445:(the 11th Tokugawa shogun) attended the matches in person. The desire of Ienari and his predecessors to organize sumo had gradually shifted tournaments from the authority of the imperial court to that of the shogun. Encouraged by the Hosokawa clan, who wished to gain influence through their vassal Oikaze, the shogun agreed to hold a tournament in his presence for the first time, in the imperial palace. To be worthy of the honour of the occasion, the Edo-sumo elders, led by the 19th Yoshida Oikaze, established a set of rules which form the basis of the sumo rituals still practised today, consolidating the authority of the Yoshida Tsukasa family by including notions of respectability and high spiritual values into sumo. At the time, the matches were often associated with carnival like atmosphere. Sumo began to take on elements of the
398:. The shogun was so impressed by his performance that he authorised one of his own vassals to become a disciple of the Yoshida family, and declared that from then on referees and wrestlers would only be licensed by the Yoshida family. After Tsunayoshi's death, however, the Gojō family of Kyoto also obtained permission to grant licences through a ruling by Judge Shikimori Gōdaiyu. In 1789, Yoshida Oikaze saw the Gojō license as a threat to his absolute control of the sumo world. Along with his family family tree he produced in 1789, Yoshida Oikaze added a request to the Edo authorities for official recognition of his own power to issue what he called, for the first time, the
734:
48:
224:
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908:
925:
At the beginning of the 18th century, the
Yoshida family dominated the world of referees without question. In 1726 the referee Kimura Shōnosuke sought official recognition from the Yoshida for his duties, followed in 1729 by Shikimori Godaiyū. Both of them then founded hereditary lines that became
930:
and that still exist today. A list of referees endorsed as disciples of the
Yoshida family around 1770 includes Kimura and Shikimori in Edo, "Iwai Sauma" in Kyoto, "Shakushi Ichigaku" in Osaka, "Hattori Shikiemon" in Higo and "Suminoe Shikikuro" in Nagasaki. Only the Nagase family remains totally
875:
in front of the shrine and wrapped it around
Hajikami's waist, proclaiming that if even one wrestler was able to place his hand on the rope, he would be declared the winner. Hajikami still faced his opponents one by one, but even then none of them could get close to the rope. According to Yoshida
453:
The Gojō family and the House of
Yoshida Tsukasa had a long rivalry over the granting of the yokozuna licence. Although the House of Yoshida Tsukasa licensed the vast majority of wrestlers of its own accord, it did have to license a number of wrestlers after they had already been recognised as
246:
undertook to make sumo charity events more respectable. In 1789, in response to edicts requiring official documents for the practice of certain activities and offices, Yoshida Oikaze (also known as
Yoshida Zenzaemon), who had become a very influential man in Edo-sumo under the patronage of the
596:
In 1950, the 24th
Yoshida Oikaze (Yoshida Nagayoshi) retired from his duties after he squandered his clan's funds on a baseball betting scheme, which caused a scandal. After discussions between the Sumo Association and the House of Yoshida Tsukasa, it was decided that
374:. As noble patrons of the sumo world, the Gojō became a symbol of authority, and those who wanted to become sumo officials sought their support in order to gain their recognition. Among these aspirants was the founder of the House of Yoshida Tsukasa.
342:
During the Edo period it was traditional for provincial lords and military leaders to have in their retinue martial artists and to appoint officials to train them. The majority of the mentors in that period came from another noble family, the
449:
tradition and referees, as fight controllers, took on the role of substitute priests, further developing the importance of the licences to appoint referees and wrestlers held by the Gojō and
Yoshida Tsukasa families.
422:. The power of the Yoshida family was officially established, but the Gojō family continued to be known as an influential family for well over a century, extending its influence into Edo's rival major cities, such as
466:. Finally, the influence of the House of Yoshida Tsukasa was so great that the heads of this family could also afford not to license wrestlers from families descending from the Tokugawa line, with the exception of
585:
received a double license from the
Yoshida and Gojō families at his request, resulting in the Yoshida family's survival. The 23rd Oikaze of the Yoshida family continued to award official licences to
430:. It soon became customary for licences to be issued jointly by the two families if a wrestler who did not belong to the Edo-sumo association attained a status that allowed him to be promoted to
402:
licence. Oikaze's claim was accepted, and he was recognised by the Edo authorities as the official for court sumo events. Just before the tournament in the eleventh month of that year, he issued
275:. The Echizen Province was home to the very first family of referee: the line of Shiga no Seirin (sometimes spelled Shigano Seirin or called Shiga Seirin), a powerful wrestler appointed by
255:, submitted to the official of Edo shrines a number of documents authenticating both his own authority over the sumo world and the supposed historicity of some of the sumo traditions.
832:. Among the documents provided by the 19th Yoshida Oikaze to attest to his clan's superiority over sumo rituals, is the origin of the emblematic port of the rope; called
880:
ceremonies preceding the construction of castles or large residences. During the ritual, straw ropes were spread out on the ground, and wrestlers, designated as literal
893:, would perform exorcism rites on top of those ropes, stamping their feet hard on the ground to drive away evil spirits. To purify his own body, the wrestler wore a
824:
The
Yoshida family's influence was not limited to simply formalizing promotions, and Yoshida Oikaze also had a major influence on the ceremonial surrounding the
470:, although this was in reaction to the licence offered to him by the Gojō family. This is one of the hypothesis put forward to explain the failure to promote
635:
The family still exists today, although it has been ruined by the financial scandal in which it was involved. In 2015, the House of
Yoshida Tsukasa moved to
1377:
Return to the starting point: the 23rd Yoshida Oikaze (Yoshida Zenzaemon): the man who broke through the crisis of the abolition of sumo as a national sport
676:, which assesses whether he is worthy of promotion by analyzing his performance in the ring and his conduct. The council's agreement is then relayed to the
959:
While preparing the tournament for Shogun Tokugawa Ienari, the 19th Yoshida Oikaze also drew up plans specifying the presence of a Shinto roof over the
271:, the "Yoshida Family Ancestors Book", Oikaze claimed, through a family tree he produced, to descent from a warrior named Yoshida Ietsugu, from the
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was independently awarded the title by the Osaka Sumo Association which caused a deep and lasting rift between the Tokyo and Osaka associations.
291:
profession. When the lineage of Shiga no Seirin ended for lack of descendants at the end of the 12th century, Ietsugu would have been chosen by
897:. On these occasions, wrestlers are granted a special license to testify to their initiation into the secrets required to perform the ritual.
876:
documents it was common practice long before the 18th century for one or two of the strongest wrestlers of their era to take part in the
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1224:
521:
license for any wrestler. The authority of the Yoshida family fell because of these events and the detention of the head of the family.
544:
but was defeated and captured. With its leader in prison, the House of Yoshida was unable to oppose the appointment that same year of
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court in the early 8th century. Shiga no Seirin is generally acknowledged as the first man who established the original forty-eight
1476:
935:. These families were gradually eliminated, and at the end of the Edo period, only two families, Kimura and Shikimori, remained.
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1433:
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licenses initially from the Gojō family, which caused fierce battles between the two rival families. The Gojō family-appointed
680:, which relays the promotion to the interested wrestler. Before this system was integrated, it was the Yoshida family who gave
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Although still in existence today, the Yoshida family saw its authority over the sumo world diminish significantly during the
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was fully entrusted to the Japan Sumo Association. Thus, since May 1986, the Japan Sumo Association has been appointing
187:(sumo referees) throughout the country, making sure that sumo etiquette was strictly observed, and granting the rank of
684:
approval for promotions, fulfilling the same purpose as the deliberation council. At the time, when a strong wrestler (
437:
The work of the House of Yoshida Tsukasa culminated in the match between Tanikaze and Onogawa on June 11, 1791, in the
1471:
508:
1335:
814:. who received his licenses from both Osaka (Gojō) and Tokyo (Yoshida) Sumo Associations at his request. The 23rd
628:
on its own. Ruined, the House of Yoshida Tsukasa lost its estate, which is now used as a residential building in
532:, the Gojō family of Kyoto began to thrive, taking advantage of the decline of the powerful Yoshida patrons, the
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license, and if approved, the wrestler would travel to Kumamoto with a representative of the JSA to receive a
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24:
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714:", which originally referred to the certification of a champion to perform the entrance ceremony on the
991:
803:
463:
783:
753:
665:
602:
502:, the civil war forced the cancellation of the sumo tournaments. The head of the Yoshida family (the
1362:(in Japanese). Japan journal of physical education, health and sport sciences (n. 43). p. 234.
1359:
The History of Kansei's Jouran-sumo (1791) : Regarding the Appointment of Yoshida Zenzaemon XIX
640:
411:
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72:
869:, he outclassed his opponents so much that the referee, the legendary Shiga no Seirin, seized the
861:. According to Oikaze, there was a great early 9th-century wrestler by the name of Hajikami, from
333:, appointed by the shogunate. The name of Yoshida Oikaze appears as a referee in the oldest known
167:, is a Japanese aristocratic family who was once responsible for the organization of professional
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807:
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independent from the Yoshida Tsukasa, but they never had any influence outside their fiefdom of
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Yoshida Ietsugu, semi-mythical founder and first "Oikaze" of the House of Yoshida Tsukasa
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47:
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533:
391:
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1441:
774:, with the exception of the first three, who were later added to the family annals.
223:
1162:
1080:"The First Yokozuna (Akashi Shiganosuke) – and the history of sumo's ultimate rank"
966:
950:
490:
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to officiate as referee for the court banquet-tournaments. His name was changed to
280:
53:
513:, appointed in 1871) surrendered after fighting for his Hosokawa masters against
16:
Japanese clan once responsible for the organization of professional sumo in Japan
499:
383:
1367:
482:
promoted by the Yoshida family after Inazuma come from non-Tokugawa domains.
1135:"Rikishi of Old: The 4th Yokozuna Tanikaze Kajinosuke (1750 - 1795), Part 2"
907:
871:
695:
243:
441:
in Edo citadel. This tournament marked a milestone in professional sumo as
865:. One day, while performing ritual sumo fights at the Sumiyoshi shrine in
1455:
1023:"[Reference] The House of Yoshida Tsukasa and Yokozuna Promotion"
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to be officially recognized at the end of that period of "overproduced
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of Kyoto that does not reflect real power like that of the governor of
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395:
309:
232:
906:
877:
732:
489:
427:
423:
355:
222:
613:, the head house being only present at the ceremony to award the
1379:(in Japanese). Kumamoto Publishing Culture Center. p. 229.
551:, nominated by the Gojō family, and had to approve this choice.
168:
698:
would submit a request to the Yoshida family in Kumamoto for a
927:
915:
ceremony tradition (here performed by the 23rd Yoshida Oikaze)
239:
969:
to referee the matches is also mentioned for the first time.
258:
According to these documents, later grouped together in the
706:
diploma, a certificate of historical significance, and a
617:
certificate of authenticity in a purely ceremonial role.
536:. They began to produce an incomprehensible abundance of
1396:
The World of Sumo Gyoji (Library of History and Culture)
517:'s forces, and the Yoshida family was unable to grant a
312:
to lead the matches. In addition, he was also appointed
540:. In 1877, the 23rd Yoshida Oikaze served again in the
720:, eventually came to designate the wrestler himself.
1434:
Complete chronology of the House of Yoshida Tsukasa
559:during this period of turmoil, and he was the only
136:
126:
118:
110:
102:
94:
79:
62:
32:
1436:on Yoshida Tsukasa family's official website, via
1334:
1195:"The Crisis Immediately Following the Restoration"
672:is up for promotion, he is first examined by the
1398:(in Japanese). Yoshikawa Kōbunkan. p. 229.
1163:"14th Yokozuna Sakaigawa Namiemon - Time-Line"
886:
838:
574:
414:. Ten days later Tanikaze performed the first
318:
301:
264:
156:
37:
1413:Koshigaya Local Research Association (2004).
1025:(in Japanese). Asahi Shimbun. 12 October 1961
8:
1054:Asahi Japanese Historical Figures Dictionary
1044:
1042:
1040:
996:Shogakukan Encyclopedia of Japan (Nipponica)
911:The House of Yoshida Tsukasa introduced the
690:) was desired to be elevated to the rank of
370:, and emerged during the latter part of the
846:
1255:Digital Edition Japanese Name Encyclopedia
1109:Digital Edition Japanese Name Encyclopedia
965:and how to build it. The presence of four
46:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1128:
1126:
1073:
1071:
710:title from the Yoshida family. The term "
1448:Inauguration of the new family sanctuary
1304:"Biographies of Yokozuna (19th to 25th)"
1225:"Biographies of Yokozuna (14th to 18th)"
366:. It claimed descent from the legendary
1017:
1015:
1013:
983:
762:Yoshida Oikaze (sitting in the center).
1341:. New York: Weatherhill. p. 128.
29:
1218:
1216:
7:
620:In 1986, the ceremony of conferring
1105:"Yoshida Oikaze (first generation)"
1265:– via Kotobank Encyclopedia.
1251:"Yoshida Oikaze (23rd generation)"
1119:– via Kotobank Encyclopedia.
1064:– via Kotobank Encyclopedia.
1050:"Yoshida Oikaze (19th generation)"
1006:– via Kotobank Encyclopedia.
362:and was founded at the end of the
358:. This family was a branch of the
14:
756:(right) under the supervision of
724:was not considered a rank in the
325:, an honorary title given by the
231:At the beginning of the reign of
416:yokozuna ring-entering ceremony
57:of the House of Yoshida Tsukasa
1482:History of Kumamoto Prefecture
1277:"Yoshida Tsukasa Family Ruins"
766:The Yoshida family issued the
1:
1333:Cuyler, Patricia Lee (1979).
1306:(in Japanese). Archived from
1227:(in Japanese). Archived from
1197:(in Japanese). Archived from
786:and certain Osaka sumo-based
694:by the Sumo Association, the
674:Yokozuna Deliberation Council
611:Yokozuna Deliberation Council
528:and the establishment of the
478:. Without exception, all the
208:Yokozuna Deliberation Council
181:(professional wrestlers) and
142:Yokozuna Deliberation Council
386:, under the reign of Shogun
378:Growing power in the Edo era
742:ceremony rehearsal between
279:as official referee of the
1498:
1422:(in Japanese). p. 18.
1375:Yoshida, Nagataka (2010).
992:"House of Yoshida Tsukasa"
948:
918:
657:
605:) would be decided by the
406:licences to the champions
287:and as the founder of the
199:through a license system.
18:
887:
839:
609:in consultation with the
575:
458:by the Gojō family, like
319:
302:
265:
157:
45:
1356:Kinashi, Masako (1998).
1337:Sumo: From rite to sport
494:The 23rd Yoshida Oikaze.
420:Fukagawa Hachiman shrine
152:House of Yoshida Tsukasa
33:House of Yoshida Tsukasa
19:Not to be confused with
1477:Japanese noble families
1416:Research report on sumo
1281:Local history of Kyushu
163:, also commonly called
140:1951 (emergence of the
916:
763:
678:Japan Sumo Association
647:Legacy in current sumo
567:", also known as the "
524:Since the fall of the
495:
418:in the grounds of the
228:
38:
25:Yoshida family artists
1394:Nema, Hiromi (2011).
1033:– via Minagiru.
910:
736:
493:
308:, and he was given a
226:
581:. In 1884, however,
339:, in 1699 in Kyoto.
260:Yoshida-ke senzo-sho
641:Kumamoto Prefecture
504:23rd Yoshida Oikaze
273:province of Echizen
242:-sumo organization
73:Kumamoto Prefecture
1472:Sumo organizations
926:the references in
917:
770:certificate to 37
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526:Tokugawa shogunate
496:
229:
39:Yoshida tsukasa-ke
913:ring consecration
542:Satsuma Rebellion
530:Meiji Restoration
486:Diminishing power
204:Meiji restoration
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106:Yoshida Nagayoshi
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668:in 1951, when a
660:List of yokozuna
607:Sumo Association
589:until the 35th,
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392:province of Higo
372:Muromachi period
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114:Yoshida Nagataka
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1454:(retrieved via
1438:Wayback Machine
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1327:Further reading
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1310:on 27 June 2002
1302:Atsuo Tsubota.
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1223:Atsuo Tsubota.
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1193:Atsuo Tsubota.
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439:Fukiage gardens
426:and his native
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131:still extant
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111:Current head
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1314:18 February
1235:20 February
1173:20 February
1142:Sumo FanMag
1084:Sumo FanMag
967:sumo judges
812:Umegatani I
749:(left) and
747:Tochigiyama
739:Sandangamae
666:Chiyonoyama
603:Chiyonoyama
593:, in 1937.
583:Umegatani I
507: [
498:During the
382:During the
348: [
345:Gojō family
314:Bungonokami
137:Ruled until
127:Dissolution
103:Final ruler
85:Bungonokami
1466:Categories
1386:4915796884
973:References
949:See also:
919:See also:
902:Tate-gyōji
828:and their
658:See also:
591:Futabayama
571:abuse era"
500:Boshin War
388:Tsuneyoshi
384:Edo period
196:tate-gyōji
1368:1881-7718
895:shimenawa
872:shimenawa
808:Sakaigawa
798:were the
553:Sakaigawa
549:Sakaigawa
464:Wakashima
460:Sakaigawa
1456:Facebook
1147:24 March
1089:24 March
882:yokozuna
834:yokozuna
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816:yokozuna
796:yokozuna
792:yokozuna
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744:Yokozuna
722:Yokozuna
712:yokozuna
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704:yokozuna
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692:yokozuna
682:de facto
670:yokozuna
653:Yokozuna
630:Kumamoto
626:yokozuna
622:yokozuna
615:yokozuna
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587:yokozuna
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476:yokozuna
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432:yokozuna
408:Tanikaze
404:yokozuna
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190:yokozuna
1287:30 July
1261:30 July
1115:30 July
1060:30 July
1002:30 July
978:Sources
940:Shimpan
850:
830:regalia
804:Jinmaku
800:Inazuma
780:Ayagawa
727:banzuke
687:rikishi
468:Inazuma
412:Onogawa
336:banzuke
310:war fan
251:of the
214:History
178:rikishi
95:Founder
1402:
1383:
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1345:
1205:6 July
1029:6 July
776:Akashi
696:elders
664:Since
576:横綱濫造時代
472:Raiden
447:Shinto
396:Kyushu
297:Oikaze
266:吉田家先祖書
244:elders
238:, the
233:shogun
219:Origin
88:Oikaze
80:Titles
71:later
1420:(PDF)
1138:(PDF)
962:dohyō
955:Dohyō
944:dohyō
921:Gyōji
819:Ōkido
759:Gyōji
754:Ōtori
717:dohyō
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428:Kyoto
424:Osaka
356:Kyoto
354:from
352:]
289:gyōji
281:Heian
184:gyōji
67:Bungo
54:kamon
1400:ISBN
1381:ISBN
1364:ISSN
1343:ISBN
1316:2023
1289:2023
1263:2023
1237:2023
1207:2023
1175:2023
1149:2023
1117:2023
1091:2023
1062:2023
1031:2023
1004:2023
953:and
942:and
933:Ōshū
847:lit.
810:and
782:and
410:and
193:and
169:sumo
158:吉田司家
150:The
122:1186
35:吉田司家
1450:in
928:Edo
637:Aso
462:or
394:in
320:豊後守
240:Edo
171:in
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