
3322:
2949:Australian east coast Low
2892:Australian east coast low
2432:1992 New Year's Day Storm
2282:
2205:
1969:
974:
971:
741:Climate Prediction Center
494:Horsburgh, James (1836).
164:Rodwell–Hoskins mechanism
111:originates from when the
71:ridges or highs. It is a
3381:Meteorological phenomena
2460:Boxing Day Storm of 1998
2453:Christmas Eve storm 1997
1789:Annular tropical cyclone
287:'s mode is favorable to
3249:Multiple-vortex tornado
2688:Friederike (David) 2018
2681:Eleanor (Burglind) 2018
2404:December 1981 windstorm
2362:North Sea flood of 1953
2275:Christmas Flood of 1717
901:Encyclopædia Britannica
895:"Horse Latitudes"
799:David K. Adams (2009).
520:Hadley Circulation Cell
385:Atmospheric circulation
3190:Line echo wave pattern
3144:Mesoscale ocean eddies
2913:Southern Ocean cyclone
2001:Extratropical cyclones
1794:Bar (tropical cyclone)
1784:Central dense overcast
904:(11th ed.). 1911.
855:Robert Tardif (2002).
526:March 5, 2009, at the
316:
252:
75:at the divergence of
44:
2562:Friedhelm/Bawbag 2011
2425:Burns' Day storm 1990
2309:Night of the Big Wind
2030:Post-tropical cyclone
1779:Rapid intensification
883:Horse latitudes entry
862:May 20, 2011, at the
786:May 31, 2009, at the
618:. Routledge. p.
496:"Fernando de Noronha"
435:oceanservice.noaa.gov
314:
250:
42:
3349:Tornadoes portal
3259:Anticyclonic tornado
3227:Low-topped supercell
3005:Cape Verde hurricane
2397:Gale of January 1976
857:Fog characteristics.
732:Landsea, Christopher
367:. If the low-level
127:Journal of Geography
93:Beating a dead horse
3371:Circles of latitude
3051:Southern Hemisphere
2989:Northern Hemisphere
2877:Southern Hemisphere
2832:Western Disturbance
2646:Thomas (Doris) 2017
2418:Great storm of 1987
2383:1968 Scotland storm
2323:Tay Bridge disaster
2302:Great Storm of 1824
2268:Great Storm of 1703
2238:European windstorms
2067:Northern Hemisphere
1885:South Atlantic High
1873:Southern Hemisphere
1849:North American High
1827:Northern Hemisphere
1072:Tropic of Capricorn
1033:Tropic of Capricorn
994:Tropic of Capricorn
957:Circles of latitude
707:2004JCli...17.1419W
559:2001JCli...14.3192R
518:Owen E. Thompson. "
168:high-pressure areas
136:Fernando de Noronha
132:The India Directory
116:animals overboard.
107:, is that the term
2998:Atlantic hurricane
2954:Lake Huron cyclone
2015:Anticyclonic storm
1890:South Pacific High
1854:North Pacific High
1769:High-pressure area
1759:Anticyclonic storm
748:on January 1, 2019
695:Journal of Climate
546:Journal of Climate
481:"World Wide Words"
390:Circle of latitude
317:
253:
87:Origin of the term
73:high-pressure area
45:
3358:
3357:
3318:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3310:
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3254:Satellite tornado
3129:
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3093:
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3014:Pacific hurricane
2930:
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2926:
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2871:
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2814:
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2330:Eyemouth disaster
2246:14th-18th century
2194:
2193:
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2035:Low-pressure area
1913:
1912:
1905:Subtropical ridge
1864:Subtropical ridge
1774:Low-pressure area
1744:Centers of action
1702:
1701:
629:978-0-415-07760-6
552:(15): 3192–3211.
369:relative humidity
265:tropical cyclones
237:Australian Desert
183:tropical cyclones
134:in its entry for
55:about 30 degrees
16:(Redirected from
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3333:
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3207:
3140:
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3016:
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2897:Black nor'easter
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2797:Black Sea storms
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2718:
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2683:
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2439:Braer Storm 1993
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2420:
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2406:
2399:
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2357:
2350:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2311:
2304:
2288:
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2270:
2263:
2256:
2240:
2230:
2223:
2216:
2207:
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2147:
2140:
2122:
2115:
2108:
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2081:
2077:
2072:
2068:
1994:
1987:
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1935:
1931:
1924:
1880:South Polar High
1834:North Polar High
1824:
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1722:
1715:
1706:
1082:Antarctic Circle
1067:Tropic of Cancer
1043:Antarctic Circle
1028:Tropic of Cancer
1004:Antarctic Circle
989:Tropic of Cancer
979:
950:
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927:
905:
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870:
853:
847:
833:
827:
813:
807:
797:
791:
777:
771:
764:
758:
757:
755:
753:
744:. Archived from
727:
721:
720:
718:
701:(6): 1419–1428.
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3003:
2996:
2988:
2976:
2968:
2922:
2901:
2876:
2867:
2846:
2811:
2781:
2774:
2767:
2756:
2749:
2742:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2707:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2679:
2672:
2665:
2658:
2651:
2644:
2637:
2630:
2623:
2616:
2609:
2602:
2595:
2588:
2581:
2574:
2567:
2560:
2553:
2546:
2539:
2532:
2525:
2518:
2511:
2504:
2497:
2486:
2479:
2472:
2465:
2458:
2451:
2444:
2437:
2430:
2423:
2416:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2381:
2374:
2367:
2360:
2353:
2346:
2335:
2328:
2321:
2314:
2307:
2300:
2289:
2280:
2273:
2266:
2261:Burchardi flood
2259:
2254:Grote Mandrenke
2252:
2241:
2236:
2234:
2190:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2125:
2118:
2113:Great basin low
2111:
2104:
2099:Alberta clipper
2097:
2075:
2066:
2061:
2003:
1998:
1965:
1961:South Polar low
1956:North Polar low
1938:
1927:
1909:
1900:Australian High
1868:
1813:
1747:
1733:
1703:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1100:
1098:
1095:Horse latitudes
1091:
1088:Horse latitudes
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1056:Horse latitudes
1052:
1049:Horse latitudes
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1017:Horse latitudes
1013:
1010:Horse latitudes
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
967:
965:Horse latitudes
954:
912:
892:
879:
877:Further reading
874:
873:
864:Wayback Machine
854:
850:
844:Wayback Machine
834:
830:
815:Adelson, Glen;
814:
810:
798:
794:
788:Wayback Machine
778:
774:
765:
761:
751:
749:
729:
728:
724:
688:
687:
683:
673:
671:
670:on July 5, 2012
667:
656:
652:
651:
647:
634:
632:
630:
609:
608:
604:
599:
595:
539:
538:
534:
528:Wayback Machine
517:
513:
493:
492:
488:
479:
478:
474:
466:
462:
453:
449:
439:
437:
428:
427:
423:
418:
410:Roaring Forties
381:
309:
303:
297:
245:
233:Kalahari Desert
207:in Africa, the
152:thermal equator
148:
109:horse latitudes
89:
49:horse latitudes
37:
30:
23:
22:
18:Horse Latitudes
15:
12:
11:
5:
3409:
3407:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3363:
3362:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3338:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3241:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3213:
3211:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3182:
3177:
3171:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3154:
3148:
3146:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3063:
3055:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3017:
3010:
3009:
3008:
2993:
2991:
2982:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2940:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2915:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2888:
2886:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2772:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2691:
2684:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2656:
2649:
2642:
2635:
2628:
2621:
2618:Christina 2014
2614:
2607:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2579:
2572:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2537:
2530:
2523:
2516:
2509:
2502:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2477:
2470:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2414:
2407:
2400:
2393:
2390:Quimburga 1972
2386:
2379:
2372:
2365:
2358:
2351:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2326:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2290:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2225:
2218:
2210:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2141:
2138:Panhandle hook
2133:
2131:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2123:
2116:
2109:
2102:
2094:
2092:
2085:
2078:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1974:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1952:
1950:
1941:
1932:
1929:Synoptic scale
1921:
1915:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1830:
1828:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1748:
1742:of the world (
1734:
1732:
1731:
1724:
1717:
1709:
1700:
1699:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1102:
1092:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1053:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1014:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
980:
973:
972:
969:
968:
955:
953:
952:
945:
938:
930:
924:
923:
918:
911:
910:External links
908:
907:
906:
890:
878:
875:
872:
871:
848:
828:
819:, pp. 466–467
808:
792:
772:
759:
722:
681:
645:
628:
602:
593:
532:
511:
486:
472:
460:
447:
420:
419:
417:
414:
413:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
380:
377:
346:Gulf of Mexico
305:Main article:
296:
293:
244:
241:
225:Atacama Desert
147:
144:
105:folk etymology
88:
85:
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3408:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3386:Climate zones
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3351:
3350:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3199:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3152:Catalina eddy
3150:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3106:Cold-core low
3104:
3103:
3101:
3097:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3071:
3068:
3064:
3061:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3048:
3041:
3037:
3034:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3015:
3011:
3006:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2975:
2971:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2874:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2802:Icelandic Low
2800:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2777:
2773:
2770:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2752:
2748:
2745:
2741:
2738:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2724:
2720:
2717:
2713:
2710:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2692:
2689:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2629:
2626:
2622:
2619:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2549:
2545:
2542:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2514:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2482:
2478:
2475:
2471:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2440:
2436:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2422:
2419:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2373:
2370:
2366:
2363:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2313:
2310:
2306:
2303:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2255:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2231:
2226:
2224:
2219:
2217:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2146:
2145:November gale
2142:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2121:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2079:
2076:North America
2073:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1990:
1988:
1983:
1981:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1939:Surface-based
1936:
1933:
1930:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1895:Kalahari High
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1839:Siberian High
1837:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1730:
1725:
1723:
1718:
1716:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1653:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1601:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1479:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1083:
1078:
1077:Arctic Circle
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1044:
1039:
1038:Arctic Circle
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1005:
1000:
999:Arctic Circle
995:
990:
985:
984:
978:
970:
966:
962:
958:
951:
946:
944:
939:
937:
932:
931:
928:
922:
919:
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3391:Anticyclones
3340:
3326:
3239:Funnel cloud
3157:Haida Eddies
3116:Polar vortex
2674:Herwart 2017
2667:Ophelia 2017
2590:St Jude 2013
2569:Joachim 2011
2548:Xynthia 2010
2506:Jeanett 2002
2491:21st century
2411:Charley 1986
2348:Ulysses 1903
2340:20th century
2294:19th century
2171:Hatteras low
2166:Aleutian Low
2106:Colorado low
2040:Weather bomb
1740:anticyclones
1651:
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752:February 11,
750:. Retrieved
746:the original
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672:. Retrieved
665:the original
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342:Bermuda High
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229:Namib Desert
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26:
3376:Age of Sail
3297:Steam devil
3217:Mesocyclone
3111:Cut-off low
3099:Upper level
2936:Subtropical
2906:Other areas
2851:Other areas
2827:Asiatic Low
2751:Ciarán 2023
2737:Larisa 2023
2730:Eunice 2022
2716:Aurore 2021
2709:Dennis 2020
2695:Adrian 2018
2660:Xavier 2017
2632:Niklas 2015
2583:Andrea 2012
2576:Dagmar 2011
2527:Kyrill 2007
2513:Gudrun 2005
2499:Oratia 2000
2481:Martin 1999
2474:Lothar 1999
2467:Anatol 1999
2369:Debbie 1961
2355:Iberia 1941
2120:Bighorn Low
2091:Lee Cyclone
2084:Continental
1844:Azores High
1819:Anticyclone
635:November 9,
405:Polar front
160:Hadley cell
77:trade winds
69:subtropical
3365:Categories
3302:Fire whirl
3292:Dust devil
3271:Waterspout
3232:Wall cloud
2944:Kona storm
2863:Kona storm
2744:Babet 2023
2723:Malik 2022
2702:Ciara 2020
2597:Xaver 2013
2555:Berit 2011
2541:Klaus 2009
2176:Nor'easter
1799:Superstorm
825:0300110774
416:References
375:can form.
299:See also:
235:, and the
81:westerlies
3266:Landspout
3222:Supercell
3202:Whirlwind
3135:Mesoscale
2918:Sudestada
2885:Australia
2807:Genoa low
2653:Zeus 2017
2639:Egon 2017
2625:Tini 2014
2611:Anne 2014
2604:Dirk 2013
2534:Emma 2008
2446:Lili 1996
2045:Sting jet
1804:Hypercane
961:Meridians
578:0894-8755
440:April 17,
283:When the
243:Migration
198:Capricorn
146:Formation
53:latitudes
51:are the
3287:Gustnado
3180:Mesohigh
3175:Wake Low
2974:Tropical
2761:See also
2520:Per 2007
2181:Gulf low
2057:Rainband
2008:Concepts
1752:Concepts
1736:Cyclones
860:Archived
840:Archived
784:Archived
587:58891085
524:Archived
395:Doldrums
379:See also
348:and the
79:and the
3244:Tornado
3020:Typhoon
2979:Outline
2964:Thermal
2159:Oceanic
2025:Cyclone
1919:Cyclone
1062:Equator
1023:Equator
983:Equator
703:Bibcode
554:Bibcode
483:. 2008.
334:Arizona
321:monsoon
307:Monsoon
274:La Niña
270:El Niño
221:Sonoran
209:Arabian
187:monsoon
179:La Niña
122:current
113:Spanish
65:Equator
63:of the
2858:Arctic
2199:Europe
823:
626:
584:
576:
354:Pampas
231:, the
227:, the
217:Mojave
213:Syrian
194:Cancer
97:effigy
3280:Minor
3210:Major
2790:Other
2130:Other
2020:Storm
1948:Polar
1764:Storm
1693:45x90
1688:45x90
1683:45x90
1678:45x90
837:Haze.
668:(PDF)
657:(PDF)
582:S2CID
278:130°E
263:Most
61:south
57:north
2820:Asia
2050:List
1738:and
1472:170°
1467:160°
1462:140°
1457:130°
1452:110°
1447:100°
1412:170°
1407:160°
1402:140°
1397:130°
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1387:100°
1352:175°
1347:165°
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1332:135°
1327:125°
1322:115°
1317:105°
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1242:135°
1237:125°
1232:115°
1227:105°
1172:180°
1167:150°
1162:120°
1142:180°
1137:150°
1132:120°
821:ISBN
754:2007
676:2007
637:2009
624:ISBN
574:ISSN
442:2021
365:haze
219:and
211:and
59:and
47:The
1673:85°
1668:75°
1663:65°
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1127:90°
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1117:30°
885:in
711:doi
620:117
564:doi
522:".
373:fog
200:".
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