191:, extensively researched marriage dynamics and household labor in the late twentieth century. They concluded that "all wives benefit equally by their husbands' greater involvement in household labor." The division of labor within the home promotes a healthy relationship between husband and wife. Concluding, that likelihood of increased happiness within marriage is vastly improved when homemaking is shared with the husband. West and Zimmerman, concluded an analysis of over 487 couples and found that "women were rewarded for performing feminine behaviors, such as housework, whereas men receive positive reinforcement for engaging in masculine tasks, such breadwinning."
67:
698:, although many improvements can result from repairs or maintenance. Often the costs of larger repairs will justify the alternative of investment in full-scale improvements. It may make just as much sense to upgrade a home system (with an improved one) as to repair it or incur ever-more-frequent and expensive maintenance for an inefficient, obsolete or dying system. For a DIY project, also useful is the established limits on time and money investments before a repair (or list of repairs) become overwhelming and discouraging, and less likely to ever be completed.
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to provide to her husband and children. For women in a pre-modern environment, "it is the duty and privilege and solemn responsibility, which make this art of home-making more interesting and important to her than any other art in the world." Author of these statements, Annie Swan was not alone in the late 1800s viewpoint that women were encouraged, if not required, to maintain the home solely themselves. In 1875,
222:, 84 percent of women and 69 percent of men reported that they spent some time performing household duties, which included "housework, cooking, lawn care, or household management." Women reported spending an average of 2.6 hours a day on household activities, and men 2.0 hours. On a surveyed day, 49% percent of women and 20% of men reported doing housework.
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that over a few days and not removed their glasses, dishes and utensils from the living room, the living room is considered to be "cluttered" with dishes. The dishes are out of place because they belong in the kitchen, washed and put away in the cupboards. That is the most common example of clutter in a modern North
American household.
1010:. Goods and services produced by households for their own use include accommodation, meals, clean clothes, and child care. The process of household production involves the transformation of purchased intermediate commodities into final consumption commodities. Households use their own capital and their own labor."
165:
In North
America, early 19th-century ideals required homemaking be the responsibility of the woman; "the wife is properly supposed to be the light and centre of the home." Traditional wives who stayed home and did not work for pay were required by social ideals to create and maintain a peaceful space
131:
Homemaking can be the full-time responsibility of one spouse, partner, or parent, shared with children or extended family, or shared or traded between spouses/partners as one or both work outside the home. It can also be outsourced partially or completely to paid help. In previous decades, there were
840:
Household purchasing refers to homemaker's attempt to acquire goods or services to accomplish the goals of the household. Though there are several households that attempt to set standards in the purchasing process, processes can vary greatly between households. Typically the word "purchasing" is not
728:
that is grown (whether cool season or warm season varieties). Various recognized method used by homemakers in lawn care are observed in any area. In spring or early summer, homemakers seed, sod, or sprig a yard when the ground is warmer. In summer lawn mowers are used at high cutting for cool season
778:
There is another definition of clutter, which refers to having simply too many things and not enough room for all of it. Sometimes as happens in Asian households, the items are necessary, but the home is simply too small, and ingenious methods are needed to organize everything to minimize unsightly
233:
found that fathers were more likely than mothers to say that chores were evenly split between both partners (56% vs. 46%). When asked, 50% of mothers reported they handled more responsibilities around the house than their partners; only 12% of fathers reported they did more household tasks. Despite
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are the base of all industrial work and to stake the claim that these unavoidable tasks should be compensated as paid, wage labor. The demands for the Wages for
Housework formally called for economic compensation for domestic work but also used these demands to more generally call attention to the
237:
In a 2008 article, social scientists Susan L. Brown and Sayaka
Kawamura reported that the unequal distribution in housework was attributed mainly to time availability. They concluded: "wives typically work fewer hours than their husbands, they have more time available to perform household tasks."
774:
Household de-cluttering involves putting things in their proper place after they have been used. "Cleaning up your mess" might involve removing glasses, eating utensils or gadgets i.e. toys from the living room if you have eaten a meal there in front of the television. If several people have done
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and apply fertilizer, containing some type of wetting agent. Cool season lawns are planted in the autumn with adequate rainfall. Lawn care in the winter is minimal, requiring only light feedings of organic material, such as green-waste compost, and minerals to encourage earthworms and beneficial
170:
published an article outlining the duties of a housewife and the esteemed respect those duties deserve: "but if one only staid to think how countless and how onerous those duties really are, more respect would be paid to the faithful effort to perform them, and an added reverence extended to the
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estimated that homemakers in the 1800s performed about 50–60 hours of work per week, and that this is the same as the 1990s. She says that, rather than reducing the amount of time devoted to housework, labor-saving devices have been used to make the same amount of time do more work, such as by
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is sometimes employed to do some of the housekeeping. Housework is work done by the act of housekeeping. Some housekeeping is housecleaning and some housekeeping is home chores. Home chores are housework that needs to be done at regular intervals. Housekeeping includes the budget and control of
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in 1989, concluded that even when wives contributed more than 50% of the household income they often still performed more household labor than their husbands. Hochschild's study directly debunked the previous theory that women performed housework because they contributed significantly less to
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and sponges are sold in grocery stores and elsewhere. Professional cleaners can be hired for less frequent or specialist tasks such as cleaning blinds, rugs, and sofas. Professional services are also offered for the basic tasks. Safety is a consideration because some cleaning products are
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who manages a household during the incapacity of the housewife or househusband. Home health workers assume the role of homemakers when caring for elderly individuals. This includes preparing meals, giving baths, and any duties the person in need cannot perform for themselves.
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techniques determine the condition of in-service equipment in order to predict when maintenance should be performed. This approach offers cost savings over routine or time-based maintenance, because tasks are performed only when warranted. Homemakers that follow
551:. In other parts of the world, apartment buildings with laundry rooms are uncommon, and each apartment may have its own washing machine. Those without a machine at home or the use of a laundry room must either wash their clothes by hand or visit a commercial
111:. It is the act of overseeing the organizational, day-to-day operations of a house or estate, and the managing of other domestic concerns. A person in charge of the homemaking, who is not employed outside the home, in the US and Canada, is called a
1006:"Household production" is an economic category for activities including homemaking. It is defined as "the production of the goods and services by the members of a household, for their own consumption, using their own capital and their own
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methods ensure that household equipment and the house are in satisfactory operating condition by providing for inspection, detection, and correction of incipient failures either before they occur or before they develop into major defects.
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from a person's neck and wrists would stick to the starch rather than to the fibers of the clothing, and would easily wash away along with the starch. After each laundering, the starch would be reapplied. Today the product is sold in
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by the homemaker is the systematic process of making a home neat and clean. This may be applied more broadly than just an individual home, such as a metaphor for a similar "clean up" process applied elsewhere such as at a
582:. Using these machines may cause clothes to shrink, become less soft (due to loss of short soft fibers/ lint) and fade. For these reasons, as well as environmental concerns, many people use open air methods such as a
398:
The diversity of cooking worldwide is a reflection of the aesthetic, agricultural, economic, cultural, social and religious diversity of people across the globe. Applying heat to a food usually, though not always,
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vacuuming a rug instead of sweeping it, or washing fabrics more frequently. Modern parents also more frequently transport their children to after-school activities, and doctors no longer make house calls.
1017:, though the category is not usually included in GDP. Goods and services created by households are generally consumed within the same country, and hence contribute in a "Domestic Consumption" category in
512:, the place where that washing is done, and/or that which needs to be, is being, or has been laundered. Various chemicals may be used to increase the solvent power of water, such as the compounds in
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grass, and lower cutting for warm season lawns. In autumn, lawns are mown by homemakers at a lower height and thatch build-up that occurs in warm season grasses are removed. Homemakers do add sandy
439:. The details of this are various and complicated enough that many books have been published on the subject. How-to sites on the internet have many articles on house cleaning. Tools include the
379:, making, selecting, measuring and combining ingredients in an ordered procedure for producing safe and edible food. The process encompasses a vast range of methods, tools and combinations of
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mother who is also the housekeeper." Harper's Bazaar recognizes that women do the majority of the work within the home, pointing out that the work is detailed and at many times, difficult.
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Outdoor housecleaning chores include removing leaves from rain gutters, washing windows, sweeping doormats, cleaning the pool, putting away lawn furniture, and taking out the trash.
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Household work strategies may vary over the life-cycle, as household members age, or with the economic environment; they may be imposed by one person or be decided collectively.
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the moisture from the load. The tumbler is rotated relatively slowly in order to maintain space between the articles in the load. In most cases, the tumbler is belt-driven by an
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of fine linen which surrounded the necks of the well-to-do. During the 19th century and early 20th century, it was stylish to stiffen the collars and sleeves of men's
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refers to cleaning without causing pollution or chemicals that may cause bodily harm. The history of house cleaning has links to the advancement of technology.
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Lopata, H. Z. (1994). Circles and settings: Role changes of
American women. SUNY series in gender and society. Albany: State University of New York Press. "
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to provide goods and services directly within the household, such as cooking meals, child–care, household repairs, or the manufacture of clothes and gifts.
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labor as unfair. This significant group of married women felt that household labor reinforced their female gender identity and connection to femininity.
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this difference in perception, a majority of married U.S. adults (56%) said that sharing household chores as "very important" to a successful marriage.
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involves the diagnosis and resolution of problems in a home, and is related to home maintenance to avoid such problems. Many types of maintenance are "
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Piña, Darlene L.; Bengtson, Vern L. (1993). "The
Division of Household Labor and Wives' Happiness: Ideology, Employment, and Perceptions of Support".
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transforms it, thus changing its flavor, texture, consistency, appearance, and nutritional properties. Methods of cooking that involve the boiling of
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The 20th century began with similar homemaking roles as the 19th; however, the century concluded with a much different perception. In the late 1990s,
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between members of a household, whether implicit or the result of explicit decision–making, with the alternatives weighed up in a simplified type of
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Sex and gender continue to shape the division of household responsibilities in the United States in the twenty-first century. According to the 2018
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can potentially eliminate work like gathering and chopping firewood, shovelling coal, fetching water from outdoors, and heating cold tap water.
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Washing machines and dryers are now fixtures in homes around the world. In some parts of the world, including the US, Canada, and
Switzerland,
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Another important purchase handled by homemakers is the power source used for appliances. Home or other building heating may include boilers,
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often have laundry rooms, where residents share washing machines and dryers. Usually the machines are set to run only when money is put in a
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household income. Instead, the results of the study indicated that even in marriage dynamics where women contributed more than half of the
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affective labors of women, the reliance of capitalist economies on exploitative labor practices against women, and leisure inequality.
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clutter. Removing unneeded or no longer necessary objects from a household or home is also an aspect of de-cluttering. Objects can be
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845:", since procurement typically includes other concepts. Home makers decide the market goods that the household will buy, such as the
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188:
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Kawamura, Sayaka; Brown, Susan L. (November 2010). "Mattering and wives' perceived fairness of the division of household labor".
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by the homemaker is the care and control of property, ensuring its maintenance, proper use and appearance. In a private home a
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have been invented that make housework faster or more effective compared to before the industrial revolution. These include:
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for home use. Kitchen starch used as a thickening agent for food can also be applied to laundered fabrics (requires boiling).
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or as a procedural reform. In the process of house cleaning general cleaning activities are completed, such as disposing of
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Married women who are economically and emotionally dependent on their husbands are less likely to report the division of
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a number of mandatory courses available for students to learn the skills of homemaking. In high school, courses included
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982:, including home-based self-employment second jobs, in order to obtain money to buy goods and services in the market;
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consisted in most cases of both wife and husband participating in homemaking. Darlene Piña and Vern
Bengtson who are
888:, LPG (Propane) is the dominant source of rural gas for natural gas-powered ranges and/or ovens, natural gas-heated
123:. Historically the role of homemaker was often assumed by women. The term "homemaker", however, may also refer to a
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There are efforts to construct estimates of the value of household production in a way analogous to
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in a receptacle have been practised at least since the 10th millennium BC, with the introduction of
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968:. It is a plan for the relative deployment of household members' time between the three domains of
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of food. Factors affecting the outcome include the variability of ingredients, ambient conditions,
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to make the home aesthetically pleasing by arranging furniture, plants, blinds, and so forth.
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expenditures, preparing meals and buying food, paying the heat bill, and cleaning the house.
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Act of overseeing the organizational, financial, day-to-day operations of a house or estate
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1655:: Some problems and proposals. New York City: Teachers College, Columbia University.
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James, Selma (2008). "Is
Transformation Possible? They Say We Can't. We Must".
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is a household appliance that is used to remove moisture from a load of
1344:"Sharing chores a key to good marriage, say majority of married adults"
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Extreme forms of an inability to de-clutter is a behavioral aspect of
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in place of more traditional soap. Once clean, the clothes are dried.
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Webster's Third New
International Dictionary of the English Language
431:, storing of belongings in regular places, cleaning dirty surfaces,
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Household management by the homemaker is the act of overseeing the
1041:. The Campaign was formed to raise awareness of how housework and
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Most modern-day houses contain sanitary facilities and a means of
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Unabridged. Springfield, Massachusetts: G & C Merriam Company
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Men and women's perception of household responsibilities differ.
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Creating Consumers: Home Economists in Twentieth-Century America
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in the 16th and 17th centuries to stiffen the wide collars and
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Homemakers that have a lawn responsibility adhere to seasonal
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203:, they still completed the vast majority of homemaking tasks.
1672:"Friendly Visiting Among the Poor"; by Mary Ellen Richmond. "
694:" (DIY) projects. Maintenance is not necessarily the same as
321:. In the West, a modern kitchen is typically equipped with a
1181:"homemaker - definition of homemaker by The Free Dictionary"
395:, and the skill of the individual doing the actual cooking.
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by applying starch to them as the clean clothes were being
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called a tumbler through which heated air is circulated to
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Courtship and Marriage, and the Gentle Art of Home-Making
1662:: A textbook of the household arts. New York: Macmillan.
904:. The amount of usages is determined by factors such as
1222:"Home Economics Archive: Research, Tradition, History"
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practices, which vary to some extent depending on the
309:
is a room or part of a room used by the homemaker for
1384:. Morningside Heights, NY: Columbia University Press.
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was a global, social movement co-founded in 1972 in
528:, is an ancient and very common laundry aid. Modern
1406:
Lawn experts are divided in their opinions on this.
766:means removing unnecessary things from the house.
460:and some cleaning tasks are physically demanding.
758:House organization or home organization includes
1471:"Household Production and the Household Economy"
1492:Why isn't household production included in GDP?
516:or yucca-root used by Native American tribes.
72:Our Home Cyclopedia: Cookery and Housekeeping,
884:. However, due to being less economical than
8:
930:Homemakers may manage household workers or "
1031:International Wages for Housework Campaign
1618:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
1658:Kinne, H., & Cooley, A. M. (1914).
1382:The Columbia Encyclopedia in One Volume
1172:
74:published in Detroit, Michigan, in 1889
1697:Personal care and service occupations
1397:. Storey Publishing, North Adams, MA.
1050:Effects of technology and advertising
7:
1627:Univ of North Carolina Press, 2012.
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1284:
1199:
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841:used interchangeably with the word "
1641:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin company.
345:and other electric appliances like
329:with hot and cold running water, a
1490:U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis.
1342:Geiger, A. W. (30 November 2016).
1319:"American Time Use Survey Summary"
647:Maintenance, repair and operations
194:In contrast, a study performed by
25:
532:typically use powdered or liquid
285:List of food preparation utensils
189:University of Southern California
1305:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2010.04.004
1140:
1037:, Italy, by author and activist
1653:Vocational homemaking education
1247:Journal of Marriage and Family
353:and automatic appliances like
1:
1639:Food facts for the home-maker
1616:Voices of American homemakers
1533:(1). Off Our Backs. Inc: 42.
1469:Ironmonger, D. (2000-02-02).
1204:Swan, Annie S. (2011-04-25).
872:homes without connections to
89:term for the management of a
849:which have been bought at a
604:. Starch was widely used in
371:is the process of preparing
1395:Cleaning Plain & Simple
1380:Ansley, Clark et al. 1935.
880:services, or with portable
146:family and consumer science
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1507:. Dictionary.cambridge.org
1367:Gove, Philip et al. 1961.
1226:hearth.library.cornell.edu
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616:and the ruffles of girls'
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387:, appearance, texture, or
361:for a casual meal such as
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1553:"More Smiles? More Money"
1446:"Household work strategy"
1420:December 4, 2008, at the
992:domestic consumption work
231:Religious Landscape Study
986:domestic production work
337:. Many homemakers use a
220:American Time Use Survey
150:food and cooking hygiene
30:Not to be confused with
1293:Social Science Research
1183:. Thefreedictionary.com
958:household work strategy
651:Homemakers that follow
520:, a compound made from
1644:Frederick, C. (1919).
1637:Harvey, L. S. (1920).
1621:Goldstein, Carolyn M.
1505:"Domestic Consumption"
1393:Smallin, Donna. 2006.
866:Compressed natural gas
658:preventive maintenance
653:predictive maintenance
495:
254:
187:and professors at the
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62:related to homemaking.
1646:Household engineering
1578:"No. 1088: Housework"
1494:, bea.gov, April 2018
1161:Scientific management
966:cost-benefit analysis
501:refers to the act of
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249:
93:, otherwise known as
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1660:Shelter and clothing
1651:Snedden, D. (1919).
1055:Many home appliances
1002:Household production
822:Household purchasing
814:is referred to as a
524:(from wood-ash) and
109:household management
1614:Arnold, E. (1993).
1433:Divisions of Labour
1348:Pew Research Center
1127:Ruth Schwartz Cowan
1025:Wages for housework
808:compulsive hoarding
541:apartment buildings
451:. Supplies such as
227:Pew Research Center
40:Homemaker tableware
962:division of labour
906:natural gas prices
816:throw-away society
754:House organization
496:
453:cleaning solutions
255:
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58:is one of several
1473:. Ideas.repec.org
1019:national accounts
534:laundry detergent
319:food preservation
55:Good Housekeeping
44:Home construction
16:(Redirected from
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1103:coffee maker
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584:clothes line
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331:refrigerator
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258:Housekeeping
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1717:Unpaid work
1323:www.bls.gov
1039:Selma James
868:is used in
843:procurement
801:thrown away
793:second-hand
671:Home repair
641:Maintenance
545:dormitories
381:ingredients
266:housekeeper
105:housewifery
18:Housemaking
1686:Categories
1588:2016-07-07
1563:2015-07-02
1511:2015-07-02
1477:2015-07-02
1455:2015-07-02
1328:2019-07-12
1231:2019-04-16
1187:2015-07-02
1167:References
1125:Historian
1072:Dishwasher
970:employment
948:Employment
828:Purchasing
785:charitable
781:given away
738:Management
734:microbes.
618:petticoats
598:laundering
566:and other
553:laundromat
493:Constructa
477:See also:
401:chemically
343:dishwasher
283:See also:
196:Hochschild
79:Homemaking
36:House Work
1712:Parenting
1608:Homemaker
1267:0022-2445
1120:Utilities
1089:like the
1043:childcare
954:sociology
944:Household
847:groceries
718:lawn care
712:Gardening
708:Lawn care
576:evaporate
549:coin slot
437:vacuuming
208:household
138:nutrition
117:housewife
113:homemaker
95:housework
60:magazines
1707:Marriage
1539:20838923
1418:Archived
1156:Handyman
1134:See also
912:Servants
858:furnaces
836:Shopping
797:recycled
683:Handyman
568:textiles
564:clothing
514:soaproot
506:clothing
487:A 1950s
415:Cleaning
297:Cookbook
229:'s 2014
181:marriage
156:Marriage
87:Canadian
83:American
32:Homework
1600:Sources
1353:12 July
1099:toaster
1095:blender
976:in the
960:is the
898:cooling
894:heating
602:clothes
503:washing
499:Laundry
479:Ironing
473:Laundry
433:dusting
429:rubbish
409:pottery
369:Cooking
347:blender
311:cooking
307:kitchen
293:Cuisine
279:Cooking
273:Cooking
134:cooking
1702:Family
1631:
1582:Uh.edu
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924:, and
922:Butler
882:grills
860:, and
851:grocer
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681:, and
622:ironed
614:shirts
606:Europe
510:linens
405:liquid
385:flavor
359:dining
351:cooker
295:, and
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1271:JSTOR
1035:Padua
874:piped
870:rural
812:waste
726:grass
630:sweat
610:ruffs
491:from
458:toxic
445:broom
425:hotel
393:tools
363:lunch
323:stove
119:or a
42:, or
1722:Work
1629:ISBN
1355:2019
1263:ISSN
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900:and
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543:and
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