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be resold to help them financially, and he gave the scientists copies of scientific journals, which had been banned by the KGB. On one occasion, Howard Temin gave a lecture to some of the Jewish Soviet scientists in someone's home. The next morning, almost all of scientists that had attended the lecture were arrested. After they were released, Temin tape-recorded one of the scientist's account of the event and gave the tape to newspapers in the United States so that the situation that Jewish scientists were facing would be publicized.
501:. Many highly respected scientists disregarded his work and declared it impossible. Despite the lack of support from the scientific community, Temin continued to search for evidence to support his idea. In 1969, Temin and a postdoctoral fellow, Satoshi Mizutani, began searching for the enzyme that was responsible for the phenomenon of viral RNA being transferred into proviral DNA. Later that year, Temin showed that certain tumor viruses carried the enzymatic ability to reverse the flow of information from RNA back to DNA using
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51:
357:, told his parents that Temin was "unquestionably the finest scientist of the fifty-seven students who have attended the program since the beginning...I can't help but feel this boy is destined to become a really great man in the field of science." Temin said that his experience at Jackson's Laboratory is what originally interested him in science.
415:, a tumor-causing virus that infects chickens. During his research on the virus, he observed that mutations in the virus yielded alterations in the structural characteristics of the infected cell – thus, integration into the cell's genome was occurring. As part of his doctoral thesis, Temin stated that the
608:
that were targeted by the KGB, the secret police in the Soviet Union. The Jewish Soviet scientists had been stripped of their jobs and oppressed after requesting visas to emigrate to Israel. Temin made it his mission to personally visit the scientists and their families. He gave them gifts that could
442:
together, Temin stated that he was "supremely self-confident". When he first arrived in
Madison in 1960, he found an unprepared laboratory in the basement of a rundown building with an office that could be considered a closet. Until a more suitable laboratory could be prepared, he continued his
364:, the family donated money that would have been spent on the party to a local camp for displaced persons. Temin was also the valedictorian of his class and he devoted his speech to relevant issues at the time including the recent hydrogen bomb activity and the news of sending a man to the moon.
603:
in 1975, Temin went from a rebel in the scientific community to a highly respected researcher. Temin began receiving international recognition for his work, and used his newly acquired fame to improve the world. An example of this was in
October 1976; Temin helped scientists in the
624:, saying he was "outraged that one major measure available to prevent much cancer, namely the cessation of smoking, had not been more widely adopted". He had also insisted that the ashtray located on the laureates' table be removed.
434:; a position that had been hard to fill because, at the time, virology was not considered pertinent to cancer research. Even though Temin knew he would be completely independent in Madison, because of the lack of research involving
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635:(NIH) and a member of the human gene therapy subgroup of the recombinant DNA advisory committee. He was also a member of the National Cancer Advisory Board, and the chairman of the AIDS subcommittee. At the
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631:, Temin also became more active in the scientific community outside of research. He was involved in over 14 scientific journals. In 1979, he became an advisory member for the director of the
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act on the genetic material of the cell through reverse transcription was revolutionary. This upset the widely held belief at the time of a popularized version of the "Central Dogma" of
493:). Crick had claimed only that sequence information cannot flow out of protein into DNA or RNA, but he was commonly interpreted as saying that information flows exclusively from DNA to
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has "some kind of close relationship with the genome of the infected cell". Following receiving his doctorate, Temin continued to work in
Dulbecco's lab as a postdoctoral fellow.
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Following winning the Nobel Prize, Temin focused his research mainly on studying the viral sequences that control the packaging of viral RNA, developing a new vaccine for
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Temin, Howard M. "Oral
History Project: Howard M. Temin." Interview. 1993. 1–22. Oral History Program, Archives, Steenbock Library, University of Wisconsin – Madison.
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Temin's parents raised their family to have values associated with social justice and independent thinking, which was evident throughout his life. For Temin's
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1191:"Temin loses his audience to KGB." The Capital Times. December 16, 1976. Howard Temin Papers, Archives, Steenbock Library, University of Wisconsin – Madison.
458:, which inhibits the expression of DNA, he determined that the provirus was DNA or was located on the cell's DNA. These results implied that the infecting
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639:(NIAID), he was the chairman of a genetic variation advisory panel on the development of AIDS, and was a member of vaccine advisory board. In the
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While studying the Rous sarcoma virus at UW-Madison, Temin began to refer to the genetic material that the virus introduced to the cells, the "
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The discovery of reverse transcriptase is one of the most important of the modern era of medicine, as reverse transcriptase is the central
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447:. Later that year, he returned to Madison, continued his RSV research in his own lab, and began his position as an assistant professor.
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647:(IOM)/NAS committee for national strategy for public policy issues associated with AIDS. The last committee Temin served on was the
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540:. Reverse transcriptase is also an important component of several important techniques in molecular biology, such as the
643:(NAS), he was a member of the Waksman Award committee and report review committee. In 1986, Temin became a member of the
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670:, on February 9, 1994. He was survived by his wife Rayla, a geneticist at UW-Madison, two daughters, and two brothers,
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Harman, Oren S., and
Michael R. Dietrich. Rebels, Mavericks, and Heretics in Biology. New Haven: Yale UP, 2009. Print.
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of
Physiology or Medicine. Both scientists completed their initial work with RNA-dependent DNA polymerase with the
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505:. Reverse transcriptase was also independently and simultaneously discovered in association with the
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Temin HM, Mizutani S (June 1970). "RNA-dependent DNA polymerase in virions of Rous sarcoma virus".
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parents, Annette (Lehman), an activist, and Henry Temin, an attorney. As a high school student at
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Temin Howard M (1963). "The
Effects of Actinomycin D. on Growth of Rous Sarcoma Virus in vitro".
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from King Carl Gustav of Sweden; Temin addressed the smokers in the audience, which included the
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Bill Sugden, "Howard M. Temin", Biographical
Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences (2001)
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960:"Homology Between Rna from Rous Sarcoma Virous and Dna from Rous Sarcoma Virus-Infected Cells"
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Baltimore D (June 1970). "RNA-dependent DNA polymerase in virions of RNA tumour viruses".
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was somehow generating complementary double-stranded DNA. Temin's description of how
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Temin's first exposure to experimental science was during his time at the
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2459:
451:
439:
435:
411:, a postdoctoral fellow in Dulbecco's lab. In the lab, Temin studied the
238:
233:
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372:
1038:
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258:
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Temin taught and conducted research at UW-Madison until he died of
466:
463:
407:. He became interested Dulbecco's lab after a chance run-in with
8014:
Recipients of the Albert Lasker Award for Basic
Medical Research
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612:
Another example of Temin trying to improve the world was at the
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at Caltech, but after about a year and a half, he switched to
375:
in the honors program. He received his doctorate degree in
265:
The interaction of Rous sarcoma virus and cells in vitro
591:, and studying the mechanisms of retroviral variation.
582:
Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1988
915:
Temin Howard M (1972). "RNA-Directed DNA Synthesis".
637:
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
718:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
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5395:
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713:"Howard M. Temin. 10 December 1934-9 February 1994"
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443:research with RSV at a friend's laboratory at the
674:, also an academic, and Michael Temin, a lawyer.
395:as a graduate student in laboratory of Professor
5386:Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences
556:, co-author of the most-cited book of all time.
552:Temin has mentored some PhD students, including
481:, one of the co-discoverers of the structure of
654:In 1981, Temin became a founding member of the
542:reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
8029:Founding members of the World Cultural Council
294:(December 10, 1934 – February 9, 1994) was an
8044:Members of the American Philosophical Society
7350:
6828:
3071:
2804:
1261:
1101:. Understanding Cancer Immunotherapy Research
532:in several widespread viral diseases such as
8:
8039:Members of the National Academy of Medicine
1171:"Fellowship of the Royal Society 1660–2015"
7357:
7343:
7335:
6835:
6821:
6813:
5922:
5911:
5392:
5381:
4802:
4791:
4316:
4305:
3372:
3361:
3108:
3097:
3078:
3064:
3056:
2811:
2797:
2789:
1268:
1254:
1246:
1238:
808:
703:
701:
699:
517:. In 1975, Baltimore and Temin shared the
49:
38:
8034:Central High School (Philadelphia) alumni
7999:California Institute of Technology alumni
7964:Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
993:
983:
730:
367:Temin received a bachelor's degree from
345:in Philadelphia, he participated in the
8004:University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty
3087:United States National Medal of Science
1125:American Academy of Arts & Sciences
695:
866:
864:
862:
860:
858:
856:
854:
844:
842:
840:
838:
836:
834:
832:
830:
424:McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research
1281:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
566:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
515:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
315:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
200:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
7:
8009:Foreign members of the Royal Society
7974:Deaths from lung cancer in Wisconsin
6854:Paul-Lewis Award in Enzyme Chemistry
7989:National Medal of Science laureates
1068:Judson, Horace (October 20, 2003).
576:(1978). In 1992 Temin received the
393:California Institute of Technology
381:California Institute of Technology
126:California Institute of Technology
25:
937:10.1038/scientificamerican0172-24
371:in 1955 majoring and minoring in
6844:Pfizer Award in Enzyme Chemistry
595:Life and career post-Nobel Prize
192:Pfizer Award in Enzyme Chemistry
27:20th-century American geneticist
616:reception. After receiving the
428:University of Wisconsin–Madison
353:. The director of the program,
313:, for which he shared the 1975
311:University of Wisconsin–Madison
252:University of Wisconsin–Madison
158:
684:List of Jewish Nobel laureates
574:American Philosophical Society
184:NAS Award in Molecular Biology
1:
3102:Behavioral and social science
349:'s Summer Student Program in
1070:"No Nobel Prize for Whining"
894:10.1016/0042-6822(63)90282-4
641:National Academy of Sciences
633:National Institute of Health
570:National Academy of Sciences
30:For the British doctor, see
2373:Christiane NĂĽsslein-Volhard
544:, and diagnostic medicine.
399:. Temin originally studied
8060:
8019:Jewish American scientists
5990:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
2840:(United Kingdom/Australia)
813:, accessed 11 October 2020
568:(1973), the United States
564:Temin was a member of the
335:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
79:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
29:
7994:Swarthmore College alumni
7373:
6860:
6850:
5921:
5910:
5391:
5380:
4965:William Hayward Pickering
4801:
4790:
4315:
4304:
3371:
3360:
3107:
3096:
2983:
1570:Charles Scott Sherrington
1546:Frederick Gowland Hopkins
649:World Health Organization
578:National Medal of Science
454:". Using the antibiotic,
285:
219:
48:
7969:American Nobel laureates
7365:Founding members of the
6414:Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.
5860:S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan
3491:Burrhus Frederic Skinner
2560:Françoise Barré-Sinoussi
329:Early life and education
7426:André Frédéric Cournand
7305:Mohammad Seyedsayamdost
7221:Wilfred A. van der Donk
5725:Cathleen Synge Morawetz
3643:George Ledyard Stebbins
3564:James Augustine Shannon
7367:World Cultural Council
6182:Joseph O. Hirschfelder
6169:Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer
5125:Harry George Drickamer
5071:Hans Wolfgang Liepmann
4745:M. Frederick Hawthorne
4619:John D. Baldeschwieler
3859:Daniel E. Koshland Jr.
3541:Earl W. Sutherland Jr.
2989:Nobel Prize recipients
2929:Physiology or Medicine
1341:Santiago RamĂłn y Cajal
1206:World Cultural Council
823:Homage to Howard Temin
732:10.1098/rsbm.1995.0028
656:World Cultural Council
580:. Temin was elected a
445:University of Illinois
7682:Marshall W. Nirenberg
7677:William A. Nierenberg
7637:Vernon B. Mountcastle
7446:Jean-François Denisse
7378:Christian B. Anfinsen
7191:David W. Christianson
7037:Michael J. Chamberlin
6773:Sylvester James Gates
6159:William Alfred Fowler
6141:Robert Rathbun Wilson
5954:Robert Burns Woodward
4766:Geraldine L. Richmond
4514:Howard E. Simmons Jr.
3797:Rosalyn Sussman Yalow
3726:Vernon B. Mountcastle
3582:Sterling B. Hendricks
3399:Marshall W. Nirenberg
3394:Theodosius Dobzhansky
3242:William Julius Wilson
1842:Dickinson W. Richards
1526:Julius Wagner-Jauregg
1121:"Howard Martin Temin"
985:10.1073/pnas.52.2.323
958:Temin, H. M. (1964).
645:Institute of Medicine
507:murine leukemia virus
503:reverse transcriptase
430:recruited Temin as a
307:reverse transcriptase
140:Reverse transcriptase
7979:American geneticists
7777:William G. Schneider
7772:Menahem Max Schiffer
7756:Hakim Muhammad Saeed
7730:Chintamani N. R. Rao
7468:Jacques-Émile Dubois
7209:Karin Musier-Forsyth
7025:Ekkehard K. F. Bautz
6979:Frederic M. Richards
6744:Warren M. Washington
6708:Fay Ajzenberg-Selove
6617:Jeremiah P. Ostriker
6562:Martin Schwarzschild
6343:Solomon J. Buchsbaum
6335:J. Robert Schrieffer
6305:E. Margaret Burbidge
6149:Nicolaas Bloembergen
6126:Arie Jan Haagen-Smit
6005:Vladimir K. Zworykin
5757:John Griggs Thompson
5680:Martin David Kruskal
5520:Kurt Otto Friedrichs
4993:Erwin Wilhelm MĂĽller
4947:Ralph Brazelton Peck
4902:Jack St. Clair Kilby
4829:John Robinson Pierce
4796:Engineering sciences
4727:Jacqueline K. Barton
4582:George M. Whitesides
4501:Dudley R. Herschbach
4439:Richard B. Bernstein
4408:Walter H. Stockmayer
3956:Elizabeth F. Neufeld
3887:G. Evelyn Hutchinson
3777:Stanley Norman Cohen
3764:Rita Levi-Montalcini
3600:Keith Roberts Porter
3463:Alfred H. Sturtevant
3458:Michael Heidelberger
3430:Fritz Albert Lipmann
2265:Rita Levi-Montalcini
1626:Albert Szent-Györgyi
1181:on October 15, 2015.
1150:search.amphilsoc.org
1146:"APS Member History"
599:After receiving the
309:in the 1970s at the
7710:Comlan A. A. Quenum
7672:Bernhard H. Neumann
7569:Vassos Karageorghis
7506:José Rafael Estrada
7434:Eduardo de Robertis
7071:Frederik C. Hartman
7059:Stephen J. Benkovic
7053:Joseph L. Goldstein
6955:Frank M. Huennekens
6931:G. Robert Greenberg
6901:Bernard L. Horecker
6877:Albert L. Lehninger
6794:Shirley Ann Jackson
6713:Charles P. Slichter
6557:Marshall Rosenbluth
6549:Wallace S. Broecker
6502:Eugene M. Shoemaker
6263:Victor F. Weisskopf
6210:Herbert S. Gutowsky
6192:Edgar Bright Wilson
6033:George Kistiakowsky
5651:Stephen Cole Kleene
5162:George H. Heilmeier
5149:Mildred Dresselhaus
5040:Edward H. Heinemann
4970:Frederick E. Terman
4934:Richard T. Whitcomb
4855:Clarence L. Johnson
4816:Theodore von Kármán
4703:Stephen J. Benkovic
4682:Mostafa A. El-Sayed
4669:Marvin H. Caruthers
4624:Ralph F. Hirschmann
4564:Darleane C. Hoffman
4454:Harden M. McConnell
4395:Frank H. Westheimer
4207:Stanley B. Prusiner
4171:Robert J. Lefkowitz
3930:Howard Martin Temin
3787:Maurice R. Hilleman
3782:Joseph L. Goldstein
3721:Donald A. Henderson
3638:Earl Reece Stadtman
3623:Elizabeth C. Crosby
3587:Orville Alvin Vogel
3417:Donald D. Van Slyke
3366:Biological sciences
2949:Howard Martin Temin
2657:William C. Campbell
2568:Elizabeth Blackburn
2405:Robert F. Furchgott
2397:Stanley B. Prusiner
2389:Rolf M. Zinkernagel
2289:George H. Hitchings
2253:Joseph L. Goldstein
2213:Bengt I. Samuelsson
2042:Earl Sutherland Jr.
1031:1970Natur.226.1209B
976:1964PNAS...52..323T
929:1972SciAm.226a..24T
917:Scientific American
805:Howard Martin Temin
768:1970Natur.226.1211T
387:Career and research
343:Central High School
292:Howard Martin Temin
65:Howard Martin Temin
7903:Eugene van Tamelen
7892:Jean L. F. Tricart
7882:Jan Peter Toennies
7868:Peter C. Thonemann
7830:Heikki Suomalainen
7768:Stuart J. Saunders
7746:Stanley K. Runcorn
7742:Abraham J. A. Roux
7720:G. N. Ramachandran
7657:Jayant V. Narlikar
7652:Ilie G. Murgulescu
7642:Robert S. Mulliken
7601:William D. McElroy
7443:Guy Blaudin de Thé
7401:Christiaan Barnard
7131:Kenneth A. Johnson
7089:Richard R. Burgess
6973:Marshall Nirenberg
6961:Jack L. Strominger
6666:G. Brent Dalrymple
6484:Arthur L. Schawlow
6391:James A. Van Allen
6282:Philip W. Anderson
6238:Richard P. Feynman
6164:Linus Carl Pauling
5799:Dennis P. Sullivan
5356:John B. Goodenough
5289:Edwin N. Lightfoot
5257:Yuan-Cheng B. Fung
5238:Kenneth N. Stevens
5006:Raymond D. Mindlin
4929:Harold E. Edgerton
4774:A. Paul Alivisatos
4653:Stephen J. Lippard
4632:Ernest R. Davidson
4569:Harold S. Johnston
4403:William S. Johnson
4367:George C. Pimentel
4202:Susan L. Lindquist
4184:Francis S. Collins
4078:Victor A. McKusick
4053:Francisco J. Ayala
4035:Nancy C. Andreasen
3985:Robert A. Weinberg
3759:Har Gobind Khorana
3744:Michael E. DeBakey
3731:George Emil Palade
3703:Wendell L. Roelofs
3693:Howard L. Bachrach
3523:Barbara McClintock
3425:Edward F. Knipling
2968:Leonid Kantorovich
2717:William Kaelin Jr.
2713:Peter J. Ratcliffe
2456:Leland H. Hartwell
2345:Richard J. Roberts
2225:Barbara McClintock
2169:Godfrey Hounsfield
2070:Nikolaas Tinbergen
2002:Marshall Nirenberg
1970:Charles B. Huggins
1759:Tadeusz Reichstein
1747:AntĂłnio Egas Moniz
1542:Christiaan Eijkman
1237:on Nobelprize.org
807:on Nobelprize.org
651:Advisory Council.
627:After winning the
523:Rous sarcoma virus
460:Rous sarcoma virus
417:Rous Sarcoma Virus
413:Rous sarcoma virus
369:Swarthmore College
347:Jackson Laboratory
333:Temin was born in
121:Swarthmore College
97:Madison, Wisconsin
7984:Jewish biologists
7941:
7940:
7918:William J. Whelan
7877:Alexander R. Todd
7872:Phillip V. Tobias
7826:Frederick Stewart
7796:Leonard T. Skeggs
7622:Desmond J. Morris
7589:Georges B. Koelle
7556:Adrian Kantrowitz
7551:Reginald V. Jones
7533:Alfred D. Hershey
7503:Kenneth O. Emergy
7449:Venancio Deulofeu
7439:Cornelis de Jager
7332:
7331:
7227:Nicole S. Sampson
7173:P. Andrew Karplus
7101:Robert T.N. Tjian
7043:Malcolm L. Gefter
7013:Herbert Weissbach
7007:Robert T. Schimke
7001:William J. Rutter
6937:Eugene P. Kennedy
6810:
6809:
6806:
6805:
6802:
6801:
6739:Esther M. Conwell
6679:Robert N. Clayton
6671:Riccardo Giacconi
6635:Raymond Davis Jr.
6523:Albert Overhauser
6466:Edwin M. McMillan
6427:Arnold O. Beckman
6404:Paul Ching-Wu Chu
6381:Paul C. Lauterbur
6358:Robert Hofstadter
6310:Maurice Goldhaber
6297:Charles H. Townes
6248:Edward M. Purcell
6215:Frederick Rossini
6069:Wolfgang Panofsky
6000:John H. Van Vleck
5916:Physical sciences
5906:
5905:
5902:
5901:
5868:Solomon W. Golomb
5828:Andrew J. Viterbi
5823:Leonard Kleinrock
5770:Calyampudi R. Rao
5738:Ronald R. Coifman
5646:George F. Carrier
5627:Donald C. Spencer
5622:Saunders Mac Lane
5557:Marshall H. Stone
5507:Shiing-Shen Chern
5414:Solomon Lefschetz
5376:
5375:
5372:
5371:
5313:David J. Wineland
5281:John M. Prausnitz
5222:C. Kumar N. Patel
5217:James L. Flanagan
5185:John Roy Whinnery
5172:H. Guyford Stever
5154:Nick Holonyak Jr.
5117:George W. Housner
5112:Willis M. Hawkins
5107:Daniel C. Drucker
5089:Robert Byron Bird
5081:Bernard M. Oliver
4988:Peter C. Goldmark
4975:Wernher von Braun
4921:George E. Mueller
4894:Nathan M. Newmark
4889:J. Presper Eckert
4868:Claude E. Shannon
4837:Charles S. Draper
4786:
4785:
4782:
4781:
4753:Judith P. Klinman
4637:Gábor A. Somorjai
4548:Isabella L. Karle
4535:George S. Hammond
4496:Gertrude B. Elion
4449:Rudolph A. Marcus
4300:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4226:Ralph L. Brinster
4145:Torsten N. Wiesel
4122:Norman E. Borlaug
4109:Solomon H. Snyder
4104:J. Michael Bishop
4063:Mario R. Capecchi
3943:Salome G. Waelsch
3874:E. Donnall Thomas
3749:Theodor O. Diener
3648:Paul Alfred Weiss
3476:Bernard B. Brodie
3412:George G. Simpson
3356:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3301:Michael I. Posner
3202:Eleanor J. Gibson
3154:George J. Stigler
3122:Neal Elgar Miller
3053:
3052:
2974:Tjalling Koopmans
2960:Economic Sciences
2912:Ben Roy Mottelson
2786:
2785:
2751:Ardem Patapoutian
2600:Ralph M. Steinman
2596:Jules A. Hoffmann
2584:Robert G. Edwards
2552:Harald zur Hausen
2476:H. Robert Horvitz
2377:Eric F. Wieschaus
2313:E. Donnall Thomas
2297:J. Michael Bishop
2285:Gertrude B. Elion
2157:Hamilton O. Smith
2082:Christian de Duve
1818:Frederick Robbins
1695:Alexander Fleming
1634:Corneille Heymans
1480:Frederick Banting
1385:Allvar Gullstrand
1039:10.1038/2261209a0
1025:(5252): 1209–11.
776:10.1038/2261211a0
560:Awards and honors
554:Edward F. Fritsch
491:Rosalind Franklin
471:molecular biology
351:Bar Harbor, Maine
289:
288:
280:Edward F. Fritsch
276:Doctoral students
221:Scientific career
75:December 10, 1934
16:(Redirected from
8051:
8024:Biotechnologists
7928:Rosalyn S. Yalow
7923:Karel F. Wiesner
7908:Ulf S. von Euler
7887:Andrzej Trautman
7812:Leonard Sosnowky
7782:Glenn T. Seaborg
7751:Donald H. Sadler
7706:Jens J. Pindborg
7692:Arthur B. Pardee
7687:George E. Palade
7662:Louis E. F. NĂ©el
7627:Giuseppe Moruzzi
7612:Jerrold Meinwald
7592:Walther Manshard
7561:Nathan O. Kaplan
7538:Gerhard Herzberg
7529:Carl G. Gahmberg
7495:Mohammed El Fasi
7430:William J. Darby
7421:Harold G. Callan
7359:
7352:
7345:
7336:
7311:Kenichi Yokoyama
7287:Douglas Mitchell
7251:Virginia Cornish
7239:Neil L. Kelleher
7185:Ronald T. Raines
7179:Daniel Herschlag
7125:John W. Kozarich
7077:Thomas A. Steitz
7049:Michael S. Brown
6907:Earl R. Stadtman
6837:
6830:
6823:
6814:
6622:Gilbert F. White
6567:George Wetherill
6461:Allan M. Cormack
6419:Jack Steinberger
6399:D. Allan Bromley
6348:H. Richard Crane
6325:Frederick Reines
6315:Helmut Landsberg
6230:George Uhlenbeck
6131:Vladimir Haensel
6093:Allan R. Sandage
6064:Herbert C. Brown
6046:Herbert Friedman
5972:Leon M. Lederman
5944:Julian Schwinger
5923:
5912:
5881:Alexandre Chorin
5855:Richard A. Tapia
5836:David B. Mumford
5664:Alberto CalderĂłn
5609:Joseph B. Keller
5596:Michael Freedman
5565:Herman Goldstine
5419:H. Marston Morse
5393:
5382:
5321:Rudolf E. Kálmán
5305:Robert S. Langer
5297:Jan D. Achenbach
5130:Herbert E. Grier
4881:Igor I. Sikorsky
4842:Othmar H. Ammann
4803:
4792:
4758:Jerrold Meinwald
4527:Norman Hackerman
4506:Glenn T. Seaborg
4421:William O. Baker
4349:F. Albert Cotton
4317:
4306:
4283:Mary-Claire King
4176:Bert W. O'Malley
4132:Thomas E. Starzl
4127:Phillip A. Sharp
4114:Charles Yanofsky
4096:Evelyn M. Witkin
4091:James E. Darnell
3917:Paul C. Zamecnik
3882:Mary Ellen Avery
3854:Herbert W. Boyer
3849:Baruj Benacerraf
3820:Joshua Lederberg
3810:Viktor Hamburger
3772:Michael S. Brown
3618:Robert H. Burris
3373:
3362:
3309:Mortimer Mishkin
3234:William K. Estes
3218:Roger N. Shepard
3210:Robert K. Merton
3194:George A. Miller
3141:Herbert A. Simon
3109:
3098:
3080:
3073:
3066:
3057:
2991:
2813:
2806:
2799:
2790:
2779:
2764:
2753:
2738:
2732:Michael Houghton
2719:
2709:Gregg L. Semenza
2703:
2697:James P. Allison
2691:
2689:Michael W. Young
2675:
2673:Yoshinori Ohsumi
2667:
2651:
2635:
2633:Thomas C. SĂĽdhof
2619:
2607:
2586:
2578:
2572:Carol W. Greider
2562:
2546:
2530:
2518:
2506:
2494:
2482:
2466:
2439:
2423:
2415:
2399:
2391:
2385:Peter C. Doherty
2379:
2363:
2357:Alfred G. Gilman
2351:
2339:
2327:
2315:
2303:
2301:Harold E. Varmus
2291:
2275:
2267:
2255:
2243:
2227:
2219:
2203:
2187:
2177:Baruj Benacerraf
2171:
2159:
2143:
2127:
2104:
2088:
2072:
2056:
2044:
2036:
2020:
2004:
1994:Robert W. Holley
1988:
1972:
1960:
1944:
1932:
1916:
1900:
1898:Georg von Békésy
1892:
1880:
1868:
1866:Joshua Lederberg
1852:
1844:
1838:Werner Forssmann
1828:
1820:
1804:
1792:
1784:
1765:
1749:
1737:
1729:
1727:Bernardo Houssay
1713:
1705:
1689:
1677:
1665:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1644:
1636:
1628:
1620:
1608:
1600:
1584:
1576:
1564:
1556:
1554:Karl Landsteiner
1548:
1536:
1528:
1520:
1518:Johannes Fibiger
1501:
1500:
1494:
1492:Willem Einthoven
1486:
1474:
1462:
1461:
1455:
1447:
1439:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1411:
1403:
1395:
1387:
1379:
1371:
1363:
1357:Élie Metchnikoff
1351:
1349:Alphonse Laveran
1343:
1331:
1323:
1315:
1307:
1299:
1270:
1263:
1256:
1247:
1242:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1198:
1192:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1177:. Archived from
1167:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1014:
1008:
1007:
997:
987:
955:
949:
948:
912:
906:
905:
877:
871:
868:
849:
846:
825:
820:
814:
812:
802:
796:
795:
762:(5252): 1211–3.
751:
745:
744:
734:
705:
662:Death and legacy
622:Queen of Denmark
572:(1974), and the
305:. He discovered
271:
212:
204:
196:
188:
162:
160:
92:
89:February 9, 1994
74:
72:
53:
39:
21:
8059:
8058:
8054:
8053:
8052:
8050:
8049:
8048:
7944:
7943:
7942:
7937:
7899:Constantin Vago
7864:Harold Thompson
7839:Charles Tanford
7816:Roger W. Sperry
7808:George D. Snell
7804:George J. Smets
7792:Frederick Seitz
7787:Ernest R. Sears
7702:Jacques Piccard
7582:Seymour S. Kety
7577:Donald W. Kerst
7520:David J. Finney
7510:Hans J. Eysenck
7499:Ernest L. Eliel
7477:Francisco J. Dy
7463:Audouin Dollfus
7458:Richard S. Doll
7406:Colin Blakemore
7369:
7363:
7333:
7328:
7155:Michael H. Gelb
7095:Paul L. Mordich
7083:Daniel V. Santi
7031:Howard M. Temin
6985:Samuel B. Weiss
6967:Charles Gilvarg
6925:Merton F. Utter
6895:Arthur Kornberg
6856:
6846:
6841:
6811:
6798:
6786:Sean C. Solomon
6748:
6700:Daniel Kleppner
6692:Lonnie Thompson
6687:Ralph A. Alpher
6653:W. Jason Morgan
6640:Charles Keeling
6630:Marvin L. Cohen
6597:
6580:John N. Bahcall
6575:Don L. Anderson
6541:Peter Goldreich
6494:Steven Weinberg
6446:
6376:Walter Elsasser
6353:Herman Feshbach
6267:
6205:Samuel Goudsmit
6197:Chien-Shiung Wu
6136:Frederick Seitz
6103:John A. Wheeler
6088:Robert H. Dicke
6073:
5936:Luis W. Alvarez
5917:
5898:
5886:David Blackwell
5840:
5791:Carl R. de Boor
5762:Karen Uhlenbeck
5742:
5696:Louis Nirenberg
5631:
5604:Ralph E. Gomory
5542:
5538:Donald E. Knuth
5525:Hassler Whitney
5463:
5387:
5368:
5333:
5265:Andreas Acrivos
5242:
5230:Eli Ruckenstein
5209:Hermann A. Haus
5180:Calvin F. Quate
5167:Luna B. Leopold
5134:
5025:
5011:Robert N. Noyce
5001:Emmett N. Leith
4960:Manson Benedict
4942:Rudolf Kompfner
4906:
4860:Warren K. Lewis
4797:
4778:
4712:
4674:Peter B. Dervan
4645:John I. Brauman
4604:
4556:Norman Davidson
4483:John D. Roberts
4458:
4426:Konrad E. Bloch
4372:Richard N. Zare
4334:
4311:
4292:
4249:Sallie Chisholm
4231:Rudolf Jaenisch
4211:
4194:J. Craig Venter
4153:Rita R. Colwell
4020:
4006:David Baltimore
3897:Robert W. Kates
3869:David G. Nathan
3864:Edward B. Lewis
3834:
3830:Harland G. Wood
3825:Roger W. Sperry
3680:Glenn W. Burton
3652:
3628:Arthur Kornberg
3595:Roger Guillemin
3572:Hallowell Davis
3536:Daniel I. Arnon
3528:Albert B. Sabin
3508:
3481:Detlev W. Bronk
3453:Harry F. Harlow
3448:Kenneth S. Cole
3435:William C. Rose
3407:Francis P. Rous
3367:
3348:
3313:
3293:Gordon H. Bower
3254:
3250:Robert M. Solow
3166:
3162:Milton Friedman
3126:
3103:
3092:
3084:
3054:
3049:
2987:
2979:
2976:(United States)
2954:
2951:(United States)
2945:(United States)
2943:Renato Dulbecco
2939:(United States)
2937:David Baltimore
2923:
2920:(United States)
2918:James Rainwater
2892:
2887:Andrei Sakharov
2873:
2868:Eugenio Montale
2849:
2844:Vladimir Prelog
2824:
2817:
2787:
2782:
2767:
2756:
2741:
2736:Charles M. Rice
2728:Harvey J. Alter
2722:
2706:
2694:
2685:Michael Rosbash
2681:Jeffrey C. Hall
2678:
2670:
2654:
2645:May-Britt Moser
2638:
2622:
2617:Shinya Yamanaka
2610:
2589:
2581:
2576:Jack W. Szostak
2565:
2549:
2544:Oliver Smithies
2533:
2521:
2509:
2497:
2492:Peter Mansfield
2485:
2480:John E. Sulston
2469:
2453:
2442:
2426:
2418:
2402:
2394:
2382:
2369:Edward B. Lewis
2366:
2354:
2342:
2330:
2318:
2306:
2294:
2278:
2273:Susumu Tonegawa
2270:
2258:
2246:
2230:
2222:
2206:
2190:
2174:
2162:
2146:
2133:Roger Guillemin
2130:
2125:Daniel Gajdusek
2121:Baruch Blumberg
2118:
2107:
2098:Renato Dulbecco
2094:David Baltimore
2091:
2075:
2062:Karl von Frisch
2059:
2047:
2039:
2023:
2007:
1991:
1982:Haldan Hartline
1975:
1963:
1947:
1935:
1919:
1914:Maurice Wilkins
1903:
1895:
1883:
1878:Arthur Kornberg
1871:
1855:
1847:
1831:
1823:
1807:
1795:
1787:
1779:
1768:
1752:
1740:
1732:
1716:
1708:
1692:
1683:Joseph Erlanger
1680:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1639:
1631:
1623:
1611:
1603:
1587:
1579:
1567:
1559:
1551:
1539:
1534:Charles Nicolle
1531:
1523:
1515:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1489:
1477:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1450:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1406:
1398:
1390:
1382:
1377:Albrecht Kossel
1374:
1366:
1354:
1346:
1334:
1326:
1318:
1310:
1302:
1294:
1283:
1274:
1235:Howard M. Temin
1226:
1221:
1220:
1210:
1208:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1154:
1152:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1129:
1127:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1104:
1102:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1078:
1076:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1016:
1015:
1011:
957:
956:
952:
914:
913:
909:
879:
878:
874:
869:
852:
847:
828:
821:
817:
803:
799:
753:
752:
748:
707:
706:
697:
692:
680:
664:
597:
562:
550:
511:David Baltimore
405:animal virology
397:Renato Dulbecco
389:
377:animal virology
331:
323:David Baltimore
319:Renato Dulbecco
269:
243:
215:
210:
202:
194:
186:
164:
161: 1962)
156:
152:
151:Rayla Greenberg
131:
114:Alma mater
99:
94:
90:
81:
76:
70:
68:
67:
66:
56:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8057:
8055:
8047:
8046:
8041:
8036:
8031:
8026:
8021:
8016:
8011:
8006:
8001:
7996:
7991:
7986:
7981:
7976:
7971:
7966:
7961:
7956:
7946:
7945:
7939:
7938:
7936:
7935:
7930:
7925:
7920:
7915:
7910:
7905:
7900:
7897:
7894:
7889:
7884:
7879:
7874:
7869:
7866:
7861:
7856:
7851:
7849:John M. Tedder
7846:
7841:
7836:
7831:
7828:
7823:
7818:
7813:
7810:
7805:
7802:
7797:
7794:
7789:
7784:
7779:
7774:
7769:
7766:
7761:
7760:Nobufusa Saito
7758:
7753:
7748:
7743:
7740:
7737:
7732:
7727:
7725:Gunnar Randers
7722:
7717:
7712:
7707:
7704:
7699:
7697:David Phillips
7694:
7689:
7684:
7679:
7674:
7669:
7664:
7659:
7654:
7649:
7647:Walter H. Munk
7644:
7639:
7634:
7632:Nevill F. Mott
7629:
7624:
7619:
7617:Harry Melville
7614:
7609:
7608:John McMichael
7606:
7605:Henry McIlwain
7603:
7598:
7593:
7590:
7587:
7586:Prem N. Kirpal
7584:
7579:
7574:
7571:
7566:
7563:
7558:
7553:
7548:
7545:
7543:David H. Hubel
7540:
7535:
7530:
7527:
7522:
7517:
7515:Don W. Fawcett
7512:
7507:
7504:
7501:
7496:
7493:
7488:
7483:
7481:John C. Eccles
7478:
7475:
7473:Gerald Durrell
7470:
7465:
7460:
7455:
7453:Frank J. Dixon
7450:
7447:
7444:
7441:
7436:
7431:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7416:Norman Borlaug
7413:
7408:
7403:
7398:
7393:
7392:M. Balasegaram
7390:
7388:James Baddiley
7385:
7380:
7374:
7371:
7370:
7364:
7362:
7361:
7354:
7347:
7339:
7330:
7329:
7327:
7326:
7320:
7314:
7308:
7302:
7296:
7293:Michelle Chang
7290:
7284:
7278:
7272:
7266:
7263:Sarah O'Connor
7260:
7257:Vahe Bandarian
7254:
7248:
7242:
7236:
7230:
7224:
7218:
7212:
7206:
7200:
7194:
7188:
7182:
7176:
7170:
7164:
7161:Donald Hilvert
7158:
7152:
7146:
7140:
7137:James A. Wells
7134:
7128:
7122:
7119:Gregory Petsko
7116:
7110:
7104:
7098:
7092:
7086:
7080:
7074:
7068:
7062:
7056:
7046:
7040:
7034:
7028:
7022:
7016:
7010:
7004:
6998:
6995:Salih J. Wakil
6991:P. Roy Vagelos
6988:
6982:
6976:
6970:
6964:
6958:
6952:
6946:
6940:
6934:
6928:
6922:
6916:
6910:
6904:
6898:
6892:
6889:Britton Chance
6886:
6883:Henry A. Lardy
6880:
6874:
6868:
6865:David E. Green
6861:
6858:
6857:
6851:
6848:
6847:
6842:
6840:
6839:
6832:
6825:
6817:
6808:
6807:
6804:
6803:
6800:
6799:
6797:
6796:
6791:
6788:
6783:
6781:Burton Richter
6778:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6756:
6754:
6750:
6749:
6747:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6734:Yakir Aharonov
6731:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6702:
6697:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6681:
6676:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6648:Richard Garwin
6645:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6612:Willis E. Lamb
6609:
6605:
6603:
6599:
6598:
6596:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6551:
6546:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6504:
6499:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6454:
6452:
6448:
6447:
6445:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6371:Philip Abelson
6368:
6365:
6363:Chen-Ning Yang
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6337:
6332:
6330:Bruno B. Rossi
6327:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6287:Yoichiro Nambu
6284:
6279:
6275:
6273:
6269:
6268:
6266:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6098:John C. Slater
6095:
6090:
6085:
6081:
6079:
6075:
6074:
6072:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5985:Jacob Bjerknes
5982:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5938:
5933:
5929:
5927:
5919:
5918:
5915:
5908:
5907:
5904:
5903:
5900:
5899:
5897:
5896:
5891:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5848:
5846:
5842:
5841:
5839:
5838:
5833:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5817:
5812:
5809:
5804:
5801:
5796:
5793:
5788:
5785:
5783:James G. Glimm
5780:
5777:
5775:Elias M. Stein
5772:
5767:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5750:
5748:
5744:
5743:
5741:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5727:
5722:
5719:
5717:Shing-Tung Yau
5714:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5698:
5693:
5690:
5685:
5682:
5677:
5674:
5669:
5666:
5661:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5639:
5637:
5633:
5632:
5630:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5585:
5583:Antoni Zygmund
5580:
5575:
5572:
5570:Isadore Singer
5567:
5562:
5559:
5554:
5550:
5548:
5544:
5543:
5541:
5540:
5535:
5533:Joseph L. Doob
5530:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5514:
5512:George Dantzig
5509:
5504:
5502:John W. Backus
5499:
5496:
5491:
5488:
5483:
5480:
5478:Richard Brauer
5475:
5471:
5469:
5465:
5464:
5462:
5461:
5459:William Feller
5456:
5453:
5448:
5445:
5440:
5437:
5432:
5429:
5424:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5408:
5406:Norbert Wiener
5403:
5399:
5397:
5389:
5388:
5385:
5378:
5377:
5374:
5373:
5370:
5369:
5367:
5366:
5364:Thomas Kailath
5361:
5358:
5353:
5350:
5345:
5341:
5339:
5335:
5334:
5332:
5331:
5326:
5323:
5318:
5315:
5310:
5307:
5302:
5299:
5294:
5291:
5286:
5283:
5278:
5275:
5270:
5267:
5262:
5259:
5254:
5250:
5248:
5244:
5243:
5241:
5240:
5235:
5232:
5227:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5211:
5206:
5203:
5198:
5195:
5190:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5142:
5140:
5136:
5135:
5133:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5101:
5096:
5094:H. Bolton Seed
5091:
5086:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5047:
5045:Donald L. Katz
5042:
5037:
5033:
5031:
5027:
5026:
5024:
5023:
5018:
5016:Earl R. Parker
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4923:
4918:
4914:
4912:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4904:
4899:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4870:
4865:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4850:Hugh L. Dryden
4847:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4818:
4813:
4809:
4807:
4799:
4798:
4795:
4788:
4787:
4784:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4776:
4771:
4768:
4763:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4734:
4732:Peter J. Stang
4729:
4724:
4720:
4718:
4714:
4713:
4711:
4710:
4708:Marye Anne Fox
4705:
4700:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4684:
4679:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4663:
4661:Tobin J. Marks
4658:
4655:
4650:
4647:
4642:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4612:
4610:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4590:Stuart A. Rice
4587:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4558:
4553:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4537:
4532:
4529:
4524:
4522:Donald J. Cram
4519:
4516:
4511:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4491:Ronald Breslow
4488:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4466:
4464:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4433:
4431:Elias J. Corey
4428:
4423:
4418:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4397:
4392:
4390:Carl S. Marvel
4387:
4382:
4377:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4362:Roald Hoffmann
4359:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4342:
4340:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4332:
4327:
4323:
4321:
4313:
4312:
4309:
4302:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4278:Stanley Falkow
4275:
4272:
4270:Rakesh K. Jain
4267:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4219:
4217:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4073:Gene E. Likens
4070:
4065:
4060:
4058:George F. Bass
4055:
4050:
4047:
4042:
4040:Peter H. Raven
4037:
4032:
4028:
4026:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3974:
3969:
3966:
3964:Alexander Rich
3961:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3945:
3940:
3938:Daniel Nathans
3935:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3919:
3914:
3912:Folke K. Skoog
3909:
3904:
3902:Salvador Luria
3899:
3894:
3892:Elvin A. Kabat
3889:
3884:
3879:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3842:
3840:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3805:Katherine Esau
3802:
3799:
3794:
3792:Eric R. Kandel
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3738:
3736:Joan A. Steitz
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3710:
3708:Berta Scharrer
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3675:Seymour Benzer
3672:
3669:
3667:Philip Handler
3664:
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3654:
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3597:
3592:
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3579:
3574:
3569:
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3561:
3556:
3554:Erwin Chargaff
3551:
3549:Britton Chance
3546:
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3538:
3533:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3501:
3499:Robert Huebner
3496:
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3488:
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3478:
3473:
3468:
3465:
3460:
3455:
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3432:
3427:
3422:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3388:
3386:C. B. van Niel
3383:
3379:
3377:
3369:
3368:
3365:
3358:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3344:Albert Bandura
3341:
3338:
3336:Robert Axelrod
3333:
3330:
3325:
3321:
3319:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3303:
3298:
3295:
3290:
3287:
3282:
3279:
3277:R. Duncan Luce
3274:
3271:
3266:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3244:
3239:
3236:
3231:
3228:
3226:Paul Samuelson
3223:
3220:
3215:
3212:
3207:
3204:
3199:
3196:
3191:
3188:
3186:Patrick Suppes
3183:
3181:Leonid Hurwicz
3178:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3156:
3151:
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3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
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2992:
2984:
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2977:
2971:
2970:(Soviet Union)
2964:
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2940:
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2925:
2924:
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2894:
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2891:
2890:
2889:(Soviet Union)
2883:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2864:
2862:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2841:
2838:John Cornforth
2834:
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2826:
2825:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2808:
2801:
2793:
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2783:
2781:
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2773:Katalin KarikĂł
2765:
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2739:
2720:
2704:
2692:
2676:
2668:
2652:
2636:
2629:Randy Schekman
2620:
2608:
2587:
2579:
2563:
2556:Luc Montagnier
2547:
2536:Mario Capecchi
2531:
2519:
2512:Barry Marshall
2507:
2495:
2488:Paul Lauterbur
2483:
2472:Sydney Brenner
2467:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2433:Paul Greengard
2429:Arvid Carlsson
2424:
2416:
2400:
2392:
2380:
2364:
2361:Martin Rodbell
2352:
2340:
2337:Edwin G. Krebs
2333:Edmond Fischer
2328:
2316:
2304:
2292:
2281:James W. Black
2276:
2268:
2256:
2244:
2241:CĂ©sar Milstein
2237:Georges Köhler
2228:
2220:
2209:Sune Bergström
2204:
2201:Torsten Wiesel
2197:David H. Hubel
2188:
2172:
2160:
2153:Daniel Nathans
2144:
2137:Andrew Schally
2128:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2089:
2073:
2057:
2050:Gerald Edelman
2045:
2037:
2034:Julius Axelrod
2021:
2018:Salvador Luria
2014:Alfred Hershey
2005:
1989:
1973:
1961:
1950:François Jacob
1945:
1933:
1917:
1901:
1893:
1881:
1869:
1853:
1845:
1834:André Cournand
1829:
1821:
1805:
1793:
1790:Selman Waksman
1785:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1755:Edward Kendall
1750:
1738:
1730:
1714:
1711:Hermann Muller
1706:
1690:
1687:Herbert Gasser
1678:
1666:
1659:
1652:
1645:
1642:Gerhard Domagk
1637:
1629:
1621:
1609:
1601:
1598:William Murphy
1590:George Whipple
1585:
1577:
1565:
1557:
1549:
1537:
1529:
1521:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1495:
1487:
1475:
1468:Archibald Hill
1463:
1456:
1448:
1440:
1433:
1426:
1419:
1412:
1404:
1401:Charles Richet
1396:
1388:
1380:
1372:
1364:
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1332:
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1316:
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1284:
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1225:
1224:External links
1222:
1219:
1218:
1193:
1184:
1162:
1137:
1112:
1086:
1074:New York Times
1060:
1009:
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872:
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826:
815:
797:
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694:
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261:
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189:
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137:
136:Known for
133:
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130:
129:
123:
117:
115:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
95:
93:(aged 59)
87:
83:
82:
77:
64:
62:
58:
57:
54:
46:
45:
42:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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8012:
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8000:
7997:
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7992:
7990:
7987:
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7972:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7962:
7960:
7957:
7955:
7952:
7951:
7949:
7934:
7933:John Z. Young
7931:
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7926:
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7921:
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7916:
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7911:
7909:
7906:
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7893:
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7888:
7885:
7883:
7880:
7878:
7875:
7873:
7870:
7867:
7865:
7862:
7860:
7857:
7855:
7854:Edward Teller
7852:
7850:
7847:
7845:
7842:
7840:
7837:
7835:
7832:
7829:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7821:Lyman Spitzer
7819:
7817:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7803:
7801:
7800:Stefan Ĺšlopek
7798:
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7695:
7693:
7690:
7688:
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7683:
7680:
7678:
7675:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7667:Yuval Ne'eman
7665:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7655:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7643:
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7638:
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7625:
7623:
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7613:
7610:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7596:Georges Mathé
7594:
7591:
7588:
7585:
7583:
7580:
7578:
7575:
7573:Peter E. Kent
7572:
7570:
7567:
7565:Leo A. Kaprio
7564:
7562:
7559:
7557:
7554:
7552:
7549:
7547:Osmo H. Järvi
7546:
7544:
7541:
7539:
7536:
7534:
7531:
7528:
7526:
7523:
7521:
7518:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7505:
7502:
7500:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7491:Manfred Eigen
7489:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
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7448:
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7442:
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7424:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7396:Frank Barnaby
7394:
7391:
7389:
7386:
7384:
7381:
7379:
7376:
7375:
7372:
7368:
7360:
7355:
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7346:
7341:
7340:
7337:
7324:
7321:
7318:
7315:
7312:
7309:
7306:
7303:
7300:
7299:Emily Balskus
7297:
7294:
7291:
7288:
7285:
7282:
7279:
7276:
7273:
7270:
7267:
7264:
7261:
7258:
7255:
7252:
7249:
7246:
7245:Carsten Krebs
7243:
7240:
7237:
7234:
7231:
7228:
7225:
7222:
7219:
7216:
7215:Dorothee Kern
7213:
7210:
7207:
7204:
7203:Ruma Banerjee
7201:
7198:
7195:
7192:
7189:
7186:
7183:
7180:
7177:
7174:
7171:
7168:
7165:
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7150:
7147:
7144:
7141:
7138:
7135:
7132:
7129:
7126:
7123:
7120:
7117:
7114:
7113:JoAnne Stubbe
7111:
7108:
7105:
7102:
7099:
7096:
7093:
7090:
7087:
7084:
7081:
7078:
7075:
7072:
7069:
7066:
7065:Paul Schimmel
7063:
7060:
7057:
7054:
7050:
7047:
7044:
7041:
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7035:
7032:
7029:
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6983:
6980:
6977:
6974:
6971:
6968:
6965:
6962:
6959:
6956:
6953:
6950:
6949:Arthur Pardee
6947:
6944:
6943:Minor J. Coon
6941:
6938:
6935:
6932:
6929:
6926:
6923:
6920:
6919:Paul D. Boyer
6917:
6914:
6913:Alton Meister
6911:
6908:
6905:
6902:
6899:
6896:
6893:
6890:
6887:
6884:
6881:
6878:
6875:
6872:
6871:Van R. Potter
6869:
6866:
6863:
6862:
6859:
6855:
6852:Formerly the
6849:
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6838:
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6789:
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6757:
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6751:
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6735:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6726:James E. Gunn
6724:
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6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6695:
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6688:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6658:Edward Witten
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
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6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6476:Roger Revelle
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6456:
6455:
6453:
6449:
6443:
6442:Henry Stommel
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6432:Eugene Parker
6430:
6428:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
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6407:
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6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6292:Edward Teller
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6277:
6276:
6274:
6270:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6258:Lyman Spitzer
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
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6200:
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6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6177:Hans A. Bethe
6175:
6172:
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6160:
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6150:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6121:Maurice Ewing
6119:
6117:
6116:Carl Djerassi
6114:
6111:
6109:
6108:Saul Winstein
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
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6076:
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6059:
6057:
6056:Eugene Wigner
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6041:Paul Bartlett
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6028:Louis Hammett
6026:
6024:
6023:Gregory Breit
6021:
6019:
6018:Francis Birch
6016:
6014:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
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5977:William Rubey
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5894:Michael Artin
5892:
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5808:
5807:Bradley Efron
5805:
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5751:
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5733:Felix Browder
5731:
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5709:Stephen Smale
5707:
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5678:
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5656:John McCarthy
5654:
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5641:
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5617:Samuel Karlin
5615:
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5457:
5454:
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5444:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5427:Oscar Zariski
5425:
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5409:
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5398:
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5379:
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5346:
5343:
5342:
5340:
5336:
5330:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5252:
5251:
5249:
5245:
5239:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5201:Ray W. Clough
5199:
5196:
5194:
5193:Alfred Y. Cho
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5144:
5143:
5141:
5137:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5063:John G. Trump
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5028:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4909:
4903:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4876:Edwin H. Land
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4824:Vannevar Bush
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4811:
4810:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4793:
4789:
4775:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4740:Allen J. Bard
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4715:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4695:JoAnne Stubbe
4693:
4691:
4690:Joanna Fowler
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4607:
4601:
4600:Susan Solomon
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4461:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4444:Melvin Calvin
4442:
4440:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4385:Yuan Tseh Lee
4383:
4381:
4380:Harry B. Gray
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4354:Gilbert Stork
4352:
4350:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4337:
4331:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4307:
4303:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4262:Bruce Alberts
4260:
4258:
4257:May Berenbaum
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4214:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4163:Lubert Stryer
4161:
4159:
4158:Nina Fedoroff
4156:
4154:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4140:Anthony Fauci
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4083:Harold Varmus
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4023:
4017:
4016:Lynn Margulis
4014:
4012:
4011:Jared Diamond
4009:
4007:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3951:Thomas Eisner
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3925:Maxine Singer
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3907:Paul A. Marks
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3837:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3716:Stanley Cohen
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3655:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3605:Efraim Racker
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3559:James V. Neel
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3511:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3471:Horace Barker
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3440:Sewall Wright
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3363:
3359:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3328:Anne Treisman
3326:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3285:Kenneth Arrow
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3149:Anne Anastasi
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3123:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3088:
3081:
3076:
3074:
3069:
3067:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2846:(Switzerland)
2845:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2822:
2814:
2809:
2807:
2802:
2800:
2795:
2794:
2791:
2778:
2777:Drew Weissman
2774:
2770:
2766:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2705:
2702:
2698:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2677:
2674:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2661:Satoshi ĹŚmura
2658:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2637:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2625:James Rothman
2621:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2592:Bruce Beutler
2588:
2585:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2532:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2508:
2505:
2504:Linda B. Buck
2501:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2468:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2422:
2421:GĂĽnter Blobel
2417:
2414:
2410:
2409:Louis Ignarro
2406:
2401:
2398:
2393:
2390:
2386:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2365:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2350:
2349:Phillip Sharp
2346:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2329:
2326:
2322:
2317:
2314:
2310:
2309:Joseph Murray
2305:
2302:
2298:
2293:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2274:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2261:Stanley Cohen
2257:
2254:
2250:
2249:Michael Brown
2245:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2226:
2221:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2170:
2166:
2165:Allan Cormack
2161:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2142:
2141:Rosalyn Yalow
2138:
2134:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2087:
2086:George Palade
2083:
2079:
2078:Albert Claude
2074:
2071:
2067:
2066:Konrad Lorenz
2063:
2058:
2055:
2054:Rodney Porter
2051:
2046:
2043:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2030:Ulf von Euler
2027:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1978:Ragnar Granit
1974:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1959:
1958:Jacques Monod
1955:
1951:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1931:
1930:Andrew Huxley
1927:
1923:
1918:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1906:Francis Crick
1902:
1899:
1894:
1891:
1890:Peter Medawar
1887:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1858:George Beadle
1854:
1851:
1846:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1827:
1826:Hugo Theorell
1822:
1819:
1815:
1814:Thomas Weller
1811:
1806:
1803:
1802:Fritz Lipmann
1799:
1794:
1791:
1786:
1783:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1736:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1712:
1707:
1704:
1703:Howard Florey
1700:
1696:
1691:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1667:
1660:
1653:
1646:
1643:
1638:
1635:
1630:
1627:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1607:
1602:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1586:
1583:
1582:Thomas Morgan
1578:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1563:
1558:
1555:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1535:
1530:
1527:
1522:
1519:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1496:
1493:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1473:
1472:Otto Meyerhof
1469:
1464:
1457:
1454:
1449:
1446:
1441:
1434:
1427:
1420:
1413:
1410:
1409:Róbert Bárány
1405:
1402:
1397:
1394:
1393:Alexis Carrel
1389:
1386:
1381:
1378:
1373:
1370:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1350:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1337:Camillo Golgi
1333:
1330:
1325:
1322:
1317:
1314:
1309:
1306:
1301:
1298:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1271:
1266:
1264:
1259:
1257:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1241:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1207:
1203:
1197:
1194:
1188:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1175:Royal Society
1172:
1166:
1163:
1151:
1147:
1141:
1138:
1126:
1122:
1116:
1113:
1100:
1096:
1090:
1087:
1075:
1071:
1064:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1013:
1010:
1005:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
954:
951:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
911:
908:
903:
899:
895:
891:
888:(4): 577–82.
887:
883:
876:
873:
867:
865:
863:
861:
859:
857:
855:
851:
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
827:
824:
819:
816:
811:
806:
801:
798:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
750:
747:
742:
738:
733:
728:
725:(4): 471–80.
724:
720:
719:
714:
710:
704:
702:
700:
696:
689:
685:
682:
681:
677:
675:
673:
669:
661:
659:
657:
652:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
625:
623:
619:
615:
610:
607:
602:
594:
592:
590:
585:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
559:
557:
555:
547:
545:
543:
539:
535:
531:
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
479:Francis Crick
476:
472:
468:
465:
461:
457:
456:actinomycin D
453:
448:
446:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
422:In 1960, the
420:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
386:
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
365:
363:
358:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
328:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
297:
293:
284:
281:
278:
274:
267:
266:
262:
260:
256:
253:
250:
246:
240:
237:
235:
232:
231:
229:
225:
222:
218:
209:
206:
201:
198:
193:
190:
185:
182:
181:
179:
175:
171:
167:
148:
144:
141:
138:
134:
127:
124:
122:
119:
118:
116:
112:
109:
106:
102:
98:
88:
84:
80:
63:
59:
55:Temin in 1975
52:
47:
40:
37:
33:
32:Howard Martin
19:
7859:Howard Temin
7858:
7735:Rex Richards
7715:Hermann Rahn
7525:Val L. Fitch
7486:Paul Ehrlich
7411:Aage N. Bohr
7383:Werner Arber
7323:Amie K. Boal
7275:Kate Carroll
7233:James Berger
7197:Eric T. Kool
7167:Gerald Joyce
7149:Carl O. Pabo
7030:
6853:
6768:Sandra Faber
6763:Sidney Drell
6593:Leo Kadanoff
6588:James Cronin
6536:Hans Dehmelt
6471:Robert Pound
6437:Robert Sharp
6253:John Sinfelt
6220:Verner Suomi
6187:Lewis Sarett
6051:Lars Onsager
5995:Henry Eyring
5962:John Bardeen
5704:Richard Karp
5672:Allen Newell
5451:Jerzy Neyman
5076:Tung-Yen Lin
5053:Bill Hewlett
4983:Morris Cohen
4577:John W. Cahn
4478:Karl Folkers
4239:Lucy Shapiro
4189:Elaine Fuchs
4068:Ann Graybiel
3998:Janet Rowley
3980:James Watson
3972:Ruth Patrick
3929:
3815:Philip Leder
3685:Mildred Cohn
3633:Severo Ochoa
3610:E. O. Wilson
3019:
2948:
2762:Svante Pääbo
2747:David Julius
2701:Tasuku Honjo
2649:Edvard Moser
2641:John O'Keefe
2604:posthumously
2603:
2540:Martin Evans
2516:Robin Warren
2500:Richard Axel
2447:2001–present
2325:Bert Sakmann
2193:Roger Sperry
2185:George Snell
2181:Jean Dausset
2149:Werner Arber
2102:Howard Temin
2101:
2026:Bernard Katz
2010:Max DelbrĂĽck
1966:Francis Rous
1942:Feodor Lynen
1938:Konrad Bloch
1926:Alan Hodgkin
1910:James Watson
1886:Frank Burnet
1874:Severo Ochoa
1862:Edward Tatum
1850:Daniel Bovet
1763:Philip Hench
1675:Edward Doisy
1606:Hans Spemann
1594:George Minot
1574:Edgar Adrian
1562:Otto Warburg
1484:John Macleod
1453:August Krogh
1445:Jules Bordet
1361:Paul Ehrlich
1313:Niels Finsen
1297:Emil Behring
1209:. Retrieved
1196:
1187:
1179:the original
1165:
1153:. Retrieved
1149:
1140:
1128:. Retrieved
1124:
1115:
1103:. Retrieved
1098:
1089:
1079:December 26,
1077:. Retrieved
1073:
1063:
1022:
1018:
1012:
970:(2): 323–9.
967:
963:
953:
920:
916:
910:
885:
881:
875:
818:
800:
759:
755:
749:
722:
716:
709:Dulbecco, R.
665:
653:
626:
611:
606:Soviet Union
598:
586:
563:
551:
527:
487:James Watson
485:(along with
449:
421:
390:
366:
359:
332:
291:
290:
263:
248:Institutions
220:
91:(1994-02-09)
43:Howard Temin
36:
18:Howard Temin
7959:1994 deaths
7954:1934 births
7844:Henry Taube
7764:Abdus Salam
7317:Rahul Kohli
7143:Ronald Vale
7107:Thomas Cech
7019:Jack Preiss
6721:Berni Alder
6528:Frank Press
6409:Walter Kohn
6386:George Pake
6320:Walter Munk
6243:Herman Mark
6225:Henry Taube
6013:Jesse Beams
5967:Peter Debye
5949:Harold Urey
5873:Barry Mazur
5435:John Milnor
5329:Amnon Yariv
5273:Leo Beranek
5099:Ernst Weber
4952:Abel Wolman
4543:Thomas Cech
4473:Elkan Blout
4413:Max Tishler
4330:Roger Adams
4288:Simon Levin
3754:Harry Eagle
3577:Paul Gyorgy
3269:Gary Becker
2821:Nobel Prize
2613:John Gurdon
2528:Craig Mello
2524:Andrew Fire
2437:Eric Kandel
2413:Ferid Murad
2321:Erwin Neher
2233:Niels Jerne
1998:Har Khorana
1986:George Wald
1954:André Lwoff
1922:John Eccles
1810:John Enders
1782:Max Theiler
1743:Walter Hess
1735:Paul MĂĽller
1699:Ernst Chain
1369:Emil Kocher
1329:Robert Koch
1321:Ivan Pavlov
1305:Ronald Ross
1211:November 8,
1105:November 9,
672:Peter Temin
668:lung cancer
629:Nobel Prize
618:Nobel Prize
614:Nobel Prize
601:Nobel Prize
538:Hepatitis B
519:Nobel Prize
473:posited by
409:Harry Rubin
362:bar mitzvah
355:C.C. Little
104:Nationality
7948:Categories
7913:Alan Walsh
7834:Pol Swings
7739:Jean Rösch
7281:Hening Lin
6515:Vera Rubin
6154:Paul Flory
5815:Hyman Bass
5688:John Cocke
5591:Raoul Bott
5494:Kurt Gödel
5486:John Tukey
5443:Paul Cohen
5058:George Low
5021:Simon Ramo
4244:Leroy Hood
4045:Carl Woese
3993:Bruce Ames
3504:Ernst Mayr
2855:Literature
2464:Paul Nurse
1798:Hans Krebs
1723:Gerty Cori
1671:Henrik Dam
1618:Otto Loewi
1614:Henry Dale
1202:"About Us"
1173:. London:
1095:"About us"
690:References
432:virologist
401:embryology
303:virologist
299:geneticist
71:1934-12-10
7896:Ioan Ursu
7269:Jin Zhang
6510:Val Fitch
5578:Peter Lax
5348:Shu Chien
4595:John Ross
4310:Chemistry
3698:Paul Berg
3090:laureates
2914:(Denmark)
2908:(Denmark)
2906:Aage Bohr
2830:Chemistry
2823:laureates
2665:Tu Youyou
2217:John Vane
2112:1976–2000
1773:1951–1975
1719:Carl Cori
1509:1926–1950
1288:1901–1925
1277:Laureates
923:(1): 27.
548:Mentoring
477:laureate
383:in 1960.
379:from the
6489:Ed Stone
3486:Jay Lush
2460:Tim Hunt
1155:July 13,
1130:July 13,
1004:14206598
902:14059825
882:Virology
741:11615362
711:(1995).
678:See also
452:provirus
440:oncology
436:virology
296:American
239:Virology
234:Genetics
208:ForMemRS
169:Children
108:American
2898:Physics
2870:(Italy)
1279:of the
1055:4222378
1047:4316300
1027:Bibcode
972:Bibcode
945:4332962
925:Bibcode
792:4187764
784:4316301
764:Bibcode
513:at the
499:protein
467:viruses
426:at the
373:biology
163:
155:
7325:(2021)
7319:(2020)
7313:(2019)
7307:(2018)
7301:(2017)
7295:(2016)
7289:(2015)
7283:(2014)
7277:(2013)
7271:(2012)
7265:(2011)
7259:(2010)
7253:(2009)
7247:(2008)
7241:(2007)
7235:(2006)
7229:(2005)
7223:(2004)
7217:(2003)
7211:(2002)
7205:(2001)
7199:(2000)
7193:(1999)
7187:(1998)
7181:(1997)
7175:(1996)
7169:(1995)
7163:(1994)
7157:(1993)
7151:(1992)
7145:(1991)
7139:(1990)
7133:(1989)
7127:(1988)
7121:(1987)
7115:(1986)
7109:(1985)
7103:(1984)
7097:(1983)
7091:(1982)
7085:(1981)
7079:(1980)
7073:(1979)
7067:(1978)
7061:(1977)
7055:(1976)
7051:&
7045:(1975)
7039:(1974)
7033:(1973)
7027:(1972)
7021:(1971)
7015:(1970)
7009:(1969)
7003:(1968)
6997:(1967)
6993:&
6987:(1966)
6981:(1965)
6975:(1964)
6969:(1963)
6963:(1962)
6957:(1961)
6951:(1960)
6945:(1959)
6939:(1958)
6933:(1957)
6927:(1956)
6921:(1955)
6915:(1954)
6909:(1953)
6903:(1952)
6897:(1951)
6891:(1950)
6885:(1949)
6879:(1948)
6873:(1947)
6867:(1946)
2707:2019:
2695:2018:
2679:2017:
2671:2016:
2655:2015:
2639:2014:
2623:2013:
2611:2012:
2590:2011:
2582:2010:
2566:2009:
2550:2008:
2534:2007:
2522:2006:
2510:2005:
2498:2004:
2486:2003:
2470:2002:
2454:2001:
2427:2000:
2419:1999:
2403:1998:
2395:1997:
2383:1996:
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2331:1992:
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2307:1990:
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2259:1986:
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2207:1982:
2191:1981:
2175:1980:
2163:1979:
2147:1978:
2131:1977:
2119:1976:
2092:1975:
2076:1974:
2060:1973:
2048:1972:
2040:1971:
2024:1970:
2008:1969:
1992:1968:
1976:1967:
1964:1966:
1948:1965:
1936:1964:
1920:1963:
1904:1962:
1896:1961:
1884:1960:
1872:1959:
1856:1958:
1848:1957:
1832:1956:
1824:1955:
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1407:1914:
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1391:1912:
1383:1911:
1375:1910:
1367:1909:
1355:1908:
1347:1907:
1335:1906:
1327:1905:
1319:1904:
1311:1903:
1303:1902:
1295:1901:
1053:
1045:
1019:Nature
1002:
995:300279
992:
943:
900:
790:
782:
756:Nature
739:
530:enzyme
339:Jewish
270:(1960)
268:
259:Thesis
227:Fields
211:(1988)
203:(1975)
195:(1973)
187:(1972)
177:Awards
146:Spouse
6753:2010s
6602:2000s
6451:1990s
6272:1980s
6078:1970s
5926:1960s
5845:2010s
5747:2000s
5636:1990s
5547:1980s
5468:1970s
5396:1960s
5338:2010s
5247:2000s
5139:1990s
5030:1980s
4911:1970s
4806:1960s
4717:2010s
4609:2000s
4463:1990s
4339:1980s
4320:1960s
4216:2010s
4025:2000s
3839:1990s
3657:1980s
3513:1970s
3376:1960s
3318:2010s
3259:2000s
3171:1990s
3131:1980s
3112:1960s
3020:1975
2879:Peace
2819:1975
1051:S2CID
788:S2CID
475:Nobel
464:tumor
337:, to
317:with
157:(
153:
128:(PhD)
6790:2014
6777:2012
6759:2011
6730:2009
6717:2008
6704:2007
6696:2006
6683:2005
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6084:1970
6060:1969
6037:1968
6009:1967
5981:1966
5958:1965
5940:1964
5932:1963
5890:2013
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5864:2011
5851:2010
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4885:1968
4872:1967
4864:1966
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4770:2014
4762:2013
4749:2012
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3495:1969
3467:1968
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3421:1966
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3390:1964
3382:1963
3340:2015
3332:2014
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3305:2009
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2995:1970
2859:1975
2769:2023
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2743:2021
2724:2020
1663:1942
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1499:1925
1460:1921
1437:1918
1430:1917
1423:1916
1416:1915
1213:2016
1157:2022
1132:2022
1107:2023
1099:UCIR
1081:2021
1043:PMID
1000:PMID
941:PMID
898:PMID
780:PMID
737:PMID
536:and
534:AIDS
489:and
438:and
321:and
301:and
86:Died
61:Born
1035:doi
1023:226
990:PMC
980:doi
933:doi
921:226
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772:doi
760:226
727:doi
589:HIV
509:by
497:to
495:RNA
483:DNA
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