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view in which the use of arcades of horseshoe arches on
Cappadocian façades was inspired by Islamic architectural models, reflecting the cosmopolitan nature of Cappadocia in this era. Multiple other scholars, such as Nicole Thierry, Robert Ousterhout, and Philipp Niewöhner cite Mathews and Mathews Daskalakis in their discussion of horseshoe arches in the region but they suggest that the evidence points instead to earlier antecedents in
717:
843:
259:
2736:
20:
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358:. Although it is possible that Andalusi architecture borrowed the horseshoe arch from Umayyad Syria, these local precedents make it just as likely that it developed locally instead. The "Moorish" arch, however, was of a slightly different and more sophisticated form than the Visigothic arch, being less flat and more circular.
207:
and tentatively dated to the 4th century CE. In a 1991 publication, archeologist Stuart C. Munro-Hay suggests that these could be evidence that transmission of architectural ideas took place via routes not previously considered by scholars. He suggests that the brick-built horseshoe arches could have
882:
In a 1997 study, art historians Thomas F. Mathews and Annie-Christine
Mathews Daskalakis argued that this feature of Cappadocian architecture was likely derived later from contemporary architecture in the neighboring Islamic world. Historians J. Eric Cooper and Michael J. Decker expressed a similar
2164:
Borrás Gualís, Gonzalo M.; Lavado
Paradinas, Pedro; Pleguezuelo Hernández, Alfonso; Pérez Higuera, María Teresa; Mogollón Cano-Cortés, María Pilar; Morales, Alfredo J.; López Guzman, Rafael; Sorroche Cuerva, Miguel Ángel; Stuyck Fernández Arche, Sandra (2019).
748:, though in this region they had sharp pointed apexes, in contrast with those of the western Islamic world. Sometimes they were cusped or given multifoil flourishes. Around the same time or not long afterward, they begin to appear as far east as
55:, is a type of arch in which the circular curve is continued below the horizontal line of its diameter, so that the opening at the bottom of the arch is narrower than the arch's full span. Evidence for the earliest uses of this form are found in
552:
1608:
896:
The term "Mozarabic" is also applied to the culture of communities outside Al-Andalus, in the northern
Christian territories, where Christians from al-Andalus immigrated and resettled, particularly in the 10th century. However, the term
183:
with mildly incurved horseshoe arches survive from early periods, though these were sculpted in rock rather than constructed, and probably imitate earlier forms in wood. For example, horseshoe arch shapes are found in parts of the
1286:
475:, which developed from the 12th to the 16th centuries under Spanish Christian rule, continued the tradition of horseshoe arches in the Iberian Peninsula. Horseshoe arches also continued to be used in the Maghreb, in the
301:
According to
Giovanni Teresio Rivoira, an archeologist writing in the early 20th century, the pointed variant of the horseshoe arch is of Islamic origin. According to Rivoira, this type of arch was first used in the
493:
646:
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425:
and other
Christian kingdoms ruled, the use of horseshoe arches continued under the influence of previous Visigothic architecture and of contemporary Islamic architecture. The addition of an
520:
783:
in Cairo, built in 1285. Andalusi-style horseshoe arches are also found alongside the minaret of the Mosque of Ibn Tulun in Cairo, probably dating from 13th-century renovations ordered by
2090:
1871:
604:
536:
1638:
505:
433:(Christians living under Muslim rule) left al-Andalus and settled in the northern Christian territories, where they contributed to popularizing this form locally, as exemplified by
2816:
669:
2221:
M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Architecture; V. c. 900–c. 1250; A. Eastern
Islamic lands.; 3. Afghanistan, Pakistan and India, c. 1050–c. 1250.".
1102:
511:
2526:
692:
406:. The Córdoban style of horseshoe arch spread all over the Caliphate and adjacent areas, and was adopted by the successor Muslim emirates of the peninsula, the
1737:
3618:
3046:
251:. Some tombstones from that period have been found in the north of Spain with horseshoe arches in them, eliciting speculation about a pre-Roman local
3690:
2271:
M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Architecture; V. c. 900–c. 1250; B. Central
Islamic lands.; 5. Syria, the Jazira and Iraq.".
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2019:
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architecture, which became fashionable in the 19th century. They were widely used in
Moorish Revival synagogues. They were employed in the
2036:
1982:
1928:
1316:
412:, as well as by the architecture of the Maghreb under subsequent dynasties. Its use remained especially consistent in the form of mosque
3557:
2009:
899:
827:
571:
1581:
1451:
527:
2519:
2296:
M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Architecture; V. c. 900–c. 1250; C. Central
Islamic lands.; 1. Egypt and Syria.".
1346:
310:
also describes this as the first systematic use of the pointed variant. Horseshoe arches of a slightly pointed form were also used in
979:
3562:
2305:
2280:
2255:
2230:
2139:
de Palol, Pere (1998). "From Antiquity to the Middle Ages, Christianity and the Visigothic World". In Barral i Altet, Xavier (ed.).
2100:
2073:
1911:
1881:
1138:
1011:
952:
2373:
1680:
448:(11th-12th centuries), the first pointed horseshoe arches began to appear in the region and then became more widespread during the
2400:
1047:
925:
2611:
157:
2430:
1930:
Romanesque Architecture and Its Sculptural Decoration in Christian Spain, 1000-1120: Exploring Frontiers and Defining Identities
3531:
2482:
361:
355:
2322:
1505:
3628:
3309:
2166:
2148:
1854:
1826:
567:
223:, though the origins of this regional feature are sometimes debated. An early example of its use in Anatolia is found at the
656:
1253:
Weber, Elizabeth Dolly; Lamontagne, Manon (2014-03-05). "Aksum". In Ring, Trudy; Watson, Noelle; Schellinger, Paul (eds.).
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around horseshoe arches was one detail more specifically borrowed from Islamic styles. Starting in the 9th century, some
3613:
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811:
212:
180:
84:
1048:"Umayyad Building Techniques and the Merging of Roman-Byzantine and Partho-Sassanian Traditions: Continuity and Change"
236:
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2117:
390:(rectangular frame) to accentuate the effect of its shape. This can be seen at a large scale in their major work, the
2194:
3685:
2991:
1745:
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2584:
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347:
315:
244:
1766:
2899:
2599:
484:
480:
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395:
370:
117:
818:
In addition to their use across the Islamic world, horseshoe arches became popular in Western countries in
452:
period (12th-13th centuries). This pointed horseshoe arch is likely of North African origin. Art historian
67:. But in the 19th century, perhaps when these earlier uses had not been realized, it became emblematic of
3088:
2640:
559:
499:
Church of Santa Eulalia de Bóveda near Lugo, Spain (4th-5th century), early Christian or Visigothic period
438:
434:
145:
3294:
2697:
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2635:
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of the Great Mosque of Córdoba (10th century), with horseshoe arch opening surrounded by a rectangular
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1531:
776:
422:
303:
195:
Horseshoe arches made of baked brick have been found in the so-called Tomb of the Brick Arches in
2579:
2402:
The Synagogues of New York's Lower East Side:: A Retrospective and Contemporary View, 2nd Edition
2011:
Jewish Book Art Between Islam and Christianity: The Decoration of Hebrew Bibles in Medieval Spain
1403:
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113:
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2015:
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449:
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1349:. In Featherstone, Michael; Spieser, Jean-Michel; Tanman, Gülru; Wulf-Rheidt, Ulrike (eds.).
1254:
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3036:
3026:
2949:
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1387:
1160:
399:
366:
232:
224:
204:
40:
1376:"Islamic-Style Mansions in Byzantine Cappadocia and the Development of the Inverted T-Plan"
437:(10th century). The Mozarabs also incorporated horseshoe arches into their art, such as in
3481:
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3149:
3144:
3139:
3011:
2771:
2559:
847:
819:
780:
772:
716:
377:
165:
32:
1151:
Draper, Peter (2005). "Islam and the West: The Early Use of the Pointed Arch Revisited".
2118:"The Mozarabic Horseshoe Arches in the Church of San Román de Moroso (Cantabria, Spain)"
3455:
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style in Spain, another type of Moorish Revival style. They are used in some forms of
394:. Its most distinctive form, however, was consolidated in the 10th-century during the
19:
3679:
3134:
3119:
1180:
1081:. O.I.C. Research Centre for Islamic History, Art and Culture (IRCICA). p. 256.
863:
660:
633:
291:
263:
248:
76:
402:, where the arches consist of about three quarters of a circle and are framed in an
3665:
3420:
2682:
1205:. Internet Archive. Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press. pp. 127–130.
884:
761:
757:
745:
721:
679:
339:
185:
56:
2348:
2092:
Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700-1800
1873:
Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700-1800
1016:
Archaeology of Afghanistan: From Earliest Times to the Timurid Period: New Edition
842:
286:, though their horseshoe shape is not very pronounced. They are also found in the
1791:
1682:
The Arab Contribution to Islamic Art: From the Seventh to the Fifteenth Centuries
1610:
The Arab Contribution to Islamic Art: From the Seventh to the Fifteenth Centuries
384:, used horseshoe arches prominently and ubiquitously, often enclosing them in an
3267:
3001:
2981:
831:
189:
149:
88:
258:
3572:
3486:
3465:
3425:
3324:
3236:
2971:
2884:
2820:
2735:
1640:
Architecture in Lebanon: The Lebanese House During the 18th and 19th Centuries
1164:
741:
331:
307:
220:
124:
The origins of the horseshoe arch are complicated. It appeared in pre-Islamic
1399:
1078:
Cultural Contacts in Building a Universal Civilisation: Islamic Contributions
208:
been an Aksumite innovation based on ideas transmitted via trade with India.
3257:
3215:
3197:
2966:
2889:
2834:
1532:"Hallan una estela discoidea con arcos de herradura en las murallas de León"
1423:"Transformation of the 'Sacred' Image of a Byzantine Cappadocian Settlement"
351:
129:
64:
924:
Lavan, Luke; Zanini, Enrico; Sarantis, Alexander Constantine, eds. (2007).
1050:. In Lavan, Luke; Zanini, Enrico; Sarantis, Alexander Constantine (eds.).
346:) that horseshoe arches developed their characteristic form. Prior to the
3389:
3226:
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3067:
3041:
3006:
2904:
2725:
859:
457:
430:
283:
216:
200:
161:
3647:
1172:
1133:
Andrew Petersen: "Dictionary of Islamic Architecture", Routledge, 1999,
3536:
3359:
3344:
3334:
3319:
3172:
3016:
2914:
2844:
2791:
2504:
775:
architecture in Syria. It appears, exceptionally, in some instances of
703:
461:
343:
1407:
3496:
3445:
3435:
3430:
3415:
3383:
3354:
3329:
3304:
3231:
3177:
3103:
3051:
3031:
2919:
2909:
2894:
2879:
1556:
862:. Among other examples, this can be seen on the street façade of the
803:
589:
414:
295:
228:
80:
179:
Another possible origin of the horseshoe arch motif is India, where
1391:
1351:
The Emperor's House: Palaces from Augustus to the Age of Absolutism
1256:
Middle East and Africa: International Dictionary of Historic Places
3511:
3491:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3082:
3072:
3021:
2976:
2961:
2955:
2929:
2924:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2839:
2786:
2720:
1954:
Murray, Peter; Murray, Linda (2013). Jones, Tom Devonshire (ed.).
1583:
Stealing from the Saracens: How Islamic Architecture Shaped Europe
1483:. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies. p. 21.
841:
794:
784:
765:
749:
729:
715:
612:
595:
407:
386:
360:
257:
252:
196:
170:
107:
18:
903:, among other alternatives, can be used to refer to this culture.
3501:
3460:
3246:
3220:
3077:
2996:
2812:
2781:
1902:
M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Mozarabic".
1374:
Mathews, Thomas F.; Mathews Daskalakis, Annie-Christine (1997).
1347:"The late Late Antique origins of Byzantine palace architecture"
854:
Exaggerated horseshoe arches were also popular in some forms of
240:
141:
133:
2508:
1075:
Culture, Research Centre for Islamic History, Art, and (2005).
2064:
M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Mudéjar".
1742:
ArchNet — Digital Library — Dictionary of Islamic Architecture
771:
Some pointed arches with a slightly horseshoe shape appear in
2246:
M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Delhi".
2195:"Dar Mustafa Pasha - Discover Islamic Art - Virtual Museum"
369:, Spain, with horseshoe arches typical of the 10th-century
1427:
Architecture and Landscape in Medieval Anatolia, 1100-1500
192:
dating from around the 1st century BCE to 1st century CE.
2173:. Museum With No Frontiers, MWNF (Museum Ohne Grenzen).
2122:
Peregrinations: Journal of Medieval Art and Architecture
1957:
The Oxford Dictionary of Christian Art and Architecture
1480:
Alahan: an early Christian monastery in southern Turkey
954:
A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture
768:, though they were not a consistent feature in India.
219:
and became characteristic of Christian architecture in
2298:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
2273:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
2248:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
2223:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
2066:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
1960:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 471.
1904:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
1353:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. pp. 31–34.
1123:. Paris: Arts et métiers graphiques. pp. 163–164.
91:
styles. Horseshoe arches can take rounded, pointed or
1668:. The American University in Cairo Press. p. 65.
957:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 37.
235:, horseshoe arches are found, for example, in of the
1425:. In Blessing, Patricia; Goshgarian, Rachel (eds.).
326:
Development in the Iberian Peninsula and the Maghreb
144:(3rd century CE). It also appeared in Late Roman or
3581:
3550:
3524:
3474:
3403:
3287:
3280:
3206:
3163:
3112:
3060:
2938:
2854:
2805:
2743:
2713:
2706:
2542:
278:of the 7th to 8th centuries. They are found in the
1685:. American University in Cairo Press. p. 62.
1586:. Oxford University Press. pp. 129, 166–167.
1380:Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians
2037:"The Mozarabs: Worthy Bearers of Islamic Culture"
1984:Architecture and Ideology in Early Medieval Spain
1793:Architecture and Ideology in Early Medieval Spain
779:. For example, it appears in some details of the
231:, dating most likely from the 5th century CE. In
2171:Mudéjar Art: Islamic Aesthetics in Christian Art
1429:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 146–147.
1232:. University of Delaware Press. pp. 63–66.
1202:Aksum: an African civilisation of late antiquity
464:), where it was present in earlier Aghlabid and
1014:. In Allchin, Raymond; Hammond, Norman (eds.).
1012:"From the Rise of Islam to the Mongol Invasion"
981:Illustrated Dictionary of Historic Architecture
211:Further evidence of their use is also found in
175:A horseshoe arch in the Saint Jacob at Nusaybin
2324:Islamic Architecture in Cairo: An Introduction
1732:
1730:
1643:. American University of Beirut. p. 176.
262:Horseshoe arches in the Umayyad palace at the
16:Emblematic arch common in Moorish architecture
2520:
8:
1845:Barrucand, Marianne; Bednorz, Achim (1992).
1817:Barrucand, Marianne; Bednorz, Achim (1992).
1613:. American Univ in Cairo Press. p. 35.
1101:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
471:As Muslim rule retreated in Al-Andalus, the
1933:. University of Toronto Press. p. 52.
1018:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 508.
830:, a 19th-century style associated with the
3284:
2710:
2527:
2513:
2505:
846:Exaggerated Art Nouveau horseshoe arch at
2487:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 33–34.
2375:The Synagogue in America: A Short History
1666:Ibn Tulun: His Lost City and Great Mosque
1450:Cooper, Eric; Decker, Michael J. (2012).
636:, Morocco (12th century), typical of the
421:In the northern Iberian Peninsula, where
1510:. Oxford University Press. p. 242.
1453:Life and Society in Byzantine Cappadocia
1291:(in French). Brepols. pp. 101–102.
1288:La Cappadoce de l'antiquité au moyen âge
2484:Art Nouveau and the Classical Tradition
2216:
2214:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
916:
875:
712:Use in other parts of the Islamic world
489:
266:(early 8th century, partially restored)
63:, and it was then used in Spain by the
1840:
1838:
1094:
1052:Technology in Transition: A.D. 300-650
1010:Ball, Warwick; Fischer, Klaus (2019).
927:Technology in Transition: A.D. 300-650
744:architecture (11th-13th centuries) in
566:, Spain (10th century); an example of
354:of the Iberian Peninsula used them in
2424:
2422:
1876:. Yale University Press. p. 57.
1767:"Qantara - Mosque of the Three Doors"
1632:
1630:
1507:Spain: An Oxford Archaeological Guide
1340:
1338:
1310:
1308:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1114:
1112:
736:Horseshoe arches were also common in
7:
2460:. Brussels: Lannoo. pp. 50–51.
1723:. Paris: Arts et métiers graphiques.
1318:A Byzantine Settlement in Cappadocia
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1005:
1003:
1001:
760:gatehouse (dating from 1311) at the
274:, some horseshoe arches appeared in
83:. It also made later appearances in
1721:L'architecture musulmane d'Occident
1121:L'architecture musulmane d'Occident
828:Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture
791:Use in Moorish revival architecture
787:to the older 9th-century mosque.
682:, Morocco (14th century), from the
36:
3563:Influences on Western architecture
2039:. In Jayyusi, Salma Khadra (ed.).
314:of the 9th century, including the
14:
2405:. Fordham Univ Press. p. 9.
1847:Moorish architecture in Andalusia
1819:Moorish architecture in Andalusia
380:of Al-Andalus, starting with the
237:Church of Santa Eulalia de Boveda
3659:
3646:
2734:
2321:Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (1992).
1987:. Penn State Press. p. 48.
1981:Dodds, Jerrilynn Denise (1990).
1790:Dodds, Jerrilynn Denise (1990).
1226:Allen, Margaret Prosser (1991).
691:
668:
645:
632:Pointed horseshoe arches in the
625:
603:
581:
551:
535:
519:
504:
492:
3532:Aga Khan Award for Architecture
2035:Gómez, Margarita López (2021).
1229:Ornament in Indian Architecture
456:attributed it in particular to
245:Church of Santa Maria de Melque
116:(3rd century CE), in which the
3691:Islamic architectural elements
2143:. Bulfinch Press. p. 64.
2141:Art and Architecture of Spaiin
1456:. Springer. pp. 206–208.
1321:. Dumbarton Oaks. p. 73.
1315:Ousterhout, Robert G. (2005).
663:, Spain (12th or 13th century)
1:
2008:Qôǧman-Appel, Qaṭrîn (2004).
1199:Munro-Hay, Stuart C. (1991).
951:Curl, James Stevens (2006) .
616:palace (11th century) in the
610:Caliphal-style arches of the
3624:Sudano-Sahelian architecture
2167:"IX.1.c Church of San Roman"
812:Moorish Revival architecture
698:Pointed horseshoe arches in
213:early Christian architecture
2300:. Oxford University Press.
2275:. Oxford University Press.
2250:. Oxford University Press.
2225:. Oxford University Press.
2116:Kaplan, Gregory B. (2012).
2089:Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020).
2068:. Oxford University Press.
1906:. Oxford University Press.
1870:Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020).
1637:Ragette, Friedrich (1974).
1345:Niewöhner, Philipp (2015).
1054:. Brill. pp. 514–515.
512:Church of San Juan de Baños
156:, the form was used in the
3707:
2992:Islamic geometric patterns
2372:Raphael, Marc Lee (2011).
2041:The Legacy of Muslim Spain
1421:Öztürk, Fatma Gül (2017).
530:, Spain (late 8th century)
514:in Spain (mid-7th century)
120:of the arches are set back
3637:
3426:Dar al-Shifa (Bimaristan)
2732:
2399:Wolfe, Gerard R. (2013).
2378:. NYU Press. p. 73.
2095:. Yale University Press.
1719:Marçais, Georges (1954).
1557:"Umayyad Palace at Amman"
1477:Gough, Mary, ed. (1985).
1259:. Routledge. p. 35.
1165:10.1017/S0066622X00003701
1119:Marçais, Georges (1954).
978:Harris, Cyril M. (2013).
754:Indo-Islamic architecture
158:Baptistery of Saint Jacob
112:Horseshoe arches in the
3542:Museum with No Frontiers
2481:Warren, Richard (2017).
2432:Art Nouveau Architecture
2199:islamicart.museumwnf.org
1285:Thierry, Nicole (2002).
856:Art Nouveau architecture
720:Horseshoe arches at the
544:Great Mosque of Kairouan
542:Horseshoe arches in the
348:Muslim invasion of Spain
316:Great Mosque of Kairouan
227:in present-day southern
164:(4th century CE) and in
3653:Architecture portal
2456:Dubois, Cécile (2018).
2429:Anderson, Anne (2020).
1821:. Taschen. p. 43.
1504:Collins, Roger (1998).
984:. Courier Corporation.
546:, Tunisia (9th century)
528:Great Mosque of Córdoba
477:architecture of Morocco
439:illuminated manuscripts
392:Great Mosque of Córdoba
3558:Indo-Saracenic Revival
2958:(multicoloured ashlar)
2043:. Brill. p. 172.
2014:. Brill. p. 118.
1664:Swelim, Tarek (2015).
1046:Arce, Ignacio (2007).
930:. Brill. p. 536.
851:
815:
781:Sultan Qalawun Complex
733:
560:San Miguel de Escalada
435:San Miguel de Escalada
373:
267:
176:
146:Byzantine architecture
121:
104:Origins and early uses
44:
24:
3295:Congregational mosque
2753:(four-arch structure)
2435:. The Crowood Press.
2349:"Jerusalem Synagogue"
2327:. Brill. p. 55.
1927:Mann, Janice (2009).
1580:Darke, Diana (2020).
1153:Architectural History
845:
798:
719:
640:period and afterwards
364:
320:Mosque of Ibn Khayrun
312:Aghlabid architecture
261:
174:
126:Sasanian architecture
111:
61:Sasanian architecture
22:
3619:Ottoman architecture
3609:Moorish architecture
3604:Islamic architecture
3599:Iranian architecture
3022:Sebka (Darj-wa-ktaf)
2876:(or müezzin mahfili)
2536:Islamic architecture
2458:Brussels Art Nouveau
2353:World Monuments Fund
1796:. Penn State Press.
1679:Ali, Wijdan (1999).
1607:Ali, Wijdan (1999).
653:Mudéjar architecture
466:Fatimid architecture
318:(circa 836) and the
306:, completed in 879.
276:Umayyad architecture
272:Islamic architecture
203:), built during the
73:Moorish architecture
69:Islamic architecture
3656: •
3643: •
3629:Yemeni architecture
3614:Mughal architecture
3594:Berber architecture
3589:Arabic architecture
3253:Salsabil (fountain)
2987:Islamic calligraphy
1771:www.qantara-med.org
800:Jerusalem Synagogue
777:Mamluk architecture
657:Church of San Roman
526:Prayer hall of the
47:), also called the
3330:Kuttab (or maktab)
852:
838:Use in Art Nouveau
816:
734:
726:Qutb Minar Complex
700:Dar Mustapha Pasha
676:Bou Inania Madrasa
618:Alcazaba of Málaga
374:
365:Reception hall of
356:their architecture
268:
177:
138:Palace of Ardashir
122:
114:Palace of Ardashir
25:
3686:Arches and vaults
3673:
3672:
3520:
3519:
3276:
3275:
3263:Shading Umbrellas
3047:Stucco decoration
2947:For overview, see
2762:Four-centred arch
2494:978-1-4742-9856-8
2467:978-2-39025-045-6
2442:978-1-78500-768-2
2412:978-0-8232-5000-4
2385:978-0-8147-7582-0
2334:978-90-04-09626-4
2180:978-3-902782-15-1
2050:978-90-04-50259-8
2021:978-90-04-13789-9
1994:978-0-271-00671-0
1967:978-0-19-968027-6
1940:978-0-8020-9324-0
1803:978-0-271-00671-0
1692:978-977-424-476-6
1650:978-0-8156-6044-6
1620:978-977-424-476-6
1593:978-1-78738-305-0
1517:978-0-19-285300-4
1490:978-0-88844-073-0
1463:978-1-137-02964-5
1436:978-1-4744-1130-1
1360:978-3-11-033176-9
1328:978-0-88402-310-4
1298:978-2-503-50947-1
1266:978-1-134-25986-1
1239:978-0-87413-399-8
1212:978-0-7486-0106-6
1088:978-92-9063-144-6
1061:978-90-04-16549-6
1025:978-1-4744-5046-1
991:978-0-486-13211-2
964:978-0-19-860678-9
937:978-90-04-16549-6
850:, Brussels (1905)
756:, such as in the
336:Iberian Peninsula
45:arco de herradura
3698:
3666:Islam portal
3664:
3663:
3662:
3651:
3650:
3285:
2950:Islamic ornament
2829:South Asian dome
2757:Discharging arch
2738:
2711:
2555:Anatolian Seljuk
2529:
2522:
2515:
2506:
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2478:
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2080:
2079:
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1999:
1998:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1924:
1918:
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1842:
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1807:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1744:. Archived from
1734:
1725:
1724:
1716:
1697:
1696:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1661:
1655:
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1634:
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942:
941:
921:
904:
894:
888:
880:
810:, an example of
706:, Algeria (1799)
695:
672:
649:
634:Mosque of Tinmal
629:
607:
585:
555:
539:
523:
508:
496:
400:Madinat al-Zahra
367:Madinat al-Zahra
304:Ibn Tulun Mosque
264:Citadel of Amman
233:Visigothic Spain
225:Alahan Monastery
205:Kingdom of Aksum
181:rock-cut temples
148:, as well as in
140:in southwestern
38:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3676:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3660:
3658:
3645:
3633:
3577:
3568:Moorish Revival
3546:
3516:
3482:Albarrana tower
3470:
3399:
3386:in modern Iran)
3300:Dar al-Muwaqqit
3272:
3223:(fountain type)
3208:
3202:
3165:
3159:
3150:Reflecting pool
3145:Persian gardens
3140:Paradise garden
3108:
3085:(entrance hall)
3056:
3012:Nagash painting
2934:
2856:
2850:
2801:
2772:Lambrequin arch
2739:
2730:
2702:
2673:Sudano-Sahelian
2538:
2533:
2503:
2502:
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1980:
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848:Villa Beau-Site
840:
820:Moorish Revival
793:
714:
707:
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673:
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509:
500:
497:
454:Georges Marçais
396:Caliphal period
371:Caliphal period
328:
294:in present-day
166:Qasr Ibn Wardan
152:. In Byzantine
132:in present-day
106:
101:
85:Moorish Revival
37:قوس حدوة الحصان
17:
12:
11:
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3582:Category pages
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3456:Medina quarter
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3132:
3130:Islamic garden
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2777:Multifoil arch
2774:
2769:
2767:Horseshoe arch
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1392:10.2307/991243
1386:(3): 294–315.
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382:Emirate period
338:) and western
327:
324:
288:Umayyad Palace
280:Umayyad Mosque
105:
102:
100:
97:
29:horseshoe arch
23:Horseshoe arch
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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3315:Jama'at Khana
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3135:Mughal garden
3133:
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1963:
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890:
887:architecture.
886:
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869:
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864:Cauchie House
861:
858:, notably in
857:
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473:Mudéjar style
469:
467:
463:
460:(present-day
459:
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292:Amman Citadel
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246:
242:
238:
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230:
226:
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215:in Byzantine
214:
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199:(present-day
198:
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131:
127:
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98:
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90:
86:
82:
78:
77:Mozarabic art
74:
71:, especially
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
34:
30:
21:
3657:
3644:
3641:Islamic arts
3421:Caravanserai
2946:
2900:Loudspeakers
2825:Persian dome
2787:Pointed arch
2766:
2585:Indo-Islamic
2575:Great Seljuk
2483:
2476:
2457:
2451:
2431:
2401:
2394:
2374:
2367:
2356:. Retrieved
2352:
2343:
2323:
2316:
2297:
2291:
2272:
2266:
2247:
2241:
2222:
2202:. Retrieved
2198:
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2159:
2140:
2134:
2125:
2121:
2111:
2091:
2084:
2065:
2059:
2040:
2030:
2010:
2003:
1983:
1976:
1956:
1949:
1929:
1922:
1903:
1872:
1865:
1846:
1818:
1812:
1792:
1785:
1774:. Retrieved
1770:
1761:
1750:. Retrieved
1746:the original
1741:
1720:
1681:
1674:
1665:
1659:
1639:
1609:
1602:
1582:
1575:
1564:. Retrieved
1560:
1551:
1539:. Retrieved
1536:www.soitu.es
1535:
1526:
1506:
1499:
1479:
1472:
1452:
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1317:
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1228:
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1146:
1129:
1120:
1077:
1070:
1051:
1015:
980:
973:
953:
946:
926:
919:
898:
892:
885:Late Antique
878:
853:
817:
785:Sultan Lajin
770:
762:Qutb Complex
758:Alai Darwaza
746:Central Asia
735:
724:gate in the
722:Alai Darwaza
611:
594:
588:
576:architecture
572:
470:
443:
426:
420:
413:
408:
403:
385:
375:
340:North Africa
329:
300:
269:
210:
194:
186:Ajanta Caves
178:
128:such as the
123:
57:Late Antique
53:keyhole arch
52:
49:Moorish arch
48:
28:
26:
3268:Windcatcher
3249:(courtyard)
3002:Mosque lamp
2982:Girih tiles
2939:Decorations
2817:Arabic dome
1849:. Taschen.
900:reboplación
832:British Raj
824:Neo-Mudéjar
573:Repoblación
190:Karla Caves
168:(564 CE).
150:Roman Spain
130:Taq-i Kasra
89:Art Nouveau
3680:Categories
3551:Influences
3466:Well house
3237:Mashrabiya
2885:Hussainiya
2821:Onion dome
2612:Indonesian
2600:Qutb Shahi
2358:2022-03-20
2204:2022-03-30
2150:0821224565
2128:(3): 1–18.
1856:3822876348
1828:3822876348
1776:2022-03-20
1752:2008-10-30
1566:2022-03-20
911:References
558:Church of
446:Almoravids
444:Under the
332:Al-Andalus
330:It was in
308:Wijdan Ali
255:tradition.
221:Cappadocia
3525:Resources
3288:Religious
3258:Shabestan
3216:Hypostyle
3198:Shadirvan
2967:Arabesque
2890:Imamzadeh
2855:Religious
2835:Semi-dome
2782:Ogee arch
2751:Chahartaq
2714:Materials
2641:Almoravid
2616:Malaysian
1400:0037-9808
1181:194947480
1097:cite book
742:Ghaznavid
568:Mozarabic
352:Visigoths
270:In early
118:springers
65:Visigoths
3639:Part of
3475:Military
3411:Baradari
3404:Civilian
3227:Jharokha
3188:Mechouar
3125:Charbagh
3068:Andaruni
3042:Socarrat
3007:Muqarnas
2905:Maqsurah
2797:Vaulting
2726:Tadelakt
2707:Elements
2656:Zayyanid
2636:Aghlabid
1541:21 April
1173:40033831
1159:: 1–20.
860:Brussels
458:Ifriqiya
431:Mozarabs
423:Asturias
378:Umayyads
334:(on the
284:Damascus
243:and the
217:Anatolia
201:Ethiopia
162:Nusaybin
136:and the
51:and the
3573:Mudéjar
3537:ArchNet
3487:Alcázar
3360:Musalla
3345:Maqbara
3335:Madrasa
3325:Külliye
3320:Khanqah
3310:Gongbei
3209:cooling
3207:Passive
3173:Chhatri
3166:objects
3164:Outdoor
3113:Gardens
3089:Mirador
3027:Shabaka
3017:Qashani
2972:Banna'i
2915:Minaret
2857:objects
2847:(eaves)
2845:Chhajja
2792:Squinch
2693:Umayyad
2688:Timurid
2678:Swahili
2663:Ottoman
2646:Almohad
2631:Moorish
2621:Iranian
2590:Bengali
2570:Fatimid
2565:Chinese
2560:Ayyubid
2550:Abbasid
1561:Archnet
1141:, p. 24
773:Ayyubid
732:(1311)
704:Algiers
684:Marinid
655:in the
638:Almohad
620:, Spain
485:Tunisia
481:Algeria
462:Tunisia
450:Almohad
415:mihrabs
344:Maghreb
322:(866).
290:at the
99:History
41:Spanish
3497:Kasbah
3446:Kasbah
3436:Hammam
3431:Ghorfa
3416:Bazaar
3395:Zawiya
3384:takyeh
3355:Mosque
3305:Dargah
3232:Kucheh
3178:Eidgah
3104:Zenana
3052:Zellij
3037:Sitara
3032:Shamsa
2920:Minbar
2910:Mihrab
2895:Kiswah
2880:Gonbad
2744:Arches
2698:Yemeni
2668:Somali
2651:Hafsid
2626:Mamluk
2605:Mughal
2595:Deccan
2543:Styles
2491:
2464:
2439:
2409:
2382:
2331:
2304:
2279:
2254:
2229:
2177:
2147:
2099:
2072:
2047:
2018:
1991:
1964:
1937:
1910:
1880:
1853:
1825:
1800:
1738:"Arch"
1689:
1647:
1617:
1590:
1514:
1487:
1460:
1433:
1408:991243
1406:
1398:
1357:
1325:
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1263:
1236:
1209:
1179:
1171:
1137:
1085:
1058:
1022:
988:
961:
934:
814:(1906)
804:Prague
738:Ghurid
686:period
661:Toledo
590:Mihrab
483:, and
409:taifas
350:, the
296:Jordan
253:Celtic
249:Toledo
229:Turkey
95:form.
81:Iberia
33:Arabic
3512:Ribat
3507:Qalat
3492:Amsar
3451:Mahal
3390:Türbe
3380:Takya
3375:Surau
3370:Rauza
3365:Qubba
3350:Mazar
3340:Maqam
3281:Types
3193:Sebil
3083:Liwan
3073:Harem
3061:Rooms
2977:Girih
2962:Alfiz
2956:Ablaq
2930:Zarih
2925:Qibla
2874:Dikka
2869:Bedug
2864:Anaza
2840:Tajug
2806:Roofs
2721:Qadad
2683:Tatar
2580:Hausa
1404:JSTOR
1177:S2CID
1169:JSTOR
870:Notes
766:Delhi
752:, in
750:India
730:Delhi
613:Taifa
596:alfiz
562:near
468:.
427:alfiz
404:alfiz
387:alfiz
342:(the
247:near
239:near
197:Aksum
154:Syria
93:lobed
3502:Ksar
3461:Souq
3382:(or
3247:Sahn
3221:Howz
3183:Fina
3155:Riad
3120:Bagh
3099:Qa’a
3094:Hosh
3078:Iwan
2997:Jali
2813:Dome
2489:ISBN
2462:ISBN
2437:ISBN
2407:ISBN
2380:ISBN
2329:ISBN
2302:ISBN
2277:ISBN
2252:ISBN
2227:ISBN
2175:ISBN
2145:ISBN
2097:ISBN
2070:ISBN
2045:ISBN
2016:ISBN
1989:ISBN
1962:ISBN
1935:ISBN
1908:ISBN
1878:ISBN
1851:ISBN
1823:ISBN
1798:ISBN
1687:ISBN
1645:ISBN
1615:ISBN
1588:ISBN
1543:2018
1512:ISBN
1485:ISBN
1458:ISBN
1431:ISBN
1396:ISSN
1355:ISBN
1323:ISBN
1293:ISBN
1261:ISBN
1234:ISBN
1207:ISBN
1135:ISBN
1103:link
1083:ISBN
1056:ISBN
1020:ISBN
986:ISBN
959:ISBN
932:ISBN
740:and
564:León
441:.
376:The
241:Lugo
188:and
142:Iran
134:Iraq
87:and
75:and
59:and
27:The
1388:doi
1161:doi
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680:Fez
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570:or
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160:at
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