361:
flat on the ground and commenced cautiously eyeing the surrounding country for the enemy. When saw a hat rising from behind a rock about 150 yards away, he drew his pistol and fired on the hat. His enemy fled down the Los
Coyotes creek, down the canyon trail Burnham had been following, with the intent to assume a new ambush. Burnham recognized his enemy as the Indian he had met a short time earlier and he knew that this Indian was carrying a Winchester rifle and had him out-gunned. Burnham left his pack animal, tools, provisions and blankets and quickly fled on his horse down a steep cliff away from the trail and to safety in San Jacinto.
544:, then a French colony that the German Intelligence had infiltrated to support of the rebels. He was sent on a dangerous mission to lead 28 soldiers into the desert, meet with the rebels, and persuade them to make peace with the French. On the way, the group encountered a hostile clan, lost 20 men, exhausted all of their ammunition, and were taken prisoner. All were executed, except Burnham. A sheik elder with the clan had earlier gotten into trouble with the French in Algiers and Burnham had come to his defense, leading to the release of the man. Burnham returned to Algiers alone and was then sent to France.
559:, Burnham assumed his former identity as an American mining engineer and crossed into Germany on the plea of extreme ill-health – his tuberculosis had violently resurfaced. Burnham had spent much time before the war in German spas, and his work for the French intelligence had been classified, so the real reason for his near-death return was not suspected by the authorities. Additionally, he was traveling with large quantities of American gold coins for his treatment and gold was desperately needed in wartime Germany. Nevertheless, Burnham was both searched and closely watched throughout his stay.
574:. From his death bed, Burnham shared his secrets with other intelligence officers and the French government transported his family from England to Cannes. The data Burnham had gathered was convincing: the Germans were not opening a new front in Alps and there was no need to move allied troops away from the Western Front. His dying words he whispered to his surgeon: "Always have I wanted to help pay the debt my country has owed to France. Go back to the front and save the living. I am already dead." He was buried in Cannes beside the tomb of
466:
567:. Due to the high cost of his treatments, $ 500 a month paid in gold, Burnham was a welcome visitor at every resort in Germany. Still, all of his correspondence was reviewed and at the insistence of German authorities he was frequently escorted by one or more nurses and a private secretary. Since he was unable to permanently record his surveys and other findings on paper, he relied on his remarkable memory.
243:
603:
452:
Over the next few years, he lived in
England and South Africa. He gave lectures and contributed a series of articles on mining techniques and the sundry principles underlying the finance of mining enterprises, more especially the "risk rate." In London on November 18, 1903, Burnham married Constance
360:
and less than an hour before the attack he met an Indian with whom he had a conversation in
Spanish. Burnham continued on the trail until he heard a slight report and felt something hit his right leg, and then a second report resulting in a flesh wound to his left leg. He immediately threw himself
432:
to inform the syndicate directors of the situation. He was captured by the
British and held 24 hrs before he could prove that he was an American citizen. When he started back to Johannesburg, he was captured by the Boers, who took him for a British spy. For a time, he was uncertain if he would be
489:
with his brother Fred. In 1908, he and W. A. Wadham of London, England, took a month-long geology and mining trip through Sonora on behalf of
American and English business partners. Negotiations were made for the purchase of four properties: the Batue, Mequite, La Fiera, and another property. He
1147:
Howard
Burnham of this city has been for a year or more the engineer of a gold mine near Johannesburg, South Africa and his wife has been with him. Mrs. Burnham retreated to Cape Town at the start of the Second Boer War, but Howard remained at his post in the mines, protected by his American
37:
368:, a gold mine owned and operated by the Burnham-Clapp family and their Pasadena business partners 1885–1891. He received his professional mining certification from the Pacific Chemical Works of San Francisco, an assay company owned and operated by
511:
began. The final blow to
Burnham-Hammond plans came in 1917 when Mexico passed laws prohibiting the sale of land to foreigners. The Burnham and the Hammond families carried their properties until 1930 and then sold them to the Mexican government.
498:
and into the Sierra Madres to look for good grazing lands and minerals. His brother purchased water rights and some 300 acres (1.2 km) of land in this region and contacted an old friend of the
Burnhams from Africa,
562:
While in
Germany, Burnham applied his engineering skills to converting simple household materials in useful surveying instruments, and he used his wooden leg to conceal these tools when he traveled to places such as
490:
considered the La Fiera to be the best of the lot and a small force of men under the supervision of John
Anderson was put to work there. In 1909, he traveled with Hector Walker of England on a 300-mile journey from
423:
broke out in 1899, Burnham felt he would be protected because of his American citizenship. Initially, he remained at his post in the mines in the Boer Republic, but as a precaution, he sent his wife to
325:
and how to ride the range, and all of this in spite of his wooden leg. A voracious reader with an amazing memory, he enjoyed books on military strategies and tactics and was fascinated by history,
408:), graduating with an S.B. By September 1898, he and his wife were back in Africa and he was working for an English syndicate and supervising over 2,000 miners at the Rosa deep gold mine near
321:, and following the amputation, he had a long convalescence. For those two years, he lived with his brother, who taught him how to shoot, saddle a horse and pack animals, the art of
457:, whom he had met on the ship during their voyage to South Africa. From 1905 until about 1908, Burnham was a non-resident fellow at the Royal Colonial Institute in London.
352:
In 1888, during one of his desert prospecting excursions, Burnham had a shoot-out with an Indian (not Cahuilla). He was on an old trail leading over the mountains between
1638:
428:, then a British colony. But the situation in Johannesburg quickly worsened. The Boers seized the mine and began working it for their own benefit. Burnham traveled to
380:
After the Alvord mine in California was destroyed in a fire, Burnham stayed in California until 1894 to wrap up his family's affairs with the mine and left for the
1663:
1628:
345:), and teaming up at times with solitary prospectors to learn desert prospecting, pocket hunting, and the mysteries of the "great horn spoon" (probably the
481:
While his wife and children stayed in England and France, Burnham returned to North America in 1907 and for the next few years became associated with the
317:. Ill with an injured leg, his brother sent him the money to return to Los Angeles. His leg was removed four inches below the knee. He also suffered from
1223:
1633:
1603:
294:
and a missionary, died when Burnham was only 3, leaving the family destitute. He and his mother, Rebecca (Elizabeth) Russell Burnham, originally from
1653:
618:, the first American ancestor of a large number of Burnhams. The descendants of Thomas Burnham have been noted in every American war, including the
1643:
1618:
1608:
548:
404:. In 1895, he married his first wife Margaret. He returned to the United States and from 1896 to 1898 attended the Michigan Mining School (now
433:
shot or hanged. He wired his family for funds to help get him out of his predicament. Only weeks earlier, his brother had been prospecting in
1623:
445:
requesting his assistance in the war – Fred left for Africa within the hour. Fred Burnham had just been appointed Chief of Scouts for the
388:. He soon found work as a mining engineer and was in charge of the assay laboratory and smelting room at the Langlaagte Royal Mine in the
987:
Henry Garber Hanks State Mineralogist 1880–1886. Hanks started his own assaying company, Pacific Chemical Works, while in San Francisco.
442:
1658:
1613:
570:
Burnham became very ill and was allowed to return to Switzerland for his health. The French government quickly transported Burnham to
1563:
1536:
1517:
1388:
1174:
936:
849:
795:
727:
405:
112:
1406:
Mather Howard Burnham U.S. passport application affidavit/identifying documents, U.S. consulate, Barcelona, Spain, 26 February 1915
579:
412:. While in the Transvaal, Burnham was a chief chemist, an engineer, and an assistant inspector for mines, and he wrote a textbook:
503:, who conducted his own studies and then purchased an additional 900,000 acres (3,600 km) of this land—an area the size of
1648:
454:
970:
958:
certification to assay gold, silver, lead, tin, and mercury, and the determination of minerals and the use of blacopipe.
364:
For the next few years, Burnham studied mining and worked on and off in the California desert as mining engineer at the
1593:
474:
409:
210:(May 27, 1870 – May 4, 1917), was an American who went by the name of Howard; his brother was the celebrated scout
1030:
818:
757:
715:
470:
429:
211:
551:
then sent Burnham across enemy lines as a spy to discover if the Germans were preparing a new front through the
1100:
Application for emergency passport, U.S. Consulate at Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa, 29 September 1899
1023:"Nearly Hanged on charge of spying; Unpleasant predicament of Howard Burnham, a Californian, in South Africa".
634:
342:
1243:
1264:
Marriage certificate, from Holly Trinity Church, Brompton Parish, London, 18th November 1903, column no. 118
1197:
1134:
1059:
872:
813:
425:
357:
267:
742:
Report of Death of American Citizens Abroad, no. 554, dated May 11, 1917, American Consulate, Nice, France.
533:
449:
and was en route to South Africa via England, but he was still too distant to provide any immediate help.
389:
381:
310:, but his brother Fred, then 12, stayed in California to repay the family debts and to make his own way.
1598:
1316:
619:
615:
279:
271:
17:
1588:
1583:
575:
495:
346:
223:
1345:
786:(1981). "Chapter 8. The Making of a Hero: Burnham in the Tonto Basin". In Boddington, Craig (ed.).
283:
162:
1468:
Burnham, M. H. (1904). "Treatment of Telluride Ores by Dry Crushing and Roasting at Kalgoorlie".
1025:
653:
591:
508:
438:
369:
365:
275:
263:
65:
999:
John Flemming (April 1903). "The extraction of gold from cyanide house slimes by a wet method".
234:. He had a wooden leg which he used to conceal tools for spying when he was behind enemy lines.
507:. Just as the irrigation and mining projects were nearing completion in 1912, a long series of
1559:
1532:
1513:
1494:
1477:
1456:
1420:
1384:
1372:
1354:
1304:
1235:
1201:
1192:
1170:
1138:
1129:
1063:
1054:
1034:
932:
876:
867:
845:
822:
791:
765:
723:
583:
500:
393:
541:
537:
491:
36:
1350:
1329:
664:
587:
529:
420:
401:
215:
122:
1507:
1164:
1081:"Railway And Other Companies: Northern Territories (B.S.A.) Exploring Company Limited".
1377:
611:
571:
1577:
1219:
953:
670:
397:
314:
181:
84:
536:, the U.S. Secretary of State. He immediately left Mexico for France and stopped in
465:
897:
504:
446:
334:
318:
291:
606:
Frederick Russell Burnham, M. Howard Burnham, Connie Burnham, and baby Fred, c1904
392:. In 1895, he was preparing to accompany his brother in a massive expedition into
1529:
An American family on the African frontier: the Burnham family letters, 1893–1896
929:
An American family on the African frontier: the Burnham family letters, 1893–1896
564:
556:
521:
482:
295:
242:
219:
195:
1113:. Houghton, Michigan: Published by the College. August 1898. pp. 175, 179.
396:
when he took ill and was forced to leave for Europe to recuperate. He left for
674:
330:
322:
251:
1498:
1481:
1460:
1358:
1308:
1239:
1205:
1142:
1067:
1038:
880:
826:
1083:
783:
630:
299:
259:
61:
1424:
974:
769:
638:
385:
338:
287:
602:
678:
660:
649:
642:
326:
303:
525:
486:
434:
400:
accompanied by his nephew Roderick, and the two of them then went to
231:
185:
1190:"Southern California by Towns and Counties; A Pasadenan in Africa".
1447:
Burnham, M. H. (1901). "Continuous Section System Mine Sampling".
601:
464:
353:
255:
241:
811:"Indian Raiders: Southern California not yet exempt from them".
552:
307:
1001:
Journal of the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy
1127:"Southern California by Towns and Counties; In South Africa".
227:
126:
844:. Victoria, Canada: Trafford Publishing. pp. 38, 168.
1470:
Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy
1449:
Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy
384:
as soon as he could to join his brother Fred already in
337:
to lower California, living among and learning from the
669:
Katherine "Kitty" Burnham (October 9, 1911 – 1999), b.
532:
as a suspected spy, and was released with the help of
453:
Newton, then a young school teacher and an heiress to
1111:
Catalog of the Michigan College of Mines (1896-1898)
885:
Howard Burnham will return to the Alvord mine today.
788:
America – The Men and Their Guns That Made Her Great
1291:
1289:
1122:
1120:
191:
177:
157:
149:
132:
118:
108:
100:
92:
73:
46:
27:
1543:Some Burnham correspondence between 1893 and 1896.
1376:
1018:
1016:
1014:
648:Thomas Chambers Burnham (May 14, 1906 – 2004), b.
971:"California Geological Survey – State Geologists"
629:Frederick Newton Burnham (Aug 25, 1904–1959), b.
1489:Burnham, M. H. (June 1911). "Financing a Mine".
1052:"Southern California News; Pasadena Brevities".
931:. Niwot, Colorado: Roberts Rinehart. p. 7.
578:, another American, to honor the French Admiral
214:. He traveled the world, frequently worked as a
922:
920:
918:
916:
914:
372:, the first State Mineralogist for California.
1419:. New York: International News Service. 1915.
1527:Bradford, Mary E; Richard H Bradford (1993).
1417:Press Reference Library: Notables of the West
1402:
1400:
1096:
1094:
952:"Pacific Chemical Works mining certificate".
927:Bradford, Mary E; Richard H Bradford (1993).
8:
1512:. London, C. Griffin and Company, limited.
1276:Proceedings of the Royal Colonial Institute
1169:. London, C. Griffin and Company, limited.
270:. He was named after his cousin Lieutenant
790:. Petersen Publishing Co. pp. 77–91.
752:
750:
748:
35:
24:
710:
708:
706:
704:
702:
700:
698:
696:
694:
333:, and mining. He roamed the deserts from
1639:Michigan Technological University alumni
1570:. Chapter XXXI is on M. Howard Burnham.
637:(now the Territory of South Africa). d.
278:officer who was killed in action in the
690:
659:Mary Burnham (May 29, 1909 – 1987), b.
1383:. Farrar & Rinehart. p. 565.
1379:The Autobiography of John Hays Hammond
1325:
1314:
1531:. Niwot, Colorado: Roberts Rinehart.
524:, Burnham worked in intelligence for
7:
1664:19th-century American businesspeople
1629:American expatriates in South Africa
528:. In 1914, he was incarcerated near
1554:Burnham, Frederick Russell (1944).
1343:"Plan Extended Horseback Journal".
494:into Mexico, and then east through
266:), just before his family moved to
14:
764:. Doubleday, Page & company.
441:when he received a telegram from
406:Michigan Technological University
113:Michigan Technological University
1634:American expatriates in Zimbabwe
1604:People from Pasadena, California
1353:. 11 September 1909. p. 1.
1200:. 17 January 1900. p. I15.
1137:. 18 November 1899. p. 15.
313:At 14, Burnham was in school in
306:, left to live with an Uncle in
16:For the Union Army officer, see
1654:19th-century American engineers
875:. 8 September 1891. p. 7.
246:Rebecca Russell Burnham, mother
1644:American expatriates in Mexico
1619:South African mining engineers
1609:American mining businesspeople
1224:"Taking Sides in the Boer War"
1033:. 17 January 1900. p. 2.
580:François Joseph Paul de Grasse
455:Newton, Chambers & Company
341:Indians of Agua Caliente (now
258:Indian reservation in Tivoli,
1:
1624:World War I spies for France
1297:Mining and Engineering World
610:Burnham was a descendant of
555:. Traveling through neutral
1506:Burnham, M. Howard (1912).
1062:. 8 June 1895. p. 11.
821:. 25 June 1888. p. 8.
1680:
1228:American Heritage Magazine
762:Scouting on Two Continents
758:Burnham, Frederick Russell
716:Burnham, Frederick Russell
586:to force the surrender of
410:Johannesburg, South Africa
15:
1659:Engineers from California
1614:American mining engineers
1031:San Francisco, California
819:San Francisco, California
471:Frederick Russell Burnham
430:East London, South Africa
376:South Africa and Rhodesia
212:Frederick Russell Burnham
201:
170:
142:Constance Newton (Connie)
34:
842:Burnham: Chief of Scouts
840:van Wyke, Peter (2003).
722:. Haynes Corp. 217–232.
635:Republic of South Africa
582:whose fleet had enabled
343:Palm Springs, California
282:. His father, the Rev.
1198:Los Angeles, California
1135:Los Angeles, California
1087:(35824): 3. 9 May 1899.
1060:Los Angeles, California
873:Los Angeles, California
814:San Francisco Chronicle
426:Cape Town, South Africa
274:, a United States Army
268:Los Angeles, California
166:Rebecca Russell Burnham
96:New York City, New York
41:M. Howard Burnham, 1915
865:"Pasadena; Personal".
625:He had four children:
607:
534:William Jennings Bryan
485:irrigation project in
478:
386:Bulawayo, Matabeleland
382:South African Republic
250:Burnham was born to a
247:
230:for the government of
1649:Cape Colony engineers
1509:Modern Mine Valuation
1303:: 110. 18 July 1908.
1166:Modern Mine Valuation
620:French and Indian War
616:Hartford, Connecticut
605:
516:World War I Espionage
468:
414:Modern Mine Valuation
280:Battle of Chickamauga
272:Howard Mather Burnham
245:
208:Mather Howard Burnham
29:Mather Howard Burnham
18:Howard Mather Burnham
576:A. Kingsley Macomber
347:California Gold Rush
224:intelligence officer
1346:Bisbee Daily Review
1274:"List of Fellows".
549:French intelligence
509:Mexican revolutions
284:Edwin Otway Burnham
163:Edwin Otway Burnham
1594:American explorers
1161:Burnham, M. Howard
1026:San Francisco Call
654:Key Largo, Florida
608:
592:Yorktown, Virginia
479:
439:Klondike Gold Rush
370:Henry Garber Hanks
248:
192:Service years
172:Espionage activity
1373:John Hays Hammond
1324:Missing or empty
1246:on 7 January 2009
1193:Los Angeles Times
1130:Los Angeles Times
1055:Los Angeles Times
868:Los Angeles Times
584:George Washington
501:John Hays Hammond
394:Northern Rhodesia
205:
204:
1671:
1569:
1542:
1523:
1502:
1485:
1464:
1429:
1428:
1413:
1407:
1404:
1395:
1394:
1382:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1327:
1322:
1320:
1312:
1293:
1284:
1283:
1271:
1265:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1242:. Archived from
1216:
1210:
1209:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1124:
1115:
1114:
1107:
1101:
1098:
1089:
1088:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1020:
1009:
1008:
996:
990:
989:
984:
982:
977:on 30 April 2009
973:. Archived from
967:
961:
960:
949:
943:
942:
924:
909:
908:
906:
904:
894:
888:
887:
862:
856:
855:
837:
831:
830:
808:
802:
801:
780:
774:
773:
754:
743:
740:
734:
733:
712:
542:Algiers, Algeria
538:Barcelona, Spain
492:Phoenix, Arizona
80:
68:), United States
56:
54:
39:
25:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1574:
1573:
1566:
1553:
1550:
1539:
1526:
1520:
1505:
1491:Mining Magazine
1488:
1467:
1446:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1432:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1398:
1391:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1351:Bisbee, Arizona
1342:
1341:
1337:
1323:
1313:
1295:
1294:
1287:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1249:
1247:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1177:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1126:
1125:
1118:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1092:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1022:
1021:
1012:
998:
997:
993:
980:
978:
969:
968:
964:
956:. 7 July 1890.
951:
950:
946:
939:
926:
925:
912:
902:
900:
896:
895:
891:
864:
863:
859:
852:
839:
838:
834:
810:
809:
805:
798:
782:
781:
777:
756:
755:
746:
741:
737:
730:
714:
713:
692:
687:
665:London, England
614:(1617–1688) of
600:
588:Lord Cornwallis
530:Tampico, Mexico
518:
463:
421:Second Boer War
402:London, England
378:
240:
222:, he became an
216:mining engineer
165:
145:
123:Mining engineer
109:Alma mater
88:
82:
78:
69:
58:
52:
50:
42:
30:
21:
12:
11:
5:
1677:
1675:
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1636:
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1626:
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1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1564:
1556:Taking Chances
1549:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1537:
1524:
1518:
1503:
1486:
1465:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1408:
1396:
1389:
1364:
1335:
1285:
1266:
1257:
1222:(March 1976).
1211:
1182:
1175:
1152:
1116:
1102:
1090:
1073:
1044:
1010:
991:
962:
944:
937:
910:
889:
857:
850:
832:
803:
796:
775:
744:
735:
728:
720:Taking Chances
689:
688:
686:
683:
682:
681:
667:
657:
646:
612:Thomas Burnham
599:
596:
572:Cannes, France
540:on his way to
517:
514:
462:
459:
377:
374:
290:, a long time
239:
236:
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98:
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90:
89:
83:
81:(aged 46)
75:
71:
70:
59:
48:
44:
43:
40:
32:
31:
28:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1600:
1597:
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1579:
1567:
1565:1-879356-32-5
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1557:
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1547:
1540:
1538:1-879373-66-1
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1317:cite journal
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93:Burial place
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1589:1918 deaths
1584:1870 births
1548:Biographies
1455:: 204–218.
565:Bad Nauheim
557:Switzerland
522:World War I
483:Yaqui River
437:during the
366:Alvord mine
358:San Jacinto
296:Westminster
220:World War I
196:World War I
101:Nationality
77:May 4, 1917
1578:Categories
1558:. Haynes.
1250:1 February
981:1 February
903:1 February
784:Lott, Jack
685:References
675:California
331:metallurgy
323:scoutcraft
252:missionary
238:Early life
178:Allegiance
53:1870-05-27
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1482:0371-7836
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547:In 1917,
496:Chihuahua
477:, brother
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300:Middlesex
276:Civil War
260:Minnesota
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256:Sioux
1560:ISBN
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