989:, and their radio transmissions were picked up near the island when their aircraft reached the vicinity, but they failed to arrive. It is known that they must have gotten within the radio range of Howland, due to the strength of the final radio communications that morning, despite some problems with radio communication and radio direction finding. In some of the last messages recorded from them on 2 July 1937, 7:42 am, Earhart reported, "We must be on you, but cannot see you – but gas is running low. Have been unable to reach you by radio. We are flying at 1,000 feet." At 8:43 am, Earhart reported, "We are on the line 157 337. We will repeat this message. We will repeat this on 6210 kilocycles. Wait." Between Earhart's low-on-fuel message at 7:42 am and her last confirmed message at 8:43, her signal strength remained consistent, indicating that she never left the immediate Howland area as she ran low on fuel. The U.S. Coast Guard made this determination by tracking her signal strength as she approached the island, noting signal levels from her reports of 200 and 100 miles out. These reports were roughly 30 minutes apart, providing vital ground-speed clues.
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food, water, and other supplies, including a gasoline-powered refrigerator, radio equipment, medical kits, and (characteristic of that era) vast quantities of cigarettes. Fishing provided variety in their diet. Most of the colonists' endeavors involved making hourly weather observations and constructing rudimentary infrastructure on the island, including the clearing of a landing strip for airplanes. During this period, the island was on Hawaii time, which was then 10.5
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861:. Although the recruits had signed on as part of a scientific expedition and expected to spend their three-month assignment collecting botanical and biological samples, once out to sea, they were told, according to one of the Jarvis Island colonists, George West, "Your names will go down in history" and that the islands would become "famous air bases in a route that will connect Australia with California".
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1395:. It was constructed of white sandstone with painted black bands and a black top meant to be visible several miles out to sea during daylight hours. It is located near the boat landing in the middle of the west coast, near the site of Itascatown. The beacon was partially destroyed early in World War II by Japanese attacks but was rebuilt in the early 1960s by men from the U.S. Coast Guard ship
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architectural features described by Hague, though they concede this may be due to the destruction of these features later during the construction of an airstrip. A later conservation plan by the US Fish and
Wildlife Service suggests that Howland was likely used as a stopover or meeting point as opposed to being permanently occupied.
488:" on a very shallow hill at the island's center. In 2000, a visitor accompanying a scientific expedition reported seeing "a flat bulldozed plain of coral sand, without a single tree" and some traces of buildings from colonization or World War II building efforts, all wood and stone ruins overgrown by vegetation.
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the United States Guano
Company had in effect abandoned the island since the continual possession and actual occupation required for ownership by the Guano Islands Act did not occur. The result was that both companies were allowed to mine the guano deposits, which were substantially depleted by October
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Ground was cleared for a rudimentary aircraft landing area during the mid-1930s, in anticipation that the island might eventually become a stopover for commercial trans-Pacific air routes and also to further U.S. territorial claims in the region against rival claims from Great
Britain. Howland Island
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informed
Captain Taylor of its discovery. As Taylor had discovered another guano island in the Indian Ocean, they agreed to share the benefits of the guano on the two islands. Taylor put Netcher in communication with Alfred G. Benson, president of the American Guano Company, which was incorporated in
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created
Howland Island National Wildlife Refuge, which was expanded in 2009 to add submerged lands within 12 nautical miles (22 km) of the island. The refuge now includes 648 acres (2.62 km) of land and 410,351 acres (1,660.63 km) of water. Along with six other islands, the island was
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After the largest search and rescue attempt in history up to that time, the U.S. Navy concluded that the
Electra had run out of fuel and Earhart and Noonan ditched at sea and perished. Based on the strength of the transmission signals from Earhart, the Coast Guard concluded that the plane ran out of
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However, when the United States Guano
Company dispatched a vessel of their own in 1859 to mine the guano, they found that Howland Island was already occupied by men sent there by the American Guano Company. The companies ended up in New York state court, with the American Guano Company arguing that
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However, the only modern archaeological survey of
Howland, conducted by the US Army Corps of Engineers in 1987, found no evidence of prehistoric settlement or use of the island, but sub-surface testing was limited in scope due to time constraints. Additionally, the USACE survey failed to locate the
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Public entry to the island is allowed with a special use permit from the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service and it is generally restricted to scientists and educators. Representatives from the agency visit the island on average once every two years, often coordinating transportation with amateur radio
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later that century. In the 1930s, human activity on the island began with a few people, several buildings, a day beacon, and a cleared landing strip. This was the island Amelia
Earhart was going to land on when she was not heard from again on her long flight. The day after Pearl Harbor, the island
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Brainard, Russell E.; Acoba, Tomoko; Asher, Megan A.M.; et al. (2019). "Chapter 7: Howland Island". Coral Reef Ecosystem Monitoring Report for the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument, 2000–2017 (PIFSC Special Publication SP-19-006g). NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center.
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and damaged the three airstrips of Kamakaiwi Field. Two days later, shelling from a Japanese submarine destroyed what was left of the colony's buildings. A single bomber returned twice during the following weeks and dropped more bombs on the rubble. The two survivors were finally evacuated by the
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that brought the colonists to Howland and made regular cruises between the other equatorial islands during that era. Itascatown was a line of a half-dozen small wood-framed structures and tents near the beach on the island's western side. The fledgling colonists were given large stocks of canned
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1857 the American Guano Company sent Benson's son Arthur to Baker and Jarvis Islands to survey the guano deposits. He also visited Howland Island and took samples of the guano. Subsequently, Alfred G. Benson resigned from the American Guano Company and together with Netcher, Taylor and George W.
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was bombed and attacked several more times, which damaged the day beacon and killed two people, finally leading to its evacuation. After the war, the day beacon was repaired, and the island became a nature reserve. It has been the subject of visits to honor or look for the lost aviator, Earhart.
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All attempts at habitation were abandoned after 1944. Colonization projects on the other four islands, also disrupted by the war, were also abandoned. No aircraft is known to have landed on the island, though anchorages nearby were used by float planes and flying boats during World War II. For
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noted discovering the remains of a hut, canoe fragments, a blue bead, and a human skeleton buried in the sand. However, the perishable nature of the wooden materials and the lack of bead work in Polynesia suggests these materials are historic in nature. The presence of the kou tree
554:
2004:
Quan Bautista, Jesi; Smith, Savannah (2018). Early Cultural and Historical Seascape of the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument: Archival and Literary Research Report (Report). NOAA Fisheries Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center. p. 3.
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after James Kamakaiwi, a young Hawaiian who arrived with the first group of four colonists. He was selected as the group's leader, and he spent more than three years on Howland, far longer than the average recruit. It has also been referred to as
2101:"H. Res. 169 (Rep. Mark Takai) Acknowledging and honoring brave young men from Hawaii who enabled the United States to establish and maintain jurisdiction in remote equatorial islands as prolonged conflict in the Pacific lead to World War II"
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Rauzon, M.J.; Forsell, D.J.; Flint, E.M.; Gove, J.M. (2011). "Howland, Baker and Jarvis Islands 25 Years After Cat Eradication: The Recovery of Seabirds in a Biogeographical Context". In Veitch, C.R.; Clout, M.N.; Towns, D.R. (eds.).
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which were recognized under the U.S. Guano Islands Act of 1856. Benson tried to interest the American Guano Company in the Howland Island deposits; however, the company directors considered they already had sufficient deposits. In
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The climate is equatorial, with little rainfall and intense sunshine. Temperatures are moderated somewhat by a constant wind from the east. The terrain is low-lying and sandy: a coral island surrounded by a narrow fringing
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flying boat (BuNo 48199), piloted by William Hines, had an engine fire and made a forced landing in the ocean off Howland. Hines beached the aircraft, and though it burned, the crew were unharmed, rescued by the
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did so in 1997 during memorial circumnavigation flights to commemorate Earhart's 1937 world flight. No landings were attempted, but both Pellegreno and Finch flew low enough to drop a wreath on the island.
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fuel north of Howland. Many later studies came to the same conclusion; however, an alternative hypothesis that Earhart and Noonan may have landed the plane on Gardner Island (now called
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1857. Other entrepreneurs were approached as George and Matthew Howland, who later became members of the United States Guano Company, engaged Mr. Stetson to visit the island on the ship
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Howland is primarily a nesting, roosting, and foraging habitat for seabirds, shorebirds, and marine wildlife. The island, with its surrounding marine waters, has been recognized as an
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Howland Island National Wildlife Refuge consists of the entire island and the surrounding 32,074 acres (129.80 km) of submerged land. The island is managed by the
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Department of the Navy. Office of the Chief of Naval Operations. Intelligence Division. Office of Naval Records and Library. (1922 – 10/10/1945) (July 31, 1937).
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Benson formed the United States Guano Company to exploit the guano on Howland Island, with this claim being recognised under the U.S. Guano Islands Act of 1856.
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arrived on the island to establish a permanent U.S. presence in the Central Pacific. It began with a rotating group of four alumni and students from the
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1878. Laborers for the mining operations came from around the Pacific, including from Hawaiʻi; the Hawaiian laborers named Howland Island
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456:. In modern times, it is a nature reserve, and there are some historical remains from the colony and a stone tower called Earhart Light.
2383:"Establishment of the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument: A Proclamation by the President of the United States of America."
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398:-shape on a north–south axis, 1.40 by 0.55 miles (2.25 km × 0.89 km), and covers 1 square mile (640 acres; 2.6 km).
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may pose a maritime hazard. There is a boat landing area along the middle of the sandy beach on the west coast, as well as a crumbling
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436:, during their planned round-the-world flight. Airstrips constructed to accommodate her planned stopover were subsequently damaged in
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under Captain Pope. Mr. Stetson arrived on the island in 1854 and described it as being occupied by birds and a plague of rats.
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presence, including excavations and mounds along with stacked rocks and a footpath made of long flat stones. In the 1860s,
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Quote: Thursday, July 1, 1937... Howland Island was using the 10+30 hour time zone — the same as Hawaii standard time..."
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Archaeological Reconnaissance, Site Survey, and Limited Sub-Surface Testing of Baker and Howland Islands Final Report
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Colonists sent to the island in the mid-1930s, to establish possession by the United States, built the Earhart Light
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introduced the year before. The cats proved to be destructive to bird species, and the cats were eliminated by 1985.
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of 1856. The island was a known navigation hazard for many decades, and several ships were wrecked there. Its
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Island Invasives: Eradication and Management: Proceedings of the International Conference on Island Invasives
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Long, Elgen M. and Marie K. Long. Amelia Earhart: The Mystery Solved. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1999.
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In the late 19th century, there were British claims on the island as well as attempts at setting up mining.
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was unaware of Worth's sighting when he charted the island in 1828 and named it after his ship's owners on
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2036: |title = Memorandum of Secretary of State Cordell Hull to the President, February 18, 1936.
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2130:"Sixteenth Census of the United States: Population, Volume I, Number of Inhabitants, Hawaii (Table 4)"
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2552:"Eyewitness account of the Japanese raids on Howland Island (includes a grainy photo of Itascatown)."
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1037:. Thomas Bederman, one of the two survivors, later recounted his experience during the incident in a
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2267:"The Hui Panalāʻau Story of the Equatorial Pacific Islands of Howland, Baker, and Jarvis: 1935–1942"
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with a slightly raised central area. The highest point is approximately 20 feet (6.1 m) above
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448:. The island is visited every two years by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. It was mined for
660:) on the island is also considered a possible indicator of early Polynesian visits to Howland.
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resources. The landscape features scattered grasses along with prostrate vines and low-growing
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At an altitude of 1,000 feet, the plane would be able to see about 38 miles in clear weather.
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trees and shrubs. A 1942 eyewitness description spoke of "a low grove of dead and decaying
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https://web.archive.org/web/20100311031926/http://home.att.net/~higley.family/HullMemo.htm
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are the only places on Earth observing this time zone. This time zone is also called AoE,
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to construct three graded, unpaved runways meant to accommodate Earhart's twin-engined
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Howland Island was uninhabited when the United States took possession of it under the
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1974:"Howland Island, Its Birds and Rats, as Observed by a Certain Mr. Stetson in 1854."
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2202:. Series: World War II Action and Operational Reports, 1875 – 2006. Archived from
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as part of the Pacific Remote Islands National Wildlife Refuge Complex. In January
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were searching for but failed to find when they and their airplane disappeared on
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Since Howland Island is uninhabited, no time zone is specified. It lies within a
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Grover, David H. (2001). "Question 40/99: USN Involvement with Amelia Earhart".
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440:, not maintained, and gradually disappeared. There are no harbors or docks. The
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Sparse remnants of trails and other surface features indicate a possible early
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Presidential Private File, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, New York.
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2240:"What Happened to Amelia Earhart? – Disappearance, Found & New Evidence"
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1989:"GAO/OGC-98-5 – U.S. Insular Areas: Application of the U.S. Constitution."
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Howland Island was claimed by the United States in 1856 and was mined for
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1958:"The Guano Companies in Litigation – A Case of Interest to Stockholders."
1941:
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Howland Island sign, and in the background, the repaired Day Beacon tower
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Howland Island National Wildlife Refuge: Comprehensive Conservation Plan
1821:. The American Journal of Science and Arts, Vol. XXXIV. pp. 18–19.
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deposits were mined by American companies from about 1857 until October
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1942:"BBC News – Recreating Capt Bligh's famous Bounty mutiny sea voyage"
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To clarify American sovereignty, Executive Order 7368 was issued on
424:. It is managed as a nature reserve. It is best known as the island
2199:
U. S. Navy Report of the Search for Amelia Earhart, July 2–18, 1937
911:, Howland Island had a population of four people on April 1, 1940.
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Map of the central Pacific Ocean showing Howland Island and nearby
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2478:"Historic Light Station Information and Photography: Pacific Rim".
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2663:"Historic Light Station Information and Photography: Pacific Rim"
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Safford, Laurance F. with Cameron A. Warren and Robert R. Payne.
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The island habitat has been affected by the presence of multiple
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was designated as a scheduled refueling stop for American pilot
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2665:. United States Coast Guard Historian's Office. Archived from
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Earhart's Flight into Yesterday: The Facts Without the Fiction
2056:"Clandestine Colonization: Howland, Baker, and Jarvis Islands"
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978:(the WPA contributed about 20 percent of the $ 12,000 cost).
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in the 19th century, and in the 1930s it was colonized by the
2569:
The Prehistroric Exploration and Colonisation of the Pacific.
1979:, Vol. IX, April 1955, pp. 95–106. Retrieved: March 23, 2013.
929:
The planned flight route of Amelia Earhart across the Pacific
390:. For statistical purposes, Howland is grouped as one of the
330:
4329:
Important Bird Areas of United States Minor Outlying Islands
4324:
National Wildlife Refuges in the United States insular areas
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The American Guano Company established claims in respect to
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1568:
List of lighthouses in United States Minor Outlying Islands
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1878, although there was dispute between mining companies.
336:
1083:, transferred to a sub chaser and taken to Canton Island.
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1943 and was known as Howland Naval Air Station until May
883:. Similar colonization projects were started on nearby
27:
US-controlled coral island in the central Pacific Ocean
2367:"Welcome to Howland Island National Wildlife Refuge."
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of 12 nautical miles (22 km) around the island.
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On the Phosphatic Guano Islands of the Pacific Ocean
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or navigational landmark. It is shaped like a short
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and Company, a British firm using laborers from the
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2509:. Honolulu, Hawaii: Tongg Publishing Company, 1942.
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3878:Caribbean Islands National Wildlife Refuge Complex
2136:, 1940; Washington, D.C.; page 1211,.
2060:The Earhart Enigma: Retracing Amelia's Last Flight
1134:were introduced in 1854 and eradicated in 1938 by
698:after a lookout who sighted it from the whaleship
2674:'Voyage of the Odyssey' – pictures and travelogue
2571:Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
2372:August 26, 2011. Retrieved: March 20, 2012.
1953:
1951:
522:, as well as serving as a migratory stopover for
4309:Uninhabited Pacific islands of the United States
3568:and other inhabited territories governed by the
2062:. Gretna, Louisiana: The Pelican Publishing Co.
1751:"United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges."
851:American Equatorial Islands Colonization Project
829:American Equatorial Islands Colonization Project
454:American Equatorial Islands Colonization Project
2657:Geography, history and nature on Howland Island
1903:. Honolulu, HI: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
1662:"United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges"
1150:to defray the high cost of logistical support.
1117:Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument
415:Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument
75:Location of Howland Island in the Pacific Ocean
3995:National Wildlife Refuges of the United States
2597:Of Islands and Men: Studies in Pacific History
1994:, November 7, 1997. Retrieved: March 23, 2013.
1845:. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. pp. 345–349.
1720:
1718:
792:
3979:
3889:
3796:
3170:
2711:
2481:United States Coast Guard Historian's Office.
2389:, January 6, 2009. Retrieved: March 20, 2012.
1656:
1654:
1305:white and black horizontal bands (originally)
997:) and died as castaways has been considered.
8:
2517:East to the Dawn: The Life of Amelia Earhart
2416:"Lighthouses of U.S. Pacific Remote Islands"
1575:, includes coverage of the Howland-Baker EEZ
1161:
1102:On June 27, 1974, Secretary of the Interior
44:Howland Island seen from space in April 2007
32:
2468:August 17, 1963. Retrieved: March 20, 2012.
2463:"Earhart beacon shines from lonely island."
2424:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
2224:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3986:
3972:
3964:
3803:
3789:
3781:
3177:
3163:
3155:
2718:
2704:
2696:
2684:Howland Island – Small Island, Big History
2399:"Howland Island National Wildlife Refuge."
2145:
2143:
2034:http://att.net/~higley.family/HullMemo.htm
1324:
1284:
1269:
1254:
1175:
1160:
921:Amelia_Earhart § World flight in 1937
837:View of the settlement on the island, 1937
686:. Daniel MacKenzie of the American whaler
682:sighted Howland around 1822 and called it
576:of 200 nautical miles (370 km) and a
362:in the central Pacific Ocean, about 1,700
31:
2610:. McLean, Virginia: Paladwr Press, 2003.
2507:American Polynesia and the Hawaiian Chain
1963:, May 3, 1865. Retrieved: March 23, 2013.
1850:
1726:"Howland Island National Wildlife Refuge"
812:, occupied the island from 1886 to 1891.
374:. The island lies almost halfway between
2726:Political divisions of the United States
2625:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1960.
1702:United States Department of the Interior
1142:continues to compete with local plants.
2651:Howland Island National Wildlife Refuge
2444:"Voyage to Howland Island of the USCGC
1899:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (2008).
1888:. Honolulu: US Army Corps of Engineers.
1650:
1605:
1419:
262:Howland Island National Wildlife Refuge
3614:Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
2632:. Singapore: Periplus Editions, 2004.
2519:. Cambridge, MA: Da Capa Press, 1999.
2217:
1115:2009, that entity was upgraded to the
730:and ran more or less west directly to
694:. Howland Island was at last named on
596:, named International Date Line West (
62:
2191:
2189:
2171:from the original on August 21, 2017.
380:unincorporated, unorganized territory
200:Unincorporated, unorganized territory
7:
3816:United States Minor Outlying Islands
3765:
2623:The Discovery of the Pacific Islands
1613:American Guano Co. v. U.S. Guano Co.
1203:United States Minor Outlying Islands
1098:and hump coral – Howland Island NWR.
1001:Japanese attacks during World War II
392:United States Minor Outlying Islands
382:of the United States. Together with
204:United States Minor Outlying Islands
1693:Geographic Names Information System
3202:Organized incorporated territories
25:
2032:{{cite web |url =
1407:overflew the island in 1967, and
981:Earhart and Noonan took off from
702:under Captain Geo. E. Netcher of
145:2.6 km (1.0 sq mi)
3764:
3755:
3754:
3566:United Nations trust territories
3186:Territories of the United States
2653:– U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
2151:"We are on the line 157 337 ..."
1550:
1536:
1515:
1501:
1489:
1474:
1458:
1446:
1434:
1422:
1165:
738:U.S. possession and guano mining
320:
61:
54:
38:
4334:Important Bird Areas of Oceania
3620:American Concession in Shanghai
2492:Safford et al. 2003, pp. 76–77.
2402:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
2370:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
1992:U.S. Government Printing Office
1763:. Retrieved: November 25, 2010.
1698:United States Geological Survey
757:Captain Geo. E. Netcher of the
672:Captain George B. Worth of the
411:U.S. Department of the Interior
280:
3626:American concession of Tianjin
2734:List of states and territories
2182:Distance to Horizon Calculator
1796:. BirdLife International. 2021
1579:History of the Pacific Islands
1109:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
937:Amelia Earhart and Fred Noonan
857:for Boys, a private school in
403:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
394:. The island has an elongated
241:International Date Line West (
1:
4319:Works Progress Administration
1668:. Central Intelligence Agency
1441:Itascatown settlement remains
1297:cylindrical tower, no lantern
958:(WPA) funds were used by the
956:Works Progress Administration
903:, which later became part of
3217:U.S. territorial sovereignty
2679:Howland Island at Infoplease
2630:Early Mapping of the Pacific
2564:Retrieved: October 10, 2010.
2483:Retrieved: October 10, 2010.
2453:Retrieved: October 10, 2010.
2356:Retrieved: October 10, 2010.
2341:Retrieved: October 10, 2010.
1429:Aircraft wreckage on Howland
1047:. Howland was occupied by a
1033:, a U.S. Navy destroyer, on
849:In 1935, colonists from the
549:centered over Howland Island
161:0.89 km (0.553 mi)
153:2.25 km (1.398 mi)
4273:U.S. Minor Outlying Islands
3121:List of Indian reservations
1584:List of Guano Island claims
1282:6 m (20 ft)
420:The atoll currently has no
4355:
3467:Unincorporated territories
2404:Retrieved: March 20, 2012.
2305:. Time Inc. March 9, 1942.
1774:"At Howland Island, 2000."
1053:United States Marine Corps
918:
826:
358:located just north of the
169:6.4 km (3.98 mi)
4001:
3952:Office of Insular Affairs
3946:
3865:National Wildlife Refuges
3824:Marine national monuments
3750:
3652:
3635:
3578:
3561:
3475:
3462:
3225:
3192:
3131:International concessions
2731:
2557:February 5, 2015, at the
1573:Howland and Baker islands
1361:0.8056889°N 176.6190417°W
1333:
1309:
1186:
1174:
964:Lockheed Model 10 Electra
864:The settlement was named
718:, in his diary after the
592:which is 12 hours behind
309:
267:
260:
256:
186:
118:0.8071778°N 176.6165222°W
49:
37:
3552:Northern Mariana Islands
3035:Northern Mariana Islands
2599:. Melbourne, Australia:
2420:The Lighthouse Directory
1815:Hague, James D. (1862).
1779:Retrieved: July 6, 2008.
1754:CIA: The World Factbook.
1087:National Wildlife Refuge
378:and Australia and is an
2601:Oxford University Press
1827:10.5962/bhl.title.35160
1366:0.8056889; -176.6190417
1233:0.805689°N 176.619042°W
969:The facility was named
793:
574:Exclusive Economic Zone
547:Orthographic projection
524:bristle-thighed curlews
123:0.8071778; -176.6165222
3930:The Nature Conservancy
3832:Pacific Remote Islands
2689:April 2, 2007, at the
2466:Eugene Register-Guard,
2271:NOAA Ocean Exploration
1922:Bryan 1942, pp. 38–41.
1884:Shun, Kanalei (1987).
1465:Howland island flora (
1099:
1073:Martin PBM-3-D Mariner
960:Bureau of Air Commerce
952:round-the-world flight
938:
930:
846:
845:Government House, 1937
838:
633:Prehistoric settlement
621:
600:). Howland Island and
569:
550:
539:
516:red-tailed tropicbirds
497:BirdLife International
228:Additional information
174:Highest elevation
3207:Territorial evolution
2533:Warship International
2054:Horner, Dave (2013).
1238:0.805689; -176.619042
1094:
1013:, by 14 twin-engined
936:
928:
919:Further information:
844:
836:
710:Captain William Bligh
619:
556:
545:
538:Map of Howland Island
537:
476:There are no natural
386:it forms part of the
356:strict nature reserve
274:strict nature reserve
177:3 m (10 ft)
2505:Bryan, Edwin H. Jr.
2290:Butler 1999, p. 419.
2134:United States census
1972:Howland, Llewellyn.
1453:Howland island flora
1181:Howland Island Light
1107:administered by the
823:Itascatown (1935–42)
797:('kou tree grove').
668:Sightings by whalers
499:because it supports
4278:U.S. Virgin Islands
3644:uninhabited islands
3546:U.S. Virgin Islands
3113:Indian reservations
3045:U.S. Virgin Islands
2339:worldstatesmen.org.
2206:on December 8, 2019
1931:Maude 1968, p. 130.
1913:Sharp 1960, p. 210.
1522:Earhart Light, 2008
1356: /
1229: /
1171:
976:WPA Howland Airport
907:. According to the
572:The U.S. claims an
508:lesser frigatebirds
493:Important Bird Area
413:and is part of the
114: /
92:North Pacific Ocean
34:
3847:National Memorials
2385:Washington, D.C.:
2323:10.25923/7k72-t460
2090:Long 1999, p. 206.
2011:10.25923/fb5w-jw23
1961:The New York Times
1794:BirdLife Data Zone
1558:Engineering portal
1100:
1017:"Nell" bombers of
939:
931:
847:
839:
643:James Duncan Hague
622:
590:nautical time zone
570:
561:just north of the
551:
540:
4286:
4285:
3961:
3960:
3837:Papahānaumokuākea
3778:
3777:
3642:claims and other
3640:Guano Islands Act
3540:Panama Canal Zone
3212:Thirteen Colonies
3152:
3151:
2567:Irwin, Geoffrey.
2336:"Howland Island."
2164:(2). March 2002.
2069:978-1-4556-1781-4
1944:. April 20, 2010.
1862:978-2-8317-1291-8
1619:. 23 (N.Y. 1865).
1337:
1336:
1146:operators or the
1140:Pacific crabgrass
1096:Emperor Angelfish
855:Kamehameha School
744:Guano Islands Act
696:September 9, 1842
649:Cordia subcordata
606:Anywhere on Earth
422:economic activity
313:
312:
16:(Redirected from
4346:
4339:Seabird colonies
3988:
3981:
3974:
3965:
3938:Palmyra Preserve
3855:Battle of Midway
3805:
3798:
3791:
3782:
3768:
3767:
3758:
3757:
3723:Quita Sueño Bank
3303:Indian Territory
3179:
3172:
3165:
3156:
3055:Outlying islands
3009:Washington, D.C.
3003:Federal district
2720:
2713:
2706:
2697:
2670:
2669:on May 25, 2017.
2628:Suárez, Thomas.
2548:
2493:
2490:
2484:
2475:
2469:
2460:
2454:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2411:
2405:
2396:
2390:
2381:Bush, George W.
2379:
2373:
2363:
2357:
2348:
2342:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2297:
2291:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2246:. March 29, 2023
2236:
2230:
2229:
2223:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2193:
2184:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2155:
2147:
2138:
2137:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2105:
2097:
2091:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2051:
2045:
2040:|archive-url =
2030:
2024:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2001:
1995:
1986:
1980:
1970:
1964:
1955:
1946:
1945:
1938:
1932:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1914:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1854:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1790:"Howland Island"
1786:
1780:
1770:
1764:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1728:. Archived from
1722:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1688:"Howland Island"
1684:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1658:
1638:
1635:
1629:
1626:
1620:
1618:
1610:
1560:
1555:
1554:
1546:
1541:
1540:
1519:
1509:Ruddy turnstones
1505:
1493:
1478:
1462:
1450:
1438:
1426:
1382:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1368:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1329:
1328:
1289:
1288:
1274:
1273:
1259:
1258:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1179:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1148:U.S. Coast Guard
1114:
1070:
1062:
1058:
1040:
1036:
1035:January 31, 1942
1012:
1011:December 8, 1941
909:1940 U.S. Census
878:
868:after the USCGC
818:
796:
790:
781:
753:
697:
693:
692:December 1, 1828
435:
349:
348:
345:
344:
341:
338:
335:
332:
329:
326:
305:
302:
300:
298:
296:
129:
128:
126:
125:
124:
119:
115:
112:
111:
110:
107:
65:
64:
58:
42:
35:
21:
4354:
4353:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4344:
4343:
4289:
4288:
4287:
4282:
3997:
3992:
3962:
3957:
3942:
3924:
3859:
3841:
3818:
3812:Protected areas
3809:
3779:
3774:
3746:
3657:Phoenix Islands
3648:
3631:
3608:Volcano Islands
3574:
3557:
3471:
3458:
3221:
3188:
3183:
3153:
3148:
3125:
3107:
3049:
3011:
2997:
2736:
2727:
2724:
2691:Wayback Machine
2661:
2647:
2621:Sharp, Andrew.
2559:Wayback Machine
2530:
2502:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2476:
2472:
2461:
2457:
2451:US Coast Guard.
2442:
2438:
2428:
2426:
2414:Rowlett, Russ.
2413:
2412:
2408:
2397:
2393:
2380:
2376:
2364:
2360:
2351:"Report 48199."
2349:
2345:
2334:
2330:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2275:
2273:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2249:
2247:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2216:
2209:
2207:
2195:
2194:
2187:
2180:
2176:
2168:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2141:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2112:
2110:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2070:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1987:
1983:
1977:Pacific Science
1971:
1967:
1956:
1949:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1863:
1852:10.1.1.692.5572
1839:
1838:
1834:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1799:
1797:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1771:
1767:
1749:
1745:
1735:
1733:
1732:on June 2, 2015
1724:
1723:
1716:
1706:
1704:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1671:
1669:
1660:
1659:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1589:Phoenix Islands
1564:
1563:
1556:
1549:
1542:
1535:
1530:
1523:
1520:
1511:
1506:
1497:
1494:
1485:
1479:
1470:
1463:
1454:
1451:
1442:
1439:
1430:
1427:
1418:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1323:
1283:
1268:
1253:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1215:
1199:Phoenix Islands
1182:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1128:invasive exotic
1112:
1089:
1068:
1060:
1056:
1038:
1034:
1019:Chitose Kōkūtai
1010:
1003:
971:Kamakaiwi Field
923:
917:
915:Kamakaiwi Field
901:Phoenix Islands
876:
831:
825:
816:
802:John T. Arundel
788:
779:
751:
740:
695:
691:
670:
654:Polynesian rats
635:
614:
586:
578:territorial sea
532:
462:
460:Flora and fauna
433:
388:Phoenix Islands
370:) southwest of
323:
319:
303:/howland-island
293:
277:
248:
191:
137:Phoenix Islands
122:
120:
116:
113:
108:
105:
103:
101:
100:
79:
78:
77:
76:
73:
72:
71:
70:
66:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4352:
4350:
4342:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4314:Amelia Earhart
4311:
4306:
4301:
4299:Howland Island
4291:
4290:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4258:American Samoa
4254:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4201:South Carolina
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4166:North Carolina
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3983:
3976:
3968:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3955:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3934:
3932:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3900:Johnston Atoll
3897:
3892:
3890:Howland Island
3887:
3886:
3885:
3883:Navassa Island
3875:
3869:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3851:
3849:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3834:
3828:
3826:
3820:
3819:
3810:
3808:
3807:
3800:
3793:
3785:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3762:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3738:
3737:(1899–present)
3732:
3731:(1898–present)
3726:
3720:
3719:(1867–present)
3714:
3713:(1867–present)
3711:Howland Island
3708:
3702:
3701:(1860–present)
3696:
3695:(1858–present)
3693:Navassa Island
3690:
3689:(1858–present)
3687:Johnston Atoll
3684:
3683:(1858–present)
3678:
3677:(1857–present)
3672:
3666:
3660:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3623:
3617:
3611:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3591:
3583:Ryukyu Islands
3579:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3554:(1986–present)
3549:
3548:(1917–present)
3543:
3537:
3536:(1899–present)
3534:American Samoa
3531:
3530:
3529:
3523:
3517:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3500:
3494:
3483:
3482:(1898–present)
3476:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3436:
3430:
3421:
3415:
3409:
3403:
3397:
3391:
3385:
3379:
3373:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3353:
3344:
3338:
3332:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3312:
3306:
3297:
3291:
3285:
3279:
3273:
3267:
3257:
3251:
3245:
3239:
3233:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3193:
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3139:Guantanamo Bay
3135:
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3109:
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3100:
3095:
3093:Navassa Island
3090:
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3078:Johnston Atoll
3075:
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3068:Howland Island
3065:
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3025:American Samoa
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2943:South Carolina
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2908:North Carolina
2905:
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2265:Hirsh, Heidi.
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1405:Ann Pellegreno
1385:Amelia Earhart
1383:, named after
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1121:George W. Bush
1088:
1085:
1071:, a U.S. Navy
1015:Mitsubishi G3M
1009:air attack on
1002:
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946:and navigator
944:Amelia Earhart
916:
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827:Main article:
824:
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658:Rattus exulans
634:
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512:masked boobies
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442:fringing reefs
426:Amelia Earhart
364:nautical miles
316:Howland Island
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69:Howland Island
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4304:Coral islands
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3936:
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3933:
3931:
3927:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3915:Palmyra Atoll
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3895:Jarvis Island
3893:
3891:
3888:
3884:
3881:
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3729:Palmyra Atoll
3727:
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3712:
3709:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3688:
3685:
3682:
3681:Jarvis Island
3679:
3676:
3673:
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3667:
3664:
3663:Roncador Bank
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3600:
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3410:
3407:
3404:
3401:
3398:
3395:
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3389:
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3377:
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3368:
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3362:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3224:
3218:
3215:
3213:
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3208:
3205:
3203:
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3134:
3132:
3128:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3098:Palmyra Atoll
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3073:Jarvis Island
3071:
3069:
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3064:
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3060:
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3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3004:
3000:
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2983:West Virginia
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2888:New Hampshire
2886:
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2876:
2874:
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2869:
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2864:
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2859:
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2848:Massachusetts
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2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
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2801:
2799:
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2714:
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2698:
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2677:
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2668:
2664:
2660:
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2649:
2648:
2644:
2639:
2638:0-7946-0092-1
2635:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2620:
2617:
2616:1-888962-20-8
2613:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2588:0-684-86005-8
2585:
2581:
2578:
2577:0-521-47651-8
2574:
2570:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2556:
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2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2526:
2525:0-306-80887-0
2522:
2518:
2514:
2513:Butler, Susan
2511:
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2183:
2178:
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2158:TIGHAR Tracks
2152:
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1416:Image gallery
1415:
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1410:
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1386:
1378:
1372:Earhart Light
1351:176°37′8.55″W
1332:
1327:
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1312:
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1296:
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1196:
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1173:
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1162:Earhart Light
1154:Earhart Light
1153:
1151:
1149:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1122:
1119:by President
1118:
1110:
1105:
1104:Rogers Morton
1097:
1093:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1081:
1074:
1069:July 10, 1944
1064:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1039:March 9, 1942
1032:
1031:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1008:
1000:
998:
996:
990:
988:
984:
979:
977:
972:
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965:
961:
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953:
949:
945:
935:
927:
922:
914:
912:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
893:Canton Island
891:, as well as
890:
889:Jarvis Island
886:
882:
879:hours behind
873:
872:
867:
862:
860:
856:
852:
843:
835:
830:
822:
820:
813:
811:
807:
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798:
795:
784:
776:
775:Jarvis Island
772:
767:
765:
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755:
749:
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737:
735:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
716:
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707:
705:
701:
689:
688:Minerva Smith
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611:
609:
607:
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583:
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579:
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568:
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527:
525:
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517:
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487:
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443:
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431:
427:
423:
418:
416:
412:
408:
404:
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373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
347:
317:
308:
304:
292:
288:
284:
275:
271:
270:IUCN category
266:
263:
259:
255:
251:
244:
240:
239:
237:
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231:
226:
222:
218:
214:
209:
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189:United States
185:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
127:
99:
95:
91:
87:
82:
57:
48:
41:
36:
30:
19:
4206:South Dakota
4196:Rhode Island
4191:Pennsylvania
4171:North Dakota
3950:
3910:Midway Atoll
3905:Kingman Reef
3873:Baker Island
3741:Corn Islands
3717:Midway Atoll
3710:
3705:Swan Islands
3699:Kingman Reef
3675:Baker Island
3669:Serrana Bank
3528:1952–present
3526:Commonwealth
3510:Puerto Rico
3503:Commonwealth
3088:Midway Atoll
3083:Kingman Reef
3067:
3063:Baker Island
3040:Puerto Rico
2948:South Dakota
2938:Rhode Island
2933:Pennsylvania
2913:North Dakota
2667:the original
2629:
2622:
2607:
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2500:Bibliography
2488:
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2439:
2427:. Retrieved
2419:
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2317:p. 13.
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2274:. Retrieved
2270:
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2250:November 24,
2248:. Retrieved
2243:
2234:
2210:December 13,
2208:. Retrieved
2204:the original
2198:
2177:
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2111:. Retrieved
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2095:
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2028:
2019:
1999:
1991:
1984:
1976:
1968:
1960:
1936:
1927:
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1909:
1900:
1894:
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1842:
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1817:
1810:
1798:. Retrieved
1793:
1784:
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1753:
1746:
1734:. Retrieved
1730:the original
1707:February 24,
1705:. Retrieved
1691:
1682:
1670:. Retrieved
1665:
1633:
1624:
1612:
1608:
1403:
1396:
1348:0°48′20.48″N
1338:
1267:rubble
1264:Construction
1194:
1144:
1125:
1101:
1079:
1067:example, on
1065:
1055:in September
1042:
1029:
1023:Pearl Harbor
1004:
991:
980:
975:
970:
968:
940:
885:Baker Island
870:
865:
863:
848:
817:May 13, 1936
814:
806:Cook Islands
799:
785:
771:Baker Island
768:
763:
758:
756:
741:
713:
708:
699:
687:
684:Worth Island
683:
677:
671:
662:
657:
647:
636:
623:
602:Baker Island
587:
571:
565:and east of
559:Baker Island
490:
475:
463:
438:World War II
434:July 2, 1937
419:
407:insular area
400:
384:Baker Island
366:(3,100
352:coral island
315:
314:
261:
211:Demographics
188:
106:0°48′25.84″N
29:
4268:Puerto Rico
4121:Mississippi
4036:Connecticut
3920:Wake Island
3743:(1914–1971)
3735:Wake Island
3725:(1869–1981)
3707:(1863–1972)
3671:(1856–1981)
3665:(1856–1981)
3659:(1856–1979)
3628:(1860–1901)
3622:(1848–1863)
3616:(1947–1994)
3610:(1945–1968)
3604:(1945–1968)
3542:(1903–1979)
3486:Philippines
3455:(1900–1959)
3449:(1868–1890)
3420:(1864–1889)
3414:(1863–1912)
3408:(1863–1890)
3402:(1861–1889)
3396:(1861–1876)
3390:(1861–1864)
3384:(1854–1867)
3378:(1854–1861)
3372:(1853–1889)
3366:(1850–1896)
3350:Provisional
3346:New Mexico
3343:(1849–1858)
3337:(1848–1859)
3331:(1838–1846)
3325:(1836–1848)
3296:(1822–1845)
3290:(1819–1836)
3284:(1817–1819)
3278:(1809–1818)
3272:(1805–1837)
3266:(1805–1821)
3256:(1804–1812)
3250:(1800–1816)
3244:(1798–1817)
3242:Mississippi
3238:(1790–1796)
3232:(1787–1803)
3197:Organic act
3103:Wake Island
3017:Territories
2863:Mississippi
2778:Connecticut
2594:Maude, H.E.
2429:November 7,
2387:White House
2354:vpnavy.org.
1800:January 23,
1409:Linda Finch
1364: /
1319:Deactivated
1249:Constructed
1236: /
1224:176°37′09″W
1211:Coordinates
1078:USCGC
1041:edition of
948:Fred Noonan
704:New Bedford
520:sooty terns
478:fresh water
430:Fred Noonan
134:Archipelago
121: /
97:Coordinates
4293:Categories
4236:Washington
4156:New Mexico
4151:New Jersey
4026:California
3427:Department
3370:Washington
2978:Washington
2898:New Mexico
2893:New Jersey
2768:California
2113:October 6,
2023:Bryan 1942
1595:References
1393:lighthouse
1389:day beacon
1370: (
1322:1942
1252:1937
1158:Lighthouse
1136:feral cats
1132:Black rats
995:Nikumaroro
987:New Guinea
866:Itascatown
715:HMS Bounty
639:Polynesian
446:day beacon
409:under the
282:Designated
216:Population
4246:Wisconsin
4211:Tennessee
4116:Minnesota
4091:Louisiana
3596:1950–1972
3590:1945–1950
3522:1900–1952
3516:1898–1900
3505:1935–1946
3499:1901–1935
3493:1898–1901
3441:1912–1959
3439:Territory
3435:1884–1912
3429:1867–1884
3358:1850–1912
3356:Territory
3352:1846–1850
3341:Minnesota
3323:Wisconsin
3317:1890–1907
3315:Territory
3311:1850–1890
3309:Panhandle
3305:1834–1907
3299:Oklahoma
3260:Louisiana
3236:Southwest
3230:Northwest
2988:Wisconsin
2953:Tennessee
2858:Minnesota
2833:Louisiana
2562:ksbe.edu.
2545:0043-0374
2220:cite book
2078:805655042
1871:770307954
1847:CiteSeerX
1761:1553-8133
1736:March 11,
1645:Citations
1221:0°48′20″N
1130:species.
1049:battalion
1028:USS
954:in 1937.
950:on their
897:Enderbury
674:Nantucket
584:Time zone
530:Economics
495:(IBA) by
486:kou trees
471:sea level
243:UTC−12:00
234:Time zone
166:Coastline
84:Geography
4231:Virginia
4181:Oklahoma
4161:New York
4136:Nebraska
4126:Missouri
4111:Michigan
4101:Maryland
4086:Kentucky
4066:Illinois
4041:Delaware
4031:Colorado
4021:Arkansas
3760:Category
3588:Military
3514:Military
3491:Military
3433:District
3394:Colorado
3382:Nebraska
3288:Arkansas
3276:Illinois
3270:Michigan
3264:Missouri
3144:Pituffik
2973:Virginia
2923:Oklahoma
2903:New York
2878:Nebraska
2868:Missouri
2853:Michigan
2843:Maryland
2828:Kentucky
2808:Illinois
2783:Delaware
2773:Colorado
2763:Arkansas
2687:Archived
2555:Archived
2276:June 19,
2166:Archived
1777:pbs.org.
1672:June 25,
1528:See also
1398:Blackhaw
1302:Markings
1191:Location
1007:Japanese
905:Kiribati
859:Honolulu
764:Rousseau
759:Isabella
700:Isabella
504:colonies
396:cucumber
372:Honolulu
89:Location
4251:Wyoming
4226:Vermont
4131:Montana
4071:Indiana
4051:Georgia
4046:Florida
4016:Arizona
4006:Alabama
3814:of the
3770:Commons
3520:Insular
3497:Insular
3447:Wyoming
3423:Alaska
3418:Montana
3412:Arizona
3294:Florida
3282:Alabama
3254:Orleans
3248:Indiana
2993:Wyoming
2968:Vermont
2873:Montana
2813:Indiana
2793:Georgia
2788:Florida
2758:Arizona
2748:Alabama
2603:, 1968.
2537:XXXVIII
2244:HISTORY
1467:leeward
1387:, as a
1051:of the
899:in the
778:October
676:whaler
612:History
563:Equator
501:seabird
482:pisonia
360:equator
350:) is a
301:/refuge
290:Website
4186:Oregon
4141:Nevada
4081:Kansas
4056:Hawaii
4011:Alaska
3453:Hawaii
3400:Dakota
3388:Nevada
3376:Kansas
3335:Oregon
2928:Oregon
2883:Nevada
2823:Kansas
2798:Hawaii
2753:Alaska
2741:States
2636:
2614:
2586:
2575:
2543:
2523:
2076:
2066:
1869:
1859:
1849:
1759:
1481:Young
1279:Height
1113:
1080:Balsam
1063:1944.
1061:
1057:
877:
871:Itasca
794:Ulukou
789:
780:
752:
720:mutiny
652:) and
567:Tarawa
405:as an
376:Hawaii
196:Status
150:Length
4216:Texas
4096:Maine
4061:Idaho
3594:Civil
3406:Idaho
2958:Texas
2838:Maine
2803:Idaho
2446:Kukui
2169:(PDF)
2154:(PDF)
2128:
2104:(PDF)
1615:, 44
1600:Notes
1314:Light
1294:Shape
1164:
748:guano
732:Timor
728:Tofua
724:Tonga
626:guano
450:guano
158:Width
4263:Guam
4221:Utah
4176:Ohio
4076:Iowa
3480:Guam
3364:Utah
3329:Iowa
3030:Guam
2963:Utah
2918:Ohio
2818:Iowa
2634:ISBN
2612:ISBN
2584:ISBN
2573:ISBN
2541:ISSN
2521:ISBN
2431:2016
2302:LIFE
2278:2023
2252:2023
2226:link
2212:2019
2115:2017
2074:OCLC
2064:ISBN
1867:OCLC
1857:ISBN
1802:2021
1757:ISSN
1738:2019
1709:2009
1674:2019
1617:Barb
1205:, US
1044:Life
1030:Helm
895:and
887:and
810:Niue
808:and
773:and
726:and
679:Oeno
598:IDLW
518:and
467:reef
428:and
354:and
299:.gov
297:.fws
285:1974
272:Ia (
221:2000
219:0 (
142:Area
2319:doi
2007:doi
1823:doi
983:Lae
881:UTC
712:of
594:UTC
506:of
295:www
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