Housing cooperative - Knowledge (XXG)

1127:(UHAB), established in 1974, began to assist residents of these buildings to manage, rehabilitate and acquire their buildings, and form limited-equity housing co-operatives. Working with the city's housing agency, its existing loan programs and the power to dispose of abandoned property to non-profit organizations, as well as the state laws governing the establishment of co-operatives, UHAB was able to provide low-income people with the tools – seed money, legal advice, architectural plans, bookkeeping training – to build and run limited-equity housing co-operatives. Through a long-standing contract with the city to provide training and technical assistance to residents of buildings in the Tenant Interim Lease (TIL) Program, UHAB has worked with more than 1,600 coops, preserving over 30,000 units of affordable housing. 340:, since usually most of its income comes from the rents paid by its residents (if in a formal corporation, then shareholders), who are invariably its members. There is no point in creating a deliberate surplus—except for operational requirements such as setting aside funds for replacement of assets—since that simply means that the rents paid by members are set higher than the expenses. (It is possible for a housing co-op to own other revenue-generating assets, such as a subsidiary business which could produce surplus income to offset the cost of the housing, but in those cases the housing rents are usually reduced to compensate for the additional revenue.) 388:

felt much safer, independent, satisfied with life, had more friends, had more privacy, were healthier and had things repaired faster. Australian researchers found that cooperative housing built stronger social networks and support, as well as better relationships with neighbours compared to other forms of housing. They cost 14% less for residents and had lower rates of debt and vacancy. Other US research has found that housing cooperatives tended to have higher rates of building quality, building safety, feelings of security among residents, lower crime rates, stable access to housing and significantly lower costs compared to conventional housing.

47: 1037:

individual ownership of units, the initial buyers of units (buying from the owner of the entire building) did not have to be approved by a board. These units are known as sponsor units. Also, the rental tenants living in the building at the time of the conversion were usually given an option to buy at a discount. If the tenants were rent-controlled, the law usually protects them by allowing them to stay as renters and the unit may not be occupied by a purchaser until said tenant dies or moves out. Many of these buildings, especially in

674: 565: 476:

housing than would be possible for for-profit organizations. Members of a housing cooperative typically have the right to occupy a specific unit within the cooperative's housing complex, and they also have a say in the management and decision-making of the cooperative. This can include voting on issues related to the maintenance and operation of the housing complex, as well as electing a board of directors to oversee the cooperative's operations.

500: 82: 864:. There are also a number of cooperative and mutual housing projects still in operation across the US that were the result of the purchase of federal defense housing developments by their tenants or groups of returning war veterans and their families. These developments include seven of the eight middle-class housing projects built by the US government between 1940 and 1942 under the auspices of the 271: 1016:

conversion sponsor may find unit buyers more easily under the cooperative arrangement as buyers will have less financing to arrange on their own; the apparent purchase price of a unit in a cooperative building holding an underlying mortgage is lower than a condo purchase. Cooperative unit buyers may not accurately weigh their share of the building's mortgage.

208:. In non-equity cooperatives, members have occupancy rights to a specific suite within the housing co-operative as outlined in their "occupancy agreement", or "proprietary lease", which is essentially a lease. In ownership cooperatives, occupancy rights are transferred to the purchaser by way of the title transfer. 904:

professionals, organizations, and individuals interested in promoting the interests of cooperative housing communities. NAHC is the only national cooperative housing organization, and aims to support and educate existing and new cooperative housing communities as the best and most economical form of homeownership.

371:

There are two main types of housing co-operative share pricing: market rate and limited equity. With market rate, the share price is allowed to rise on the open market and shareholders may sell at whatever price the market will bear when they want to move out. In many ways market rate is thus similar

1103:

Another dynamic also contributed to the large number of cooperatives established in the 1980s and 1990s in New York City – in this case by low- and moderate-income tenant groups. In the 1970s, many New York City private landlords were struggling to maintain their aging properties in the face of high

256:

A housing cooperative's board of directors is elected by the membership, providing a voice and representation in the governance of the property. Rules are determined by the board, providing a flexible means of addressing the issues that arise in a community to assure the members' peaceful possession

1036:

Most of the housing cooperatives in the greater New York area were converted to that status during the 1980s; generally, they were large buildings built between the 1920s and 1950s that a single landlord or corporation owned and rented out that became unprofitable as rental properties. To encourage

751:

In Sweden, 16% of the population lives in apartments in housing cooperatives, while 25% live in rented apartments (more common among young adults and immigrants) and 50% live in private one-family houses (more common among families with children), the remainder living in other forms such as student

538:

In India, most 'flats' are owned outright. i.e. the title to each individual flat is separate. There is usually a governing body/society/association to administer maintenance and other building needs. These are comparable to the Condominium Buildings in the USA. The laws governing the building, its

458:

The community charter sets out expectations for privacy. Each apartment is self-contained. Monthly meetings assure the optimal routines of the building and ensure that each person may participate fully and with complete liberty of expression. Plans set out the routine intervention of a mediator who

450:

The purpose of the Baba Yaga Association is to create and develop an innovative lay residence for aging women that is: (1) self-managed, without hierarchy and without supervision; (2) united collective, with regard to finances as well as daily life; (3) citizen civic-minded, through openness to the

343:

In the lifecycle of buildings, the replacement of assets (capital repairs) requires significant funds which can be obtained through a variety of ways: assessments on current owners; sales of Treasury Stock (former rental units) to new shareholders; draw downs of reserves; unsecured loans; operating

518:

aims to serve the low-income class, as it provides them with housing units consisting of two rooms, a hall or three rooms and a fully finished hall, with an area ranging from 75 to 90 square meters. In addition, these units are offered at a cost price only, with direct support ranging from 5 to 25

475:

In Germany, housing cooperatives are typically organized as non-profit organizations, which means that any profits made from the sale or rental of the housing are reinvested in the cooperative rather than being distributed to shareholders. This allows housing cooperatives to offer lower prices for

454:

Generally, the association's activities are tied to the purpose above, in particular, the development of a popular entity called the University of Knowledge of the Elderly (UNISAVIE: Université du savoir des vieux), and the initiation of a movement to promote other living places that are organized

387:

Research in Canada found that housing cooperatives had residents rate themselves as having the highest quality of life and housing satisfaction of any housing organization in the city. Other research among older residents from the rural United States found that those living in housing cooperatives

180:

As a legal entity, a co-op can contract with other companies or hire individuals to provide it with services, such as a maintenance contractor or a building manager. It can also hire employees, such as a manager or a caretaker, to deal with specific upkeep tasks at which volunteers may hesitate or

903:

The National Association of Housing Cooperatives (NAHC) represents all cooperatives within the United States who are members of the organization. This organization is a nonprofit, national federation of housing cooperatives, mutual housing associations, other resident-owned or controlled housing,

1019:

Also, later in a building's life after conversion, major new investments required to repair or replace building systems can be raised by a new central mortgage in a cooperative, while in a condominium funds could only be raised by onerous assessments being required of each individual unit owner.

236:

is generally responsible for the business decisions including the financial requirements and sustainability of the co-operative. Although politics vary from co-op to co-op and depend largely on the wishes of its members, it is a general rule that a majority vote of the board is necessary to make

139:

in the legal entity is granted the right to occupy one housing unit. A primary advantage of the housing cooperative is the pooling of the members' resources so that their buying power is leveraged; thus lowering the cost per member in all the services and products associated with home ownership.

1575:

Housing co-operatives are not a new concept. They have existed in Canada for decades and represent something of a middle ground between renting and owning — security of tenure without the often prohibitive cost of a down payment. Because they operate on a break-even basis, co-ops are often much

542:

Certain buildings are organized as "Cooperative Housing Societies" where one actually owns a share in the Cooperative rather than the flat itself. This structure was very popular in the past but has become less common in recent times. Most states have separate laws governing Cooperative Housing

211:

Since the housing cooperative holds title to all the property and housing structures, it bears the cost of maintaining, repairing and replacing them. This relieves the member from the cost and burden of such work. In that sense, the housing cooperative is like the landlord in a rental setting.

1015:

The cooperative form can be advantageous as a building mortgage can be carried by the cooperative corporation, leaving less financing to be obtained by each co-op owner. Under condominium ownership only the separate condo owners provide financing. Particularly when interest rates are high, a

231:

where the number of votes an owner has is tied to the number of shares owned by the person. Whichever form of voting is employed it is necessary to conduct an election among shareholders to determine who will represent them on the board of directors (if one exists), the governing body of the

669:

often forms as a means to buy new flats. When the cooperative is set up, it takes the major part of the loan needed to buy a property. These loans will then be paid off during a fixed period of years (typically 20 to 30), and once this is done, the cooperative is dispersed and the flats are

1003:

Apartment buildings and multiple-family housing make up a more significant share of the housing stock in the New York City area than in most other U.S. cities as over 75% of apartment buildings in NYC are co-ops. Reasons suggested to explain why cooperatives are relatively more common than

150:

Housing cooperatives fall into two general tenure categories: non-ownership (referred to as non-equity or continuing) and ownership (referred to as equity or strata). In non-equity cooperatives, occupancy rights are sometimes granted subject to an occupancy agreement, which is similar to a

471:

Housing cooperatives, or "Wohnungsgenossenschaften" in German, are a type of housing association that provides affordable housing to its members. They are formed and run by a group of people who come together to pool their resources in order to purchase or build housing for their own use.

743:

of property in which the whole property is owned by a co-operative association, which in its turn is owned by its members. Each member holds a share in the association that is proportional to the area of his apartment. Members are required to have a tenant-ownership, which represents the

189:

where people own individual units and have little say in who moves into the other units. Because of this, most jurisdictions have developed separate legislation, similar to laws that regulate companies, to regulate how co-ops are operated and the rights and obligations of shareholders.

1134:

often have significant drawbacks for cooperative owners. However, there have been cases where shareholders of a building have bought the surrounding land, such as 167 East 61st Street (formerly known as Trump Plaza), where residents gathered $ 183 million to buy the surrounding land.

372:

financially to owning a condominium, with the difference being that often the co-op may carry a mortgage, resulting in a much higher monthly fee paid to the co-op than would be so in a condominium. The purchase price of a comparable unit in the co-op is typically much lower, however.

451:

community /city and through mutual interaction, engaging in its political, cultural and social life in a spirit of participatory democracy; (4) ecological in all aspects of life, in conformity with the values and actions expressed in the Charter of Living of the House of Babayagas.

379:. A sub-set of the limited equity model is the no-equity model, which looks very much like renting, with a very low purchase price (comparable to a rental security deposit) and a monthly fee in lieu of rent. When selling, all that is re-couped is that very low purchase price. 780:

Most are based in urban areas and consist of affordable shared accommodation where the members look after the property themselves. Waiting lists can be very long due to the rarity of housing co-operatives. In some areas the application procedure is integrated into the

486:

in the 19th century there were many housing cooperatives founded in Germany. Presently, there are over 2,000 housing cooperatives with over two million apartments and over three million members in Germany. The public housing cooperatives are organised in the

120:. Typically housing cooperatives are owned by shareholders but in some cases they can be owned by a non-profit organization. They are a distinctive form of home ownership that have many characteristics that differ from other residential arrangements such as 462:

The success of the Paris co-op inspired several Canadian grassroots groups to adopt similar values in senior housing initiatives; these values include autonomy and self-management, solidarity and mutual aid, civic engagement, and ecological responsibility.

159:

cooperatives, occupancy rights are sometimes granted by way of the purchase agreements and legal instruments registered on the title. The corporation's articles of incorporation and bylaws as well as occupancy agreement specifies the cooperative's rules.

1012:, cooperatives appeared at least as far back as the 1920s while a legal basis for condominium form of ownership was not available in New York State until 1964. Passage of the Condominium Act then opened a wave of construction of condominium buildings. 1112:, which allowed the city to begin foreclosure proceedings after just one year of non-payment of taxes, not three, resulting in the takeover of thousands of buildings, many of them occupied, by the city of New York through a legal action known as an 443:, an innovative housing co-op in Paris, gained worldwide attention. It was formed as a self-help community and built with financial assistance from the municipal government, specifically for female senior citizens. Located in the Paris suburb of 1027:

The 1974 creation and then subsequent influence on policy by the Urban Homesteading Assistance Board, a housing advocacy group, which enabled the conversion of over 1,600 foreclosed, city-held rentals into limited-equity, resident-controlled

1031:

A co-op building's board can exercise its own business discretion to impose restrictions on shareholders, and reject prospective purchasers without explanation, as long as the board does not violate federal and state housing or civil rights

592:

dedicated to building and maintaining housing for rent for people with lower income. The first housing corporations started in the second half of the 19th century as small cooperative associations. The first such association in the world,

1736: 911:, is an organization founded in 1968 that has helped organized cooperative living for students. With a presence in over 100 towns and cities across North America, NASCO has provided tens of thousands of students with sustainable housing. 769:) in a system peculiar to Finnish law. The Finnish arrangement is similar to a housing cooperative in that the property is owned by a non-profit corporation and the right to use each unit is tied to ownership of a certain set of shares. 819:

Factors of raising cost of living for students and quality of accommodation have led to a drive for Student Housing Co-operatives within the UK inspired by the existing North American Student Housing Cooperatives and their work through

785:

application system. The laws differ between England and Scotland. The Confederation of Co-operative Housing provides information on housing cooperatives in the United Kingdom and has published a guide on setting them up. The

167:

is also used to describe a non-share capital co-op model in which fee-paying members obtain the right to occupy a bedroom and share the communal resources of a house owned by a cooperative organization. Such is the case with

641:) is a construct in which residents jointly own an apartment building using a democratically controlled cooperative, and pay rent to their own organisation. They were prohibited after World War II and legalised in 2015. 184:

In non-equity cooperatives and in limited equity cooperatives, a shareholder in a co-op does not own real estate, but a share of the legal entity that does own real estate. Co-operative ownership is quite distinct from

1904: 1117: 1104:

interest rates, redlining, white flight and rising fuel costs. The period also saw some landlord-induced arson to obtain insurance proceeds and widespread non-payment of real estate taxes – over 20% of

488: 1818: 520: 401:

Housing co-operatives in Australia are primarily non-equity rental co-operatives, but there are some equity co-operatives as well. The rental co-operatives are generally a part of the Australian

1330: 519:

thousand pounds. The beneficiary of this unit can pay its price over a period of 20 years, as 538,000 units have been implemented in all governorates and new cities until 2022, implemented by

1041:, are actually quite luxurious and exclusive; many celebrities live in them and some famous people are even rejected by co-op boards. In the 1990s and 2000s some rental buildings in the 479:

Housing cooperatives are a popular form of housing in Germany, particularly in urban areas, and they are often seen as a way to provide affordable, community-oriented housing options.

759:, by contrast to the Scandinavian countries, housing cooperatives in the strict sense are extremely rare; instead, Finnish tenant-owned housing properties are generally organized as 1227: 447:

after many years of planning, it looks like any other apartment building. The senior citizens stay out of nursing homes, by staying active, alert, and assisting one another.

2307: 416:. CEHL is a registered housing association with its shares held by its 103-member co-operatives. As of 2023 CEHL co-operatives house 4,291 people in 2,101 homes. 625:

in one building. The members are legally owners of their own apartment but have to cooperate in the association for the maintenance of the building as a whole.

2231: 3598: 2493: 1120:(HPD), created a series of new housing programs designed to give building residents and community groups control and eventual ownership of in rem buildings. 748:, and in most cases live permanently at the address. There are some legal differences between the countries, mainly concerning the conditions of ownership. 1822: 1660: 1628: 1986: 1154: 865: 1334: 3537: 920: 3028: 2534: 1158: 1061: 829: 3562: 3436: 908: 833: 825: 821: 2409: 1149:

Student cooperatives provide housing and dining services to those who attend specific educational institutions. Some notable groups include

3614: 2343: 1430: 292: 1234: 3653: 3124: 1124: 801:

The Catalyst Collective provides information about starting co-operatives in the UK and explains the legal structure of a housing coop.

1251: 872:. There are many regional housing cooperative associations, such as the Midwest Association of Housing Cooperatives, which is based in 601:. Between 2.4 and 2.5 million apartments in the Netherlands are rented by the housing corporations, i.e. more than 30% of the total of 2401: 2268: 1588: 3241: 1779: 1695: 318: 2429: 3684: 3115: 2460: 1290: 677: 71: 2364: 1835:

Company share apartments are an ownership arrangement for apartments where a company owns the land and the building on the land.

1228:"Mallin, Barry, "Limited Equity Cooperatives: A Legal Handbook", New York State Division of Housing and Community Renewal, ndg" 1050: 948:

describes several cooperative apartment buildings already in existence, with plans to build more – and can be found throughout

375:

With limited equity, the co-op has rules regarding pricing of shares when sold. The idea behind limited equity is to maintain

3588: 3506: 3129: 1205: 1097: 406: 296: 3583: 2126: 3699: 3689: 3593: 857: 680:

was built by the Federal government in the 1940s as housing for civilian workers; it became a housing cooperative in 1986

3704: 3552: 3305: 3265: 3168: 1150: 953: 572:

In the Netherlands there are three very different types of organization that could be considered a housing cooperative:

444: 2242: 412:

One of the largest co-operative housing organisations in Australia is Common Equity Housing Ltd (CEHL) in the state of

3481: 3201: 3090: 3021: 2741: 2527: 2160: 1144: 814: 402: 169: 2497: 2102: 1917: 281: 1356:

Cooper, Matthew; Rodman, Margaret C. (1 January 1994). "Accessibility and Quality of Life in Housing Cooperatives".

3081: 939: 861: 740: 360: 186: 125: 1795: 300: 285: 46: 3620: 3331: 3101: 2883: 2133: 1077: 853: 228: 144: 135:

The cooperative is membership based, with membership granted by way of a share purchase in the cooperative. Each

1664: 431:

Co-ops in Canada offer an affordable alternative to renting, but waiting lists for the units can be years-long.

3679: 3632: 3542: 3228: 1105: 837: 1635: 1602: 3694: 3461: 2369: 1021: 2180:

Garbarine, Rachelle (26 September 1997). "Residential Real Estate; New Financial Option for Condo Boards".

1997: 1711: 3456: 3246: 3111: 3096: 3014: 2520: 650: 589: 250: 459:

could help get to the bottom of the causes of eventual conflicts in order to allow for their resolution.

3338: 3284: 3274: 3251: 3216: 3211: 1252:"A New York Co-op Apartment Lawyer: Co-op Boards, Shareholders, Managing Agents, and Commercial Tenants" 989: 981: 969: 344:

surpluses; fees on the sales of units between shareholders and new and increases to existing mortgages.

205: 1559: 1308: 423:, is also a registered housing provider and manages 500 properties in 31 member housing co-operatives 673: 564: 3343: 3279: 3191: 3072: 2843: 2793: 2110: 1877: 1848: 1270:"Condo vs. Co-op Apartment: The New York City Real Estate Question for Buyers, Sellers and Investors" 1109: 985: 965: 944: 869: 143:

Another key element in some forms of housing cooperatives is that the members, through their elected

31: 1130:

Some cooperatives in New York City do not own the land upon which their building is situated. These

3431: 3378: 3289: 3261: 3163: 3150: 3041: 2985: 2572: 1093: 1065: 977: 532: 220: 63: 38: 1560:"Co-ops allow people of all incomes to live affordably in cities. So why aren't we building more?" 1255: 3626: 3511: 3471: 3353: 3236: 3086: 2873: 2838: 2823: 2681: 2671: 2324: 1381: 1185: 1180: 973: 702: 376: 246: 233: 121: 531:"Housing society" redirects here. For the organizations in the United Kingdom and Ireland, see 37:"Housing society" redirects here. For the organizations in the United Kingdom and Ireland, see 3557: 3496: 3348: 2736: 2651: 2631: 2589: 2557: 2468: 2405: 2086: 1849:"The changing role of cooperatives in the Swedish housing regime – a path dependence analysis" 1775: 1691: 1412: 1373: 1081: 923: 919: 787: 483: 147:, screen and select who may live in the cooperative, unlike any other form of home ownership. 51: 539:

governing body and how flats within the building are transferred differ from state to state.

3373: 3326: 3310: 3173: 2863: 2778: 2731: 2696: 2316: 1918:"Development of the housing co-operative sector – CCH Confederation of Co-operative Housing" 1885: 1856: 1767: 1683: 1365: 1046: 694: 504: 491:(Federal association of German housing and real estate enterprise registered associations). 413: 156: 2277: 1878:"Property relations between state and market: a history of housing cooperatives in Denmark" 1576:

cheaper than market rentals. They also tend to be more stable, because most cannot be sold.

1401:"Rural Cooperative Housing for Older Adults: An Emerging Challenge for Extension Educators" 3476: 3206: 2995: 2939: 2909: 2758: 2661: 2621: 1480: 1069: 782: 760: 712: 499: 81: 3006: 2437: 3486: 2980: 2929: 2833: 2828: 2798: 2746: 2646: 2616: 2596: 2348: 2320: 2305:

Arsen, David (July 1992). "Property Tax Assessment Rates and Residential Abandonment".

2182: 2165: 1294: 1053:

areas went through a similar conversion process, though not to the degree of New York.

988:, apartment buildings built in 1916 by the Finnish American immigrant community in the 802: 117: 3673: 3567: 3527: 2924: 2858: 2686: 2641: 2636: 2374: 1385: 1089: 1009: 997: 949: 931: 849: 777:

Housing co-operatives are uncommon in the UK, making up about 0.1% of housing stock.

356: 59: 27:

Type of housing development that emphasizes self-governance and quasi-communal living

359:

that are owned rather than rented are held through a co-operative rather than via a

17: 3532: 3466: 3158: 2975: 2934: 2904: 2656: 199: 75: 1890: 1861: 409:

sector and have been funded by various iterations of government funding programs.

3547: 3037: 2954: 2868: 2853: 2818: 2803: 2783: 2751: 2666: 2611: 2579: 2562: 2137: 1771: 1687: 1400: 1131: 1057: 934:

is the largest cooperative housing development in the world, with 55,000 people.

724: 662: 348: 270: 224: 136: 113: 109: 105: 2212:

Nussbaum, Jay (April 2007). "Planning for the Unknown: Condominium Borrowing".

2914: 2848: 2813: 2706: 2701: 957: 720: 707: 352: 337: 67: 2472: 1416: 1377: 1369: 3501: 3196: 2990: 2878: 2773: 2763: 2726: 2721: 2711: 2606: 2567: 1170: 1085: 1073: 1038: 961: 927: 897: 893: 745: 622: 598: 213: 55: 1431:"Study Suggests Cooperatives Could Hold Key to Fixing Housing Crisis | PBA" 1269: 1921: 2959: 2949: 2691: 2584: 2543: 2127:"A Brief History of Affordable Housing Cooperatives in the United States" 993: 889: 881: 873: 795: 602: 333: 90: 2276:. NYC Department of Housing Preservation and Development. Archived from 790:

website provides information on housing and has information specific to

3491: 3384: 2944: 2788: 2768: 2716: 2626: 2328: 1042: 885: 791: 756: 732: 621:, VvE) is by Dutch law established wherever there are separately owned 204:

Each resident or resident household has membership in the co-operative

129: 86: 1108:

properties were in arrears in the mid-1970s. In 1977, the city passed

1056:

Many of the cooperatives originally built as co-ops were sponsored by

2808: 2601: 1175: 736: 728: 172:

in some college and university communities across the United States.

116:, consisting of one or more residential buildings; it is one type of 1961: 216:, so that the work is done at cost, with no profit motive involved. 1943: 1532: 1455: 836:

in 2015. All existing Student Housing Co-operatives are members of

3658: 3391: 2888: 2676: 1606: 1000:, were the first nonprofit housing cooperatives in New York City. 672: 563: 515: 508: 498: 152: 80: 45: 1020:

However, New York's condominium law was amended in 1997 to allow

2512: 2238: 2072: 1819:"Company Share apartments – what are they and how do they work?" 1118:

New York City Department of Housing Preservation and Development

877: 568:

Typical cheap late 19th century corporation housing in Amsterdam

249:

from amongst the shareholders at a general meeting, usually the

3413: 3052: 3010: 2516: 489:

GdW Bundesverband deutscher Wohnungs- und Immobilienunternehmen

85:

999 N. Lake Shore Drive, a co-op–owned residential building in

2232:"UHAB Comes of Age: 30 Years of Self-Help Housing in New York" 2046: 1766:(in German). Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. pp. 187–212. 420: 264: 212:

However, another hallmark of cooperative living is that it is

956:, which borders the city to the north, and towns in northern 597:("association for the working class") was founded in 1852 in 1682:(in German). Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. pp. 33–56. 1092:. One of the first subsidized, fixed-value cooperatives was 852:, housing co-ops are usually categorized as corporations or 1506: 1456:"Housing | Research on the Economic Impact of Cooperatives" 227:

has only one vote. Most cooperatives are incorporated as

2022: 805:

offers a guide on how to set up a housing co-operative.

245:

In larger co-ops, members of a co-op typically elect a

2461:"Land Deal Pushes Out Some at Manhattan's Trump Plaza" 1741:

Ministry of Housing, Utilities & Urban Communities

1399:

Nolan, Jill Eversole; Blaine, Thomas W. (April 2001).

521:

Ministry of Housing, Utilities & Urban Communities

2428:

Preservation and Development, New York City Housing.

2398:

Housing New York: policy challenges and opportunities

2197:

Romano, Jay (1 June 1997). "Condo Boards and Loans".

2047:"National Association of Housing Cooperatives (NAHC)" 2434:

Rehabilitation:Tenant Interim Lease Purchase Program

1116:. In September 1978, the city's housing agency, the 181:

may not be skilled, such as electrical maintenance.

3607: 3576: 3520: 3445: 3424: 3366: 3319: 3298: 3260: 3227: 3182: 3149: 3142: 3110: 3070: 3063: 2968: 2897: 2550: 253:. In smaller co-ops, all members sit on the board. 1589:"Les Babayagas, la silver solidarité au quotidien" 547: 815:Student housing cooperative § United Kingdom 355:, a housing co-operative, and most apartments in 347:There are housing co-ops of the rich and famous: 1145:Student housing cooperative § United States 2308:The American Journal of Economics and Sociology 1291:"Your Home; Proprietary Co-op Lease: New Model" 3022: 2528: 2494:"Buying in a Land Lease Cooperative Building" 1331:"The Characteristics of Housing Cooperatives" 764: 8: 1004:condominiums in the New York City area are: 856:and are found in abundance in the area from 1762:Kuhnert, Jan; Leps, Olof (1 January 2017). 1678:Kuhnert, Jan; Leps, Olof (1 January 2017). 299:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3421: 3410: 3146: 3067: 3060: 3049: 3029: 3015: 3007: 2535: 2521: 2513: 2225: 2223: 649:"Company-share" apartments operate in the 3437:ICA Statement on the Cooperative Identity 1889: 1860: 866:Mutual Ownership Defense Housing Division 319:Learn how and when to remove this message 2300: 2298: 1821:. Rainey Collins Lawyers. Archived from 918: 876:and serves the Midwest region, covering 2073:"North American Student of Cooperation" 2041: 2039: 1661:"Home – The Sunday Edition – CBC Radio" 1197: 1159:Oberlin Student Cooperative Association 1062:Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America 830:Birmingham Student Housing Co-operative 2423: 2421: 1876:Larsen, Henrik Gutzon (21 July 2024). 909:North American Students of Cooperation 834:Sheffield Student Housing Co-operative 826:Edinburgh Student Housing Co-operative 822:North American Students of Cooperation 551: 2365:"The Hidden Costs of Housing Madness" 2154: 2152: 2150: 1987:"How to set up a housing cooperative" 1051:Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach 367:Market-rate and limited-equity co-ops 7: 3615:Co-operative Commonwealth Federation 1487:. International Cooperative Alliance 938:Cooperatives have a long history in 548:§ Cooperative movement in India 297:adding citations to reliable sources 3654:History of the cooperative movement 3125:International Co-operative Alliance 2459:Barbanel, Josh (13 November 2014). 2344:"City-owned housing units increase" 2103:"The Problem of Living in New York" 1125:Urban Homesteading Assistance Board 514:The Housing cooperative project in 2436:. City of New York. Archived from 2402:State University of New York Press 2342:Smothers, Ronald (10 April 1983). 2321:10.1111/j.1536-7150.1992.tb03487.x 1064:. One of the largest projects was 331:A housing cooperative is normally 25: 2270:Breaking the Cycle of Abandonment 2159:Kennedy, Shawn G. (21 May 1986). 2087:Urban Mass: A Look at Co-op City. 1817:Tyler, Claire (9 November 2013). 1485:Cooperative Housing International 1311:. National Cooperative Law Centre 1155:Santa Barbara Housing Cooperative 219:In some cases, the co-op follows 1907:, Statistics Sweden, 7 May 2015. 1663:. 11 August 2013. Archived from 1309:"What is a housing cooperative?" 678:Warminster Heights, Pennsylvania 383:Research on housing cooperatives 269: 2496:. 27 March 2011. Archived from 2363:Tucker, William (Autumn 1990). 2267:Allred, Christopher J. (2000). 2125:Sazama, Gerald (January 1996). 1905:Halva befolkningen bor i småhus 1847:Bengtsson, Bo (22 March 2024). 1716:New Urban Communities Authority 1206:"What is a housing cooperative" 670:transformed into condominiums. 419:Common Equity, in the state of 104:, is a legal entity, usually a 3507:Socially responsible investing 1796:"Wooncoöperaties en wetgeving" 1254:. 22 July 2012. Archived from 752:dormitories or elderly homes. 1: 3130:Cooperative wholesale society 1891:10.1080/02673037.2024.2376679 1862:10.1080/02673037.2024.2326156 1764:Neue Wohnungsgemeinnützigkeit 1680:Neue Wohnungsgemeinnützigkeit 1558:Carman, Tara (7 March 2022). 1080:was set up in 1951 and built 3553:Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen 3306:Health insurance cooperative 3169:Savings and loan association 2396:Wolkoff, Michael J. (1999). 1151:Berkeley Student Cooperative 1139:Student housing cooperatives 809:Student housing cooperatives 556:for additional information. 2742:Single-family detached home 1772:10.1007/978-3-658-17570-2_7 1688:10.1007/978-3-658-17570-2_2 1513:. Common Equity Housing Ltd 615:(house) owners' association 3721: 1533:"Welcome to Common Equity" 1142: 915:New York metropolitan area 862:New York metropolitan area 812: 691:tenant-owner's association 667:tenant-owner's association 651:New Zealand housing system 545: 530: 197: 36: 29: 3649: 3621:United Farmers of Alberta 3420: 3409: 3059: 3048: 2884:Townhouse (Great Britain) 2230:Carlson, Neil F. (2004). 2134:University of Connecticut 1078:United Housing Foundation 605:(apartments and houses). 351:, for instance, lived in 3633:Nepal Co-operative Party 1370:10.1177/0013916594261004 1358:Environment and Behavior 1106:multi-family residential 1088:, designed by architect 1022:condominium associations 838:Students for Cooperation 619:Vereniging van Eigenaren 552:§ Housing Societies 439:In 2013, the opening of 50:Housing cooperatives on 30:Not to be confused with 3685:Intentional communities 503:Housing cooperative in 455:into similar networks. 441:La Maison des Babayagas 229:limited stock companies 3462:Cooperative federalism 3457:Co-operative economics 1966:Catalystcollective.org 1629:"Félicitations !" 1603:"Félicitations !" 1132:'land-lease' buildings 935: 765: 725:Scandinavian countries 681: 590:nonprofit organization 569: 511: 251:annual general meeting 93: 78: 62:, from left to right: 3275:Community wind energy 3071:Primary cooperative ( 2143:on 10 September 2006. 2114:: 918. November 1882. 1962:"Catalyst Collective" 1712:"About the Authority" 940:metropolitan New York 922: 676: 567: 502: 84: 49: 3700:Private aid programs 3690:Housing cooperatives 3042:mutual organizations 2844:Recreational vehicle 2794:Manufactured housing 1994:Radicalroutes.org.uk 1405:Journal of Extension 986:Alku and Alku Toinen 942:– in November 1882, 870:Federal Works Agency 699:bostadsrättsförening 293:improve this section 237:business decisions. 170:student cooperatives 32:Building cooperative 18:Housing cooperatives 3705:Living arrangements 3432:Rochdale Principles 3379:Agent-owned company 3164:Mutual savings bank 2986:Runaway (dependent) 2920:Housing cooperative 2573:Penthouse apartment 2465:Wall Street Journal 2075:. 12 November 2017. 1737:"الإسكان الإجتماعي" 1667:on 1 November 2013. 1539:. Common Equity Ltd 1098:Morningside Heights 1094:Morningside Gardens 1066:Cooperative Village 832:opened in 2014 and 717:andelsboligforening 603:household dwellings 582:housing corporation 576:Housing corporation 533:Housing association 221:Rochdale Principles 98:housing cooperative 39:Housing association 3627:Co-operative Party 3512:Solidarity economy 3472:Economic democracy 3237:Collective farming 2874:Subsidized housing 2839:Railroad apartment 2824:Prefabricated home 2682:Back-to-back house 2672:Habitual residence 2377:on 11 October 2008 2283:on 2 February 2012 1591:. 2 February 2014. 1460:reic.uwcc.wisc.edu 1435:Pro Bono Australia 1298:(12 December 2000) 1186:Worker cooperative 1181:Subsidized housing 1114:in rem foreclosure 960:that are close to 954:Westchester County 936: 858:Madison, Wisconsin 682: 635:living cooperation 629:Living cooperation 570: 512: 377:affordable housing 247:board of directors 234:board of directors 232:co-operative. The 122:single family home 94: 79: 3667: 3666: 3645: 3644: 3641: 3640: 3608:Political parties 3563:Rochdale Pioneers 3558:David Schweickart 3497:Social enterprise 3449:economic theories 3405: 3404: 3401: 3400: 3362: 3361: 3138: 3137: 3004: 3003: 2737:Ranch-style house 2652:Experimental home 2632:Duplex (building) 2590:Ultimate bungalow 2558:Airplane Bungalow 2411:978-0-7914-0353-2 2248:on 6 October 2008 2111:Harper's Magazine 1944:"New co-op homes" 1641:on 6 October 2014 1240:on 9 August 2020. 1208:. Robinhood Learn 945:Harper's Magazine 766:asunto-osakeyhtiö 761:limited companies 609:Owner association 484:Industrialisation 407:community housing 329: 328: 321: 52:Central Park West 16:(Redirected from 3712: 3422: 3411: 3374:Friendly society 3311:Mutual insurance 3174:Building society 3147: 3068: 3061: 3050: 3031: 3024: 3017: 3008: 2864:Split-level home 2779:Luxury apartment 2732:Low-energy house 2697:Gablefront house 2537: 2530: 2523: 2514: 2502: 2501: 2500:on 17 June 2011. 2490: 2484: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2456: 2450: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2425: 2416: 2415: 2393: 2387: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2373:. Archived from 2360: 2354: 2353: 2339: 2333: 2332: 2302: 2293: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2282: 2275: 2264: 2258: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2247: 2241:. Archived from 2236: 2227: 2218: 2217: 2209: 2203: 2202: 2194: 2188: 2187: 2177: 2171: 2170: 2156: 2145: 2144: 2142: 2136:. Archived from 2131: 2122: 2116: 2115: 2107: 2099: 2093: 2092:. December 2006. 2085:Whitsett, Ross. 2083: 2077: 2076: 2069: 2063: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2043: 2034: 2033: 2031: 2029: 2023:"MAHC Main page" 2019: 2013: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2002: 1996:. Archived from 1991: 1983: 1977: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1958: 1952: 1951: 1940: 1934: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1920:. Archived from 1914: 1908: 1902: 1896: 1895: 1893: 1873: 1867: 1866: 1864: 1844: 1838: 1837: 1832: 1830: 1825:on 1 August 2020 1814: 1808: 1807: 1805: 1803: 1792: 1786: 1785: 1759: 1753: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1733: 1727: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1708: 1702: 1701: 1675: 1669: 1668: 1657: 1651: 1650: 1648: 1646: 1640: 1634:. Archived from 1633: 1625: 1619: 1618: 1616: 1614: 1605:. Archived from 1599: 1593: 1592: 1585: 1579: 1578: 1572: 1570: 1555: 1549: 1548: 1546: 1544: 1529: 1523: 1522: 1520: 1518: 1503: 1497: 1496: 1494: 1492: 1477: 1471: 1470: 1468: 1466: 1452: 1446: 1445: 1443: 1441: 1427: 1421: 1420: 1396: 1390: 1389: 1353: 1347: 1346: 1344: 1342: 1333:. Archived from 1327: 1321: 1320: 1318: 1316: 1305: 1299: 1287: 1281: 1280: 1278: 1276: 1266: 1260: 1259: 1258:on 22 July 2012. 1248: 1242: 1241: 1239: 1233:. Archived from 1232: 1224: 1218: 1217: 1215: 1213: 1202: 1047:Washington, D.C. 1024:to borrow money. 992:neighborhood of 768: 739:) for a type of 685:Nordic countries 586:woningcorporatie 505:New Borg El Arab 324: 317: 313: 310: 304: 273: 265: 257:of their homes. 21: 3720: 3719: 3715: 3714: 3713: 3711: 3710: 3709: 3680:Social programs 3670: 3669: 3668: 3663: 3637: 3603: 3572: 3538:David Griffiths 3516: 3477:Guild socialism 3450: 3448: 3441: 3416: 3397: 3358: 3354:Social services 3315: 3294: 3256: 3223: 3207:Housing society 3202:Student housing 3178: 3134: 3106: 3055: 3044: 3035: 3005: 3000: 2996:Street children 2964: 2940:Parasite single 2910:Extended family 2893: 2759:Holiday cottage 2662:Gated community 2622:Courtyard house 2546: 2541: 2511: 2506: 2505: 2492: 2491: 2487: 2477: 2475: 2458: 2457: 2453: 2443: 2441: 2427: 2426: 2419: 2412: 2395: 2394: 2390: 2380: 2378: 2362: 2361: 2357: 2341: 2340: 2336: 2304: 2303: 2296: 2286: 2284: 2280: 2273: 2266: 2265: 2261: 2251: 2249: 2245: 2234: 2229: 2228: 2221: 2211: 2210: 2206: 2196: 2195: 2191: 2179: 2178: 2174: 2158: 2157: 2148: 2140: 2129: 2124: 2123: 2119: 2105: 2101: 2100: 2096: 2084: 2080: 2071: 2070: 2066: 2056: 2054: 2053:. 18 March 2014 2051:Coophousing.org 2045: 2044: 2037: 2027: 2025: 2021: 2020: 2016: 2006: 2004: 2003:on 17 July 2022 2000: 1989: 1985: 1984: 1980: 1970: 1968: 1960: 1959: 1955: 1942: 1941: 1937: 1927: 1925: 1924:on 14 July 2014 1916: 1915: 1911: 1903: 1899: 1882:Housing Studies 1875: 1874: 1870: 1853:Housing Studies 1846: 1845: 1841: 1828: 1826: 1816: 1815: 1811: 1801: 1799: 1798:. 15 March 2016 1794: 1793: 1789: 1782: 1761: 1760: 1756: 1746: 1744: 1735: 1734: 1730: 1720: 1718: 1710: 1709: 1705: 1698: 1677: 1676: 1672: 1659: 1658: 1654: 1644: 1642: 1638: 1631: 1627: 1626: 1622: 1612: 1610: 1609:on 14 July 2014 1601: 1600: 1596: 1587: 1586: 1582: 1568: 1566: 1557: 1556: 1552: 1542: 1540: 1531: 1530: 1526: 1516: 1514: 1505: 1504: 1500: 1490: 1488: 1479: 1478: 1474: 1464: 1462: 1454: 1453: 1449: 1439: 1437: 1429: 1428: 1424: 1398: 1397: 1393: 1355: 1354: 1350: 1340: 1338: 1337:on 14 June 2022 1329: 1328: 1324: 1314: 1312: 1307: 1306: 1302: 1288: 1284: 1274: 1272: 1268: 1267: 1263: 1250: 1249: 1245: 1237: 1230: 1226: 1225: 1221: 1211: 1209: 1204: 1203: 1199: 1194: 1167: 1147: 1141: 1096:in Manhattan's 1070:Lower East Side 917: 846: 817: 811: 783:council housing 775: 741:joint ownership 687: 659: 647: 631: 611: 578: 562: 554: 536: 529: 497: 469: 437: 429: 399: 394: 385: 369: 325: 314: 308: 305: 290: 274: 263: 243: 202: 196: 178: 145:representatives 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3718: 3716: 3708: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3695:Human habitats 3692: 3687: 3682: 3672: 3671: 3665: 3664: 3662: 3661: 3656: 3650: 3647: 3646: 3643: 3642: 3639: 3638: 3636: 3635: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3611: 3609: 3605: 3604: 3602: 3601: 3596: 3594:United Kingdom 3591: 3586: 3580: 3578: 3574: 3573: 3571: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3524: 3522: 3518: 3517: 3515: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3487:Neo-capitalism 3484: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3453: 3451: 3446: 3443: 3442: 3440: 3439: 3434: 3428: 3426: 3418: 3417: 3414: 3407: 3406: 3403: 3402: 3399: 3398: 3396: 3395: 3388: 3381: 3376: 3370: 3368: 3364: 3363: 3360: 3359: 3357: 3356: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3335: 3334: 3323: 3321: 3317: 3316: 3314: 3313: 3308: 3302: 3300: 3296: 3295: 3293: 3292: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3271: 3269: 3258: 3257: 3255: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3239: 3233: 3231: 3225: 3224: 3222: 3221: 3220: 3219: 3214: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3188: 3186: 3180: 3179: 3177: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3161: 3155: 3153: 3144: 3140: 3139: 3136: 3135: 3133: 3132: 3127: 3121: 3119: 3108: 3107: 3105: 3104: 3099: 3094: 3084: 3078: 3076: 3065: 3057: 3056: 3053: 3046: 3045: 3036: 3034: 3033: 3026: 3019: 3011: 3002: 3001: 2999: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2981:No fixed abode 2978: 2972: 2970: 2966: 2965: 2963: 2962: 2957: 2952: 2947: 2942: 2937: 2932: 2930:Nuclear family 2927: 2922: 2917: 2912: 2907: 2901: 2899: 2895: 2894: 2892: 2891: 2886: 2881: 2876: 2871: 2866: 2861: 2856: 2851: 2846: 2841: 2836: 2834:Public housing 2831: 2829:Private island 2826: 2821: 2816: 2811: 2806: 2801: 2799:Microapartment 2796: 2791: 2786: 2781: 2776: 2771: 2766: 2761: 2756: 2755: 2754: 2749: 2747:Terraced house 2744: 2739: 2734: 2729: 2724: 2719: 2714: 2709: 2704: 2699: 2694: 2689: 2684: 2674: 2669: 2664: 2659: 2654: 2649: 2647:Executive home 2644: 2639: 2634: 2629: 2624: 2619: 2617:Converted barn 2614: 2609: 2604: 2599: 2597:Calendar house 2594: 2593: 2592: 2582: 2577: 2576: 2575: 2565: 2560: 2554: 2552: 2548: 2547: 2542: 2540: 2539: 2532: 2525: 2517: 2510: 2509:External links 2507: 2504: 2503: 2485: 2451: 2417: 2410: 2388: 2355: 2349:New York Times 2334: 2315:(3): 361–377. 2294: 2259: 2219: 2214:The Cooperator 2204: 2199:New York Times 2189: 2183:New York Times 2172: 2166:New York Times 2146: 2117: 2094: 2090:The Cooperator 2078: 2064: 2035: 2014: 1978: 1953: 1935: 1909: 1897: 1868: 1839: 1809: 1787: 1780: 1754: 1728: 1703: 1696: 1670: 1652: 1620: 1594: 1580: 1550: 1524: 1498: 1472: 1447: 1422: 1391: 1348: 1322: 1300: 1295:New York Times 1282: 1261: 1243: 1219: 1196: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1189: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1166: 1163: 1143:Main article: 1140: 1137: 1060:, such as the 1034: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1017: 1013: 916: 913: 845: 842: 813:Main article: 810: 807: 803:Radical Routes 774: 773:United Kingdom 771: 686: 683: 658: 655: 646: 643: 639:wooncoöperatie 630: 627: 610: 607: 577: 574: 561: 558: 528: 525: 496: 493: 468: 465: 436: 433: 428: 425: 403:social housing 398: 395: 393: 390: 384: 381: 368: 365: 327: 326: 277: 275: 268: 262: 259: 242: 239: 195: 192: 177: 174: 118:housing tenure 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3717: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3677: 3675: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3652: 3651: 3648: 3634: 3631: 3628: 3625: 3622: 3619: 3616: 3613: 3612: 3610: 3606: 3600: 3599:United States 3597: 3595: 3592: 3590: 3587: 3585: 3582: 3581: 3579: 3575: 3569: 3568:Beatrice Webb 3566: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3528:G. D. H. Cole 3526: 3525: 3523: 3521:Key theorists 3519: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3454: 3452: 3447:Political and 3444: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3429: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3412: 3408: 3394: 3393: 3389: 3387: 3386: 3382: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3371: 3369: 3365: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3337: 3333: 3330: 3329: 3328: 3325: 3324: 3322: 3318: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3304: 3303: 3301: 3297: 3291: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3278: 3276: 3273: 3272: 3270: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3243: 3242:Reforestation 3240: 3238: 3235: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3226: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3209: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3181: 3175: 3172: 3170: 3167: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3148: 3145: 3141: 3131: 3128: 3126: 3123: 3122: 3120: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3092: 3088: 3085: 3083: 3080: 3079: 3077: 3074: 3069: 3066: 3064:By governance 3062: 3058: 3054:Organizations 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3032: 3027: 3025: 3020: 3018: 3013: 3012: 3009: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2973: 2971: 2967: 2961: 2958: 2956: 2953: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2925:Housing First 2923: 2921: 2918: 2916: 2913: 2911: 2908: 2906: 2903: 2902: 2900: 2896: 2890: 2887: 2885: 2882: 2880: 2877: 2875: 2872: 2870: 2867: 2865: 2862: 2860: 2859:Semi-detached 2857: 2855: 2852: 2850: 2847: 2845: 2842: 2840: 2837: 2835: 2832: 2830: 2827: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2810: 2807: 2805: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2790: 2787: 2785: 2782: 2780: 2777: 2775: 2772: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2757: 2753: 2750: 2748: 2745: 2743: 2740: 2738: 2735: 2733: 2730: 2728: 2725: 2723: 2720: 2718: 2715: 2713: 2710: 2708: 2705: 2703: 2700: 2698: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2688: 2687:Council house 2685: 2683: 2680: 2679: 2678: 2675: 2673: 2670: 2668: 2665: 2663: 2660: 2658: 2655: 2653: 2650: 2648: 2645: 2643: 2642:Estate (land) 2640: 2638: 2637:Earth shelter 2635: 2633: 2630: 2628: 2625: 2623: 2620: 2618: 2615: 2613: 2610: 2608: 2605: 2603: 2600: 2598: 2595: 2591: 2588: 2587: 2586: 2583: 2581: 2578: 2574: 2571: 2570: 2569: 2566: 2564: 2561: 2559: 2556: 2555: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2544:Accommodation 2538: 2533: 2531: 2526: 2524: 2519: 2518: 2515: 2508: 2499: 2495: 2489: 2486: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2455: 2452: 2440:on 9 May 2009 2439: 2435: 2431: 2430:"Development" 2424: 2422: 2418: 2413: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2392: 2389: 2376: 2372: 2371: 2366: 2359: 2356: 2351: 2350: 2345: 2338: 2335: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2309: 2301: 2299: 2295: 2279: 2272: 2271: 2263: 2260: 2244: 2240: 2233: 2226: 2224: 2220: 2215: 2208: 2205: 2200: 2193: 2190: 2185: 2184: 2176: 2173: 2168: 2167: 2162: 2155: 2153: 2151: 2147: 2139: 2135: 2128: 2121: 2118: 2113: 2112: 2104: 2098: 2095: 2091: 2088: 2082: 2079: 2074: 2068: 2065: 2052: 2048: 2042: 2040: 2036: 2024: 2018: 2015: 1999: 1995: 1988: 1982: 1979: 1967: 1963: 1957: 1954: 1949: 1945: 1939: 1936: 1923: 1919: 1913: 1910: 1906: 1901: 1898: 1892: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1872: 1869: 1863: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1843: 1840: 1836: 1824: 1820: 1813: 1810: 1797: 1791: 1788: 1783: 1781:9783658175696 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1758: 1755: 1742: 1738: 1732: 1729: 1717: 1713: 1707: 1704: 1699: 1697:9783658175696 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1674: 1671: 1666: 1662: 1656: 1653: 1637: 1630: 1624: 1621: 1608: 1604: 1598: 1595: 1590: 1584: 1581: 1577: 1565: 1561: 1554: 1551: 1538: 1537:Common Equity 1534: 1528: 1525: 1512: 1508: 1502: 1499: 1486: 1482: 1476: 1473: 1461: 1457: 1451: 1448: 1436: 1432: 1426: 1423: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1395: 1392: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1352: 1349: 1336: 1332: 1326: 1323: 1310: 1304: 1301: 1297: 1296: 1292: 1289:Romano, Jay. 1286: 1283: 1271: 1265: 1262: 1257: 1253: 1247: 1244: 1236: 1229: 1223: 1220: 1207: 1201: 1198: 1191: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1168: 1164: 1162: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1146: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1128: 1126: 1121: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1110:Local Law #45 1107: 1101: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1090:Herman Jessor 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1054: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1030: 1026: 1023: 1018: 1014: 1011: 1010:Abraham Kazan 1007: 1006: 1005: 1001: 999: 998:New York City 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 950:New York City 947: 946: 941: 933: 932:New York City 929: 925: 921: 914: 912: 910: 905: 901: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 850:United States 844:United States 843: 841: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 816: 808: 806: 804: 799: 797: 793: 789: 784: 778: 772: 770: 767: 762: 758: 753: 749: 747: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 709: 704: 700: 696: 692: 684: 679: 675: 671: 668: 664: 656: 654: 652: 644: 642: 640: 636: 628: 626: 624: 620: 616: 608: 606: 604: 600: 596: 591: 587: 583: 575: 573: 566: 559: 557: 553: 549: 544: 540: 534: 526: 524: 522: 517: 510: 506: 501: 494: 492: 490: 485: 480: 477: 473: 466: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 446: 442: 434: 432: 426: 424: 422: 417: 415: 410: 408: 404: 396: 391: 389: 382: 380: 378: 373: 366: 364: 363:arrangement. 362: 358: 357:New York City 354: 350: 345: 341: 339: 336: 335: 323: 320: 312: 309:December 2015 302: 298: 294: 288: 287: 283: 278:This section 276: 272: 267: 266: 260: 258: 254: 252: 248: 240: 238: 235: 230: 226: 222: 217: 215: 209: 207: 201: 193: 191: 188: 182: 175: 173: 171: 166: 161: 158: 154: 148: 146: 141: 138: 133: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 112:, which owns 111: 107: 103: 102:housing co-op 99: 92: 88: 83: 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 60:New York City 57: 53: 48: 44: 40: 33: 19: 3543:William King 3533:Charles Gide 3467:Distributism 3390: 3383: 3229:Agricultural 3183: 3159:Credit union 3038:Cooperatives 2976:Homelessness 2935:Off-the-grid 2919: 2905:Cohabitation 2898:Arrangements 2657:Fab Tree Hab 2498:the original 2488: 2476:. Retrieved 2464: 2454: 2442:. Retrieved 2438:the original 2433: 2397: 2391: 2379:. Retrieved 2375:the original 2370:City Journal 2368: 2358: 2347: 2337: 2312: 2306: 2287:15 September 2285:. Retrieved 2278:the original 2269: 2262: 2250:. Retrieved 2243:the original 2213: 2207: 2198: 2192: 2181: 2175: 2164: 2138:the original 2120: 2109: 2097: 2089: 2081: 2067: 2055:. Retrieved 2050: 2026:. Retrieved 2017: 2005:. Retrieved 1998:the original 1993: 1981: 1969:. Retrieved 1965: 1956: 1947: 1938: 1926:. Retrieved 1922:the original 1912: 1900: 1881: 1871: 1852: 1842: 1834: 1827:. Retrieved 1823:the original 1812: 1802:26 September 1800:. Retrieved 1790: 1763: 1757: 1745:. Retrieved 1740: 1731: 1719:. Retrieved 1715: 1706: 1679: 1673: 1665:the original 1655: 1643:. Retrieved 1636:the original 1623: 1611:. Retrieved 1607:the original 1597: 1583: 1574: 1567:. Retrieved 1563: 1553: 1541:. Retrieved 1536: 1527: 1515:. Retrieved 1510: 1507:"About CEHL" 1501: 1489:. Retrieved 1484: 1475: 1463:. Retrieved 1459: 1450: 1438:. Retrieved 1434: 1425: 1408: 1404: 1394: 1364:(1): 49–70. 1361: 1357: 1351: 1339:. Retrieved 1335:the original 1325: 1313:. Retrieved 1303: 1293: 1285: 1273:. Retrieved 1264: 1256:the original 1246: 1235:the original 1222: 1210:. Retrieved 1200: 1148: 1129: 1122: 1113: 1102: 1058:trade unions 1055: 1035: 1008:Inspired by 1002: 964:, including 943: 937: 906: 902: 900:, and more. 847: 818: 800: 779: 776: 754: 750: 723:used in the 716: 706: 698: 690: 688: 666: 660: 648: 638: 634: 632: 618: 614: 612: 594: 585: 581: 579: 571: 555: 541: 537: 513: 481: 478: 474: 470: 461: 457: 453: 449: 440: 438: 430: 418: 411: 400: 386: 374: 370: 346: 342: 332: 330: 315: 306: 291:Please help 279: 255: 244: 218: 210: 203: 200:Strata title 187:condominiums 183: 179: 176:Legal status 164: 162: 149: 142: 134: 126:condominiums 101: 97: 95: 76:the San Remo 64:the Majestic 43: 3548:Robert Owen 3212:egalitarian 2955:Roomsharing 2869:Stilt house 2854:Seattle box 2819:Plank house 2804:Mobile home 2784:Manor house 2752:Tower house 2667:Great house 2612:Condominium 2580:Beach house 2563:Alley house 2007:10 December 1971:23 December 1747:21 November 1743:(in Arabic) 1721:21 November 1481:"Australia" 1465:18 November 1440:18 November 990:Sunset Park 663:Philippines 657:Philippines 645:New Zealand 560:Netherlands 543:Societies. 361:condominium 349:John Lennon 225:shareholder 223:where each 206:association 165:cooperative 137:shareholder 124:ownership, 114:real estate 110:corporation 106:cooperative 72:the Langham 3674:Categories 3252:Wheat pool 3247:Winemaking 3143:By product 3112:Federation 3097:Purchasing 2915:Group home 2849:Safe house 2814:Patio home 2707:Hall house 2702:Green home 2478:1 December 1192:References 1082:Co-op City 958:New Jersey 924:Co-op City 907:NASCO, or 721:legal term 708:borettslag 623:apartments 546:See also: 392:By country 353:The Dakota 338:non-profit 241:Management 198:See also: 68:the Dakota 3577:By region 3502:Socialism 3482:Mutualism 3339:Recycling 3299:Insurance 3290:Broadband 3285:Telephone 3197:Cohousing 2991:Squatting 2879:Townhouse 2774:Log cabin 2764:Houseboat 2727:Longhouse 2722:Log house 2712:Housebarn 2607:Cohousing 2568:Apartment 2473:0099-9660 2161:"Q and A" 1417:1077-5315 1386:144220832 1378:0013-9165 1171:Cohousing 1086:The Bronx 1074:Manhattan 1039:Manhattan 982:Weehawken 970:Edgewater 962:Manhattan 928:The Bronx 898:Minnesota 894:Wisconsin 860:, to the 763:(Finnish 746:apartment 703:Norwegian 599:Amsterdam 445:Montreuil 397:Australia 280:does not 214:nonprofit 194:Ownership 163:The word 56:Manhattan 3623:(Canada) 3617:(Canada) 3425:Identity 3344:Platform 3280:Electric 3192:Building 3102:Retailer 3082:Consumer 2960:Solitude 2950:Roommate 2692:Ecohouse 2585:Bungalow 1948:Cch.coop 1884:: 1–23. 1855:: 1–21. 1829:17 April 1564:CBC News 1165:See also 1157:and the 994:Brooklyn 966:Fort Lee 890:Illinois 882:Michigan 874:Michigan 796:Scotland 414:Victoria 334:de facto 91:Illinois 3589:Ukraine 3492:Owenism 3385:Stokvel 3262:Utility 3217:commune 3184:Housing 3151:Banking 2969:Lacking 2945:Recluse 2789:Mansion 2769:Lodging 2717:I-house 2627:Cottage 2444:15 July 2381:15 July 2329:3487318 2252:15 July 1569:24 June 1043:Chicago 1028:co-ops. 978:Passaic 886:Indiana 868:of the 848:In the 792:England 788:Shelter 757:Finland 733:Denmark 719:) is a 695:Swedish 661:In the 588:) is a 482:In the 467:Germany 301:removed 286:sources 261:Finance 130:renting 87:Chicago 3584:Canada 3415:Topics 3087:Worker 2809:Palace 2602:Castle 2471: 2408: 2327: 1778: 1694: 1543:5 July 1517:5 July 1491:4 July 1415: 1384: 1376: 1315:4 July 1212:4 July 1176:Condop 1076:. The 1049:, and 974:Ramsey 737:Norway 735:, and 729:Sweden 713:Danish 550:, and 507:city, 435:France 427:Canada 157:equity 74:, and 3659:.coop 3392:Artel 3367:Other 3349:Media 3320:Other 2889:Villa 2677:House 2325:JSTOR 2281:(PDF) 2274:(PDF) 2246:(PDF) 2235:(PDF) 2141:(PDF) 2130:(PDF) 2106:(PDF) 2057:2 May 2028:2 May 2001:(PDF) 1990:(PDF) 1928:2 May 1645:2 May 1639:(PDF) 1632:(PDF) 1613:2 May 1411:(2). 1382:S2CID 1341:2 May 1275:2 May 1238:(PDF) 1231:(PDF) 1032:laws. 527:India 516:Egypt 509:Egypt 495:Egypt 155:. In 153:lease 108:or a 100:, or 3629:(UK) 3332:list 3327:Food 3266:list 3116:list 3091:list 3073:list 3040:and 2551:Type 2480:2020 2469:ISSN 2446:2009 2406:ISBN 2383:2009 2289:2013 2254:2009 2239:UHAB 2059:2015 2030:2015 2009:2017 1973:2017 1930:2015 1831:2020 1804:2020 1776:ISBN 1749:2022 1723:2022 1692:ISBN 1647:2015 1615:2015 1571:2022 1545:2023 1519:2023 1511:CEHL 1493:2023 1467:2019 1442:2019 1413:ISSN 1374:ISSN 1343:2015 1317:2023 1277:2015 1214:2023 1123:The 980:and 878:Ohio 854:LLCs 828:and 794:and 665:, a 284:any 282:cite 128:and 2317:doi 1886:doi 1857:doi 1768:doi 1684:doi 1366:doi 1084:in 1072:of 1068:in 926:in 755:In 595:VAK 421:NSW 295:by 54:in 3676:: 2467:. 2463:. 2432:. 2420:^ 2404:. 2400:. 2367:. 2346:. 2323:. 2313:51 2311:. 2297:^ 2237:. 2222:^ 2163:. 2149:^ 2132:. 2108:. 2049:. 2038:^ 1992:. 1964:. 1946:. 1880:. 1851:. 1833:. 1774:. 1739:. 1714:. 1690:. 1573:. 1562:. 1535:. 1509:. 1483:. 1458:. 1433:. 1409:39 1407:. 1403:. 1380:. 1372:. 1362:26 1360:. 1161:. 1153:, 1100:. 1045:, 996:, 984:. 976:, 972:, 968:, 952:, 930:, 896:, 892:, 888:, 884:, 880:, 840:. 824:. 798:. 731:, 715:: 711:, 705:: 701:, 697:: 689:A 653:. 633:A 613:A 580:A 523:. 132:. 96:A 89:, 70:, 66:, 58:, 3268:) 3264:( 3118:) 3114:( 3093:) 3089:( 3075:) 3030:e 3023:t 3016:v 2536:e 2529:t 2522:v 2482:. 2448:. 2414:. 2385:. 2352:. 2331:. 2319:: 2291:. 2256:. 2216:. 2201:. 2186:. 2169:. 2061:. 2032:. 2011:. 1975:. 1950:. 1932:. 1894:. 1888:: 1865:. 1859:: 1806:. 1784:. 1770:: 1751:. 1725:. 1700:. 1686:: 1649:. 1617:. 1547:. 1521:. 1495:. 1469:. 1444:. 1419:. 1388:. 1368:: 1345:. 1319:. 1279:. 1216:. 727:( 693:( 637:( 617:( 584:( 535:. 405:/ 322:) 316:( 311:) 307:( 303:. 289:. 41:. 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index