Hoysala Kingdom - Knowledge (XXG)

1510: 1932: 2336: 2394: 2382: 2040: 2352: 2322: 2413: 935: 2459:) were written mostly in Kannada but some were in Sanskrit or were bilingual. The sections of bilingual inscriptions stating the title, genealogy, origin myths of the king and benedictions were generally done in Sanskrit. Kannada was used to state terms of the grants, including information on the land, its boundaries, the participation of local authorities, rights and obligations of the grantee, taxes and dues, and witnesses. This ensured the content was clearly understood by the local people without ambiguity. 1763: 2239:) is delicately finished with intricate carvings, showing attention to the ornate and elaborately detailed rather than to a tower form and height. The stellate design of the base of the shrine with its rhythmic projections and recesses is carried through the tower in an orderly succession of decorated tiers. Hoysala temple sculpture replicates this emphasis on delicacy and craftsmanship in its focus on depicting feminine beauty, grace and physique. The Hoysala artists achieved this with the use of 2013:, the marketplace serving as the nuclei of a city. Some towns such as Shravanabelagola developed from a religious settlement in the 7th century to an important trading centre by the 12th century with the arrival of rich traders, while towns like Belur attained the atmosphere of a regal city when King Vishnuvardhana built the Chennakesava Temple there. Large temples supported by royal patronage served religious, social, and judiciary purposes, elevating the king to the level of "God on earth". 2302:(1234) are some of the notable examples of Hoysala art. While the temples at Belur and Halebidu are the best known because of the beauty of their sculptures, the Hoysala art finds more complete expression in the smaller and lesser known temples. The outer walls of all these temples contain an intricate array of stone sculptures and horizontal friezes (decorative mouldings) that depict the Hindu epics. These depictions are generally clockwise in the traditional direction of circumambulation ( 2204: 942: 6030: 2368: 49: 709: 2021:

an exception with strictly Vaishnava sculptural depictions. Temples built by rich landlords in rural areas fulfilled fiscal, political, cultural and religious needs of the agrarian communities. Irrespective of patronage, large temples served as establishments that provided employment to hundreds of people of various guilds and professions sustaining local communities as Hindu temples began to take on the shape of wealthy

1735:. It became capital in 1062 and remained capital until the dynasty's end. The reason for the shift is unknown, but it may have been for administrative convenience. Canals were dug connecting Dwarasamudra with Belur and bringing water from the Yagachi to Dwarasamudra. Two trade routes passed through the city, and scores of temples were built in it. The city declined in the 14th century. 1404:). As agricultural land was scarce, forests, waste land and previously unfarmed land was reclaimed, and new settlements were established. Large areas of forest were cleared to bring lands under cultivation and build villages. The Hoysala kings gave grants of land as rewards for service to the heads of families, who then became landlords ( 409: 3072:, p. 383:Marco Polo who claims to have travelled in India at this time wrote of a monopoly in horse trading by the Arabs and merchants of South India. Imported horses became an expensive commodity because horse breeding was never successful in India, perhaps due to the different climatic, soil and pastoral conditions.. 2847:, pp. 159–160: While many theories exist about the origin of Harihara I and his brothers, collectively known as the Sangama brothers, it is well accepted that they administered the northern territories of the Hoysala empire in the 1336–1343 time either as Hoysala commanders or with autonomous powers.. 2219:

The modern interest in the Hoysalas is due to their patronage of art and architecture rather than their military conquests. The brisk temple building throughout the Kingdom was accomplished despite constant threats from the Pandyas to the south and the Seunas Yadavas to the north. Their architectural

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merchants of Halebidu financed the construction of the Hoysaleswara temple to compete with the Chennakesava temple built at Belur, elevating Halebidu to an important city as well. Hoysala temples however were secular and encouraged pilgrims of all Hindu sects, the Kesava temple at Somanathapura being

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The Hoysala administration supported itself through revenues from an agrarian economy. Land was assessed as being wet land, dry land or garden land for the purposes of taxation, and judged according to the quality of the soil. Taxes on commodities (gold, precious stones, perfumes, sandalwood, ropes,

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and the Cholas, gaining power as they sided with the Chalukyas and were made provincial governors. After the authority of the Chalukyas declined, the Hoysalas managed to gain their independence. Under Vishnuvardhana, the Hoysalas achieved the status of a real Kingdom. He annexed Gangavadi and parts

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In its administrative practices, the Hoysala Empire followed some of the well-established and proven methods of its predecessors covering administrative functions such as cabinet organisation and command, the structure of local governing bodies and the division of territory. Several of their major

1451:, easily damaged by heavy rainfall. They collected taxes on irrigation systems, canals and wells, all of which were built and maintained at the expense of local villagers. Repairs were undertaken by the landlords as well as their workers; such repairs were considered to be a duty and a pious act. 1939:

Hoysala society in many ways reflected the emerging religious, political and cultural developments of those times. During this period, the society became increasingly sophisticated. The status of women was varied. Some royal women were involved in administrative matters as shown in contemporary

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Taxes, collected in the form of cash, from trade and commerce generated considerable wealth for the Hoysala state, and enabled it to buy armaments, elephants, horses and precious goods. The state and the merchant class became interdependent, with some more prosperous merchants being known as

2084:, the story of a king who intends to perform a ritual sacrifice of two young boys to a local deity, Mariamma. Taking pity on the boys, the king releases them and gives up the practice of human sacrifice. In honour of this work, Janna received the title "Emperor among poets" ( 1458:

records from China mention the presence of Indian merchants in ports of South China, indicating active trade with overseas Kingdoms. South India exported textiles, spices, medicinal plants, precious stones, pottery, salt made from salt pans, jewels, gold, ivory, rhino horn,

2429:, often written in polished and poetic language, rather than prose, with illustrations of floral designs in the margins. According to historian Sheldon Pollock, the Hoysala era saw the complete displacement of Sanskrit, with Kannada dominating as the courtly language. 2393: 1424:

yarn, housing, hearths, shops, cattle pans, sugarcane presses) as well as produce (black pepper, betel leaves, ghee, paddy, spices, palm leaves, coconuts, sugar) are noted in village records. The Hoysalas encouraged people to move to newly-built villages by means of

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provided a good supply of water year-round. Second, its location in hilly terrain made it easily defended. Third, it lay on an important trade route, helping both commerce and communications. However, Belur was barely capital for a decade before it was moved again.

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The effect of these religious developments on culture, literature, poetry and architecture in South India was profound. Important works of literature and poetry based on the teachings of these philosophers were written during the coming centuries. The

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The earliest record of a member of the Hoysala dynasty is dated 950 and names Arekalla as the chieftain. Arekalla was succeeded in turn by Maruga and Nripa Kama I (976), and Munda (1006–1026). The next king, Nripa Kama I, had the title

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While the origin of Lingayatism is debated, the movement grew through its association with Basava in the 12th century. Madhvacharya was critical of the teachings of Adi Shankara and argued the world is real and not an illusion. His

2381: 3301:, pp. 349–350, 397: A 16th-century Buddhist work by Lama Taranatha speaks disparagingly of Shankaracharya as close parallels in some beliefs of Shankaracharya with Buddhist philosophy was not viewed favourably by Buddhist writers. 2444:). Literary works were written in it on palm leaves which were tied together. While in past centuries Jain works had dominated Kannada literature, Shaiva and early Brahminical works became popular during the Hoysala reign. 904:

to the south. Then, after nearly three decades of resistance, Veera Ballala III was killed at the battle of Madurai in 1343, and the sovereign territories of the Hoysala Kingdom were merged with the areas administered by

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erected in memory of these bodyguards are called Garuda pillars. The Garuda pillar at the Hoysaleswara temple in Halebidu was erected in honor of Kuvara Lakshma, a minister and bodyguard of King Veera Ballala II.

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protected the members of the royal family at all times. These servants moved closely yet inconspicuously by the side of their master, their loyalty being so complete that they committed suicide after his death.

1962:) were common and some were well educated and accomplished in the arts. These qualifications gave them more freedom than other urban and rural women who were restricted to daily mundane tasks. The practice of 1940:

records describing Queen Umadevi's administration of Halebidu in the absence of Veera Ballala II during his long military campaigns in northern territories. She also fought and defeated some antagonistic

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and Aravidu dynasties of the Vijayanagara Empire were followers of Vaishnavism and a Vaishnava temple with an image of Ramanuja exists in the Vitthalapura area of Vijayanagara. Scholars in the later

1716:. Sosavur was the Hoysala capital from 1026 to 1048. Even after the capital was moved, though, Sosavur remained an important commercial and administrative centre, as well as a Jain religious centre. 1444:(town administrators), who had the authority to collect tolls on goods that entered the town. Merchants engaged in minting activities, sometimes producing the coins and supplying them to the state. 2859:, p. 161: A collaboration between the waning Hoysala kingdom and the emerging Hindu Vijayanagara empire is proven by inscriptions. The queen of Veera Ballala III, Krishnayitayi, made a grant to the 2308:). The temple of Halebidu has been described as an outstanding example of Hindu architecture and an important milestone in Indian architecture. The temples of Belur and Halebidu are a proposed 1873:

wrote Vaishnavite works upholding the teachings of Ramanuja. King Vishnuvardhana built many temples after his conversion from Jainism to Vaishnavism. The later saints of Madhvacharya's order,

1813:. Shantala Devi, queen of Vishnuvardhana, was a Jain but nevertheless commissioned the Hindu Kappe Chennigaraya temple in Belur, evidence that the royal family was tolerant of all religions. 2321: 726:

Sudatta by killing a tiger (sometimes described as a lion) that they encountered whilst in a forest, near the temple of the goddess Vasantika at Angadi, now called Sosevuru. The word

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in Somanathapura. These three temples were inscribed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 2023. The Hoysala rulers also patronised the fine arts, encouraging literature to flourish in

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Although Sanskrit literature remained popular during the Hoysala rule, royal patronage of local Kannada scholars increased. In the 12th century some works were written in the

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monastery on the same day as the founder of the Vijayanagara empire, Harihara I in 1346. The Sringeri monastic order was patronised by both Hoysala and Vijayanagara empires..

865:) from the Pandyas and Cholas. From 1220 to 1245 the dynasty's hegemony increased southwards to cover both the Chola and Pandya Kingdoms. Toward the end of the 13th century, 757:

in 1116, and the legend may have arisen or gained popularity after this event, as the Hoysala emblem depicts Sala fighting a tiger, the tiger being the emblem of the Cholas.

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Temples served as local schools where learned Brahmins taught in Sanskrit, while Jain and Buddhist monasteries educated novice monks. Schools of higher learning were called

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In the early part of the 14th century, major political changes took place in the Deccan region during a period when large areas of northern India were under Muslim rule.

1997:. Migration of people within Southern India as a result of the expansion of the empire produced an influx of new cultures and skills. In South India, towns were called 6922: 3489:, p. 287:Royal patronage of education, arts, architecture, religion and establishment of new forts and military outposts caused the large scale relocation of people. 7337: 3385: 2295: 2039: 1353: 7357: 7296: 3798:, p 136: "Their sculptured figures, especially the bracket figures, have been objects of praise at the hands of art critics of the whole world. They include 896:

and the tiny Kingdom of Kampili. The Hoysalas were the only remaining Hindu Kingdom who resisted the invading armies. Veera Ballala III stationed himself at

934: 1440:('the pillars of the towns'). The increased prosperity and prestige of some merchants encouraged them to open markets and weekly fairs, with some becoming 585: 6019: 556: 551: 2447:

Writings in Sanskrit included poetry, grammar, lexicon, manuals, rhetoric, commentaries on older works, prose fiction and drama. Inscriptions on stone (

2436:. The local Kannada language was widely used in the rising number of devotional movements to express the ecstatic experience of closeness to the deity ( 869:

recaptured territory in the Tamil country which had been lost during a Pandya uprising, thus uniting the northern and southern portions of the Kingdom.

2177:(a logical explanation of Hindu scriptures, the Vedas) as well as many polemical works rebutting the doctrines of other schools. He relied more on the 833:, and the Seunas. In 1217, Veera Ballala II defeated the aggressive Pandya after they invaded the Chola Kingdom, and helped to restore the Chola king. 2098:

Brahmin, was the earliest well-known Brahminical writer. His patron was Chandramouli, a minister of King Veera Ballala II. Based on the earlier work

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Importing horses for use as general transportation and in army cavalries of Indian Kingdoms was a flourishing business on the western seaboard.

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of the peasant extraction. Records show the names of many high-ranking positions reporting directly to the king. Senior ministers were called

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During the rule of the Hoysalas, three important religious developments took place in present-day Karnataka inspired by three philosophers,

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A feature of Hoysala temple architecture is its attention to exquisite detail and skilled craftsmanship. The tower over the temple shrine (

2080:, Rudrabhatta, Harihara and his nephew Raghavanka, whose works are enduring masterpieces in Kannada. In 1209, the Jain scholar Janna wrote 4719: 3223: 1781:

in the 12th century was mirrored by a decreased interest in Jainism. Two notable locations of Jain worship in the Hoysala territory were

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Tanks (large reservoirs) were created at the expense of the state. The Hoysalas put resources into repairing breached tanks and broken

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Well-known temples which exhibit what the historian Sailendra Sen has called "an amazing display of sculptural exuberance" include the

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The third and longest-lasting Hoysala capital was Dwarasamudra (also called Dorasamudra or Dvaravatipur), at the present-day site of

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of Nolambavadi from the Cholas in 1116 and moved the capital from Belur to Dorasamudra (modern Halebidu), After taking Talakadu and

4965: 4903: 4849: 4823: 4624: 4437: 4383: 4306: 3198: 1897:, Gopaladasa and others from the Karnataka region spread his teachings far and wide. His teachings inspired later philosophers like 813:, who freed the Hoysalas from domination by the Chalukya Empire during the first 20 years of his reign. He declared war against the 749:, but owing to several inconsistencies in the story it remains in the realm of folklore. Vishnuvardhana achieved a victory over the 2412: 7347: 7210: 6831: 2452: 2283: 6060: 4662: 2327: 2271: 1786: 1375: 578: 734:, hence the name 'Hoy-sala'. The legend purporting to show how Sala became the founder of the Hoysala dynasty is shown in the 372: 347: 7145: 7075: 6756: 6693: 6673: 6436: 6081: 6012: 5817: 2884: 2016:

Temple building served a commercial as well as a religious function and was not limited to any particular sect of Hinduism.

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who hired and supervised the local farmers and labourers recruited to till the land. Subordinate ruling clans such as

1588:, listed in descending order of geographical size. Each province had a local governing body consisting of a minister ( 713: 676: 544: 4773: 4258: 1773:

The defeat of the Jain Western Gangas by the Cholas in the early 11th century and the rising numbers of followers of

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However by the 14th century, bilingual inscriptions lost favour and inscriptions were mostly in the local language.

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region. This new Hindu Kingdom resisted the northern invasions and would later prosper and come to be known as the

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Shadow like, they moved closely with the king, lived near him and disappeared upon the death of their master –

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Standing Vishnu as Keshava, 1st quarter of the 12th century, Hoysala period, probably Belur, Karnataka, India

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The first Hoysala capital was Sosavur (also called Sasakapura, Sosevuru, or Sosavurpattana), at present-day

1209: 1170: 1064: 884:, the capital city of the Seuna Kingdom By 1318 the Seuna Kingdom had been subjugated. The Hoysala capital 881: 774: 638: 465: 352: 3166: 6957: 6866: 6660: 6286: 6223: 6198: 6193: 6188: 2373: 2221: 1762: 1504: 1339: 814: 790:('Lord of the hills'), basing their evidence on inscriptions that describes them as being originally from 510: 428: 2874: 1709: 6588: 6426: 6228: 5575: 5459: 5430: 5330: 4319:

Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation -The Karnata Dravida Tradition 7th to 13th Centuries

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of Bilhana) that portrayed women as retiring, overly romantic and unconcerned with affairs of the state.

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The support of the Hoysala rulers for the Kannada language was strong, and this is seen even in their

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facilitated the growth of crops and generated an agricultural output that was immense. The highlands (

653:. By the 13th century, they governed most of Karnataka, north-western Tamil Nadu and parts of western 7248: 7172: 7115: 6985: 6616: 6467: 6203: 6183: 5997: 2312: 2198: 1906: 1713: 1357:

Location of the Hoysala Empire and main contemporary South Asian polities in 1175, on the eve of the

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which is considered a classic even though it occasionally violates strict rules of Kannada grammar.

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in a voluntary form was prevalent and prostitution was socially acceptable. As in most of India, a

962: 914: 680: 611: 480: 460: 365: 4547: 3212:, p. 12, 125: Many coins with Kannada legends have been discovered from the rule of the Hoysalas.. 2043:

Old Kannada inscription dated to 1182 of King Veera Ballala II at Akkana Basadi, Shravanabelagola.

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Hinduism. In: Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture"

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continued to govern their respective territories while following the policies set by the empire.

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Early inscriptions, dated 1078 and 1090, have implied that the Hoysalas were descendants of the

4729: 3227: 876:, the Sultan of Delhi, was determined to control southern India. In 1311 he sent his commander 7253: 7090: 6801: 6520: 6515: 6507: 6487: 6351: 6336: 6173: 5826: 5822: 5780: 5769: 5747: 5715: 5701: 5386: 4899: 4872: 4845: 4819: 4802: 4779: 4697: 4672: 4647: 4630: 4620: 4595: 4576: 4557: 4532: 4511: 4481: 4454: 4433: 4406: 4379: 4355: 4347: 4323: 4302: 4283: 4264: 4243: 4224: 3379: 3194: 2907: 2880: 1870: 1018: 941: 910: 901: 866: 850: 618:

between the 10th and the 14th centuries. The capital of the Hoysalas was initially located at

505: 495: 485: 266: 230: 4610: 2901: 2126:, (also known as Harisvara) a Lingayati writer and the patron of King Narasimha I, wrote the 7263: 7243: 7238: 7110: 6751: 6621: 6583: 6563: 6530: 6482: 6411: 6346: 6306: 6281: 6276: 6128: 6110: 5711: 5696: 5692: 5645: 5641: 5601: 5567: 5563: 5382: 5206: 5178: 5170: 5116: 4693: 2095: 1782: 1720: 1077: 1053: 830: 810: 735: 719:

Kannada folklore tells a legend of a young man, Sala (also known as Poysala), who saved his

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Architecture Decorated with Architecture: later medieval temples of Karnataka, 1000–1300 AD

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Vishnuvardhana's ambition of creating an independent Kingdom was fulfilled by his grandson

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The Language of Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture and Power in Pre-modern India

3363: 3193:, pp.388-389, Sakkottai Krishnaswami Aiyangar, Asian Educational Services, 1911, Madras, 2416:

Old Kannada inscription (1270 CE) of King Narasimha III at Keshava Temple, Somanathapura.

1723:. Several factors made Belur an attractive site as a capital: first, its location on the 821:. He declared independence in 1193. During the establishment of the Hoysala Kingdom, the 645:, the Hoysalas annexed areas of present-day Karnataka and the fertile areas north of the 5105: 1844:. Ramanuja, head of the Vaishnava monastery in Srirangam, preached the way of devotion ( 7281: 7130: 7120: 7055: 7050: 6781: 6646: 6568: 6545: 6540: 6477: 6406: 6321: 6213: 6163: 6119: 6092: 5685: 5558: 5455: 5056: 4448: 4185: 3191:

Ancient India: Collected Essays on the Literary and Political History of Southern India

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in ten sections. He was one of the earliest Virashaiva writers who was not part of the

1990: 1982: 1866: 1862: 1833: 1649: 1436:(royal merchants), officially recognised on account of their wealth. They were seen as 1325: 1310: 1161: 1138: 1006: 991: 897: 822: 739: 658: 654: 607: 515: 194: 80: 2387:

Twin temples (1200 CE) at Mosale, the Nageshvara (near) and Chennakeshava temple (far)

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Kannadiga empire that ruled most of what is now Karnataka, India (10th–14th centuries)

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and 1327. By 1336, the Sultan had conquered the Pandyas of Madurai, the Kakatiyas of

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in memory of his victory. Historians refer to the founders of the Hoysala dynasty as

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climate was suitable for raising cattle and the planting of orchards and spices.

7233: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7025: 7010: 6970: 6386: 5742: 5735: 5618: 5592: 5400: 5370: 5031: 2488: 2304: 2267: 2091: 2070: 1894: 1882: 1878: 1853: 1794: 1778: 1774: 1530: 1389: 976: 877: 731: 665: 206: 3551:, p. 12: A composition which is written in a mixed prose-verse style is called 825:

saw a four-way struggle for hegemony between four dynasties: the Hoysalas, the

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art, architecture, and religion. The Kingdom is remembered today primarily for

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composition is meant to be sung to the accompaniment of a musical instrument.

7080: 7040: 6811: 6746: 6741: 6296: 6271: 6168: 6051: 6037: 5547: 4833: 4724: 4616: 4367: 2823:, p. 130:"The greatest hero in the dark political atmosphere of the south.". 2426: 2243:(Chloritic schist), a soft stone as basic building and sculptural material. 2240: 1986: 1941: 1810: 1563:

were in charge of armies and the chief justice of the Hoysala court was the

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A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar

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The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century

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a provincial capital and taking control over the southern Deccan region.

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style, but distinctive Kannada metres became more widely accepted. The

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A Concise History of Karnataka: from pre-historic times to the present

2543: 1805:. The only places of Buddhist worship during the Hoysala time were at 6995: 6791: 6786: 6713: 6261: 6246: 5669: 5240: 5155: 5087: 5013: 2476: 2309: 2022: 1917:) in the 17th and 18th centuries found inspiration in his teachings. 1910: 1846: 1817: 1806: 1753: 1632:

King Vishnuvardhana's coins had the legends "victor at Nolambavadi" (

1609: 1492: 1488: 1476: 1448: 1393: 1380: 1371: 1297: 646: 773:. They emerged as borderland chiefs during the conflict between the 408: 4940:"Indian Inscriptions-South Indian Inscriptions, (vols 9, 15,17,18)" 4861:"Agrarian System of the Hoysalas: as depiction in the inscriptions" 4395:"Agrarian System of the Hoysalas: as depiction in the inscriptions" 1973:

Trade on the west coast brought many foreigners to India including

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Desai, Pandurang Bhimarao; Ritti, Shrinivas; Gopal, B. R. (1970).

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Desai, Pandurang Bhimarao; Ritti, Shrinivas; Gopal, B. R. (1970).

3340:, p. 151: He criticised Adi Shankara as a "Buddhist in disguise.". 2411: 2202: 2182: 2154:(poems in blank verse) in praise of Virupaksha (a form of Shiva). 2147: 2077: 2038: 1974: 1930: 1841: 1837: 1761: 1508: 1484: 1460: 779: 707: 4642:

Shiva Prakash, H.S. (1997). "Kannada". In Ayyappapanicker (ed.).

2220:

style, an offshoot of the Western Chalukya style, shows distinct

900:

and offered stiff resistance to invasions from the north and the

5200: 5041: 4351: 3617: 3615: 3613: 2185:

for logical proof of his philosophy. Another famous writing was

1978: 1480: 1284: 949: 723: 712:

Sala fighting a tiger, the emblem of the Hoysala Empire, at the

6001: 4961: 4664:

The Penguin History of Early India: from the origins to AD 1300

1366:

The empire consisted of the valleys of three main rivers, the

664:

The Hoysala era was an important period in the development of

4196: 4194: 4944:

What Is India Publishers (P) Ltd, Saturday, 18 November 2006

4778:. Dharwar: Kannada Research Institute, Karnatak University. 4746:"Hoysala Temples of Belur, by K. L. Kamat, 04 November 2006" 4263:. Dharwar: Kannada Research Institute, Karnatak University. 4240:

History of South India (Ancient, Medieval and Modern) Part 1

3092: 3090: 1547:, ministers responsible for foreign affairs were designated 1408:) to tenants who worked on the land and in the forests. The 2832: 2607: 2224:

influences. The Hoysala architecture style is described as

2879:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 37, 147. 2142:

literary tradition. He came from a family of accountants (

4689:

Animals in Stone: Indian Mammals Sculptured Through Time

4238:

Chopra, P.N.; Ravindran, T.K.; Subrahmanian, N. (2003).

3767: 3765: 3309: 3307: 3147: 3145: 3041: 3039: 3002: 3000: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2753: 2751: 672:; 100 surviving temples are scattered across Karnataka. 4818:. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd. 4775:

A History of Karnataka: from pre-history to unification

4531:(2nd ed.). New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. 4510:. Berkeley and London: University of California Press. 4260:

A History of Karnataka: from pre-history to unification

2987: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2956: 2954: 2633: 2631: 2618: 2616: 2345:

of the Lakshmi Narasimha temple at Nuggehalli (1246 CE)

2207:"Darpanasundari" (lady with a mirror), one of the many 1615:

An elite and well-trained force of bodyguards known as

2660: 2658: 2567: 2565: 1416:

of the people") had a lower status than the wealthier

53:

Greatest extent of the Hoysala Kingdom, c.1050- c.1355

4470:"Merchants as Agents of the State under the Hoysalas" 3656: 3654: 3226:. Prabhu's Web Page on Indian Coinage. Archived from 2768: 2766: 2714: 2712: 2675: 2673: 2399:

A sculpture of a dancer on pillar bracket, 1117 CE, (

845:

around 1225, making the city of Kannanur Kuppam near

4898:. New Delhi: Ambi Knowledge Resources. p. 128. 4432:. New Delhi: Ambi Knowledge Resources. p. 128. 7272: 7219: 7171: 7144: 6956: 6830: 6727: 6659: 6602: 6554: 6506: 6448: 6435: 6237: 6149: 6059: 5967:, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press 4117:"Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysala – Tentative Lists" 1836:gained popularity, enabling him to establish eight 841:The Hoysalas extended their foothold in modern-day 310: 300: 288: 272: 260: 248: 236: 224: 212: 200: 188: 176: 164: 152: 140: 126: 118: 104: 90: 58: 34: 4837: 4371: 4299:New Light on Hampi: Recent Research at Vijayanagar 2076:The Hoysala court supported such notable poets as 4453:. New Delhi; Madras: Asian Educational Services. 4123:. World Heritage Centre, Paris, France. July 2014 3108: 2361:, at Ishvara Temple (Arasikere) built in 1220 CE 2134:style which describes the marriage of Shiva and 1600:). Under this local ruler were officials called 4165: 3621: 3548: 3536: 2583: 1797:began in the eighth century with the spread of 1596:) that reported to the ruler of that province ( 4728:. Chennai, India. 25 July 2004. Archived from 4609:Seshan, Radhika; Kumbhojkar, Shraddha (2018). 4297:Fritz, John M.; Michell, George, eds. (2001). 7363:States and territories disestablished in 1343 6013: 4973: 3806:and other damsels in various dancing poses.". 3422: 3398: 1570:The Kingdom was divided into provinces named 579: 8: 4895:Rhythms in Stone: The Temples of South India 4794:The Hoysalas: a medieval Indian royal family 4686:Van der Geer, Alexandra Anna Enrica (2008). 4429:Rhythms in Stone: The Temples of South India 3349: 3135:was under the supervision of the commander ( 2595: 3384:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3123:, pp. 130–131: It is not clear which among 7333:States and territories established in 1026 6445: 6020: 6006: 5998: 4980: 4966: 4958: 4865:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 4720:"Belur proposal for World Heritage Status" 4612:Re-searching Transitions in Indian History 4474:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 4399:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 3255:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 3224:"Indian coins-Dynasties of South-Hoysalas" 2550:. © UNESCO World Heritage Centre 1992-2023 1719:In 1048, the Hoysala capital was moved to 802:, showing that an early alliance with the 782:in 1116, Vishnuvardhana assumed the title 586: 572: 387: 31: 3222:Govindaraya Prabhu, S (1 November 2001). 2833:Chopra, Ravindran & Subrahmanian 2003 2608:Chopra, Ravindran & Subrahmanian 2003 5001: 4997: 4644:Medieval Indian Literature: an anthology 2146:) from Halebidu and spent many years in 1956:movement is well known. Temple dancers ( 1857:, a critique on Adi Shankara's Advaita. 629:The Hoysala rulers were originally from 5856: 4572:Ancient Indian History and Civilization 4153: 4103: 4091: 4079: 4067: 4043: 4031: 4007: 3983: 3959: 3935: 3911: 3887: 3863: 3839: 3783: 3756: 2622: 2522: 2468: 2317: 2116:leading up to his fight with the demon 769:, mountains north-west of Gangavadi in 424:Political history of medieval Karnataka 399: 7338:Medieval empires and kingdoms of India 5537:Co-existence of Hinduism and Buddhism 4200: 4188:is an early encyclopaedia in Sanskrit. 4177: 3815: 3795: 3771: 3732: 3708: 3696: 3672: 3645: 3633: 3592: 3580: 3564: 3524: 3486: 3474: 3462: 3450: 3434: 3410: 3377: 3337: 3325: 3313: 3298: 3286: 3209: 3151: 3120: 3096: 3081: 3069: 3045: 3030: 3018: 3006: 2972: 2945: 2903:India in the Persianate Age: 1000-1765 2856: 2844: 2820: 2808: 2796: 2784: 2757: 2730: 2703: 2649: 2637: 2407:) in the Chennakeshava temple at Belur 2228:as distinguished from the traditional 5734: 5551: 5480: 5453: 5404: 5399: 4592:A Textbook of Medieval Indian History 4141: 4055: 4019: 3995: 3971: 3947: 3923: 3899: 3875: 3851: 3827: 3720: 3684: 3251:"Three Capital Towns of the Hoysalas" 3057: 2991: 2960: 2926: 2571: 2162:metre into Kannada literature in his 837:Increased influence and later eclipse 309: 299: 295: 271: 259: 247: 235: 223: 211: 199: 187: 175: 163: 151: 139: 135: 125: 7: 7358:11th-century establishments in India 4871:. Indian History Congress: 217–223. 4844:. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press. 4575:(2nd ed.). New Age Publishers. 4480:. Indian History Congress: 238–246. 4405:. Indian History Congress: 217–223. 4378:. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press. 3660: 3604: 2742: 2664: 2169:In Sanskrit, Madhvacharya wrote the 4279:A Complete Guide To Hoysala Temples 3744: 2772: 2718: 2691: 2679: 2529: 1652:script. Their gold coin was called 2900:Eaton, Richard M. (25 July 2019). 2544:"Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysalas" 2542:UNESCO World Heritage Convention. 2065:(three line) metres in verses and 1767:Chennakesava Temple, Somanathapura 888:was besieged and sacked twice, in 806:existed at the time of his reign. 25: 4921:"Hoysala Dynasty, Jyothsna Kamat" 4242:. New Delhi: Chand Publications. 765:The Hoysalas originated from the 6028: 5847:References and sources for table 4791:Derrett, J.; Duncan, M. (1957). 4646:. Vol. 2. Sahitya Akademi. 2876:A Historical atlas of South Asia 2873:Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). 2392: 2380: 2366: 2350: 2334: 2320: 1692:. There were other coins called 940: 933: 738:inscription of the Hoysala king 407: 370: 345: 47: 4546:Sastri, K.A. Nilakanta (1955). 4528:A History of Kannada Literature 4217:Ayyar, P. V. Jagadisa (1993) . 2328:Akkana Basadi, Shravanabelagola 2158:was the first to introduce the 1787:Panchakuta Basadi, Kambadahalli 614:that ruled most of what is now 7343:Former countries in South Asia 7328:1343 disestablishments in Asia 6082:Jaya Bharata Jananiya Tanujate 4223:. Asian Educational Services. 3362:K.L. Kamath, 4 November 2006. 3165:S. Settar (12–25 April 2003). 3131:was bigger in area and that a 2150:writing more than one hundred 2088:) from King Veera Ballala II. 1: 7163:List of people from Karnataka 4925:© 1996–2006 Kamat's Potpourri 4750:© 1996–2006 Kamat's Potpourri 4450:History of Kannada Literature 3366:. 1996–2006 Kamat's Potpourri 2584:Desai, Ritti & Gopal 1970 2500:This is a Hoysala innovation. 1927:Society of the Hoysala Empire 1534:inscription of about 1220 CE. 1361:invasion of the subcontinent. 927:Economy of the Hoysala Empire 743: 7259:Varnashilpi Venkatappa Award 5976:, Cambridge University Press 5944:, Cambridge University Press 5674:Decline of Buddhism in India 5111:Northern Black Polished Ware 4569:Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999). 4447:Narasimhacharya, R. (1988). 4346:. Bangalore: Jupiter Books. 3499:Settar, S. (25 April 2003). 3109:Seshan & Kumbhojkar 2018 2055:metre used in compositions, 1913:. Another wave of devotion ( 1640:), "chief of the Malepas" ( 1551:and the chief treasurer was 880:on an expedition to plunder 761:Establishment of the Kingdom 633:, an elevated region in the 5942:An Introduction to Hinduism 3249:Prasad, Om Prakash (1979). 2479:by referring to the Yadava 2213:Chennakeshava Temple, Belur 2112:style relating the life of 1970:was conspicuously present. 1370:, the Tungabhadra, and the 714:Chennakeshava Temple, Belur 7384: 5965:Hinduism. Past and present 5835:Chera Perumals of Makkotai 5793:Chera Perumals of Makkotai 5185:Rise of Shramana movements 3364:"Hoysala Temples of Belur" 2906:. Penguin UK. p. 38. 2483:(or clan) as the "Hoysala 2196: 2032: 1948:poet and Lingayati mystic 1924: 1747: 1502: 924: 429:Origin of Karnataka's name 7353:Jain empires and kingdoms 6943:Kannada Sahitya Sammelana 6044: 5972:Samuel, Geoffrey (2010), 5844: 5741: 5720:Pandyan kingdom (revival) 5705: 5684: 5659: 5631: 5591: 5586: 5527: 5413: 5348: 5306: 5285: 5269: 5258: 5251: 5234: 5218: 5204: 5175: 5168: 5114: 5096: 5093:Painted Grey Ware culture 5078: 5070: 5054: 5030: 5027: 5022: 5009: 5004: 4995: 4525:Rice, Edward P. (1982) . 1487:(the entryport to Egypt, 1475:and condiments to China, 1396:were staple crops in the 622:, but was later moved to 324: 320: 296: 284: 136: 46: 41: 6938:Kannada Sahitya Parishat 6392:Unification of Karnataka 5940:Flood, Gavin D. (1996), 5529:"Golden Age of Hinduism" 5494:Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom 5410:Maha-Meghavahana Dynasty 5171:Persian-Greek influences 4989:Middle kingdoms of India 4859:Kumar, B. Pandu (2006). 4814:Foekema, Gerard (2003). 4393:Kumar, B. Pandu (2006). 4322:. Abhinav Publications. 4276:Foekema, Gerard (1996). 3350:Fritz & Michell 2001 2254:at Halebidu (1121), the 2073:(Jain saviour figures). 1636:), "victor at Talakad" ( 521:Unification of Karnataka 7348:Medieval Hindu kingdoms 7158:Karnataka ethnic groups 7096:Krishnaraja Wadiyar III 5963:Michaels, Axel (2004), 5661:Late-Classical Hinduism 4799:Oxford University Press 4661:Thapar, Romila (2002). 4590:Sen, Sailendra (2013). 4554:Oxford University Press 4468:Nayaka, Hanuma (2003). 2262:(1279), the temples at 775:Western Chalukya Empire 730:translates to "hoy" in 639:Western Chalukya Empire 466:Western Chalukya Empire 353:Western Chalukya Empire 5047:Middle Gangetic Plain 4892:Menon, Indira (2013). 4426:Menon, Indira (2013). 4282:. New Delhi: Abhinav. 3439:Vikramankadeva Charita 2417: 2374:Jain temples, Halebidu 2216: 2044: 1936: 1770: 1644:), "Brave of Malepa" ( 1535: 1505:Hoysala administration 716: 511:Nayakas of Chitradurga 312:• Disestablished 6427:Western Ganga dynasty 5576:Western Ganga Dynasty 5443: 1st century BCE 5431:Early Pandyan kingdom 5396: 2nd century BCE 5356:(ca. 200 BC - 300 CE) 5350:Preclassical Hinduism 5331:Early Pandyan kingdom 5303: 3rd century BCE 5248: 4th century BCE 5215: 5th century BCE 5125: 6th century BCE 5050:Lower Gangetic Plain 5038:Upper Gangetic Plain 2415: 2250:at Belur (1117), the 2206: 2042: 2005:and the marketplace, 1934: 1765: 1650:Hoysala style Kannada 1512: 1428:and tax concessions. 804:Western Ganga dynasty 711: 683:in Halebidu, and the 649:delta in present-day 643:Kalachuris of Kalyani 610:originating from the 91:Common languages 7249:Rajyotsava Prashasti 7116:K. S. Narasimhaswamy 5926:Michaels (2004) p.41 5917:Michaels (2004) p.40 5899:Michaels (2004) p.39 5881:Michaels (2004) p.39 5818:Kamboja-Pala dynasty 5450: 1st century CE 4615:. London; New York: 4338:Kamath, Suryanath U. 4316:Hardy, Adam (1995). 4220:South Indian Shrines 4166:Narasimhacharya 1988 3699:, pp. 115, 118. 3687:, pp. 215, 243. 3622:Narasimhacharya 1988 3549:Narasimhacharya 1988 3537:Narasimhacharya 1988 3289:, pp. 112, 132. 2313:world heritage sites 2199:Hoysala architecture 2023:Buddhist monasteries 1993:and people from the 1907:Chaitanya Mahaprabhu 1714:Chikmagalur district 1680:was a fourth of the 1660:and weighed 62 1354:class=notpageimage| 704:Legendary beginnings 677:Chennakeshava Temple 670:Hoysala architecture 491:Sultanate of Bijapur 401:History of Karnataka 274:• 1342/43-1346 262:• 1292–1342/43 7136:G. S. Shivarudrappa 7106:Gopalakrishna Adiga 6757:Chitrakala Parishat 6684:Dams and reservoirs 6556:Kalaburagi division 6397:Vijayanagara Empire 6372:Rashtrakuta dynasty 6287:Chitradurga Nayakas 6073:Emblem of Karnataka 5777:Rashtrakuta dynasty 5229:Shaishunaga dynasty 5179:Second Urbanisation 5024:Indo-Gangetic Plain 4203:, pp. 393–395. 4156:, pp. 288–289. 4022:, pp. 330–333. 3747:, pp. 500–501. 3425:, pp. 200–201. 3401:, pp. 192–200. 3099:, pp. 130–131. 3060:, pp. 218–219. 2975:, pp. 378–379. 2811:, pp. 212–214. 2787:, pp. 206–208. 2694:, pp. 498–499. 2256:Chennakesava Temple 2252:Hoysaleswara Temple 2248:Chennakesava Temple 2164:Harishchandra kavya 1952:'s devotion to the 1672:was a tenth of the 1592:) and a treasurer ( 915:Vijayanagara Empire 685:Chennakesava Temple 681:Hoysaleswara Temple 612:Indian subcontinent 481:Vijayanagara Empire 366:Vijayanagara Empire 302:• Established 65:Sosavur (1026–1048) 7368:Medieval Karnataka 7046:Nijaguna Shivayogi 6450:Bangalore division 5908:Hiltebeitel (2002) 5890:Hiltebeitel (2002) 5588:Hephthalite Empire 5424:(300 BCE – 200 CE) 5415:Satavahana dynasty 5401:Indo-Greek Kingdom 5324:(300 BCE – 200 CE) 5315:Satavahana dynasty 5288:Spread of Buddhism 5010:Northwestern India 4887:– via JSTOR. 4732:on 22 October 2004 4496:– via JSTOR. 4421:– via JSTOR. 4094:, Preface, 47, 59. 3501:"Hoysala Heritage" 3423:Shiva Prakash 1997 3399:Shiva Prakash 1997 3230:on 19 January 2007 3167:"Hoysala Heritage" 3111:, pp. 45, 46. 2418: 2217: 2187:Rudraprshnabhashya 2045: 2035:Hoysala literature 1937: 1771: 1536: 1384:regions) with its 717: 471:Southern Kalachuri 461:Rashtrakuta Empire 7310: 7309: 7254:Jakanachari Award 7091:Shishunala Sharif 6802:Togalu gombeyaata 6655: 6654: 6508:Belagavi division 6352:Kingdom of Mysore 6332:Kalyani Chalukyas 6141:Southern birdwing 5995: 5994: 5990: 5989: 5986: 5985: 5827:Eastern Chalukyas 5823:Kalyani Chalukyas 5781:Eastern Chalukyas 5770:Gurjara-Pratihara 5763: 9th century 5748:Eastern Chalukyas 5731: 8th century 5716:Eastern Chalukyas 5702:Mlechchha dynasty 5681: 7th century 5663:(ca. CE 650-1100) 5610: 6th century 5583: 5th century 5543: 4th century 5489: 3rd century 5477: 2nd century 5387:Mahayana Buddhism 5354:"Hindu Synthesis" 5221:Persian conquests 5106:Shramanic culture 5042:Ganga-Yamuna doab 4703:978-90-04-16819-0 4678:978-0-14-302989-2 4653:978-81-260-0365-5 4601:978-93-80607-34-4 4582:978-81-224-1198-0 4538:978-81-206-0063-8 4517:978-0-520-24500-6 4460:978-81-206-0303-5 4329:978-81-7017-312-0 4289:978-81-7017-345-8 4249:978-81-219-0153-6 4230:978-81-206-0151-2 3786:, pp. 21–22. 3759:, pp. 27–28. 3607:, pp. 43–44. 3352:, pp. 35–36. 2913:978-0-14-196655-7 2596:Van der Geer 2008 2532:, pp. 58–60. 2106:Jagannatha Vijaya 2082:Yashodharacharite 1871:Kingdom of Mysore 1789:. The decline of 1539:feudatories were 1420:("of the lord") 1216: 1201: 911:Tungabhadra River 902:Madurai Sultanate 867:Veera Ballala III 851:Vira Narasimha II 817:and defeated the 605: 596: 595: 506:Nayakas of Keladi 496:Kingdom of Mysore 486:Bahmani Sultanate 386: 385: 382: 381: 378: 377: 358: 357: 267:Veera Ballala III 250:• 1263–1292 238:• 1234–1263 231:Vira Narasimha II 226:• 1220–1234 214:• 1173–1220 202:• 1152–1173 190:• 1108–1152 178:• 1102–1108 166:• 1098–1102 154:• 1047–1098 142:• 1026–1047 16:(Redirected from 7375: 7264:Kempegowda Award 7244:Basava Puraskara 7239:Nrupatunga Award 7111:V. Seetharamaiah 6932: 6925: 6918: 6911: 6904: 6897: 6890: 6883: 6881:Western Chalukya 6876: 6869: 6862: 6855: 6848: 6822:Mysore musicians 6752:Channapatna toys 6669:Cities and towns 6622:Dakshina Kannada 6446: 6412:Veera Ballala II 6347:Kittur Chennamma 6307:Kingdom of Coorg 6282:Chalukya dynasty 6032: 6022: 6015: 6008: 5999: 5977: 5968: 5959: 5950:Hiltebeitel, Alf 5945: 5927: 5924: 5918: 5915: 5909: 5906: 5900: 5897: 5891: 5888: 5882: 5879: 5873: 5870: 5864: 5861: 5712:Badami Chalukyas 5707:Adivasi (tribes) 5697:Empire of Harsha 5693:Vakataka dynasty 5646:Kalabhra dynasty 5642:Badami Chalukyas 5633:Adivasi (tribes) 5602:Kalabhra dynasty 5568:Kalabhra dynasty 5564:Andhra Ikshvakus 5531:(ca. CE 320-650) 5515:Adivasi (tribes) 5383:Smarta Tradition 5236:Adivasi (tribes) 5151:Adivasi (tribes) 5007:cultural period 5002: 4998: 4982: 4975: 4968: 4959: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4935: 4933: 4931: 4909: 4888: 4855: 4843: 4840:India: a history 4829: 4810: 4787: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4707: 4694:Brill Publishers 4682: 4657: 4638: 4605: 4594:. Primus Books. 4586: 4565: 4542: 4521: 4502:Pollock, Sheldon 4497: 4464: 4443: 4422: 4389: 4377: 4374:India: a history 4363: 4333: 4312: 4301:. Mumbai: MARG. 4293: 4272: 4253: 4234: 4204: 4198: 4189: 4175: 4169: 4163: 4157: 4151: 4145: 4139: 4133: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4113: 4107: 4101: 4095: 4089: 4083: 4077: 4071: 4065: 4059: 4053: 4047: 4041: 4035: 4029: 4023: 4017: 4011: 4005: 3999: 3993: 3987: 3981: 3975: 3969: 3963: 3957: 3951: 3945: 3939: 3933: 3927: 3921: 3915: 3909: 3903: 3897: 3891: 3885: 3879: 3873: 3867: 3861: 3855: 3849: 3843: 3837: 3831: 3825: 3819: 3813: 3807: 3793: 3787: 3781: 3775: 3769: 3760: 3754: 3748: 3742: 3736: 3730: 3724: 3718: 3712: 3706: 3700: 3694: 3688: 3682: 3676: 3670: 3664: 3658: 3649: 3643: 3637: 3631: 3625: 3619: 3608: 3602: 3596: 3590: 3584: 3578: 3572: 3562: 3556: 3546: 3540: 3534: 3528: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3496: 3490: 3484: 3478: 3472: 3466: 3460: 3454: 3448: 3442: 3432: 3426: 3420: 3414: 3408: 3402: 3396: 3390: 3389: 3383: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3359: 3353: 3347: 3341: 3335: 3329: 3323: 3317: 3311: 3302: 3296: 3290: 3284: 3278: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3246: 3240: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3219: 3213: 3207: 3201: 3188: 3182: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3161: 3155: 3149: 3140: 3118: 3112: 3106: 3100: 3094: 3085: 3079: 3073: 3067: 3061: 3055: 3049: 3043: 3034: 3028: 3022: 3016: 3010: 3004: 2995: 2989: 2976: 2970: 2964: 2958: 2949: 2943: 2930: 2924: 2918: 2917: 2897: 2891: 2890: 2870: 2864: 2854: 2848: 2842: 2836: 2830: 2824: 2818: 2812: 2806: 2800: 2794: 2788: 2782: 2776: 2770: 2761: 2755: 2746: 2740: 2734: 2728: 2722: 2716: 2707: 2701: 2695: 2689: 2683: 2677: 2668: 2662: 2653: 2647: 2641: 2635: 2626: 2620: 2611: 2605: 2599: 2593: 2587: 2581: 2575: 2569: 2560: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2539: 2533: 2527: 2510: 2507: 2501: 2498: 2492: 2473: 2396: 2384: 2370: 2354: 2338: 2324: 2189:by Vidyatirtha. 2130:in the old Jain 2086:Kavichakravarthi 1851:) and wrote the 1783:Shravanabelagola 1769:, built 1268 CE. 1634:Nolambavadigonda 1545:Pancha Pradhanas 1348: 1346: 1332: 1317: 1302: 1289: 1276: 1264: 1262: 1253: 1251: 1242: 1240: 1230: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1205: 1203: 1199: 1190: 1188: 1179: 1177: 1166: 1164: 1157: 1155: 1143: 1133: 1131: 1122: 1120: 1113: 1111: 1104: 1102: 1095: 1093: 1084: 1082: 1073: 1071: 1060: 1058: 1049: 1047: 1036: 1034: 1025: 1023: 1011: 998: 982: 971: 969: 958: 956: 945: 944: 937: 811:Veera Ballala II 748: 745: 606:: ಹೊಯ್ಸಳ) was a 603: 588: 581: 574: 411: 388: 374: 373: 362: 361: 349: 348: 342: 341: 326: 325: 279:Veera Ballala IV 219:Veera Ballala II 51: 32: 21: 7383: 7382: 7378: 7377: 7376: 7374: 7373: 7372: 7323:Hoysala Kingdom 7313: 7312: 7311: 7306: 7268: 7229:Karnataka Ratna 7215: 7167: 7140: 7076:Jagannatha Dasa 6991:Devar Dasimayya 6952: 6928: 6921: 6914: 6907: 6900: 6893: 6886: 6879: 6872: 6865: 6858: 6851: 6844: 6826: 6723: 6651: 6604:Mysore division 6598: 6550: 6502: 6498:Chikkaballapura 6463:Bangalore Rural 6458:Bangalore Urban 6431: 6422:Vikramaditya VI 6417:Vikramaditya II 6342:Shivappa Nayaka 6327:Kadamba dynasty 6233: 6145: 6055: 6040: 6026: 5996: 5991: 5982: 5981: 5980: 5971: 5962: 5948: 5939: 5930: 5925: 5921: 5916: 5912: 5907: 5903: 5898: 5894: 5889: 5885: 5880: 5876: 5871: 5867: 5862: 5858: 5848: 5837: 5833: 5831:Medieval Cholas 5829: 5825: 5816: 5791: 5789:Medieval Cholas 5787: 5785:Pandyan kingdom 5783: 5779: 5754: 5752:Pandyan kingdom 5750: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5695: 5672: 5666:Advaita Vedanta 5664: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5617: 5604: 5600: 5574: 5572:Kadamba Dynasty 5570: 5566: 5557: 5536: 5532: 5504:Western Satraps 5466:Kuninda Kingdom 5458: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5423: 5417: 5408: 5385: 5357: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5323: 5317: 5254:Greek conquests 5187: 5183: 5109: 5103: 5091: 5085: 5039: 5011: 5006: 4991: 4986: 4948: 4946: 4938: 4929: 4927: 4919: 4916: 4906: 4891: 4858: 4852: 4832: 4826: 4813: 4790: 4771: 4768: 4766:Further reading 4763: 4754: 4752: 4744: 4735: 4733: 4718: 4714: 4704: 4685: 4679: 4660: 4654: 4641: 4627: 4608: 4602: 4589: 4583: 4568: 4545: 4539: 4524: 4518: 4500: 4467: 4461: 4446: 4440: 4425: 4392: 4386: 4366: 4336: 4330: 4315: 4309: 4296: 4290: 4275: 4256: 4250: 4237: 4231: 4216: 4213: 4208: 4207: 4199: 4192: 4176: 4172: 4164: 4160: 4152: 4148: 4140: 4136: 4126: 4124: 4115: 4114: 4110: 4102: 4098: 4090: 4086: 4078: 4074: 4066: 4062: 4054: 4050: 4042: 4038: 4030: 4026: 4018: 4014: 4006: 4002: 3994: 3990: 3982: 3978: 3970: 3966: 3958: 3954: 3946: 3942: 3934: 3930: 3922: 3918: 3910: 3906: 3898: 3894: 3886: 3882: 3874: 3870: 3862: 3858: 3850: 3846: 3838: 3834: 3826: 3822: 3814: 3810: 3794: 3790: 3782: 3778: 3770: 3763: 3755: 3751: 3743: 3739: 3731: 3727: 3723:, pp. 6–7. 3719: 3715: 3707: 3703: 3695: 3691: 3683: 3679: 3671: 3667: 3659: 3652: 3644: 3640: 3632: 3628: 3620: 3611: 3603: 3599: 3591: 3587: 3579: 3575: 3563: 3559: 3547: 3543: 3535: 3531: 3523: 3519: 3509: 3507: 3498: 3497: 3493: 3485: 3481: 3473: 3469: 3461: 3457: 3449: 3445: 3433: 3429: 3421: 3417: 3409: 3405: 3397: 3393: 3376: 3369: 3367: 3361: 3360: 3356: 3348: 3344: 3336: 3332: 3324: 3320: 3312: 3305: 3297: 3293: 3285: 3281: 3271: 3269: 3248: 3247: 3243: 3233: 3231: 3221: 3220: 3216: 3208: 3204: 3189: 3185: 3175: 3173: 3164: 3162: 3158: 3150: 3143: 3119: 3115: 3107: 3103: 3095: 3088: 3080: 3076: 3068: 3064: 3056: 3052: 3044: 3037: 3029: 3025: 3017: 3013: 3005: 2998: 2990: 2979: 2971: 2967: 2959: 2952: 2944: 2933: 2925: 2921: 2914: 2899: 2898: 2894: 2887: 2872: 2871: 2867: 2855: 2851: 2843: 2839: 2831: 2827: 2819: 2815: 2807: 2803: 2795: 2791: 2783: 2779: 2771: 2764: 2756: 2749: 2741: 2737: 2729: 2725: 2717: 2710: 2702: 2698: 2690: 2686: 2678: 2671: 2663: 2656: 2648: 2644: 2636: 2629: 2621: 2614: 2606: 2602: 2594: 2590: 2582: 2578: 2570: 2563: 2553: 2551: 2541: 2540: 2536: 2528: 2524: 2519: 2514: 2513: 2508: 2504: 2499: 2495: 2474: 2470: 2465: 2423: 2408: 2397: 2388: 2385: 2376: 2371: 2362: 2355: 2346: 2339: 2330: 2325: 2226:Karnata Dravida 2211:decorating the 2201: 2195: 2037: 2031: 1995:Malay Peninsula 1946:vachana sahitya 1929: 1923: 1887:Vadiraja Tirtha 1803:Advaita Vedanta 1760: 1746: 1741: 1706: 1557:Hiranyabhandari 1507: 1501: 1438:puramulasthamba 1364: 1363: 1362: 1356: 1350: 1349: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1336: 1335: 1334: 1329: 1326: 1321: 1320: 1319: 1314: 1311: 1306: 1305: 1304: 1298: 1293: 1292: 1291: 1285: 1280: 1279: 1278: 1273: 1270: 1265: 1258: 1256: 1254: 1247: 1245: 1243: 1238: 1236: 1234: 1233: 1232: 1226: 1221: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1191: 1184: 1182: 1180: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1167: 1162: 1160: 1158: 1151: 1149: 1147: 1146: 1145: 1139: 1134: 1127: 1125: 1123: 1118: 1116: 1114: 1109: 1107: 1105: 1100: 1098: 1096: 1091: 1089: 1087: 1085: 1078: 1076: 1074: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1061: 1054: 1052: 1050: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1037: 1030: 1028: 1026: 1019: 1017: 1015: 1014: 1013: 1007: 1002: 1001: 1000: 995: 992: 987: 986: 985: 983: 978: 972: 966: 963: 961: 959: 953: 950: 948: 946: 939: 929: 923: 874:Alauddin Khalji 855:Vira Someshwara 839: 763: 746: 706: 701: 608:Kannada dynasty 600:Hoysala Kingdom 592: 563: 562: 561: 534: 526: 525: 501:Hyderabad State 476:Hoysala Kingdom 456:Chalukya Empire 442: 434: 433: 419: 371: 346: 313: 303: 275: 263: 251: 243:Vira Someshwara 239: 227: 215: 203: 191: 183:Veera Ballala I 179: 167: 155: 143: 111: 97: 86: 54: 37: 36:Hoysala Kingdom 28: 23: 22: 18:Hoysala dynasty 15: 12: 11: 5: 7381: 7379: 7371: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7315: 7314: 7308: 7307: 7305: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7278: 7276: 7270: 7269: 7267: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7225: 7223: 7217: 7216: 7214: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7196:National parks 7193: 7188: 7183: 7177: 7175: 7169: 7168: 7166: 7165: 7160: 7154: 7152: 7142: 7141: 7139: 7138: 7133: 7131:D. V. Gundappa 7128: 7123: 7121:M. Govinda Pai 7118: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7056:Purandara Dasa 7053: 7051:Ratnakaravarni 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6962: 6960: 6954: 6953: 6951: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6934: 6933: 6926: 6919: 6912: 6905: 6898: 6891: 6884: 6877: 6870: 6863: 6856: 6849: 6836: 6834: 6828: 6827: 6825: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6782:Karnatik music 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6733: 6731: 6725: 6724: 6722: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6665: 6663: 6657: 6656: 6653: 6652: 6650: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6612:Chamarajanagar 6608: 6606: 6600: 6599: 6597: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6560: 6558: 6552: 6551: 6549: 6548: 6546:Uttara Kannada 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6512: 6510: 6504: 6503: 6501: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6454: 6452: 6443: 6433: 6432: 6430: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6407:Vishnuvardhana 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6337:Keladi Nayakas 6334: 6329: 6324: 6322:Hoysala Empire 6319: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6243: 6241: 6235: 6234: 6232: 6231: 6226: 6224:Transportation 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6155: 6153: 6147: 6146: 6144: 6143: 6137: 6131: 6122: 6113: 6104: 6095: 6093:Asian elephant 6085: 6084: 6075: 6065: 6063: 6057: 6056: 6045: 6042: 6041: 6027: 6025: 6024: 6017: 6010: 6002: 5993: 5992: 5988: 5987: 5984: 5983: 5979: 5978: 5969: 5960: 5946: 5936: 5929: 5928: 5919: 5910: 5901: 5892: 5883: 5874: 5865: 5855: 5849: 5846: 5845: 5842: 5841: 5820: 5811: 5809: 5807: 5802: 5796: 5795: 5774: 5772: 5767: 5765: 5759: 5758: 5745: 5740: 5738: 5733: 5727: 5726: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5690: 5688: 5686:Indo-Sassanids 5683: 5677: 5676: 5658: 5650: 5649: 5635: 5630: 5628: 5623: 5621: 5612: 5606: 5605: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5579: 5578: 5561: 5559:Varman dynasty 5550: 5545: 5539: 5538: 5526: 5518: 5517: 5512: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5485: 5484: 5479: 5473: 5472: 5470: 5468: 5463: 5460:Indo-Parthians 5456:Indo-Scythians 5452: 5446: 5445: 5439: 5438: 5412: 5403: 5398: 5392: 5391: 5389: 5347: 5339: 5338: 5312: 5305: 5299: 5298: 5296: 5291: 5284: 5276: 5275: 5272:HISTORICAL AGE 5267: 5266: 5264: 5257: 5250: 5244: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5231: 5226: 5224: 5217: 5211: 5210: 5203: 5174: 5167: 5159: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5146: 5141: 5132: 5127: 5121: 5120: 5113: 5095: 5077: 5069: 5061: 5060: 5052: 5051: 5048: 5045: 5035: 5034: 5032:Southern India 5029: 5028:Central India 5026: 5021: 5008: 4996: 4993: 4992: 4987: 4985: 4984: 4977: 4970: 4962: 4956: 4955: 4936: 4915: 4914:External links 4912: 4911: 4910: 4904: 4889: 4856: 4850: 4830: 4824: 4811: 4788: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4761: 4742: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4709: 4708: 4702: 4683: 4677: 4658: 4652: 4639: 4625: 4606: 4600: 4587: 4581: 4566: 4543: 4537: 4522: 4516: 4498: 4465: 4459: 4444: 4438: 4423: 4390: 4384: 4364: 4334: 4328: 4313: 4307: 4294: 4288: 4273: 4254: 4248: 4235: 4229: 4212: 4209: 4206: 4205: 4190: 4186:Someshvara III 4180:, p. 393: The 4170: 4158: 4146: 4144:, p. 600. 4134: 4108: 4096: 4084: 4072: 4060: 4058:, p. 334. 4048: 4036: 4024: 4012: 4000: 3998:, p. 340. 3988: 3976: 3974:, p. 324. 3964: 3952: 3950:, p. 320. 3940: 3928: 3926:, p. 321. 3916: 3904: 3902:, p. 346. 3892: 3880: 3878:, p. 329. 3868: 3856: 3854:, p. 325. 3844: 3832: 3820: 3818:, p. 428. 3808: 3804:Darpanadharini 3788: 3776: 3774:, p. 135. 3761: 3749: 3737: 3725: 3713: 3711:, p. 429. 3701: 3689: 3677: 3675:, p. 324. 3665: 3650: 3648:, p. 362. 3638: 3636:, p. 364. 3626: 3609: 3597: 3595:, p. 359. 3585: 3583:, p. 361. 3573: 3557: 3541: 3529: 3527:, p. 389. 3517: 3491: 3479: 3477:, p. 286. 3467: 3465:, p. 391. 3455: 3443: 3427: 3415: 3413:, p. 156. 3403: 3391: 3354: 3342: 3330: 3328:, p. 155. 3318: 3316:, p. 152. 3303: 3291: 3279: 3241: 3214: 3202: 3183: 3156: 3154:, p. 131. 3141: 3113: 3101: 3086: 3084:, p. 383. 3074: 3062: 3050: 3048:, p. 242. 3035: 3033:, p. 240. 3023: 3021:, p. 238. 3011: 3009:, p. 382. 2996: 2994:, p. 219. 2977: 2965: 2963:, p. 218. 2950: 2948:, p. 132. 2931: 2929:, p. 217. 2919: 2912: 2892: 2885: 2865: 2849: 2837: 2835:, p. 156. 2825: 2813: 2801: 2799:, p. 129. 2789: 2777: 2775:, p. 500. 2762: 2760:, p. 206. 2747: 2745:, p. 252. 2735: 2733:, p. 192. 2723: 2721:, p. 499. 2708: 2706:, p. 124. 2696: 2684: 2682:, p. 498. 2669: 2667:, p. 251. 2654: 2652:, p. 122. 2642: 2640:, p. 123. 2627: 2612: 2610:, p. 150. 2600: 2598:, p. 357. 2588: 2586:, p. 250. 2576: 2574:, p. 128. 2561: 2534: 2521: 2520: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2511: 2502: 2493: 2467: 2466: 2464: 2461: 2422: 2419: 2410: 2409: 2398: 2391: 2389: 2386: 2379: 2377: 2372: 2365: 2363: 2356: 2349: 2347: 2340: 2333: 2331: 2326: 2319: 2197:Main article: 2194: 2191: 2033:Main article: 2030: 2027: 1925:Main article: 1922: 1919: 1889:and devotees ( 1834:Dvaita Vedanta 1745: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1705: 1702: 1688:was fourth of 1642:Maleparolganda 1503:Main article: 1500: 1499:Administration 1497: 1434:Rajasresthigal 1418:prabhu gavunda 1352: 1351: 1337: 1324: 1323: 1322: 1309: 1308: 1307: 1296: 1295: 1294: 1283: 1282: 1281: 1268: 1267: 1266: 1255: 1244: 1235: 1224: 1223: 1222: 1207: 1192: 1181: 1168: 1159: 1148: 1137: 1136: 1135: 1124: 1115: 1106: 1097: 1086: 1075: 1062: 1051: 1038: 1027: 1016: 1005: 1004: 1003: 990: 989: 988: 977: 975: 974: 973: 960: 947: 938: 932: 931: 930: 925:Main article: 922: 919: 898:Tiruvannamalai 838: 835: 823:Deccan Plateau 788:Maleparolganda 762: 759: 740:Vishnuvardhana 705: 702: 700: 697: 679:in Belur, the 659:Deccan Plateau 655:Andhra Pradesh 594: 593: 591: 590: 583: 576: 568: 565: 564: 560: 559: 554: 548: 547: 542: 536: 535: 532: 531: 528: 527: 524: 523: 518: 516:Haleri Kingdom 513: 508: 503: 498: 493: 488: 483: 478: 473: 468: 463: 458: 453: 443: 440: 439: 436: 435: 432: 431: 426: 420: 417: 416: 413: 412: 404: 403: 397: 396: 384: 383: 380: 379: 376: 375: 368: 359: 356: 355: 350: 338: 337: 332: 322: 321: 318: 317: 314: 311: 308: 307: 304: 301: 298: 297: 294: 293: 290: 286: 285: 282: 281: 276: 273: 270: 269: 264: 261: 258: 257: 252: 249: 246: 245: 240: 237: 234: 233: 228: 225: 222: 221: 216: 213: 210: 209: 204: 201: 198: 197: 195:Vishnuvardhana 192: 189: 186: 185: 180: 177: 174: 173: 168: 165: 162: 161: 156: 153: 150: 149: 144: 141: 138: 137: 134: 133: 130: 124: 123: 120: 116: 115: 106: 102: 101: 92: 88: 87: 85: 84: 81:Tiruvannamalai 78: 72: 66: 62: 60: 56: 55: 52: 44: 43: 39: 38: 35: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7380: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7320: 7318: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7279: 7277: 7275: 7271: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7226: 7224: 7222: 7218: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7201:Hindu temples 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7178: 7176: 7174: 7170: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7155: 7153: 7151: 7147: 7143: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7006:Allama Prabhu 7004: 7002: 7001:Akka Mahadevi 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6976:Adikavi Pampa 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6963: 6961: 6959: 6955: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6931: 6927: 6924: 6920: 6917: 6913: 6910: 6906: 6903: 6899: 6896: 6892: 6889: 6885: 6882: 6878: 6875: 6874:Western Ganga 6871: 6868: 6864: 6861: 6857: 6854: 6850: 6847: 6843: 6842: 6841: 6838: 6837: 6835: 6833: 6829: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6807:Udupi cuisine 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6797:Mysore Dasara 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6762:Gaarudi Gombe 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6737:Bharatanatyam 6735: 6734: 6732: 6730: 6726: 6720: 6719:Western Ghats 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6699:Highest point 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6666: 6664: 6662: 6658: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6609: 6607: 6605: 6601: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6561: 6559: 6557: 6553: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6513: 6511: 6509: 6505: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6455: 6453: 6451: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6438: 6434: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6382:Srirangapatna 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6367:Pulakeshin II 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6252:Alupa dynasty 6250: 6248: 6245: 6244: 6242: 6240: 6236: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6156: 6154: 6152: 6148: 6142: 6138: 6136: 6135:Carnatic carp 6132: 6130: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6102:Indian roller 6099: 6096: 6094: 6090: 6087: 6086: 6083: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6070: 6067: 6066: 6064: 6062: 6061:State symbols 6058: 6054: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6023: 6018: 6016: 6011: 6009: 6004: 6003: 6000: 5975: 5970: 5966: 5961: 5957: 5956: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5938: 5937: 5935: 5934: 5923: 5920: 5914: 5911: 5905: 5902: 5896: 5893: 5887: 5884: 5878: 5875: 5869: 5866: 5860: 5857: 5854: 5853: 5843: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5797: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5760: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5739: 5737: 5732: 5729: 5728: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5687: 5682: 5679: 5678: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5656: 5652: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5638:Vishnukundina 5636: 5634: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5620: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5598:Vishnukundina 5596: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5581: 5580: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5556: 5555: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5524: 5520: 5519: 5516: 5513: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5499:Kushan Empire 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5486: 5483: 5482:Kushan Empire 5478: 5475: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5461: 5457: 5451: 5448: 5447: 5444: 5441: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5422: 5421: 5420:Sangam period 5416: 5411: 5407: 5406:Shunga Empire 5402: 5397: 5394: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5379:Brahma Sutras 5376: 5375:Bhagavad Gita 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5355: 5351: 5346: 5345: 5341: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5322: 5321: 5320:Sangam period 5316: 5313: 5311: 5310: 5309:Maurya Empire 5304: 5301: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5289: 5283: 5282: 5278: 5277: 5274: 5273: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5262: 5255: 5249: 5246: 5245: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5216: 5213: 5212: 5209: 5208: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5180: 5173: 5172: 5166: 5165: 5161: 5160: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5122: 5119: 5118: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5101: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5083: 5076: 5075: 5068: 5067: 5063: 5062: 5059: 5058: 5053: 5049: 5046: 5043: 5037: 5036: 5033: 5025: 5019: 5015: 5003: 5000: 4999: 4994: 4990: 4983: 4978: 4976: 4971: 4969: 4964: 4963: 4960: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4917: 4913: 4907: 4905:9788190359139 4901: 4897: 4896: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4857: 4853: 4851:9780802195500 4847: 4842: 4841: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4825:81-215-1089-9 4821: 4817: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4795: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4776: 4770: 4769: 4765: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4731: 4727: 4726: 4721: 4717: 4716: 4711: 4705: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4690: 4684: 4680: 4674: 4670: 4669:Penguin Books 4667:. New Delhi: 4666: 4665: 4659: 4655: 4649: 4645: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4626:9780429487569 4622: 4618: 4614: 4613: 4607: 4603: 4597: 4593: 4588: 4584: 4578: 4574: 4573: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4552:. New Delhi: 4551: 4550: 4544: 4540: 4534: 4530: 4529: 4523: 4519: 4513: 4509: 4508: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4466: 4462: 4456: 4452: 4451: 4445: 4441: 4439:9788190359139 4435: 4431: 4430: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4391: 4387: 4385:9780802195500 4381: 4376: 4375: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4344: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4325: 4321: 4320: 4314: 4310: 4308:81-85026-53-X 4304: 4300: 4295: 4291: 4285: 4281: 4280: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4261: 4255: 4251: 4245: 4241: 4236: 4232: 4226: 4222: 4221: 4215: 4214: 4210: 4202: 4197: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4174: 4171: 4168:, p. 17. 4167: 4162: 4159: 4155: 4150: 4147: 4143: 4138: 4135: 4122: 4118: 4112: 4109: 4106:, p. 61. 4105: 4100: 4097: 4093: 4088: 4085: 4082:, p. 43. 4081: 4076: 4073: 4070:, p. 81. 4069: 4064: 4061: 4057: 4052: 4049: 4046:, p. 77. 4045: 4040: 4037: 4034:, p. 39. 4033: 4028: 4025: 4021: 4016: 4013: 4010:, p. 71. 4009: 4004: 4001: 3997: 3992: 3989: 3986:, p. 83. 3985: 3980: 3977: 3973: 3968: 3965: 3962:, p. 53. 3961: 3956: 3953: 3949: 3944: 3941: 3938:, p. 37. 3937: 3932: 3929: 3925: 3920: 3917: 3914:, p. 41. 3913: 3908: 3905: 3901: 3896: 3893: 3890:, p. 87. 3889: 3884: 3881: 3877: 3872: 3869: 3866:, p. 59. 3865: 3860: 3857: 3853: 3848: 3845: 3842:, p. 47. 3841: 3836: 3833: 3830:, p. 37. 3829: 3824: 3821: 3817: 3812: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3792: 3789: 3785: 3780: 3777: 3773: 3768: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3753: 3750: 3746: 3741: 3738: 3734: 3729: 3726: 3722: 3717: 3714: 3710: 3705: 3702: 3698: 3693: 3690: 3686: 3681: 3678: 3674: 3669: 3666: 3663:, p. 60. 3662: 3657: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3642: 3639: 3635: 3630: 3627: 3624:, p. 20. 3623: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3601: 3598: 3594: 3589: 3586: 3582: 3577: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3561: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3545: 3542: 3539:, p. 19. 3538: 3533: 3530: 3526: 3521: 3518: 3506: 3502: 3495: 3492: 3488: 3483: 3480: 3476: 3471: 3468: 3464: 3459: 3456: 3452: 3447: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3431: 3428: 3424: 3419: 3416: 3412: 3407: 3404: 3400: 3395: 3392: 3387: 3381: 3365: 3358: 3355: 3351: 3346: 3343: 3339: 3334: 3331: 3327: 3322: 3319: 3315: 3310: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3295: 3292: 3288: 3283: 3280: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3245: 3242: 3229: 3225: 3218: 3215: 3211: 3206: 3203: 3200: 3199:81-206-1850-5 3196: 3192: 3187: 3184: 3172: 3168: 3160: 3157: 3153: 3148: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3117: 3114: 3110: 3105: 3102: 3098: 3093: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3078: 3075: 3071: 3066: 3063: 3059: 3054: 3051: 3047: 3042: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3027: 3024: 3020: 3015: 3012: 3008: 3003: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2969: 2966: 2962: 2957: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2923: 2920: 2915: 2909: 2905: 2904: 2896: 2893: 2888: 2882: 2878: 2877: 2869: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2853: 2850: 2846: 2841: 2838: 2834: 2829: 2826: 2822: 2817: 2814: 2810: 2805: 2802: 2798: 2793: 2790: 2786: 2781: 2778: 2774: 2769: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2754: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2739: 2736: 2732: 2727: 2724: 2720: 2715: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2700: 2697: 2693: 2688: 2685: 2681: 2676: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2661: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2646: 2643: 2639: 2634: 2632: 2628: 2625:, p. 67. 2624: 2619: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2604: 2601: 2597: 2592: 2589: 2585: 2580: 2577: 2573: 2568: 2566: 2562: 2549: 2545: 2538: 2535: 2531: 2526: 2523: 2516: 2506: 2503: 2497: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2472: 2469: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2457:Tamarashasana 2454: 2453:copper plates 2450: 2445: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2430: 2428: 2420: 2414: 2406: 2402: 2395: 2390: 2383: 2378: 2375: 2369: 2364: 2360: 2353: 2348: 2344: 2341:Vesara style 2337: 2332: 2329: 2323: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2311: 2307: 2306: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2260:Somanathapura 2257: 2253: 2249: 2244: 2242: 2238: 2233: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2214: 2210: 2205: 2200: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2175:Brahma Sutras 2172: 2167: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2128:Girijakalyana 2125: 2121: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2102: 2101:Vishnu Purana 2097: 2093: 2089: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2074: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2063: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2041: 2036: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2019: 2014: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1971: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1960: 1955: 1951: 1950:Akka Mahadevi 1947: 1943: 1942:feudal rebels 1933: 1928: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1858: 1856: 1855: 1850: 1848: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1829: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1814: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1768: 1764: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1743: 1738: 1736: 1734: 1729: 1726: 1725:Yagachi River 1722: 1717: 1715: 1711: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1638:Talakadugonda 1635: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1622:Hero stones ( 1618: 1613: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1566: 1565:Dharmadhikari 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1549:Sandhivigrahi 1546: 1542: 1533: 1532: 1527: 1523: 1521: 1515: 1511: 1506: 1498: 1496: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1450: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1429: 1427: 1421: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1410:praja gavunda 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1382: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1360: 1359:Ghurid Empire 1355: 1347: 1345: 1333: 1331: 1318: 1316: 1303: 1301: 1290: 1288: 1277: 1275: 1263: 1261: 1252: 1250: 1241: 1231: 1229: 1219: 1218: 1204: 1202: 1189: 1187: 1178: 1176: 1165: 1156: 1154: 1144: 1142: 1132: 1130: 1121: 1112: 1103: 1094: 1083: 1081: 1072: 1070: 1059: 1057: 1048: 1046: 1035: 1033: 1024: 1022: 1012: 1010: 999: 997: 984: 981: 970: 968: 957: 955: 943: 936: 928: 920: 918: 916: 912: 908: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 870: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 836: 834: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 807: 805: 801: 795: 793: 789: 785: 784:Talakadugonda 781: 776: 772: 768: 767:Western Ghats 760: 758: 756: 752: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 722: 715: 710: 703: 698: 696: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 673: 671: 667: 662: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 635:Western Ghats 632: 627: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 601: 589: 584: 582: 577: 575: 570: 569: 567: 566: 558: 555: 553: 550: 549: 546: 543: 541: 538: 537: 530: 529: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 448: 445: 444: 438: 437: 430: 427: 425: 422: 421: 415: 414: 410: 406: 405: 402: 398: 394: 390: 389: 369: 367: 364: 363: 360: 354: 351: 344: 343: 340: 339: 336: 333: 331: 328: 327: 323: 319: 315: 305: 291: 287: 283: 280: 277: 268: 265: 256: 255:Narasimha III 253: 244: 241: 232: 229: 220: 217: 208: 205: 196: 193: 184: 181: 172: 169: 160: 157: 148: 147:Nripa Kama II 145: 131: 129: 121: 117: 114: 110: 107: 103: 100: 96: 93: 89: 82: 79: 76: 73: 70: 67: 64: 63: 61: 57: 50: 45: 40: 33: 30: 19: 7206:Jain temples 7101:D. R. Bendre 7036:Kumara Vyasa 6895:Vijayanagara 6704:Bayalu Seeme 6589:Vijayanagara 6402:Vijayanagara 6357:Mayurasharma 6292:Deva Raya II 6257:Amoghavarsha 6159:Architecture 6050: 5973: 5964: 5954: 5941: 5932: 5931: 5922: 5913: 5904: 5895: 5886: 5877: 5868: 5859: 5851: 5850: 5814:Pala dynasty 5800:10th century 5799: 5762: 5730: 5680: 5660: 5654: 5653: 5609: 5582: 5554:Gupta Empire 5552: 5542: 5528: 5522: 5521: 5488: 5476: 5454: 5449: 5442: 5427:Early Cholas 5418: 5395: 5353: 5349: 5343: 5342: 5327:Early Cholas 5318: 5307: 5302: 5293: 5286: 5280: 5279: 5270: 5261:Nanda empire 5259: 5247: 5214: 5205: 5176: 5169: 5163: 5162: 5124: 5115: 5100:Vedic Period 5097: 5082:Vedic Period 5079: 5074:Vedic Period 5071: 5065: 5064: 5055: 5018:Sapta Sindhu 5005:Timeline and 4947:. Retrieved 4943: 4928:. Retrieved 4924: 4894: 4868: 4864: 4839: 4815: 4793: 4774: 4753:. Retrieved 4749: 4734:. 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London: 4755:3 December 4692:. 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