3733:(2006), 159–168; Kitchen (1997); Millard (1997; 2008). For a total denial of the historicity of the United Monarchy cf. e.g., Davies (1992), 67–68; others suggested a 'chiefdom' comprising a small region around Jerusalem, cf. Knauf (1997), 81–85; Niemann (1997), 252–299 and Finkelstein (1999). For a 'middle of the road' approach suggesting a United Monarchy of larger territorial scope though smaller than the biblical description cf. e.g., Miller (1997); Halpern (2001), 229–262; Liverani (2005), 92–101. The latter recently suggested a state comprising the territories of Judah and Ephraim during the time of David, which subsequently was enlarged to include areas of northern Samaria and influence areas in the Galilee and Transjordan. Na'aman (1992; 1996) once accepted the basic biography of David as authentic and later rejected the United Monarchy as a state, cf. id. (2007), 401–402.
105:
1081:
2273:
88:
718:
2507:
803:
2697:
679:
1482:
2458:
2790:, not Jerusalem. On hearing of the appointment, many of the Judeans who had taken refuge in surrounding countries were persuaded to return to Judah. However, Gedaliah was soon assassinated by a member of the royal house, and the Chaldean soldiers killed. The population that was left in the land and those who had returned fled to Egypt for fear a Babylonian reprisal, under the leadership of Yohanan ben
2076:
2402:
6267:
743:, which originally formed one structure, contain material culture dated to Iron I. On account of the alleged lack of settlement activity in the 10th century BCE, Israel Finkelstein argues that Jerusalem was then a small country village in the Judean hills, not a national capital, and Ussishkin argues that the city was entirely uninhabited.
2492:
4792:
The discrepancy between the length of the siege according to the regnal years of
Zedekiah (years 9–11), on the one hand, and its length according to Jehoiachin's exile (years 9–12), on the other, can be cancelled out only by supposing the former to have been reckoned on a Tishri basis, and the latter
772:
dating to the period of the
Kingdom of Judah indicates widespread literacy, based on the inscriptions, the ability to read and write extended throughout the chain of command from commanders to petty officers. According to Professor Eliezer Piasetsky, who participated in analyzing the texts, "Literacy
647:
in the 10th century BCE tell little about the origins of Judah, currently, there is no consensus as to whether Judah developed as a split from a unified kingdom Israel (as the Bible tells) or independently. Some scholars suggested that
Jerusalem, the kingdom's capital, did not emerge as a significant
5140:
It is fairly well established by now that the narrative of the book of Kings cannot be taken as an accurate reflection of the religious world of the nations of Judah and Israel.1{...}1 The historicity of certain sections of the narrative has been questioned for a long time within scholarly circles,
4793:
on a Nisan basis. The difference of one year between the two is accounted for by the fact that the termination of the siege fell in the summer, between Nisan and Tishri, already in the 12th year according to the reckoning in
Ezekiel, but still in Zedekiah's 11th year which was to end only in Tishri.
2746:
and other countries to seek refuge. The city fell after a siege, which lasted either eighteen or thirty months, and
Nebuchadnezzar again pillaged both Jerusalem and the Temple and then destroyed both. After killing all of Zedekiah's sons, Nebuchadnezzar took Zedekiah to Babylon and so put an end to
901:
found in wine jars in
Jerusalem might indicate that the local elite enjoyed wine flavored with vanilla during the 7–6th centuries BCE. Until very recently, vanilla was not at all known to be available to the Old World. Archeologists suggested that this discovery might be related to an international
3916:
Corpus of West
Semitic Stamp Seals. N. Avigad and B. Sass. Jerusalem: The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 1997, nos. 4 and 3 respectively; Identifying Biblical Persons in Northwest Semitic Inscriptions of 1200–539 BCE Lawrence J. Mykytiuk. SBL Academia Biblica 12. Atlanta, 2004, 153–59,
3732:
For conservative approaches defining the United
Monarchy as a state "from Dan to Beer Sheba" including "conquered kingdoms" (Ammon, Moab, Edom) and "spheres of influence" in Geshur and Hamath cf. e.g., Ahlström (1993), 455–542; Meyers (1998); Lemaire (1999); Masters (2001); Stager (2003); Rainey
412:
began to argue that the archaeological evidence for an extensive kingdom before the late 8th century BCE is too weak, and that the methodology used to obtain the evidence is flawed. In the 10th and early 9th centuries BCE, the territory of Judah appears to have been sparsely populated,
3492:
Today, after much further discussion in academic journals, it is accepted by most archaeologists that the inscription is not only genuine but that the reference is indeed to the House of David, thus representing the first allusion found anywhere outside the Bible to the biblical
747:
contends that if the Iron I / Iron II A dating of administrative structures in the City of David are correct, which he believes to be the case, "Jerusalem was a rather small town with a mighty citadel, which could have been a center of a substantial regional polity."
627:
on this particular topic. Due to geopolitical factors like security issues, isolation, and political changes, the core area of the
Kingdom of Judah on the south-central highlands has seen limited archaeological exploration compared to regions west of the
3952:
For Israel, the description of the battle of Qarqar in the Kurkh
Monolith of Shalmaneser III (mid-ninth century) and for Judah, a Tiglath-pileser III text mentioning (Jeho-) Ahaz of Judah (IIR67 = K. 3751), dated 734–733, are the earliest published to
3421:
One God – One Cult – One Nation. Archaeological and Biblical Perspectives, Edited by Reinhard G. Kratz and Hermann Spieckermann in Collaboration with Björn Corzilius and Tanja Pilger, (Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft
2445:
of Assyria attacked the fortified cities of Judah. Hezekiah paid three hundred talents of silver and thirty talents of gold to Assyria, which required him to empty the temple and royal treasury of silver and strip the gold from the doorposts of
2145:, asked the new king to reduce the heavy taxes and labor requirements that his father Solomon had imposed. Rehoboam rejected their petition: “I will add to your yoke: my father hath chastised you with whips, I will chastise you with scorpions" (
2751:, in addition to those killed during the siege, some 4,600 people were deported after the fall of Judah. By 586 BCE, much of Judah had been devastated, and the former kingdom had suffered a steep decline of both its economy and its population.
3769:
Regev, Johanna; Gadot, Yuval; Uziel, Joe; Chalaf, Ortal; Shalev, Yiftah; Roth, Helena; Shalom, Nitsan; Szanton, Nahshon; Bocher, Efrat; Pearson, Charlotte L.; Brown, David M.; Mintz, Eugenia; Regev, Lior; Boaretto, Elisabetta (2024-04-29).
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existed at all levels of the administrative, military and priestly systems of Judah. Reading and writing were not limited to a tiny elite." That indicates the presence of a substantial educational infrastructure in Judah at the time.
104:
3461:
The Tel Dan inscription generated a good deal of debate and a flurry of articles when it first appeared, but it is now widely regarded (a) as genuine and (b) as referring to the Davidic dynasty and the Aramaic kingdom of
576:
in the northern Negev. In the east, Judah's boundaries followed the Arabah to the western shore of the Dead Sea. In prosperous periods, Judah's influence expanded, stretching southward to Beersheba and beyond, including
2284:, who built a fortress at Ramah on the border, less than ten miles from Jerusalem. The capital came under pressure, and the military situation was precarious. Asa took gold and silver from the Temple and sent them to
648:
administrative center until the end of the 8th century BCE. Before then, the archaeological evidence suggests its population was too small to sustain a viable kingdom. Other scholars argue that recent discoveries and
7844:
7849:
6845:
784:(that is, bullae bearing only iconography, no inscriptions) dated to the 11th/10th-9th centuries BCE which feature "papyrus lines" on their backs. It has been argued that these seals provide evidence that
3536:
2231:, Abijah and his people defeated them with a great slaughter, so that 500,000 chosen men of Israel fell slain, and Jeroboam posed little threat to Judah for the rest of his reign. The border of the
984:, is one of the most noteworthy fortresses from the period. Great views of the Shepehla, including the Judahite towns of Azekah, Socho, Goded, Lachish, and Maresha, could be seen from this fort.
2764:
Jerusalem apparently remained uninhabited for much of the 6th century, and the centre of gravity shifted to Benjamin, the relatively unscathed northern section of the kingdom, where the town of
2648:
that owed allegiance to Babylon. Jehoiakim also stopped paying tribute to Nebuchadnezzar and took a pro-Egyptian position. Nebuchadnezzar soon dealt with the rebellions. According to the
2644:. In 601 BCE, in the fourth year of his reign, Nebuchadnezzar attempted to invade Egypt but was repulsed with heavy losses. The failure led to numerous rebellions among the states of the
697:
in the 9th century BCE, and attestations of several Judean kings from the 8th century BCE have been discovered, but they do little to indicate how developed the state actually was. The
2538:
to the west was still recovering from Assyrian rule. In the power vacuum, Judah could govern itself for the time being without foreign intervention. However, in the spring of 609 BCE,
2832:
The numbers that were deported to Babylon and that made their way to Egypt and the remnant that remained in the land and in surrounding countries are subject to academic debate. The
6838:
417:, discovered in 1993, shows that the kingdom existed in some form by the middle of the 9th century BCE, but it does not indicate the extent of its power. Recent excavations at
2004:
2776:
was conquered in 604 BCE, the political, religious and economic elite (but not the bulk of the population) was banished and the administrative centre shifted to a new location.
2672:
and his court and other prominent citizens and craftsmen, along with a sizable portion of the Jewish population of Judah, numbering about 10,000 were deported from the land and
2955:
are not an accurate portrayal of religious attitudes in Judah or Israel of the time. Nevertheless, epigraphic evidence attests to Yahweh's prominence within Judahite religion.
4054:
659:
Much of the debate revolves around whether the archaeological discoveries conventionally dated to the 10th century should instead be dated to the 9th century, as proposed by
6428:
7839:
6831:
2940:(640–609 BCE) returned to the worship of Yahweh alone, but his efforts were too late, and Israel's unfaithfulness caused God to permit the kingdom's destruction by the
5141:
even though the majority of the text is accepted to be historically trustworthy; this is particularly true of aspects of the depiction of the northern kingdom, Israel.
2335:
was immediately wrecked. A new fleet was fitted out without the cooperation of the king of Israel. Although it was successful, the trade was not prosecuted. He joined
4257:"The Excavations at Khirbet Abu et-Twein and the System of Iron Age Fortresses in Judah (Pls. לט–מה) / החפירות בח'רבת אבו א-תוין ומערך המצודות הישראליות בהרי יהודה"
4091:, p. 89 ("As the work of the renewed excavations developed it became clear that the destruction of Level III must be assigned to Sennacherib's attack in 701 BCE.").
1443:
3548:
6812:
2019:
87:
5475:
2608:
had been selected to succeed his father, Josiah. Necho deposed Jehoahaz, who had been king for only three months, and replaced him with his older brother,
2104:
7799:
3048:
1989:
4121:"Residue analysis evidence for wine enriched with vanilla consumed in Jerusalem on the eve of the Babylonian destruction in 586 BCE. PLoS ONE 17(3)"
3893:
Not all agree that the ruins found in Khirbet Qeiyafa are of the biblical town Sha'arayim, let alone the palace of ancient Israel's most famous king
2573:, was blocked by the Judean army, led by Josiah, who may have considered that the Assyrians and the Egyptians were weakened by the death of Pharaoh
2245:, maintained peace for the first 35 years of his reign, and he revamped and reinforced the fortresses initially built by his grandfather, Rehoboam.
735:, which does show evidence of significant Israelite residential activity around the 10th century. Some unique administrative structures such as the
2265:, in the coastal plain, where they stopped out of sheer exhaustion. The resulting peace kept Judah free from Egyptian incursions until the time of
7824:
7804:
1905:
5065:
The people of Judah survived, eventually becoming known as the Jews and giving their name to Judaism, the religion of Yahweh, the Israelite God.
3252:
The people of Judah survived, eventually becoming known as the Jews and giving their name to Judaism, the religion of Yahweh, the Israelite God.
7829:
6421:
2169:
soon joined Judah. Both kingdoms, Judah in the south and Israel in the north, co-existed uneasily after the split until the destruction of the
1060:
731:
The status of Jerusalem in the 10th century BCE is a major subject of debate. The oldest part of Jerusalem and its original urban core are the
6248:
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for the remnant of the Jewish population in a part of the former kingdom. That was standard Babylonian practice. When the Philistine city of
1370:
1365:
2292:, in exchange for the Damascene king cancelling his peace treaty with Baasha. Ben-Hadad attacked Ijon, Dan and many important cities of the
1924:
1027:. A few freestanding, elevated, isolated guard towers of the period were found around Jerusalem; towers of this type were discovered in the
675:
have been interpreted as supporting the existence of the United Monarchy, but the datings and identifications are not universally accepted.
7834:
6299:
3329:
1080:
2636:
ruled originally as a vassal of the Egyptians by paying a heavy tribute. However, when the Egyptians were defeated by the Babylonians at
2193:'s 17-year reign. Rehoboam built elaborate defenses and strongholds, along with fortified cities. In the fifth year of Rehoboam's reign,
7491:
6476:
6438:
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6342:
3058:
3053:
2209:
2118:
1946:
1614:
1582:
1155:
732:
653:
389:
5078:
2518:(c. 701 BCE). Assyrian soldiers carry off booty from the city, and Judean prisoners are taken into exile with their goods and animals.
7768:
2723:
2272:
1436:
907:
479:
421:, however, support the existence of a centrally organized and urbanized kingdom by the 10th century BCE, according to the excavators.
5506:
7809:
6414:
3360:
5470:
4051:
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have seen the discovery of several Judahite fortresses and towers. The fortifications had a large central courtyard surrounded by
4172:"Early City Planning in the Kingdom of Judah: Khirbet Qeiyafa, Beth Shemesh 4, Tell en-Naṣbeh, Khirbet ed-Dawwara, and Lachish V"
3597:
Sargon's heir, Sennacherib (705–681), could not deal with Hezekiah's revolt until he gained control of Babylon in 702 BCE.
2097:
3523:
Some unfounded accusations of forgery have had little or no effect on the scholarly acceptance of this inscription as genuine.
1966:
632:. Few excavations and surveys have been conducted there, creating a notable knowledge gap compared to the extensively-studied
333:
1405:
1038:
It is clear from the position of Judaean strongholds that one of their primary purposes was to facilitate communications via
2296:, and Baasha was forced to withdraw from Ramah. Asa tore down the unfinished fortress and used its raw materials to fortify
846:. None of the original seals has been found, but some 2,000 impressions made by at least 21 seal types have been published.
6855:
3878:
2577:
only a year earlier (610 BCE). Presumably in an attempt to help the Babylonians, Josiah attempted to block the advance at
1429:
1279:
444:
5172:
The remaining Prophetical Stories of the North are midrash in the current sense of the word, of dubious historical value.
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1390:
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113:
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2154:
1934:
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752:
argues that Jerusalem was a small and fortified city, probably inhabited only by the royal court, priests and clerks.
610:
495:
487:
405:
326:
287:
6271:
5808:
Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity: An Archaeological Study of Egyptians, Canaanites, and Early Israel, 1300–1100 B.C.E.
4925:
2373:, the daughter of Ahab. Despite the alliance with the stronger northern kingdom, Jehoram's rule of Judah was shaky.
2257:
the Ethiopian and his million men and 300 chariots were defeated by Asa's 580,000 men in the Valley of Zephath near
6867:
5012:
4774:
Malamat, Abraham (1968). "The Last Kings of Judah and the Fall of Jerusalem: An Historical – Chronological Study".
4546:
3288:
2593:. The combined forces failed to hold the city after capturing it temporarily, and Necho retreated back to northern
2582:
2212:, Rehoboam gave them all of the treasures out of the temple as a tribute and Judah became a vassal state of Egypt.
2090:
1999:
1888:
1461:
1360:
1028:
1003:. It underwent numerous renovations and extensions. There are several other Judahite forts in the Negev, including
619:
The formation of the Kingdom of Judah is a subject of heavy debate among scholars, with a dispute emerging between
545:. The central ridge, ranging from forested and shrubland-covered mountains gently sloping towards the hills of the
1951:
705:
as Ya'uda or KUR.ia-ú-da-a-a), while an earlier reference to a Judahite envoy seems to appear in a wine list from
467:, is assumed to have been written during this same time period and emphasizes the significance of upholding them.
7789:
6454:
3011:
2936:(698–642 BCE) and Amon (642–640 BCE), revived idolatry, which drew down on the kingdom the anger of Yahweh. King
1218:
991:
served as a key administrative and military stronghold. It protected the route from the Judaean Mountains to the
197:
2261:. The Bible does not state whether Zerah was a pharaoh or a general of the army. The Ethiopians were pursued to
7859:
7854:
6395:
6292:
2343:, who were under tribute to Israel. This war was successful, and the Moabites were subdued. However, on seeing
2220:
1994:
1984:
1671:
1569:
1495:
1091:
614:
514:
717:
478:, ultimately resulting in Judah's rapid decline. The early 6th century BCE saw a wave of Egyptian-backed
2311:, changed the policy towards Israel and instead pursued alliances and cooperation with it. The alliance with
7819:
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6970:
6791:
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2185:
For the first 60 years, the kings of Judah tried to re-establish their authority over Israel, and there was
2062:
2024:
1939:
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736:
721:
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Eretz-Israel: Archaeological, Historical and Geographical Studies / ארץ-ישראל: מחקרים בידיעת הארץ ועתיקותיה
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470:
With the final fall of the Neo-Assyrian Empire in 605 BCE, competition emerged between Saite Egypt and the
6823:
6009:
4409:
2461:
973:
6094:"Literacy in the Kingdom of Judah: A Typology of Approaches and a Criticism of Quantitative Perspectives"
3772:"Radiocarbon chronology of Iron Age Jerusalem reveals calibration offsets and architectural developments"
7516:
7464:
7113:
5153:
4119:
Amir, A.; Finkelstein, I.; Shalev, Y.; Uziel, J.; Chalaf, O.; Freud, L.; Neumann, R.; Gadot, Y. (2022).
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tons or about 3.4 metric tons) and a talent of gold (about 34 kilograms (75 lb)). Necho then took
2146:
3674:
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7128:
2912:) and many of the kings of Judah were "bad" in terms of the biblical narrative by failing to enforce
2827:
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2009:
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2472:(c. 687/686 – 643/642 BCE), Judah was a vassal of Assyrian rulers: Sennacherib and his successors,
2447:
2228:
1956:
1910:
1784:
1350:
1244:
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624:
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allowed the Jews who had been deported after the conquest of Judah to return. They were allowed to
464:
425:
409:
3207:. Robert G. Hoyland, H. G. M. Williamson (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 61–85.
2900:
The major theme of the Hebrew Bible's narrative is the loyalty of Judah, especially its kings, to
2526:
became king of Judah in c. 641/640 BCE, the international situation was in flux. To the east, the
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took advantage of the political vacuum that resulted from Assyria's decline and the emergence of
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30:"Kingdom of Judea" redirects here. For the Judean polity of the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE, see
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The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Sacred Texts
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2874:. Yehud Medinata was a peaceful part of the Achaemenid Empire until its fall in c. 333 BCE to
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across the Kingdom, a method well-documented in the Book of Jeremiah and the Lachish letters.
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were written and used in Jerusalem already from the 10th (perhaps 11th) century BCE onwards.
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of Israel and was victorious with a heavy loss of life on the Israel side. According to the
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and to rebuild the Temple, which was completed in the sixth year of Darius (515 BCE) under
922:, the fortified cities of the Kingdom of Judah during the 10th century BCE were located at
7794:
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are named after Judah, and primarily descend from people who lived in the former Kingdom.
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In the 7th century BCE, the kingdom's population increased greatly, prospering under
418:
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6053:
Chieftains of the Highland Clans: A History of Israel in the 12th and 11th Centuries B.C.
5237:
A History of Israelite Religion, Volume I: From the Beginnings to the End of the Monarchy
636:
to the west, which has undergone systematic surveys and numerous scientific excavations.
656:
seem to indicate that Jerusalem was already a significant city by the 10th century BCE.
490:, ultimately destroying the city and ending the kingdom. A large number of Judeans were
7763:
7663:
7496:
7253:
7163:
7123:
6955:
6895:
6786:
6459:
6347:
4552:
4147:
4120:
3043:
3027:
2962:
dating to the 8th century BC. Researchers believe that cannabis may have been used for
2952:
2863:
2853:
2841:
2594:
2570:
2558:
2389:
looted the king's house and carried off all of his family except for his youngest son,
2315:
was based on marriage. The alliance led to disaster for the kingdom with the Battle of
2158:
2042:
1818:
1759:
1528:
1293:
1012:
927:
550:
42:
2569:. However, the passage over the ridge of hills, which shuts in on the south the great
7783:
7568:
7412:
7178:
7037:
6766:
6761:
6711:
6390:
4197:
3998:
3864:
3387:
3379:
3187:
3127:
2726:
Nebuchadnezzar by ceasing to pay tribute to him and entered an alliance with Pharaoh
2601:
2499:
2434:
2414:
2316:
2289:
2246:
2080:
1878:
1814:
1289:
969:
682:
586:
554:
448:
414:
167:
7374:
7207:
2660:
at an age of either eight or eighteen. The city fell about three months later, on 2
1481:
7667:
7659:
7380:
7248:
7231:
7138:
7074:
6885:
6756:
6651:
6541:
6449:
6385:
6153:
The Two Houses of Israel: State Formation and the Origins of Pan-Israelite Identity
2704:
2566:
2485:
2477:
2401:
2242:
2162:
1961:
1810:
1039:
1016:
807:
781:
777:
744:
690:
629:
560:
The northern border of Judah extended east-west from the northwestern shore of the
385:
374:
5385:
Judaism, the First Phase: The Place of Ezra and Nehemiah in the Origins of Judaism
5214:
5197:
5163:
3982:
2219:, continued his father's efforts to bring Israel under his control. He fought the
381:
are named after Judah, and primarily descend from people who lived in the region.
6238:
6214:
6193:
6151:
6051:
6030:
5967:
5946:
5925:
5904:
5848:
5827:
5806:
5785:
5720:
5699:
5678:
5611:
5569:
5548:
5527:
5485:
5449:
5428:
5383:
5362:
5322:
5277:
5256:
4859:
4403:
4137:
4025:
3573:
3508:
Identifying Biblical Persons in Northwest Semitic Inscriptions of 1200–539 B.C.E.
3158:
Finkelstein, Israel (2001). "The Rise of Jerusalem and Judah: the Missing Link".
3097:
972:
with chambers on the outside wall, and they were square or rectangular in shape.
701:, dated c. 733 BCE, is the earliest known record of the name "Judah" (written in
7531:
7442:
7432:
7288:
7217:
7148:
7143:
7020:
6995:
6781:
6656:
6591:
6536:
6491:
6234:
5424:
5300:
Essays on Ancient Israel in its Near Eastern Context: A Tribute to Nadav Na'aman
3361:"Khirbet Qeiyafa: an unsensational archaeological and historical interpretation"
2815:
2442:
2378:
2362:
2352:
2332:
2308:
2297:
2285:
1681:
1600:
1175:
843:
839:
664:
436:
4976:
4950:
4908:
4804:
4751:
4605:
4594:
4590:
4489:
4465:
4454:
4373:
4362:
4304:
4293:
3771:
7687:
7619:
7600:
7417:
7185:
7015:
6925:
6880:
6320:
6309:
5028:
The history of the Jews: from the destruction of Jerusalem to the present time
4840:
4826:
4815:
4762:
4725:
4616:
4384:
4351:
4340:
4329:
4318:
3832:
3304:
The history of the Jews: from the destruction of Jerusalem to the present time
3222:
3171:
2913:
2905:
2867:
2481:
2473:
2320:
2201:
1893:
1596:
1538:
1413:
1114:
1004:
817:
452:
354:
17:
6406:
6119:
5895:
5035:
4965:
4954:
4912:
4443:
4439:
4272:
4241:
3990:
3856:
3848:
3797:
3311:
3179:
3098:"David's Jerusalem: The Early 10th Century BCE Part I: An Agrarian Community"
2480:
after 669 BCE. Manasseh is listed as being required to provide materials for
7747:
7677:
7605:
7543:
7536:
7511:
7427:
7422:
7293:
7264:
7158:
7118:
6980:
6726:
6466:
4629:
3788:
3018:
2837:
2803:
2783:
2633:
2609:
2574:
2562:
2554:
2546:
1409:
1170:
1144:
1008:
965:
945:
825:
813:
797:
633:
573:
546:
534:
370:
133:
93:
7447:
7336:
7312:
5258:
A History of Israelite Religion, Volume II: From the Exile to the Maccabees
5030:. Sold at the London Society House and by Duncan and Malcom, and Wertheim.
4156:
3805:
3306:. Sold at the London Society House and by Duncan and Malcom, and Wertheim.
3202:
2652:, after invading "the land of Hatti (Syria/Palestine)" in 599 BCE, he laid
6266:
6174:
The Archaeology of Israel: Constructing the Past, Interpreting the Present
4221:
2656:. Jehoiakim died in 598 BCE during the siege and was succeeded by his son
2125:
during the late-11th century BCE, and reached its peak during the rule of
7634:
7594:
7406:
7392:
7236:
7196:
7190:
7103:
6944:
6938:
6890:
6736:
6731:
6701:
6671:
6641:
6611:
6521:
5656:"A Social Archaeology of the Kingdom of Judah: Tenth–Sixth Centuries BCE"
3724:"Archaeology and the Biblical Narrative: The Case of the United Monarchy"
3623:
3417:"Archaeology and the Biblical Narrative: The Case of the United Monarchy"
2959:
2921:
2917:
2871:
2795:
2779:
2773:
2719:
2685:
2669:
2657:
2542:
2430:
2426:
2406:
2370:
2356:
2224:
2190:
2142:
2138:
1109:
1024:
988:
981:
977:
821:
765:
761:
561:
432:
366:
362:
256:
241:
222:
190:
6110:
6093:
5886:
5869:
5571:
Beyond the Texts: An Archaeological Portrait of Ancient Israel and Judah
4787:
4280:
4256:
4188:
4171:
2932:, among other traditional Near Eastern divinities), but his successors,
2359:) filled Jehoshaphat with horror, he withdrew and returned to his land.
34:. For the mountainous southern part of the historic Land of Israel, see
7722:
7521:
7353:
7322:
7260:
7212:
7168:
7133:
7069:
7005:
7000:
6960:
6950:
6606:
6560:
6501:
5279:
Israel in Exile: The History and Literature of the Sixth Century B.C.E.
3104:. Routledge Studies in Religion. Vol. 45. Routledge. p. 180.
2929:
2811:
2712:
2681:
2539:
2438:
2377:
revolted, and he was forced to acknowledge its independence. A raid by
2258:
2198:
2194:
2174:
2134:
2133:. After the death of Solomon circa 930 BCE, the Israelites gathered in
2130:
2047:
1900:
1554:
1119:
1020:
898:
830:
785:
694:
644:
565:
401:
388:
depicts the Kingdom of Judah as one of the two successor states of the
177:
156:
6240:
The Religions of Ancient Israel: A Synthesis of Parallactic Approaches
7707:
7639:
7629:
7624:
7563:
7558:
7470:
7437:
7363:
7317:
7298:
7226:
7153:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7084:
7054:
7048:
7025:
6915:
6910:
6900:
6859:
6716:
6691:
6686:
6621:
6375:
5767:
The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of the Levant: c. 8000-332 BCE
3879:"Crying King David: Are the ruins found in Israel really his palace?"
3070:
2937:
2901:
2799:
2791:
2727:
2645:
2590:
2523:
2266:
2238:
1915:
1559:
1545:
1380:
1139:
992:
931:
851:
706:
538:
475:
463:
and expresses a worldview based on the legal principles found in the
460:
456:
440:
428:
5660:
The Social Archaeology of the Levant: From Prehistory to the Present
5655:
4052:"New Look at Ancient Shards Suggests Bible Even Older than Thought."
3966:
2491:
2484:'s building projects and as one of a number of vassals who assisted
3723:
3416:
2664:(March 16) 597 BCE. Nebuchadnezzar pillaged both Jerusalem and the
2597:. The event also marked the disintegration of the Assyrian Empire.
820:
on the handles of large storage jars dating from the reign of King
7573:
7553:
7548:
7526:
7476:
7452:
7358:
7346:
7341:
7306:
7283:
7202:
7173:
7108:
7064:
7010:
6990:
6616:
6546:
6496:
6380:
3021:
2739:
2585:
and Josiah was killed. Necho then joined forces with the Assyrian
2535:
2505:
2490:
2456:
2418:
2400:
2382:
2344:
2328:
2271:
2262:
2254:
2126:
1564:
1355:
1032:
949:
903:
801:
769:
716:
677:
640:
569:
542:
413:
limited to small rural settlements, most of them unfortified. The
397:
35:
2908:. Accordingly, all of the kings of Israel (except to some extent
685:, with the word(s) "House of David" highlighted (9th century BCE)
572:. To the west, the border ran from Gezer across the Shephelah to
7506:
7481:
7330:
7274:
7269:
7059:
7032:
6985:
6975:
6965:
6905:
6696:
6576:
6556:
6551:
6486:
4101:
3328:
Garfinkel, Yossi; Ganor, Sa'ar; Hasel, Michael (19 April 2012).
2925:
2909:
2889:
2807:
2743:
2735:
2708:
2661:
2464:, built during the reign of king Hezekiah (late-8th century BCE)
2410:
2374:
2340:
2312:
2141:. Before the coronation took place, the northern tribes, led by
2122:
1000:
996:
976:, which is situated on the Judaean Mountains between modern day
858:
393:
378:
6827:
6410:
6281:
5658:. In Yasur-Landau, Assaf; Cline, Eric H.; Rowan, Yorke (eds.).
5637:
The Oxford Handbook of the Historical Books of the Hebrew Bible
1050:
7368:
5698:
Finkelstein, Israel; Mazar, Amihay; Schmidt, Brian B. (2007).
5529:
What Did the Biblical Writers Know, and When Did They Know It?
3967:"Samaria and Judah in an Early 8th-Century Assyrian Wine List"
2958:
Evidence of cannabis residues has been found on two altars in
2429:
became the sole ruler in c. 715 BCE, he formed alliances with
854:
4861:
A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period
2782:
was appointed governor of the Yehud province, supported by a
4927:
The Prophetic Literature: Interpreting Biblical Texts Series
4649:
No 24 WA21946, The Babylonian Chronicles, The British Museum
4405:
1 & 2 Kings (Brazos Theological Commentary on the Bible)
3930:
The Pitcher is Broken: Memorial Essays for Gösta W. Ahlström
3833:"Debating the United Monarchy: Let's See How Far We've Come"
2730:. In 589 BCE, Nebuchadnezzar II returned to Judah and again
2640:
in 605 BCE, Jehoiakim changed allegiances to pay tribute to
2561:
at the head of a large army, Necho passed the low tracts of
7845:
States and territories disestablished in the 6th century BC
5951:. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta. Vol. 287. Peeters.
5633:"The Later Monarchy in History and Biblical Historiography"
5550:
Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From?
4223:
The fortifications of ancient Israel and Judah, 1200–586 BC
3616:
The Fall and Rise of Jerusalem: Judah under Babylonian Rule
392:, a term denoting the united monarchy under biblical kings
5198:"Cannabis and Frankincense at the Judahite Shrine of Arad"
1051:
Jeroboam's revolt and the partition of the United Monarchy
1011:, and Tel Malhata. The main Judahite fortification in the
944:, believed to be the site of the ancient biblical town of
7850:
States and territories established in the 10th century BC
5159:
A Critical and Exegetical Commentary of the Book of Kings
4661:
The Illustrated Dictionary & Concordance of the Bible
4480:(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1965) 287–88.
3334:
Hadashot Arkheologiyot: Excavations and Surveys in Israel
2951:
It is now widely agreed among academic scholars that the
2153:
and proclaimed Jeroboam their king, forming the northern
4527:
4525:
3837:
Biblical Theology Bulletin: Journal of Bible and Culture
3657:
3655:
2862:
conquered Babylonia and allowed the exiles to return to
4478:
Ancient Near Eastern Texts Related to the Old Testament
2920:(727–698 BCE) is noted for his efforts at stamping out
906:
during that period, probably under Assyrian and later,
447:
rule over the area to enact his religious reforms. The
5117:. Grand Rapids, Michigan: W. B. Eerdmans. p. 27.
3359:
Finkelstein, Israel; Fantalkin, Alexander (May 2012).
3005:
780:
in the City of David has revealed many anepigraphical
6171:
Silberman, Neil Asher; Small, David B., eds. (1997).
5765:. In Steiner, Margreet L.; Killebrew, Ann E. (eds.).
3446:
Ahab Agonistes: The Rise and Fall of the Omri Dynasty
2786:
guard. The administrative centre of the province was
2768:
became the capital of the new Babylonian province of
639:
While it is generally agreed that the narratives of
6029:
Miller, James Maxwell; Hayes, John Haralson (1986).
4066:. Retrieved from TimesofIsrael.com, 30 January 2019.
3927:
Holloway, Steven W.; Handy, Lowell K., eds. (1995).
3818:
2992:
2870:, the grandson of the second to last king of Judah,
2798:
against the move. In Egypt, the refugees settled in
870:
7756:
7650:
7391:
6924:
6866:
6800:
6745:
6630:
6510:
6475:
5677:Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2002).
5361:Blenkinsopp, Joseph; Lipschits, Oded, eds. (2003).
3125:Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2001).
2878:. Judean independence was reestablished after the
2818:, and Jeremiah went with them as a moral guardian.
2747:the independent Kingdom of Judah. According to the
2208:, brought a vast army and took many cities. In the
2137:for the coronation of Solomon's son and successor,
549:in the west, to the dry and arid landscapes of the
284:
266:
252:
229:
210:
196:
186:
176:
149:
139:
129:
121:
52:
6195:An Introduction to the History of Israel and Judah
5589:Dunn, James D.G.; Rogerson, John W., eds. (2003).
5364:Judah and the Judeans in the Neo-Babylonian Period
2589:, and they crossed the Euphrates and lay siege to
517:. It was not until 400 years later, following the
5081:Hezekiah's Reforms and the Revolt against Assyria
4089:The Renewed Archaeological Excavations at Lachish
3618:. Penn State University Press. pp. 361–367.
3330:"Journal 124: Khirbat Qeiyafa preliminary report"
2189:between them. Israel and Judah warred throughout
5662:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 337–353.
5613:The Triumph of Elohim: From Yahwisms to Judaisms
2630:back to Egypt as his prisoner, never to return.
824:(circa 700 BCE) discovered mostly in and around
6216:Family Religion in Babylonia, Syria, and Israel
6133:The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Ancient Israel
5948:A History of the Kingdom of Jerusalem and Judah
4991:. Harry Ostrer. Oxford University Press. 2012.
3776:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3477:Biblical Archaeology: A Very Short Introduction
3323:
3321:
3267:. Harry Ostrer. Oxford University Press. 2012.
3204:The Oxford Illustrated History of the Holy Land
365:. Centered in the highlands to the west of the
5635:. In Kelle, Brad E.; Strawn, Brent A. (eds.).
5196:Eran Arie; Baruch Rosen; Dvory Namdar (2020).
4989:Legacy: a Genetic History of the Jewish People
3537:"The Birth & Death of Biblical Minimalism"
3336:. Israel Antiquities Authority. Archived from
3265:Legacy: a Genetic History of the Jewish People
6839:
6422:
6293:
5826:King, Philip J.; Stager, Lawrence E. (2001).
5769:. Oxford University Press. pp. 743–756.
5639:. Oxford University Press. pp. 109–129.
4850:
4848:
4314:
4312:
4226:. Adam Hook. Oxford: Osprey. pp. 29–40.
3102:David's Jerusalem: Between Memory and History
2612:. Necho imposed on Judah a levy of a hundred
2369:, formed an alliance with Israel by marrying
2098:
1437:
806:Storage jars handles marked with LMLK seals,
57:
8:
6813:List of Jewish leaders in the Land of Israel
6071:Moore, Megan Bishop; Kelle, Brad E. (2011).
5990:Reconstructing the Society of Ancient Israel
5479:. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). p. 535.
4542:
4540:
2844:suggest that it was 10,000 and later 8,000.
2454:in 701 BCE though the city was never taken.
2276:Palestine from 720 BC to the exile of Judah.
2235:was restored to the original tribal border.
521:, that Judeans fully regained independence.
6135:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 197–212.
5927:The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land
5743:Ancient Canaan and Israel: New Perspectives
4864:. T&T Clark International. p. 28.
4394:
4392:
3201:Lemaire, André (2018). "Israel and Judah".
2151:ten of the tribes rebelled against Rehoboam
480:Judahite rebellions against Babylonian rule
6846:
6832:
6824:
6429:
6415:
6407:
6300:
6286:
6278:
5722:Ancient Canaan and Israel: An Introduction
4715:. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 23.
4506:The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings
3744:
2105:
2091:
1455:
1444:
1430:
1054:
103:
49:
6109:
5885:
5213:
4896:
4499:
4497:
4187:
4146:
4136:
3787:
3578:. Harvard University Press. p. 142.
3049:List of artifacts in biblical archaeology
2794:. They ignored the urging of the prophet
2668:and carted all of his spoils to Babylon.
2441:by refusing to pay tribute. In response,
585:. Its influence possibly extended to the
7840:Political entities in the Land of Israel
5451:The Oxford History of the Biblical World
4836:
4834:
4739:The Oxford History of the Biblical World
4561:. Oxford University Press. p. 261.
4558:The Oxford History of the Biblical World
4075:
3728:Archaeological and Biblical Perspectives
3646:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3404:
2695:
2545:personally led a sizable army up to the
2280:In his 36th year, Asa was confronted by
693:" ruled a kingdom south of the lands of
557:to the east, formed the kingdom's core.
529:The Kingdom of Judah was located in the
515:autonomous rule under Persian governance
404:and covering the territory of Judah and
27:Israelite kingdom in the Southern Levant
5906:The Israelites in History and Tradition
5297:Amit, Yaira; et al., eds. (2006).
5183:
5051:Western Civilization: Volume A: To 1500
4741:. Oxford University Press. p. 350.
4698:
4630:"The Divided Monarchy – ca. 931–586 BC"
3238:Western Civilization: Volume A: To 1500
3088:
2975:
2117:According to the biblical account, the
1469:
1458:
1068:
1057:
663:. Recent archaeological discoveries by
5930:. Continuum International Publishing.
5004:
4884:
4678:. Continuum International. p. x.
4531:
3904:
3661:
3280:
2848:Persian Yehud and Hellenistic period.
948:, was the main Judahite center in the
882:" to King" (name of a person or deity)
689:The Tel Dan stele shows a historical "
6032:A History of Ancient Israel and Judah
5763:"Judah During the Iron Age II Period"
5111:"The Appearance of Pantheon in Judah"
4713:Jeremiah: An Archaeological Companion
4508:(1st ed.). New York: Macmillan.
4215:
4213:
4211:
4209:
4207:
4011:
3756:
3697:
3609:
3607:
3605:
897:According to a 2022 study, traces of
283:
265:
261:
228:
209:
205:
195:
7:
5870:"Judahite Hebrew Epigraphy and Cult"
5850:The Ancient Near East c. 3000–330 BC
5113:. In Edelman, Diana Vikander (ed.).
5053:. Wadsworth Publishing. p. 36.
3709:
3240:. Wadsworth Publishing. p. 36.
3015:
2718:Despite the strong remonstrances of
2534:had not yet risen to replace it and
2210:sack of Jerusalem (10th century BCE)
2181:Relations with the Kingdom of Israel
58:
6363:Southern Kingdom (Kingdom of Judah)
6353:United Monarchy (Kingdom of Israel)
6343:History of ancient Israel and Judah
5701:The Quest for the Historical Israel
4663:. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc.
3054:List of Jewish states and dynasties
2986:
2530:was beginning to disintegrate, the
2327:to carry on maritime commerce with
863:
849:LMLK stands for the Hebrew letters
828:. Several complete jars were found
7769:Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions
6854:Ancient states and regions in the
6074:Biblical History and Israel's Past
5740:Golden, Jonathan Michael (2004b).
5719:Golden, Jonathan Michael (2004a).
5704:. Society of Biblical Literature.
3535:Garfinkel, Yosef (May–June 2011).
2836:reports that 4,600 were exiled to
952:in the 9th and 8th centuries BCE.
494:, and the fallen kingdom was then
25:
4027:Has Archaeology Buried the Bible?
2964:ritualistic psychoactive purposes
2331:. However, the fleet equipped at
776:Archaeological research near the
7800:6th-century BC disestablishments
6265:
6198:. Hymns Ancient and Modern Ltd.
6098:Jerusalem Journal of Archaeology
6011:The Troubles of Templeless Judah
5874:Jerusalem Journal of Archaeology
5811:Society of Biblical Literature.
5592:Eerdmans commentary on the Bible
5448:Coogan, Michael D., ed. (1998).
5282:Society of Biblical Literature.
4737:Coogan, Michael D., ed. (1999).
4176:Jerusalem Journal of Archaeology
4050:Pileggi, Tamar (12 April 2016).
4024:Dever, William G. (2020-08-18).
3819:Finkelstein & Silberman 2002
3443:Grabbe, Lester L. (2007-04-28).
3380:10.1179/033443512x13226621280507
2946:Siege of Jerusalem (587/586 BCE)
2904:, which it states is the God of
2734:. Many Jews fled to surrounding
2347:'s act of offering his son in a
2253:, the Egyptian-backed chieftain
2074:
1480:
1079:
496:annexed as a Babylonian province
482:being crushed. In 587 BCE,
451:, which recounts the history of
331:
110:The Kingdoms of Judah and Israel
86:
6035:. Westminster John Knox Press.
5993:. Westminster John Knox Press.
5909:. Westminster John Knox Press.
5832:. Westminster John Knox Press.
5507:"The Origin of Biblical Israel"
5433:. Westminster John Knox Press.
5261:. Westminster John Knox Press.
5240:. Westminster John Knox Press.
5049:Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2008).
3236:Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2008).
2882:, and the establishment of the
875:), which can be translated as:
7825:Former monarchies of West Asia
7805:10th-century BC establishments
5969:The Fall and Rise of Jerusalem
5787:Historical and Biblical Israel
5784:Katz, Reinhard Gregor (2015).
5469:Cook, Stanley Arthur (1911). "
5344:A History of the Jewish People
4255:מזר, עמיחי; Mazar, A. (1981).
4030:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.
3831:Thomas, Zachary (2016-04-22).
3575:A History of the Jewish People
3505:Mykytiuk, Lawrence J. (2004).
3061:, the kingdom before the split
2452:Sennacherib besieged Jerusalem
2215:Rehoboam's son and successor,
1752:Late Antiquity and Middle Ages
1:
7830:History of Palestine (region)
6213:Van der Toorn, Karel (1996).
6008:Middlemas, Jill Anne (2005).
5215:10.1080/03344355.2020.1732046
3983:10.1080/03344355.2019.1586380
3675:"Maximalists and Minimalists"
3474:Cline, Eric H. (2009-09-28).
2924:(in his case, the worship of
2604:in 608 BCE, Necho found that
1019:; it protected the road from
902:trade route that crossed the
762:collection of military orders
589:in the south, as well as the
408:. However, during the 1980s,
293:
275:
232:
213:
74:
67:
7021:Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia
6308:The Biblical and historical
6177:. Sheffield Academic Press.
5903:Lemche, Niels Peter (1998).
5610:Edelman, Diana, ed. (1995).
5511:Journal of Hebrew Scriptures
5382:Blenkinsopp, Joseph (2009).
5346:. Harvard University Press.
5324:History and the Hebrew Bible
4138:10.1371/journal.pone.0266085
3019:
3006:
2642:Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon
1391:Israeli Civil Administration
369:, the kingdom's capital was
7835:Historic Jewish communities
6192:Soggin, Alberto J. (1999).
6131:. In Niditch, Susan (ed.).
6092:Richelle, Matthieu (2024).
6014:. Oxford University Press.
5790:. Oxford University Press.
5725:. Oxford University Press.
5487:In Search of Ancient Israel
5454:. Oxford University Press.
4924:Sweeney, Marvin A. (2010).
4102:"The LMLK Research Website"
3541:Biblical Archaeology Review
3480:. Oxford University Press.
3133:. The Free Press. pp.
2993:
2701:The Flight of the Prisoners
2684:. Nebuchadnezzar appointed
2304:on his side of the border.
2197:, who is identified as the
871:
611:Biblical archaeology school
327:Yehud (Babylonian province)
7876:
6127:Roberts, J. J. M. (2016).
6050:Miller, Robert D. (2005).
5805:Killebrew, Ann E. (2005).
5505:Davies, Philip R. (2009).
5484:Davies, Philip R. (1992).
4776:Israel Exploration Journal
4674:Cohn-Sherbok, Dan (1996).
4659:Wigoder, Geoffrey (2006).
3002:
2851:
2825:
2692:Destruction and dispersion
2488:'s campaign against Egypt.
795:
604:
435:against the Assyrian king
40:
29:
6455:Kings of Israel and Judah
6445:
6371:
6338:
6316:
5945:Lipiński, Edward (2020).
5761:Hardin, James W. (2014).
5342:Ben-Sasson, H.H. (1976).
5255:Albertz, Rainer (1994) .
5234:Albertz, Rainer (1994) .
5166:. p. 41 – via
5109:Handy, Lowell K. (1995).
4476:James B. Pritchard, ed.,
4170:Garfinkel, Yosef (2023).
3933:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
3511:Society of Biblical Lit.
3424:. Berlin/ New York: 29–58
3172:10.1179/lev.2001.33.1.105
2987:
2468:During the long reign of
2437:and made a stand against
930:, Khirbet el-Dawwara (by
908:Third Intermediate Period
306:
302:
262:
248:
206:
102:
83:
66:
7810:Ancient Israel and Judah
6396:Historicity of the Bible
5966:Lipschitz, Oded (2005).
5924:Levy, Thomas E. (1998).
5276:Albertz, Rainer (2003).
5099:, Emory University, 1997
4711:King, Philip J. (1993).
3849:10.1177/0146107916639208
3759:, pp. 187–195, 197.
3614:Lipschits, Oded (2005).
3059:United Kingdom of Israel
2886:in the 2nd century BCE.
2421:excavations in Jerusalem
2269:, some centuries later.
2221:Battle of Mount Zemaraim
2119:United Kingdom of Israel
1639:10th century BCE–587 BCE
1629:10th century BCE–720 BCE
1583:Ancient Israel and Judah
1570:Late Bronze Age collapse
1156:Ancient Israel and Judah
764:found in the ruins of a
615:Historicity of the Bible
390:United Kingdom of Israel
41:Not to be confused with
6792:Antigonus II Mattathias
6325:Twelve Tribes of Israel
5868:Lemaire, André (2024).
5829:Life in Biblical Israel
5654:Faust, Avraham (2018).
5631:Evans, Paul S. (2020).
5568:Dever, William (2017).
5547:Dever, William (2003).
5526:Dever, William (2001).
5476:Encyclopædia Britannica
5406:Ethnicity and the Bible
5403:Brett, Mark G. (2002).
4628:Dr. Shirley Rollinson.
3965:Na’aman, Nadav (2019).
3789:10.1073/pnas.2321024121
3570:Ben-Sasson, Haim Hillel
3096:Pioske, Daniel (2015).
2916:. Of the "good" kings,
2600:On his return march to
1609:12th–10th centuries BCE
987:In the northern Negev,
737:Stepped Stone Structure
722:Stepped Stone Structure
709:dated to the 780s BCE.
449:Deuteronomistic history
236: 597–587 BCE
217: 931–913 BCE
7614:Luwian-Aramaean states
6129:"The Divided Monarchy"
5987:McNutt, Paula (1999).
5847:Kuhrt, Amélie (1995).
5683:. Simon and Schuster.
5026:Adams, Hannah (1840).
5011:: CS1 maint: others (
4504:Thiele, Edwin (1951).
4410:Baker Publishing Group
4220:Rocca, Samuel (2010).
3745:Moore & Kelle 2011
3722:Mazar, Amihai (2010).
3302:Adams, Hannah (1840).
3287:: CS1 maint: others (
3067:, the Northern Kingdom
2715:
2519:
2503:
2465:
2422:
2323:. He then allied with
2277:
2241:'s son and successor,
2161:remained loyal to the
810:
728:
686:
509:, the Achaemenid king
410:some biblical scholars
373:. It was ruled by the
7465:Neo-Babylonian Empire
7049:Canaanite city-states
5154:James Alan Montgomery
5115:The Triumph of Elohim
4595:2 Chronicles 35:20–24
4553:Coogan, Michael David
2942:Neo-Babylonian Empire
2826:Further information:
2722:and others, Zedekiah
2699:
2650:Babylonian Chronicles
2532:Neo-Babylonian Empire
2509:
2494:
2460:
2404:
2339:in a war against the
2275:
2206:22nd Dynasty of Egypt
2157:. At first, only the
1995:Historical literature
1990:Historical population
1952:Arab–Israeli conflict
1406:Palestinian Authority
1211:Hellenistic Palestine
1186:Neo-Babylonian Empire
885:" to the government"
805:
796:Further information:
741:Large Stone Structure
726:Large Stone Structure
720:
681:
601:Archaeological record
472:Neo-Babylonian Empire
140:Common languages
7748:Tanukhid confederacy
7583:New Kingdom of Egypt
6274:at Wikimedia Commons
6150:Sergi, Omer (2023).
5517:(47). Archived from
4412:. pp. 255–256.
4330:2 Chronicles 14:9–15
3624:10.5325/j.ctv1bxh5fd
3073:, the modern country
2828:Babylonian captivity
1967:Iran–Israel conflict
1830:Kingdom of Jerusalem
1811:Early Islamic period
1785:Byzantine Palaestina
1663:Second Temple period
1401:Palestinian enclaves
1386:Military Governorate
974:Khirbet Abu et-Twein
938:, and Tell Lachish.
699:Nimrud Tablet K.3751
625:biblical maximalists
621:biblical minimalists
607:Biblical archaeology
553:descending into the
474:over control of the
453:the people of Israel
377:for four centuries.
7460:Neo-Assyrian Empire
7243:Paleo-Syrian states
6749:(Hasmonean dynasty)
6111:10.52486/01.00007.6
5887:10.52486/01.00007.3
5680:The Bible Unearthed
5430:A History of Israel
4617:2 Chronicles 36:1–4
4352:2 Chronicles 16:1–7
4341:2 Chronicles 16:2–6
4189:10.52486/01.00004.4
3782:(19): e2321024121.
3547:(3). Archived from
2876:Alexander the Great
2707:; the exile of the
2528:Neo-Assyrian Empire
2413:, king of Judah" –
2249:states that at the
2229:Books of Chronicles
1371:Egyptian Gaza Strip
1366:Jordanian West Bank
1351:Mandatory Palestine
1245:Diocese of the East
1181:Neo-Assyrian Empire
816:are archaic Hebrew
465:Book of Deuteronomy
297: 587 BCE
279: 930 BCE
78: 587 BCE
71: 930 BCE
7703:Herodian Tetrarchy
6772:Alexander Jannaeus
6634:(southern kingdom)
6514:(northern kingdom)
6321:Children of Israel
4930:. Abingdon Press.
4400:Leithart, Peter J.
4305:2 Chronicles 13:20
4294:2 Chronicles 13:17
4087:Ussishkin (2004),
4057:2018-12-10 at the
2788:Mizpah in Benjamin
2732:besieged Jerusalem
2716:
2711:from Jerusalem to
2654:siege to Jerusalem
2616:of silver (about 3
2520:
2516:capture of Lachish
2504:
2496:Siloam inscription
2466:
2423:
2302:Mizpah in Benjamin
2278:
1682:Hellenistic period
1496:Prehistoric Levant
1397:State of Palestine
1237:Province of Judaea
1046:Biblical narrative
1007:, Tel Ira, Aroer,
811:
729:
703:Assyrian cuneiform
687:
661:Israel Finkelstein
533:, stretching from
488:siege of Jerusalem
288:Siege of Jerusalem
163:Canaanite religion
96:(700–586 BCE)
7777:
7776:
7718:Nabataean Kingdom
7693:Hasmonean dynasty
7688:Ghassanid Kingdom
7401:Achaemenid Empire
7237:Ib'al Confederacy
6876:Kish civilization
6821:
6820:
6808:Jewish leadership
6479:(united monarchy)
6404:
6403:
6270:Media related to
6250:978-0-8264-6339-5
6226:978-90-04-10410-5
6205:978-0-334-02788-1
6184:978-1-85075-650-7
6163:978-1-62837-345-5
6142:978-0-470-65677-8
6084:978-0-8028-6260-0
6063:978-0-8028-0988-9
6042:978-0-664-21262-9
6021:978-0-19-928386-6
6000:978-0-664-22265-9
5979:978-1-57506-095-8
5958:978-90-429-4212-7
5937:978-0-8264-6996-0
5916:978-0-664-22727-2
5860:978-0-415-16763-5
5839:978-0-664-22148-5
5818:978-1-58983-097-4
5797:978-0-19-872877-1
5776:978-0-19-166254-6
5753:978-1-57607-897-6
5732:978-0-19-537985-3
5711:978-1-58983-277-0
5690:978-0-7432-2338-6
5669:978-1-108-66824-8
5646:978-0-19-026116-0
5623:978-90-390-0124-0
5602:978-0-8028-3711-0
5581:978-0-88414-217-1
5560:978-0-8028-0975-9
5539:978-0-8028-2126-3
5497:978-1-85075-737-5
5461:978-0-19-513937-2
5440:978-0-664-22068-6
5416:978-0-391-04126-4
5395:978-0-8028-6450-5
5374:978-1-57506-073-6
5353:978-0-674-39731-6
5334:978-3-16-149809-1
5310:978-1-57506-128-3
5289:978-1-58983-055-4
5268:978-0-664-22720-3
5247:978-0-664-22719-7
5186:, pp. 44–46.
5164:T. & T. Clark
5124:978-0-8028-4161-2
5060:978-0-495-50288-3
4998:978-1-280-87519-9
4937:978-1-4267-3003-0
4871:978-0-567-08998-4
4856:Grabbe, Lester L.
4841:Jeremiah 52:29–30
4827:Jeremiah 52:10–11
4816:Jeremiah 52:10–13
4763:Jeremiah 40:11–12
4726:2 Chronicles 36:9
4685:978-0-304-33703-3
4568:978-0-19-513937-2
4515:978-0-8254-3825-7
4419:978-1-4412-3560-2
4319:2 Chronicles 16:1
4233:978-1-84603-508-1
4037:978-1-4674-5949-5
3940:978-0-567-63671-3
3633:978-1-575-06297-6
3585:978-0-674-39731-6
3518:978-1-589-83062-2
3487:978-0-199-71162-8
3456:978-0-567-25171-8
3274:978-1-280-87519-9
3247:978-0-495-50288-3
3214:978-0-19-872439-1
3144:978-0-743-22338-6
3111:978-1-317-54891-1
3065:Kingdom of Israel
2934:Manasseh of Judah
2884:Hasmonean Kingdom
2860:Achaemenid Empire
2680:. Among them was
2678:Babylonian Empire
2583:battle was fought
2581:, where a fierce
2337:Jehoram of Israel
2325:Ahaziah of Israel
2307:Asa's successor,
2294:tribe of Naphtali
2251:Battle of Zephath
2233:tribe of Benjamin
2171:Kingdom of Israel
2167:tribe of Benjamin
2155:Kingdom of Israel
2115:
2114:
2081:Israel portal
1930:
1875:
1858:
1857:
1743:
1742:
1733:Jewish-Roman Wars
1692:Hasmonean dynasty
1653:
1652:
1625:Kingdom of Israel
1550:
1500:
1454:
1453:
1223:Hasmonean kingdom
1191:Achaemenid Empire
962:Judaean Mountains
869:
836:destruction layer
766:military fortress
667:in Jerusalem and
650:radiocarbon tests
507:Achaemenid Empire
492:exiled to Babylon
484:Nebuchadnezzar II
433:Hezekiah's revolt
347:
346:
343:
342:
339:
338:
270:Jeroboam's Revolt
32:Hasmonean dynasty
16:(Redirected from
7867:
7790:Kingdom of Judah
7728:Palmyrene Empire
7698:Herodian kingdom
7672:Byzantine Empire
7487:Israel (Samaria)
6848:
6841:
6834:
6825:
6777:Salome Alexandra
6439:Israel and Judah
6431:
6424:
6417:
6408:
6358:Northern Kingdom
6302:
6295:
6288:
6279:
6272:Kingdom of Judah
6269:
6254:
6230:
6209:
6188:
6167:
6146:
6123:
6113:
6088:
6067:
6046:
6025:
6004:
5983:
5962:
5941:
5920:
5899:
5889:
5864:
5843:
5822:
5801:
5780:
5757:
5736:
5715:
5694:
5673:
5650:
5627:
5606:
5585:
5564:
5543:
5522:
5501:
5480:
5465:
5444:
5420:
5399:
5378:
5357:
5338:
5327:. Mohr Siebeck.
5319:Barstad, Hans M.
5314:
5293:
5272:
5251:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5193:
5187:
5181:
5175:
5174:
5168:Internet Archive
5150:
5144:
5143:
5136:Internet Archive
5133:
5131:
5106:
5100:
5098:
5096:
5094:
5085:. Archived from
5077:Borowski, Oded.
5074:
5068:
5067:
5046:
5040:
5039:
5023:
5017:
5016:
5010:
5002:
4985:
4979:
4974:
4968:
4963:
4957:
4948:
4942:
4941:
4921:
4915:
4909:2 Kings 25:22–24
4906:
4900:
4894:
4888:
4882:
4876:
4875:
4852:
4843:
4838:
4829:
4824:
4818:
4813:
4807:
4802:
4796:
4795:
4771:
4765:
4760:
4754:
4749:
4743:
4742:
4734:
4728:
4723:
4717:
4716:
4708:
4702:
4696:
4690:
4689:
4676:The Hebrew Bible
4671:
4665:
4664:
4656:
4650:
4647:
4641:
4640:
4638:
4636:
4625:
4619:
4614:
4608:
4603:
4597:
4588:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4575:
4544:
4535:
4529:
4520:
4519:
4501:
4492:
4487:
4481:
4474:
4468:
4466:2 Kings 18:14–16
4463:
4457:
4452:
4446:
4437:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4426:
4396:
4387:
4382:
4376:
4374:1 Kings 22:48–49
4371:
4365:
4363:2 Kings 20:35–37
4360:
4354:
4349:
4343:
4338:
4332:
4327:
4321:
4316:
4307:
4302:
4296:
4291:
4285:
4284:
4252:
4246:
4245:
4217:
4202:
4201:
4191:
4167:
4161:
4160:
4150:
4140:
4116:
4110:
4109:
4098:
4092:
4085:
4079:
4073:
4067:
4048:
4042:
4041:
4021:
4015:
4009:
4003:
4002:
3962:
3956:
3955:
3949:
3947:
3924:
3918:
3914:
3908:
3902:
3896:
3895:
3890:
3889:
3875:
3869:
3868:
3828:
3822:
3816:
3810:
3809:
3791:
3766:
3760:
3754:
3748:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3719:
3713:
3707:
3701:
3695:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3671:
3665:
3659:
3650:
3644:
3638:
3637:
3611:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3592:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3412:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3365:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3325:
3316:
3315:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3286:
3278:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3132:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3093:
3031:
3025:
3017:
3016:𐤁𐤉𐤕𐤃𐤅𐤃
3012:Imperial Aramaic
3009:
3004:
2996:
2991:
2989:
2980:
2880:Maccabean revolt
2858:In 539 BCE, the
2834:Book of Jeremiah
2822:Exile to Babylon
2760:Babylonian Yehud
2749:Book of Jeremiah
2724:revolted against
2625:
2624:
2620:
2587:Ashur-uballit II
2514:, depicting the
2448:Solomon's Temple
2397:Clash of empires
2391:Ahaziah of Judah
2367:Jehoram of Judah
2351:on the walls of
2282:Baasha of Israel
2149:). As a result,
2107:
2100:
2093:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2000:Economic history
1928:
1873:
1850:Mamluk Sultanate
1775:Syria Palaestina
1756:
1755:
1702:Herodian dynasty
1668:
1667:
1635:Kingdom of Judah
1619:10th century BCE
1588:
1587:
1549:
1499:
1484:
1474:
1456:
1446:
1439:
1432:
1249:Palaestina Prima
1241:Syria Palaestina
1233:Herodian kingdom
1204:Classical period
1100:Natufian culture
1083:
1073:
1055:
936:Tel Beit Shemesh
874:
868:romanized:
867:
865:
750:William G. Dever
595:Mesad Hashavyahu
531:Judean Mountains
519:Maccabean Revolt
351:Kingdom of Judah
335:
334:
323:
322:
308:
307:
298:
295:
280:
277:
237:
234:
218:
215:
182:Judahite, Judean
107:
90:
79:
76:
72:
69:
61:
60:
54:Kingdom of Judah
50:
21:
7875:
7874:
7870:
7869:
7868:
7866:
7865:
7864:
7860:Former kingdoms
7855:Jewish polities
7780:
7779:
7778:
7773:
7752:
7743:Sasanian Empire
7738:Seleucid Empire
7733:Parthian Empire
7683:Emesene Dynasty
7646:
7492:Israel (united)
7407:Aramaean states
7387:
6934:Akkadian Empire
6920:
6862:
6852:
6822:
6817:
6796:
6748:
6741:
6633:
6626:
6513:
6506:
6478:
6471:
6441:
6435:
6405:
6400:
6367:
6334:
6330:Ten Lost Tribes
6312:
6306:
6262:
6257:
6251:
6233:
6227:
6212:
6206:
6191:
6185:
6170:
6164:
6149:
6143:
6126:
6091:
6085:
6070:
6064:
6049:
6043:
6028:
6022:
6007:
6001:
5986:
5980:
5972:. Eisenbrauns.
5965:
5959:
5944:
5938:
5923:
5917:
5902:
5867:
5861:
5846:
5840:
5825:
5819:
5804:
5798:
5783:
5777:
5760:
5754:
5739:
5733:
5718:
5712:
5697:
5691:
5676:
5670:
5653:
5647:
5630:
5624:
5609:
5603:
5588:
5582:
5567:
5561:
5546:
5540:
5525:
5504:
5498:
5483:
5468:
5462:
5447:
5441:
5423:
5417:
5402:
5396:
5381:
5375:
5367:. Eisenbrauns.
5360:
5354:
5341:
5335:
5317:
5311:
5303:. Eisenbrauns.
5296:
5290:
5275:
5269:
5254:
5248:
5233:
5229:
5224:
5223:
5195:
5194:
5190:
5182:
5178:
5152:
5151:
5147:
5129:
5127:
5125:
5108:
5107:
5103:
5092:
5090:
5089:on 23 July 1997
5076:
5075:
5071:
5061:
5048:
5047:
5043:
5025:
5024:
5020:
5003:
4999:
4987:
4986:
4982:
4975:
4971:
4964:
4960:
4955:Jeremiah 43:5–7
4949:
4945:
4938:
4923:
4922:
4918:
4913:Jeremiah 40:6–8
4907:
4903:
4895:
4891:
4883:
4879:
4872:
4854:
4853:
4846:
4839:
4832:
4825:
4821:
4814:
4810:
4803:
4799:
4773:
4772:
4768:
4761:
4757:
4750:
4746:
4736:
4735:
4731:
4724:
4720:
4710:
4709:
4705:
4697:
4693:
4686:
4673:
4672:
4668:
4658:
4657:
4653:
4648:
4644:
4634:
4632:
4627:
4626:
4622:
4615:
4611:
4604:
4600:
4589:
4585:
4573:
4571:
4569:
4551:
4545:
4538:
4530:
4523:
4516:
4503:
4502:
4495:
4488:
4484:
4475:
4471:
4464:
4460:
4453:
4449:
4438:
4434:
4424:
4422:
4420:
4398:
4397:
4390:
4383:
4379:
4372:
4368:
4361:
4357:
4350:
4346:
4339:
4335:
4328:
4324:
4317:
4310:
4303:
4299:
4292:
4288:
4254:
4253:
4249:
4234:
4219:
4218:
4205:
4169:
4168:
4164:
4131:(3): e0266085.
4118:
4117:
4113:
4100:
4099:
4095:
4086:
4082:
4074:
4070:
4063:Times of Israel
4059:Wayback Machine
4049:
4045:
4038:
4023:
4022:
4018:
4010:
4006:
3964:
3963:
3959:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3926:
3925:
3921:
3915:
3911:
3903:
3899:
3887:
3885:
3877:
3876:
3872:
3830:
3829:
3825:
3817:
3813:
3768:
3767:
3763:
3755:
3751:
3743:
3739:
3721:
3720:
3716:
3708:
3704:
3696:
3692:
3683:
3681:
3673:
3672:
3668:
3660:
3653:
3645:
3641:
3634:
3613:
3612:
3603:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3554:
3552:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3519:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3488:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3457:
3442:
3441:
3437:
3427:
3425:
3415:Mazar, Amihai.
3414:
3413:
3402:
3392:
3390:
3363:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3343:
3341:
3340:on 23 June 2012
3327:
3326:
3319:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3279:
3275:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3248:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3215:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3157:
3156:
3152:
3145:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3112:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3040:
3035:
3034:
2981:
2977:
2972:
2898:
2856:
2850:
2830:
2824:
2814:, and possibly
2762:
2757:
2694:
2676:throughout the
2622:
2618:
2617:
2512:Lachish reliefs
2399:
2349:human sacrifice
2217:Abijah of Judah
2183:
2121:was founded by
2111:
2075:
2073:
2068:
2067:
2053:Hebrew calendar
2038:
2030:
2029:
1985:Historical maps
1980:
1972:
1971:
1925:State of Israel
1911:British Mandate
1868:
1860:
1859:
1840:Ayyubid dynasty
1764:Rabbinic period
1753:
1745:
1744:
1665:
1655:
1654:
1645:Babylonian rule
1615:United Monarchy
1585:
1575:
1574:
1492:
1472:
1465:
1450:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1404:
1381:State of Israel
1346:
1345:
1336:
1335:
1297:
1280:Muslim conquest
1275:
1274:
1263:
1262:
1229:Roman Palestine
1206:
1205:
1196:
1195:
1167:
1150:Egyptian Empire
1135:
1134:
1133:Ancient history
1125:
1124:
1095:
1094:
1071:
1064:
1053:
1048:
958:
942:Tel Be'er Sheva
924:Khirbet Qeiyafa
920:Yosef Garfinkel
916:
910:Egyptian rule.
895:
879:" to the king"
834:buried under a
800:
794:
758:
715:
673:Khirbet Qeiyafa
669:Yosef Garfinkel
617:
603:
593:in the west in
583:Kuntillet Ajrud
568:to the area of
564:, passing near
527:
511:Cyrus the Great
503:fall of Babylon
419:Khirbet Qeiyafa
359:Southern Levant
357:kingdom of the
332:
296:
290:
278:
272:
238:
235:
219:
216:
172:
159:(Early Judaism)
144:Biblical Hebrew
117:
98:
97:
91:
77:
70:
62:
55:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7873:
7871:
7863:
7862:
7857:
7852:
7847:
7842:
7837:
7832:
7827:
7822:
7820:Books of Kings
7817:
7815:Ancient Levant
7812:
7807:
7802:
7797:
7792:
7782:
7781:
7775:
7774:
7772:
7771:
7766:
7764:Amarna letters
7760:
7758:
7754:
7753:
7751:
7750:
7745:
7740:
7735:
7730:
7725:
7720:
7715:
7710:
7705:
7700:
7695:
7690:
7685:
7680:
7675:
7664:Roman Republic
7656:
7654:
7648:
7647:
7645:
7644:
7643:
7642:
7637:
7632:
7627:
7622:
7610:
7609:
7608:
7603:
7598:
7585:
7580:
7579:
7578:
7577:
7576:
7571:
7566:
7561:
7556:
7551:
7541:
7540:
7539:
7534:
7529:
7524:
7519:
7509:
7504:
7499:
7494:
7489:
7484:
7479:
7467:
7462:
7457:
7456:
7455:
7450:
7445:
7440:
7435:
7430:
7425:
7420:
7415:
7403:
7397:
7395:
7389:
7388:
7386:
7385:
7384:
7383:
7371:
7366:
7361:
7356:
7351:
7350:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7327:
7326:
7325:
7320:
7315:
7303:
7302:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7258:
7257:
7256:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7223:
7222:
7221:
7220:
7210:
7205:
7193:
7191:Hittite Empire
7188:
7183:
7182:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7029:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6945:Amorite states
6941:
6936:
6930:
6928:
6922:
6921:
6919:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6872:
6870:
6864:
6863:
6853:
6851:
6850:
6843:
6836:
6828:
6819:
6818:
6816:
6815:
6810:
6804:
6802:
6798:
6797:
6795:
6794:
6789:
6787:Aristobulus II
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6753:
6751:
6743:
6742:
6740:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6638:
6636:
6628:
6627:
6625:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6518:
6516:
6508:
6507:
6505:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6483:
6481:
6473:
6472:
6470:
6469:
6464:
6463:
6462:
6460:Kings of Judah
6452:
6446:
6443:
6442:
6436:
6434:
6433:
6426:
6419:
6411:
6402:
6401:
6399:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6372:
6369:
6368:
6366:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6348:Land of Israel
6345:
6339:
6336:
6335:
6333:
6332:
6327:
6317:
6314:
6313:
6307:
6305:
6304:
6297:
6290:
6282:
6276:
6275:
6261:
6260:External links
6258:
6256:
6255:
6249:
6231:
6225:
6210:
6204:
6189:
6183:
6168:
6162:
6147:
6141:
6124:
6089:
6083:
6068:
6062:
6047:
6041:
6026:
6020:
6005:
5999:
5984:
5978:
5963:
5957:
5942:
5936:
5921:
5915:
5900:
5865:
5859:
5844:
5838:
5823:
5817:
5802:
5796:
5781:
5775:
5758:
5752:
5737:
5731:
5716:
5710:
5695:
5689:
5674:
5668:
5651:
5645:
5628:
5622:
5616:. Kok Pharos.
5607:
5601:
5586:
5580:
5565:
5559:
5544:
5538:
5523:
5521:on 2008-05-28.
5502:
5496:
5481:
5466:
5460:
5445:
5439:
5421:
5415:
5400:
5394:
5379:
5373:
5358:
5352:
5339:
5333:
5315:
5309:
5294:
5288:
5273:
5267:
5252:
5246:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5222:
5221:
5188:
5176:
5145:
5123:
5101:
5069:
5059:
5041:
5018:
4997:
4980:
4969:
4958:
4943:
4936:
4916:
4901:
4897:Lipschitz 2005
4889:
4877:
4870:
4844:
4830:
4819:
4808:
4797:
4782:(3): 137–156.
4766:
4755:
4744:
4729:
4718:
4703:
4701:, p. 210.
4691:
4684:
4666:
4651:
4642:
4620:
4609:
4598:
4583:
4581:
4580:
4567:
4536:
4534:, p. 311.
4521:
4514:
4493:
4482:
4469:
4458:
4447:
4432:
4418:
4388:
4385:2 Kings 3:4–27
4377:
4366:
4355:
4344:
4333:
4322:
4308:
4297:
4286:
4247:
4232:
4203:
4162:
4111:
4093:
4080:
4078:, p. 116.
4068:
4043:
4036:
4016:
4014:, p. 197.
4004:
3957:
3939:
3919:
3909:
3907:, p. 180.
3897:
3870:
3823:
3811:
3761:
3749:
3747:, p. 302.
3737:
3714:
3702:
3700:, p. 337.
3690:
3666:
3664:, p. 743.
3651:
3639:
3632:
3601:
3584:
3572:, ed. (1976).
3561:
3527:
3517:
3497:
3486:
3466:
3455:
3449:. Bloomsbury.
3435:
3400:
3351:
3317:
3294:
3273:
3256:
3246:
3228:
3213:
3193:
3166:(1): 105–115.
3150:
3143:
3117:
3110:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3068:
3062:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3044:Kings of Judah
3039:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3028:House of David
2974:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2953:Books of Kings
2897:
2894:
2864:Yehud Medinata
2854:Yehud Medinata
2852:Main article:
2849:
2846:
2842:Books of Kings
2823:
2820:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2693:
2690:
2571:Jezreel Valley
2398:
2395:
2387:South Arabians
2365:'s successor,
2288:, the king of
2182:
2179:
2163:House of David
2159:tribe of Judah
2113:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2102:
2095:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2043:Jewish history
2039:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2025:Jewish warfare
2022:
2020:Jewish leaders
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1929:(1948–present)
1921:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1871:Modern history
1869:
1867:Modern history
1866:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1760:Late antiquity
1754:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1666:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1586:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1477:
1476:
1467:
1466:
1459:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1441:
1434:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1395:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1294:Jund al-Urdunn
1284:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1226:
1207:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1154:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1076:
1075:
1066:
1065:
1058:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1013:Judaean Desert
970:casemate walls
957:
954:
928:Tell en-Nasbeh
915:
912:
894:
891:
890:
889:
888:" to the King"
886:
883:
880:
793:
790:
757:
754:
724:seen from the
714:
711:
691:House of David
602:
599:
551:Judaean Desert
526:
523:
445:Saite Egyptian
345:
344:
341:
340:
337:
336:
329:
320:
317:
316:
311:
304:
303:
300:
299:
291:
285:
282:
281:
273:
267:
264:
263:
260:
259:
254:
253:Historical era
250:
249:
246:
245:
239:
230:
227:
226:
220:
211:
208:
207:
204:
203:
200:
194:
193:
188:
184:
183:
180:
174:
173:
171:
170:
165:
160:
153:
151:
147:
146:
141:
137:
136:
131:
127:
126:
123:
119:
118:
112:, produced by
108:
100:
99:
92:
85:
84:
81:
80:
64:
63:
56:
53:
43:Tribe of Judah
26:
24:
18:House of Judah
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7872:
7861:
7858:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7841:
7838:
7836:
7833:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7821:
7818:
7816:
7813:
7811:
7808:
7806:
7803:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7788:
7787:
7785:
7770:
7767:
7765:
7762:
7761:
7759:
7755:
7749:
7746:
7744:
7741:
7739:
7736:
7734:
7731:
7729:
7726:
7724:
7721:
7719:
7716:
7714:
7711:
7709:
7706:
7704:
7701:
7699:
7696:
7694:
7691:
7689:
7686:
7684:
7681:
7679:
7676:
7673:
7669:
7665:
7661:
7658:
7657:
7655:
7653:
7652:Classical Age
7649:
7641:
7638:
7636:
7633:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7617:
7616:
7615:
7611:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7596:
7593:
7592:
7591:
7590:
7586:
7584:
7581:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7567:
7565:
7562:
7560:
7557:
7555:
7552:
7550:
7547:
7546:
7545:
7542:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7515:
7514:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7480:
7478:
7475:
7474:
7473:
7472:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7461:
7458:
7454:
7451:
7449:
7446:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7419:
7416:
7414:
7413:Aram-Damascus
7411:
7410:
7409:
7408:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7398:
7396:
7394:
7390:
7382:
7379:
7378:
7377:
7376:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7334:
7333:
7332:
7328:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7310:
7309:
7308:
7304:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7262:
7259:
7255:
7252:
7251:
7250:
7247:
7246:
7245:
7244:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7219:
7216:
7215:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7200:
7199:
7198:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7052:
7051:
7050:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6971:First Babylon
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6948:
6947:
6946:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6931:
6929:
6927:
6923:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6873:
6871:
6869:
6865:
6861:
6857:
6849:
6844:
6842:
6837:
6835:
6830:
6829:
6826:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6805:
6803:
6799:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6767:Aristobulus I
6765:
6763:
6762:John Hyrcanus
6760:
6758:
6755:
6754:
6752:
6750:
6744:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6639:
6637:
6635:
6629:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6562:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6519:
6517:
6515:
6509:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6484:
6482:
6480:
6474:
6468:
6465:
6461:
6458:
6457:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6447:
6444:
6440:
6432:
6427:
6425:
6420:
6418:
6413:
6412:
6409:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6391:Old Testament
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6373:
6370:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6340:
6337:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6322:
6319:
6318:
6315:
6311:
6303:
6298:
6296:
6291:
6289:
6284:
6283:
6280:
6273:
6268:
6264:
6263:
6259:
6252:
6246:
6243:. Continuum.
6242:
6241:
6236:
6232:
6228:
6222:
6218:
6217:
6211:
6207:
6201:
6197:
6196:
6190:
6186:
6180:
6176:
6175:
6169:
6165:
6159:
6156:. SBL Press.
6155:
6154:
6148:
6144:
6138:
6134:
6130:
6125:
6121:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6103:
6099:
6095:
6090:
6086:
6080:
6076:
6075:
6069:
6065:
6059:
6055:
6054:
6048:
6044:
6038:
6034:
6033:
6027:
6023:
6017:
6013:
6012:
6006:
6002:
5996:
5992:
5991:
5985:
5981:
5975:
5971:
5970:
5964:
5960:
5954:
5950:
5949:
5943:
5939:
5933:
5929:
5928:
5922:
5918:
5912:
5908:
5907:
5901:
5897:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5879:
5875:
5871:
5866:
5862:
5856:
5853:. Routledge.
5852:
5851:
5845:
5841:
5835:
5831:
5830:
5824:
5820:
5814:
5810:
5809:
5803:
5799:
5793:
5789:
5788:
5782:
5778:
5772:
5768:
5764:
5759:
5755:
5749:
5745:
5744:
5738:
5734:
5728:
5724:
5723:
5717:
5713:
5707:
5703:
5702:
5696:
5692:
5686:
5682:
5681:
5675:
5671:
5665:
5661:
5657:
5652:
5648:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5629:
5625:
5619:
5615:
5614:
5608:
5604:
5598:
5594:
5593:
5587:
5583:
5577:
5574:. SBL Press.
5573:
5572:
5566:
5562:
5556:
5552:
5551:
5545:
5541:
5535:
5531:
5530:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5503:
5499:
5493:
5490:. Sheffield.
5489:
5488:
5482:
5478:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5463:
5457:
5453:
5452:
5446:
5442:
5436:
5432:
5431:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5412:
5408:
5407:
5401:
5397:
5391:
5387:
5386:
5380:
5376:
5370:
5366:
5365:
5359:
5355:
5349:
5345:
5340:
5336:
5330:
5326:
5325:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5306:
5302:
5301:
5295:
5291:
5285:
5281:
5280:
5274:
5270:
5264:
5260:
5259:
5253:
5249:
5243:
5239:
5238:
5232:
5231:
5226:
5216:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5199:
5192:
5189:
5185:
5180:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5160:
5155:
5149:
5146:
5142:
5137:
5126:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5105:
5102:
5088:
5084:
5082:
5073:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5056:
5052:
5045:
5042:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5022:
5019:
5014:
5008:
5000:
4994:
4990:
4984:
4981:
4978:
4973:
4970:
4967:
4966:Jeremiah 44:1
4962:
4959:
4956:
4952:
4951:2 Kings 25:26
4947:
4944:
4939:
4933:
4929:
4928:
4920:
4917:
4914:
4910:
4905:
4902:
4899:, p. 48.
4898:
4893:
4890:
4886:
4881:
4878:
4873:
4867:
4863:
4862:
4857:
4851:
4849:
4845:
4842:
4837:
4835:
4831:
4828:
4823:
4820:
4817:
4812:
4809:
4806:
4801:
4798:
4794:
4789:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4770:
4767:
4764:
4759:
4756:
4753:
4752:2 Kings 24:14
4748:
4745:
4740:
4733:
4730:
4727:
4722:
4719:
4714:
4707:
4704:
4700:
4695:
4692:
4687:
4681:
4677:
4670:
4667:
4662:
4655:
4652:
4646:
4643:
4631:
4624:
4621:
4618:
4613:
4610:
4607:
4606:2 Kings 23:31
4602:
4599:
4596:
4592:
4591:2 Kings 23:29
4587:
4584:
4570:
4564:
4560:
4559:
4554:
4550:
4549:
4548:
4543:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4528:
4526:
4522:
4517:
4511:
4507:
4500:
4498:
4494:
4491:
4490:2 Kings 18:17
4486:
4483:
4479:
4473:
4470:
4467:
4462:
4459:
4456:
4455:2 Kings 18:13
4451:
4448:
4445:
4441:
4436:
4433:
4421:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4406:
4401:
4395:
4393:
4389:
4386:
4381:
4378:
4375:
4370:
4367:
4364:
4359:
4356:
4353:
4348:
4345:
4342:
4337:
4334:
4331:
4326:
4323:
4320:
4315:
4313:
4309:
4306:
4301:
4298:
4295:
4290:
4287:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4251:
4248:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4229:
4225:
4224:
4216:
4214:
4212:
4210:
4208:
4204:
4199:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4166:
4163:
4158:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4115:
4112:
4107:
4103:
4097:
4094:
4090:
4084:
4081:
4077:
4076:Richelle 2024
4072:
4069:
4065:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4053:
4047:
4044:
4039:
4033:
4029:
4028:
4020:
4017:
4013:
4008:
4005:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3961:
3958:
3954:
3942:
3936:
3932:
3931:
3923:
3920:
3913:
3910:
3906:
3901:
3898:
3894:
3884:
3880:
3874:
3871:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3827:
3824:
3820:
3815:
3812:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3765:
3762:
3758:
3753:
3750:
3746:
3741:
3738:
3734:
3729:
3725:
3718:
3715:
3712:, p. 27.
3711:
3706:
3703:
3699:
3694:
3691:
3680:
3676:
3670:
3667:
3663:
3658:
3656:
3652:
3649:, p. 94.
3648:
3647:Lipiński 2020
3643:
3640:
3635:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3587:
3581:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3565:
3562:
3551:on 2011-09-08
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3531:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3514:
3510:
3509:
3501:
3498:
3494:
3489:
3483:
3479:
3478:
3470:
3467:
3463:
3458:
3452:
3448:
3447:
3439:
3436:
3423:
3418:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3352:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3298:
3295:
3290:
3284:
3276:
3270:
3266:
3260:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3243:
3239:
3232:
3229:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3210:
3206:
3205:
3197:
3194:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3154:
3151:
3146:
3140:
3136:
3131:
3130:
3121:
3118:
3113:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3092:
3089:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3037:
3029:
3024:
3023:
3013:
3008:
3000:
2995:
2984:
2979:
2976:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2956:
2954:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2855:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2829:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2759:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2629:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2555:coastal route
2553:. Taking the
2552:
2548:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2517:
2513:
2510:The Assyrian
2508:
2501:
2500:Siloam tunnel
2498:found in the
2497:
2493:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2420:
2417:found at the
2416:
2412:
2408:
2403:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2319:according to
2318:
2317:Ramoth-Gilead
2314:
2310:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2290:Aram-Damascus
2287:
2283:
2274:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2247:II Chronicles
2244:
2240:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2187:perpetual war
2180:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2147:1 Kings 12:11
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2108:
2103:
2101:
2096:
2094:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2072:
2071:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1889:Mutasarrifate
1887:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1864:
1863:
1853:
1851:
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1847:
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1838:
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1683:
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1679:
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1672:Persian Yehud
1670:
1669:
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1646:
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1633:
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1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1491:Early history
1488:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1468:
1463:
1457:
1447:
1442:
1440:
1435:
1433:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1361:All-Palestine
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1340:
1339:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1290:Jund Filastin
1287:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1224:
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1216:
1212:
1209:
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1200:
1199:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1151:
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1143:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1129:
1128:
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1118:
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1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1067:
1062:
1056:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1036:
1034:
1031:and south to
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1015:was found at
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
985:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
955:
953:
951:
947:
943:
939:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
918:According to
913:
911:
909:
905:
900:
893:Everyday life
892:
887:
884:
881:
878:
877:
876:
873:
861:
860:
856:
853:
847:
845:
841:
837:
833:
832:
827:
823:
819:
815:
809:
804:
799:
791:
789:
787:
786:papyrus texts
783:
779:
774:
771:
767:
763:
755:
753:
751:
746:
742:
738:
734:
733:City of David
727:
723:
719:
712:
710:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
684:
683:Tel Dan Stele
680:
676:
674:
670:
666:
662:
657:
655:
654:City of David
651:
646:
642:
637:
635:
631:
626:
622:
616:
612:
608:
600:
598:
596:
592:
591:Coastal Plain
588:
587:Gulf of Eilat
584:
580:
579:Kadesh Barnea
575:
571:
567:
563:
558:
556:
555:Jordan Valley
552:
548:
544:
541:and into the
540:
536:
532:
524:
522:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
499:
497:
493:
489:
486:engaged in a
485:
481:
477:
473:
468:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
427:
422:
420:
416:
415:Tel Dan Stele
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
382:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
330:
328:
325:
324:
321:
319:
318:
315:
312:
310:
309:
305:
301:
292:
289:
274:
271:
258:
255:
251:
247:
243:
240:
224:
221:
201:
199:
192:
189:
185:
181:
179:
175:
169:
168:Folk religion
166:
164:
161:
158:
155:
154:
152:
148:
145:
142:
138:
135:
132:
128:
124:
120:
115:
114:Edward Weller
111:
106:
101:
95:
89:
82:
65:
51:
48:
44:
37:
33:
19:
7668:Roman Empire
7660:Ancient Rome
7612:
7587:
7501:
7469:
7405:
7373:
7329:
7305:
7241:
7195:
7047:
6943:
6886:Chagar Bazar
6757:Simon Thassi
6631:
6450:Davidic line
6386:Hebrew Bible
6362:
6239:
6235:Zevit, Ziony
6215:
6194:
6173:
6152:
6132:
6101:
6097:
6077:. Eerdmans.
6073:
6052:
6031:
6010:
5989:
5968:
5947:
5926:
5905:
5877:
5873:
5849:
5828:
5807:
5786:
5766:
5746:. ABC-CLIO.
5742:
5721:
5700:
5679:
5659:
5636:
5612:
5595:. Eerdmans.
5591:
5570:
5553:. Eerdmans.
5549:
5532:. Eerdmans.
5528:
5519:the original
5514:
5510:
5486:
5474:
5450:
5429:
5425:Bright, John
5405:
5388:. Eerdmans.
5384:
5363:
5343:
5323:
5299:
5278:
5257:
5236:
5205:
5201:
5191:
5184:Lemaire 2024
5179:
5171:
5158:
5148:
5139:
5134:– via
5128:. Retrieved
5114:
5104:
5091:. Retrieved
5087:the original
5080:
5072:
5064:
5050:
5044:
5027:
5021:
4988:
4983:
4972:
4961:
4946:
4926:
4919:
4904:
4892:
4880:
4860:
4822:
4811:
4800:
4791:
4779:
4775:
4769:
4758:
4747:
4738:
4732:
4721:
4712:
4706:
4699:Roberts 2016
4694:
4675:
4669:
4660:
4654:
4645:
4633:. Retrieved
4623:
4612:
4601:
4586:
4572:. Retrieved
4557:
4547:2Kings 23:29
4505:
4485:
4477:
4472:
4461:
4450:
4440:Isaiah 30–31
4435:
4423:. Retrieved
4404:
4380:
4369:
4358:
4347:
4336:
4325:
4300:
4289:
4264:
4260:
4250:
4222:
4179:
4175:
4165:
4128:
4124:
4114:
4106:www.lmlk.com
4105:
4096:
4088:
4083:
4071:
4061:
4046:
4026:
4019:
4007:
3977:(1): 12–20.
3974:
3970:
3960:
3951:
3944:. Retrieved
3929:
3922:
3912:
3900:
3892:
3886:. Retrieved
3882:
3873:
3843:(2): 59–69.
3840:
3836:
3826:
3814:
3779:
3775:
3764:
3752:
3740:
3731:
3727:
3717:
3705:
3693:
3682:. Retrieved
3678:
3669:
3642:
3615:
3596:
3589:. Retrieved
3574:
3564:
3553:. Retrieved
3549:the original
3544:
3540:
3530:
3522:
3507:
3500:
3491:
3476:
3469:
3460:
3445:
3438:
3426:. Retrieved
3420:
3391:. Retrieved
3371:
3367:
3354:
3342:. Retrieved
3338:the original
3333:
3303:
3297:
3264:
3259:
3251:
3237:
3231:
3203:
3196:
3163:
3159:
3153:
3128:
3120:
3101:
3091:
2978:
2957:
2950:
2899:
2888:
2857:
2831:
2778:
2763:
2717:
2705:James Tissot
2700:
2632:
2599:
2521:
2486:Ashurbanipal
2478:Ashurbanipal
2467:
2424:
2361:
2306:
2279:
2243:Asa of Judah
2237:
2214:
2184:
2177:in 722/721.
2116:
1962:Silicon Wadi
1947:Independence
1923:
1922:
1879:Ottoman rule
1870:
1728:Roman Judaea
1634:
1544:
1543:
1494:
1272:Islamic rule
1163:
1040:fire signals
1037:
1017:Vered Yeriho
986:
959:
940:
917:
896:
850:
848:
829:
812:
808:Hecht Museum
778:Gihon Spring
775:
759:
745:Amihai Mazar
730:
688:
658:
638:
630:Jordan River
618:
559:
543:Negev Desert
528:
500:
469:
426:Neo-Assyrian
423:
386:Hebrew Bible
383:
375:Davidic line
350:
348:
314:Succeeded by
313:
109:
47:
7433:Bit Bahiani
7218:Tell Hadidi
6782:Hyrcanus II
6657:Jehoshaphat
6592:Jeroboam II
6492:Ish-bosheth
6104:: 100–126.
5208:(1): 5–28.
4885:Davies 2009
4532:Bright 2000
4267:: 229–249.
3905:Pioske 2015
3662:Hardin 2014
2816:Elephantine
2549:to aid the
2502:, Jerusalem
2450:. However,
2443:Sennacherib
2385:or perhaps
2379:Philistines
2363:Jehoshaphat
2353:Kir of Moab
2333:Ezion-Geber
2309:Jehoshaphat
2286:Ben-Hadad I
2058:Archaeology
1874:(1517–1948)
1739:6 CE–136 CE
1722:37 BCE–6 CE
1686:333–164 BCE
1676:538–333 BCE
1649:587–538 BCE
1601:Philistines
1591:Iron Age I
1471:History of
1176:Philistines
1105:Pre-Pottery
1070:History of
1029:French Hill
946:Be'er-sheba
844:Tel Lachish
840:Sennacherib
818:stamp seals
665:Eilat Mazar
581:and likely
437:Sennacherib
361:during the
7784:Categories
7620:Carchemish
7601:Nabataeans
7418:Aram Rehob
7186:Carchemish
6996:Third Mari
6976:Third Ebla
6926:Bronze Age
6881:Tell Halaf
6868:Copper Age
6522:Jeroboam I
6437:Rulers of
6310:Israelites
6056:Eerdmans.
5130:13 January
5093:12 October
4635:12 October
4574:12 October
4425:12 October
4182:: 87–107.
4012:Sergi 2023
3946:12 October
3888:2021-07-18
3757:Sergi 2023
3698:Faust 2018
3684:2021-07-18
3679:livius.org
3591:12 October
3555:2012-07-05
3428:12 October
3223:1017604304
3078:References
2966:in Judah.
2914:monotheism
2868:Zerubbabel
2840:. The two
2784:Babylonian
2703:(1896) by
2638:Carchemish
2482:Esarhaddon
2474:Esarhaddon
2462:Broad Wall
2415:royal seal
2321:1 Kings 22
2202:Shoshenq I
2165:, but the
1894:Old Yishuv
1696:164–37 BCE
1597:Israelites
1539:Ghassulian
1414:Gaza Strip
1344:Modern era
1115:Ghassulian
1092:Prehistory
1005:Hurvat Uza
995:and on to
838:caused by
814:LMLK seals
792:LMLK seals
605:See also:
597:fortress.
501:After the
431:, despite
187:Government
178:Demonym(s)
7713:Macedonia
7678:Commagene
7606:Qedarites
7544:Phoenicia
7512:Philistia
7428:Bit Agusi
7423:Bit-Adini
7265:Tall Bazi
7159:Phoenicia
7129:Jerusalem
6981:Ekallatum
6727:Jehoiakim
6597:Zechariah
6467:Maccabees
6219:. Brill.
6120:2788-8819
5896:2788-8819
5880:: 43–72.
5409:. Brill.
5036:894671497
5007:cite book
4977:Ezra 6:15
4805:Ezra 5:14
4273:0071-108X
4242:368020822
4198:258896023
3999:166481059
3991:0334-4355
3865:147053561
3857:0146-1079
3798:0027-8424
3710:Katz 2015
3462:Damascus.
3388:161627736
3374:: 38–63.
3312:894671497
3283:cite book
3188:162036657
3180:0075-8914
3083:Citations
2838:Babylonia
2804:Tahpanhes
2755:Aftermath
2674:dispersed
2634:Jehoiakim
2610:Jehoiakim
2575:Psamtik I
2563:Philistia
2551:Assyrians
2547:Euphrates
2409:, son of
2010:Jerusalem
1957:Austerity
1854:1260–1517
1844:1174–1260
1834:1099–1291
1714:Tetrarchy
1524:Yarmukian
1509:Mushabian
1410:West Bank
1257:Salutaris
1219:Antigonus
1171:Philistia
1145:Phoenicia
1072:Palestine
1009:Tel Masos
966:Shephelah
862:(Hebrew:
826:Jerusalem
798:LMLK seal
713:Jerusalem
634:Shephelah
574:Beersheba
547:Shephelah
535:Jerusalem
525:Geography
429:vassalage
371:Jerusalem
355:Israelite
150:Religion
134:Jerusalem
94:LMLK seal
7635:Palistin
7595:Itureans
7393:Iron Age
7197:Hurrians
6939:Alashiya
6891:Hamoukar
6801:See also
6737:Zedekiah
6732:Jeconiah
6722:Jehoahaz
6707:Manasseh
6702:Hezekiah
6672:Athaliah
6642:Rehoboam
6612:Pekahiah
6582:Jehoahaz
6237:(2001).
5427:(2000).
5321:(2008).
5202:Tel Aviv
5156:(1951).
4858:(2004).
4788:27925138
4555:(2001).
4402:(2006).
4281:23619437
4157:35349581
4125:PLOS ONE
4055:Archived
3971:Tel Aviv
3806:38683984
3368:Tel Aviv
3038:See also
2999:Akkadian
2988:יְהוּדָה
2960:Tel Arad
2922:idolatry
2918:Hezekiah
2896:Religion
2872:Jeconiah
2796:Jeremiah
2780:Gedaliah
2774:Ashkelon
2720:Jeremiah
2686:Zedekiah
2670:Jeconiah
2658:Jeconiah
2628:Jehoahaz
2606:Jehoahaz
2543:Necho II
2470:Manasseh
2431:Ashkelon
2427:Hezekiah
2407:Hezekiah
2371:Athaliah
2357:al-Karak
2341:Moabites
2225:Jeroboam
2223:against
2191:Rehoboam
2143:Jeroboam
2139:Rehoboam
1979:By topic
1935:Timeline
1824:638–1099
1815:Filastin
1534:Nizzanim
1519:Harifian
1514:Natufian
1462:a series
1460:Part of
1316:Crusader
1286:Rashidun
1215:Seleucus
1110:Tahunian
1061:a series
1059:Part of
1025:Dead Sea
989:Tel Arad
978:Bat Ayin
864:לְמֶלֶךְ
822:Hezekiah
756:Literacy
739:and the
562:Dead Sea
367:Dead Sea
363:Iron Age
257:Iron Age
242:Zedekiah
223:Rehoboam
191:Monarchy
7757:Sources
7723:Osroene
7522:Ascalon
7497:Jericho
7375:Nuhašše
7323:Suteans
7261:Armanum
7213:Mitanni
7208:Nuhašše
7169:Shechem
7149:Megiddo
7144:Lakisha
7134:Kenites
7124:Jericho
7104:Dimasqu
7075:Aštartu
7070:Ascalon
7006:Palmyra
6961:Andarig
6951:Alalakh
6896:Jericho
6858:of the
6856:history
6682:Amaziah
6677:Jehoash
6667:Ahaziah
6662:Jehoram
6607:Menahem
6602:Shallum
6587:Jehoash
6572:Jehoram
6567:Ahaziah
6561:Jezebel
6502:Solomon
5227:Sources
4148:8963535
3883:Haaretz
3393:12 June
3344:12 June
2990:
2944:in the
2930:Asherah
2812:Pathros
2713:Babylon
2682:Ezekiel
2621:⁄
2614:talents
2579:Megiddo
2540:Pharaoh
2439:Assyria
2259:Maresha
2204:of the
2199:pharaoh
2195:Shishak
2175:Assyria
2135:Shechem
2131:Solomon
2063:Museums
2048:Yahwism
2037:Related
2015:Zionism
2005:Judaism
1901:Zionism
1805:395–638
1797:Secunda
1779:136–395
1709:Kingdom
1555:Retjenu
1504:Kebaran
1331:Ottoman
1321:Ayyubid
1311:Fatimid
1306:Abbasid
1301:Umayyad
1253:Secunda
1120:Jericho
1023:to the
1021:Jericho
899:vanilla
872:ləmeleḵ
857:lamedh
831:in situ
768:in the
695:Samaria
652:in the
645:Solomon
566:Jericho
505:to the
402:Solomon
353:was an
286:•
268:•
231:•
225:(first)
212:•
157:Yahwism
130:Capital
125:Kingdom
116:c. 1890
7795:586 BC
7708:Iturea
7640:Pattin
7630:Luhuti
7625:Kummuh
7564:Tartus
7517:Ashdod
7471:Canaan
7448:Sam'al
7443:Hamath
7438:Geshur
7364:Ugarit
7354:Tadmor
7337:ʿApiru
7318:Aḫlamū
7313:ʿApiru
7299:Tuttul
7254:Aleppo
7227:Naziba
7164:Qadesh
7154:Midian
7139:Kumidi
7114:Gibeon
7094:Beruta
7089:Hauran
7085:Bashan
7080:Azzati
7055:Amalek
7026:Yamhad
7016:Ṭābetu
7001:Mukish
6956:Amurru
6916:Urkesh
6911:Ugarit
6901:Byblos
6860:Levant
6717:Josiah
6692:Jotham
6687:Uzziah
6647:Abijam
6622:Hoshea
6532:Baasha
6512:Israel
6477:Israel
6376:Tanakh
6247:
6223:
6202:
6181:
6160:
6139:
6118:
6081:
6060:
6039:
6018:
5997:
5976:
5955:
5934:
5913:
5894:
5857:
5836:
5815:
5794:
5773:
5750:
5729:
5708:
5687:
5666:
5643:
5620:
5599:
5578:
5557:
5536:
5494:
5458:
5437:
5413:
5392:
5371:
5350:
5331:
5307:
5286:
5265:
5244:
5121:
5057:
5034:
4995:
4934:
4868:
4786:
4682:
4565:
4512:
4444:36:6–9
4416:
4279:
4271:
4240:
4230:
4196:
4155:
4145:
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