704:
61:
472:. The final design was a seven-story structure, capable of accommodating 356 guests in a total of 140 double rooms and 34 luxury suites. The rooms were small by hotel standards, similar in size to the cabins of a cruise ship. The main hotel structure measured 89.2 metres (292.7 ft) in length and 27.6 metres (90.6 ft) in width, and rose to 24.2 metres (79.4 ft) above sea level. The hotel weighed 10,960 tonnes (
607:"Charlie". Although the main structure remained intact, peripheral structures such as the tennis court and swimming pool suffered damage. Two months after the hotel opened, an unrelated floating platform also installed in the John Brewer Reef, called "Fantasy Island", sank during a storm. In September, a large and previously unknown
448:
734:. In early February 2022, satellite imagery began to pick up on activity close to the Haegumgang Hotel and the structure was ultimately demolished around 5–6 March. As of May 2023, South Korean companies and the Ministry of Unification are planning to sue the North Korean government for illegal use and destruction of property.
659:
November 1989 as the first five-star hotel and first international class hotel in Ho Chi Minh City. The floating hotel was at the time of opening also the only hotel in the city to offer services such as credit card facilities, a business centre, international booking, and international direct dial phone lines.
579:
on 9 March 1988. It became the world's first floating hotel as well as the first attempt to use coastal ocean space for permanent tourism accommodation. Because of various delays, the hotel opened six months behind schedule. While it operated in the John Brewer Reef, the hotel was reachable through a
418:
In March 1983, a group of businesspeople headed by Tarca made a second proposal for permanent accommodation in the John Brewer Reef. This time, the idea was to build a floating hotel, which was believed to be cheaper and more environmentally friendly than an artificial island. In March 1985, a draft
544:
The floating hotel was specifically designed for "total environmental safety". Numerous efforts were taken during design and construction to minimise the environmental impact in the John Brewer Reef. No sewage was dumped and the hotel's water was recirculated. The only liquid waste that entered the
531:
Due to a contract dispute, delivery of the finished hotel was delayed until
January 1988. The hotel was towed from Singapore to the John Brewer Reef with a heavy-lift ship. The John Brewer Reef has a narrow 60-metre (200 ft) wide opening on its northern side, through which the structure was towed.
499:
and diesel. The engineering systems of the hotel were identical to those of a mid-size cruise ship. Located below the main deck, there was a steel-plated corridor through the hotel's "spine", with water-tight rooms that housed a desalination plant, three diesel generators, ballast tank controls, a
650:
experienced a flood of foreign visitors, quickly overwhelming the small number of aged hotels present in the city. To exploit this shortage and quickly establish luxury accommodation in the city, EIE International had the floating hotel relocated to Ho Chi Minh City in August 1989. In addition to
479:
In addition to the main structure, there were also adjacent floating pontoons that functioned as walkways and had moorings, as well as a swimming pool and tennis courts. Inside, the hotel had two restaurants, a nightclub, a disco, two bars, a sauna, a gym, a library, a research lab, a diving gear
561:
Although the floating hotel proved to be economically unviable, various analyses conducted in the John Brewer Reef during and after its operation demonstrated that its environmental impact had been successfully minimised. In a 1995 retrospective analysis, researchers Peter
Saenger and Ian Dutton
711:
In July 2008, a South Korean woman was shot dead by a North Korean soldier in the Mount
Kumgang Tourist Region, reportedly due to entering a military area. As a result of the incident, Hyundai Asan suspended operations in the area, including the Hotel Haegumgang. It is unclear whether the hotel
549:
plume from the hotel's desalination plant. Solid waste was incinerated and treated wastewater was taken to the mainland or taken away and dumped in a legally designated part of the sea. The gas produced through incineration of waste was emitted from a 24-metre (78 ft) high stack, which had been
691:
in North Korea. North and South Korea were at the time experiencing a thaw in bilateral relations, leading
Hyundai Asan to invest in large-scale tourism projects in the North. The reason for purchasing the floating hotel was reportedly that it was cheaper and easier than initiating a brand new
662:
Due to its direct access to the mainland, the floating hotel no longer suffered from a remote location or poor weather conditions. It proved commercially successful and its two bars became two of the most popular nightspots in Ho Chi Minh City. Locals colloquially referred to the hotel as "The
357:
system in the world and a popular tourist destination. In the 1980s, Australian tour operators wished to further exploit the reef's tourism potential through making trips faster and shorter, or through creating off-shore accommodation for tourists. Such off-shore accommodation would be able to
658:
waterfront along Ton Duc Thang Street and was renamed to the Saigon
Floating Hotel. The structure was slightly modified, now housing 201 rooms, a gym, a swimming pool, and a tennis court. Two new bars were also added, the "Down Under Disco" and the "Q Bar". The Saigon Floating Hotel opened in
594:
Bad weather impacted hotel guests more than had been anticipated; rough weather meant that the helicopter and catamaran could not leave, which confined guests to the hotel. Shortly before and after opening, a series of incidents also undermined public confidence in the project. In July 1987,
663:
Floater". Despite charging high prices (US$ 300 per night), the Saigon
Floating Hotel could report consistent occupancy rates of 80–100 % in its first four years of operation. The hotel's success led Southern Pacific Hotels to make plans for further floating hotels in
480:
shop, a 100-seat theater, and a 50-seat underwater observatory. The decor above deck was dominated by a black lacquer finish, cool coral tones, and brass. The two original restaurants of the hotel, one of which was named The Coral Trout, were specialized in
723:. Kim criticised many of the facilities in the region, including Hotel Haegumgang, and ordered that many of them be demolished, planning to redesign the area in a North Korean fashion. Numerous involved South Korean parties, including Hyundai Asan and the
438:
was awarded with a ten-year contract for marketing and operating the hotel. The company
Barrief Reef Holdings Limited was established in the same year for the hotel and began to be listed in the stock exchanges of Australia and New Zealand in September.
389:
permanently placed on the sea bed, underwater walk tubes, and an artificial sand cay, altogether designed to support 3,000 guests. Because of projected maintenance costs and the potential environmental impact, this initial proposal was discarded.
671:. Over the course of the 1990s, more hotels were built and renovated in Ho Chi Minh City and the Saigon Floating Hotel eventually began to face major financial problems. On 31 August 1996, the hotel was closed and towed out into the
550:
designed to not have an impact on the ecology or aesthetics of the John Brewer Reef. No toxic paint was used on the hotel's hull. While the hotel was in operation in the John Brewer Reef, marine researchers and students from
405:
service which offered daily transports of tourists from
Townsville to poontoons moored in the John Brewer Reef. Guests could sunbathe, swim, snorkel, and scuba dive in the reef. Underwater reef tours were also offered in the
327:
After being shut down, the Hotel
Haegumgang remained docked at Mount Kumgang. It is unclear whether it was used by the North Koreans during this time. The hotel was demolished by the North Korean government on the orders of
290:
The floating hotel quickly proved to be economically unviable, attributed to frequent bad weather, its remote location, and a series of incidents that undermined public confidence. In April 1989, the hotel was purchased by
381:(1929–1993), an Italian-born entrepreneur. Tarca had long been fascinated by the reef and was passionate about conserving it and making it more accessible to the public. The planned island would have been placed in the
500:
repair shop, sewage-treatment machinery, and a large air-conditioning system. The hotel had a ballast capacity of 4,000 tonnes, a fuel oil capacity of 200 tonnes, a generating capacity of 2300 kW, and required a daily
532:
Some coral reef outcrops had to be cropped to allow the hotel to pass through. The structure was fixed to the ocean floor, though the exact system used differs depending on the source, variously being described as a
307:
and a commercial success. Renamed the Saigon
Floating Hotel, the floating hotel was open in Ho Chi Minh City from November 1989 to August 1996. Once more running into financial troubles, the hotel was purchased by
924:
1751:
695:
The Saigon Floating Hotel was renamed to the Hotel Haegumgang and opened to tourists in October 2000. Between 2000 and 2008, the hotel was reportedly popular among South Korean tourists.
716:. The main structure remained intact, though the exterior paint gradually wore off. Hyundai Asan never made any plans to relocate the hotel, hoping that tourism would eventually resume.
562:
chiefly attributed this success to the designers having respected environmental management requirements, as well as to the comprehensive regulatory frameworks of the Great Barrier Reef.
587:, tennis on the floating tennis court, swimming in the swimming pool or in the sea, gymnastics in the gym, game or sport fishing, nightclub entertainment, scuba diving and snorkeling,
991:
1047:
618:. In September, the floating hotel was put up for sale on the international market. After mere months, the hotel was then closed down without once having reached full occupancy.
1299:
1756:
476:). The hotel's projected 98 staff members were assigned to live on the top floor, the least desirable part of the structure since it swung around the most during bad weather.
484:. Barges brought in supplies weekly, and fresh fruit and vegetables were restocked through daily runs by boat and helicopter. Helicopters could land on a connected, floating
1508:
1340:
916:
687:
for around US$ 18 million. Under Hyundai Asan, the hotel was once more towed to Singapore for repairs and renovations. After this, the hotel was towed to the
320:
and renamed it to the Hotel Haegumgang. Part of an effort to sustain large-scale tourism projects in North Korea during a thaw in bilateral relations with
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424:
1736:
786:
Cascino, Carmelo; Arini, Francesca (2021). "Floating Architecture and Conversion of Offshore Structures: A Chronicle of Knud E. Hansen Designs".
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The main appeal of the floating hotel was to divers, though it offered visitors various activities. These included coral-viewing in Tarca's
1746:
1731:
1454:
Saenger, Peter; Dutton, Ian (1995). "Implications for management: a retrospective analysis". In Harriott, Vicki; Saenger, Peter (eds.).
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Doug Tarca and his wife Marie established their own reef-related businesses, such as Tarca's Coral Gardens, an onshore coral display in
1039:
495:-type structure, without any propulsion systems of its own. In order to function, the hotel had to be completely self-contained, using
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1214:
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Southern Pacific Hotels, the Vietnamese Overseas Finance and Trade Corporation (OCFC) was also brought in to help operate the hotel.
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1227:
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system, anchors to two ends of the ocean floor, or six or seven huge anchors, positioned in a way as to not damage the coral reef.
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was also engaged to manage the hotel, which was refitted in Singapore. In the late 1980s, Vietnam was beginning to open up to the
611:
ammunition dump was found just 5 kilometres (3 miles) from the hotel's location, though it was determined to not pose any danger.
731:
435:
385:—a shallow coral reef lagoon situated about 70 kilometres (43 miles) northeast of Townsville—and was to consist of three ocean
21:
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394:
313:
111:
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447:
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provide permanent access to the reef, preferably with facilities that did not need to be docked to conduct repairs.
713:
1503:
1335:
712:
remained in operation after the 2008 incident, but there is speculation that it may have hosted members of the
551:
727:, sought to negotiate with North Korea following Kim's announcement, but requests for meetings were refused.
635:
377:
proposed the construction of an artificial island on the Great Barrier Reef. This idea was the brainchild of
724:
703:
1615:
Bui, Huong T.; Pham, Long H.; Tran, Thanh D.; Nghiem-Phu, Binh (2022). "Tourism Policies and Governance".
466:
427:(GBRMPA) issued a conditional permit for a floating hotel in December 1985, the first permit of its kind.
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The Four Seasons Barrier Reef Resort, also called the John Brewer Floating Hotel, officially opened as a
591:, sailboating, and paddle boating. The hotel was also able to host conferences for up to 200 delegates.
555:
279:, the Four Seasons Barrier Reef Resort opened on 9 March 1988 and was initially situated in the shallow
521:
469:
324:, Hotel Haegumgang was open from October 2000 until Hyundai Asan suspended operations in July 2008.
271:, was the world's first floating hotel. Originally designed to exploit the tourism potential of the
196:
1676:
533:
516:. Construction began in June 1986 and continued in the summer of 1987. The hotel cost an estimated
473:
362:
1696:
1539:"A Periodization of the Development of Vietnam's Tourism Accommodation since the Open Door Policy"
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were able to monitor and study its environmental impact directly from the on-board research lab.
346:
272:
378:
206:
1538:
1213:
Saenger, Peter; Dutton, Ian (1995). "Introduction". In Harriott, Vicki; Saenger, Peter (eds.).
1040:"The bizarre story of Australia's floating hotel and its 14,000km round journey to North Korea"
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103:
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66:
60:
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The hotel was designed by Consafe Engineering and built by Betlehem Singapore Pty. Ltd. in
600:
599:, a catamaran designed to carry 400 passengers to the hotel, caught fire off the coast of
576:
431:
304:
264:
917:"Australia's world-first floating hotel in dire straits as Kim Jong-un seeks renovations"
1653:"North Korea removing South Korean floating hotel at Kumgang resort: Imagery | NK News"
501:
366:
683:
In 1998, EIE International sold the Saigon Floating Hotel to the South Korean company
1720:
789:
WCFS2020: Proceedings of the Second World Conference on Floating Solutions, Rotterdam
672:
639:
1457:
The John Brewer Reef Floating Hotel: A Case-Study in Marine Environmental Monitoring
1216:
The John Brewer Reef Floating Hotel: A Case-Study in Marine Environmental Monitoring
684:
655:
608:
496:
309:
614:
In July 1988, Barrier Reef Holdings announced a $ 7.89 million loss for the 87/88
1616:
1586:
1419:"World's first floating hotel. Australian resort fights to keep head above water"
1418:
1366:
1120:
787:
1681:
1300:"Barrier Reef Floating Resort: The story of Queensland's bizarre floating hotel"
884:"Hotel Haegumgang: The sad and surprising story of North Korea's floating hotel"
720:
643:
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329:
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317:
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Because of the unorthodox concept, it was reportedly challenging to raise the
374:
370:
354:
284:
1562:
1430:
1071:"Protected Areas and World Heritage – Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area"
36:
23:
1463:. Centre for Coastal Management, Southern Cross University. pp. 43–45.
513:
402:
350:
276:
1222:. Centre for Coastal Management, Southern Cross University. pp. 3–8.
603:. In February 1988, just a week before opening, the hotel was hit by the
668:
604:
525:
485:
481:
300:
1256:
1119:
Kelleher, Graeme (2002). "Floating hotels on the Great Barrier Reef".
1697:"Seoul to back companies suing Pyongyang for illegal use of property"
664:
626:
In April 1989, the floating hotel was sold to the Japanese company
702:
546:
492:
446:
410:, a glass-bottomed semi-submersible designed by Tarca himself.
397:
which showcased fluorescent corals. In 1983, Tarca established
730:
The North Korean demolition plans were put on hold due to the
719:
In 2019, Mount Kumgang was visited by the North Korean leader
423:
for the structure was completed and submitted for review. The
162:
89.2 m × 27.6 m (293 ft × 91 ft)
984:"Floating Vietnam nightspot languishes in North Korean port"
465:
The floating hotel was designed by the Swedish engineer and
1331:"Tourist boom won't last, says man with the floating hotel"
1537:
Suntikul, Wantanee; Butler, Richard; Airey, David (2008).
1324:
1322:
1320:
1499:"Refloating a concept that sank on the Barrier Reef"
361:
In November 1981, a month after the reef was made a
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91:
86:
74:
53:
1752:Demolished buildings and structures in North Korea
1365:Wang, C. M.; Watanabe, E.; Utsunomiya, T. (2007).
1069:UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1980).
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
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312:in 1998. Hyundai Asan relocated the hotel to the
65:Hotel Haegumgang (then Saigon Floating Hotel) in
580:two-hour catamaran ride or through helicopter.
520:45 million to build. The hotel was insured by
8:
978:
976:
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972:
970:
968:
966:
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1757:Buildings and structures demolished in 2022
960:
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942:
1677:ROK woman tourist shot dead at DPRK resort
1075:Department of the Environment and Heritage
630:, of which Barrier Reef Holdings became a
451:Illustration of the floating hotel in the
50:
1588:Historical Dictionary of Ho Chi Minh City
910:
908:
906:
904:
1543:Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research
1417:Scott, David Clark (15 September 1988).
755:At the time of the hotel's 1998 opening.
425:Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority
283:, 70 kilometres (43 miles) northeast of
1329:Abjorensen, Norman (6 September 1987).
1046:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
1033:
1031:
1029:
923:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
767:
743:
654:The floating hotel was anchored to the
434:for the floating hotel. In April 1986,
1618:Vietnam Tourism: Policies and Practice
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7:
1511:from the original on 19 January 2015
1343:from the original on 19 January 2015
1160:
1158:
1156:
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1152:
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1146:
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1114:
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1098:
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994:from the original on 19 January 2015
927:from the original on 25 October 2019
827:
825:
823:
821:
819:
817:
815:
813:
811:
809:
915:Shelton, Tracey (24 October 2019).
792:. Springer Nature. pp. 81–98.
303:, where it became the city's first
1298:Jameson, Julietta (28 June 2018).
692:large-scale construction project.
14:
882:Prisco, Jacopo (22 August 2022).
524:and telephones were installed by
1050:from the original on 18 Jun 2018
732:COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea
269:Four Seasons Barrier Reef Resort
78:Four Seasons Barrier Reef Resort
59:
1651:Zwirko, Colin (12 March 2022).
1497:Dennis, Anthony (18 May 1990).
1125:. CRC Press. pp. 183–189.
1122:Coastal Ocean Space Utilization
634:. The Australian-based company
136:
1737:Demolished hotels in Australia
1368:Very Large Floating Structures
421:environmental impact statement
1:
1591:. Anthem Press. p. 105.
1371:. CRC Press. pp. 14–15.
1261:Maritime Museum of Townsville
1038:Smith, Carl (14 June 2018).
689:Mount Kumgang Tourist Region
314:Mount Kumgang Tourist Region
224:Betlehem Singapore Pty. Ltd.
1695:Min-ho, Jung (5 May 2023).
436:Four Seasons Hotels Limited
1773:
1747:Hotels established in 1988
1732:Hotels in Ho Chi Minh City
80:John Brewer Floating Hotel
37:38.7258767°N 128.2054575°E
1585:Corfield, Justin (2014).
1555:10.1080/10941660701883375
1504:The Sydney Morning Herald
1423:Christian Science Monitor
1336:The Sydney Morning Herald
1304:The Sydney Morning Herald
414:Proposal and preparations
267:: 호텔해금강), originally the
58:
707:Hotel Haegumgang in 2019
642:and entered into a post-
552:University of Queensland
149:24.2 m (79 ft)
725:Ministry of Unification
714:Workers' Party of Korea
679:North Korea (2000–2008)
636:Southern Pacific Hotels
188:Design and construction
42:38.7258767; 128.2054575
708:
699:Closure and demolition
504:supply of 150 tonnes.
467:maritime archaeologist
462:
1727:Hotels in North Korea
990:. 29 September 2014.
706:
556:James Cook University
450:
250:Number of restaurants
82:Saigon Floating Hotel
540:Environmental impact
534:single-point mooring
1742:Floating structures
622:Vietnam (1989–1996)
474:loaded displacement
363:World Heritage Site
216:Consafe Engineering
213:Structural engineer
87:General information
33: /
709:
463:
347:Great Barrier Reef
273:Great Barrier Reef
1628:978-1-78924-278-2
1598:978-1-78308-333-6
1378:978-0-203-93460-9
1132:978-1-4822-7229-1
799:978-981-16-2256-4
628:EIE International
526:Telecom Australia
522:Lloyd's of London
458:Popular Mechanics
295:and relocated to
293:EIE International
257:
256:
229:Other information
175:Technical details
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1077:. Archived from
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648:Ho Chi Minh City
585:Yellow Submarine
571:Australia (1988)
491:The hotel was a
453:John Brewer Reef
408:Yellow Submarine
395:South Townsville
383:John Brewer Reef
297:Ho Chi Minh City
281:John Brewer Reef
261:Hotel Haegumgang
242:Number of suites
115:
107:
104:Ho Chi Minh City
99:
96:John Brewer Reef
67:Ho Chi Minh City
63:
54:Hotel Haegumgang
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1701:The Korea Times
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1685:. July 12, 2008
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988:Thanh Nien News
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681:
624:
601:Magnetic Island
577:five-star hotel
573:
568:
542:
510:
445:
432:venture capital
416:
353:is the largest
343:
338:
332:in March 2022.
305:five-star hotel
234:Number of rooms
221:Main contractor
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1081:on 11 May 2008
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646:tourism boom.
623:
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502:drinking water
470:Sten Sjöstrand
461:(January 1988)
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367:businesspeople
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16:Floating hotel
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170:10,960 tonnes
169:
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112:Mount Kumgang
105:
97:
94:
90:
85:
77:
73:
68:
62:
57:
52:
49:
46:
1704:. Retrieved
1700:
1690:
1680:
1672:
1660:. Retrieved
1656:
1617:
1587:
1549:(1): 67–80.
1546:
1542:
1513:. Retrieved
1502:
1456:
1434:. Retrieved
1422:
1367:
1345:. Retrieved
1334:
1307:. Retrieved
1303:
1264:. Retrieved
1260:
1257:"Doug Tarca"
1215:
1121:
1083:. Retrieved
1079:the original
1064:
1052:. Retrieved
1043:
996:. Retrieved
987:
929:. Retrieved
920:
891:. Retrieved
887:
788:
729:
718:
710:
694:
685:Hyundai Asan
682:
661:
656:Saigon River
653:
625:
613:
609:World War II
597:Reef Link II
596:
593:
584:
582:
574:
560:
543:
530:
511:
508:Construction
497:desalination
490:
478:
464:
456:
429:
417:
407:
398:
392:
387:cruise ships
360:
344:
326:
310:Hyundai Asan
289:
268:
260:
258:
193:Architect(s)
125:9 March 1988
75:Former names
18:
1682:China Daily
721:Kim Jong Un
644:Vietnam War
616:fiscal year
589:windsurfing
545:reef was a
330:Kim Jong Un
322:South Korea
318:North Korea
180:Floor count
116:(1998–2022)
108:(1999–1998)
40: /
28:128°12′20″E
1721:Categories
1515:19 January
1347:19 January
998:19 January
931:24 October
763:References
632:subsidiary
379:Doug Tarca
375:Queensland
371:Townsville
355:coral reef
341:Conception
336:Background
285:Townsville
207:Doug Tarca
154:Dimensions
141:March 2022
138:Demolished
25:38°43′33″N
1563:1094-1665
1431:0882-7729
514:Singapore
403:catamaran
399:Reef Link
351:Australia
277:Australia
203:Developer
133:July 2008
1621:. CABI.
1509:Archived
1341:Archived
1085:14 March
1048:Archived
1044:ABC News
992:Archived
925:Archived
921:ABC News
159:Diameter
92:Location
1657:NK News
1054:24 June
669:Kolkata
605:cyclone
566:History
486:helipad
482:seafood
455:, from
301:Vietnam
1706:4 July
1662:4 July
1625:
1595:
1561:
1467:
1436:4 July
1429:
1375:
1309:7 July
1266:6 July
1226:
1129:
893:3 July
796:
665:Moscow
443:Design
265:Korean
167:Weight
146:Height
130:Closed
122:Opened
100:(1998)
69:, 1991
1461:(PDF)
1220:(PDF)
738:Notes
547:brine
493:barge
369:from
1708:2024
1664:2024
1623:ISBN
1593:ISBN
1559:ISSN
1517:2015
1465:ISBN
1438:2024
1427:ISSN
1373:ISBN
1349:2015
1311:2024
1268:2024
1224:ISBN
1127:ISBN
1087:2009
1056:2018
1000:2015
933:2019
895:2024
794:ISBN
667:and
640:West
554:and
401:, a
345:The
259:The
1551:doi
888:CNN
518:A$
349:of
316:in
299:in
275:in
237:140
1723::
1699:.
1679:.
1655:.
1637:^
1607:^
1571:^
1557:.
1547:13
1545:.
1541:.
1525:^
1507:.
1501:.
1479:^
1446:^
1425:.
1421:.
1387:^
1357:^
1339:.
1333:.
1319:^
1302:.
1276:^
1259:.
1238:^
1141:^
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1073:.
1042:.
1008:^
986:.
941:^
919:.
903:^
886:.
808:^
770:^
746:^
675:.
528:.
488:.
373:,
287:.
245:34
1710:.
1666:.
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1601:.
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1553::
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1381:.
1351:.
1313:.
1270:.
1232:.
1135:.
1089:.
1058:.
1002:.
935:.
897:.
802:.
263:(
253:2
183:7
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
