222:, a kenning for woman) (stanza 9). The identity of the woman that Heimdall and his companions visit in the lower world is not revealed. She has been variously identified as Idunn, Hela, and as Urd. The messengers ask her the beginning, duration and end of heaven, the world, and hel (stanza 11). Tears are her only response (stanzas 12-13). The failed messengers return to Asgard, joining a feast in progress (stanzas 14-15). Heimdall tells the gods of their mission; Loki informs the goddesses (stanzas 16-19). The festivities conclude (stanza 21), and the onset of night is described in mythological terms (stanzas 22-26). In the final verse, Heimdall lifts his horn toward heaven.
22:
150:(other Eddic poems thought to be of later authorship and exist only in paper manuscripts). But in her 2011 critical edition with accompanying translation (rendered into English by Anthony Faulkes), she states unequivocally that the poem "is a postmedieval poem" probably composed soon after "the rediscovery of the Codex Regius of the Elder Edda in 1643". Elsewhere she assigns a
217:
The poem begins with five stanzas of ominous introduction, the narrative proper setting in during stanza 6. Idunn falls from the world-tree (stanzas 6-7) and is given a wolfskin to wear (stanza 8). Alarmed, Odin sends a trio of messengers led by
Heimdall to get news from a woman designated as "the
137:
However, metrical, linguistic, and stylistic evidence all point towards a date in the 16th century at the earliest, and the scholarly consensus has rested on the seventeenth. Annette Lassen, in her preliminary assessment (2006) had stated conservatively that this poem should not be subject to greater
335:
Most other manuscripts of
Hrafnagaldur Óðins are derived from A and B. The number and ordering of stanzas is the same in all manuscripts. There are only minor differences in the texts. The text of the poem is cryptic and most probably corrupt. The final stanza does not appear to form a satisfactory
442:
Interest in the poem has been renewed after 1998, when
Eysteinn Björnsson and William P. Reaves posted an edition of the poem with English translation and commentary online. Although this edition was "for the most part removed again in 2002", leaving only the English translation of the poem in its
465:
in 2002. This popular interest in the poem was followed by an
Icelandic edition, edited by Icelandic philologist Jónas Kristjansson, former head of the Arni Magnusson Institute, published in the Lesbók of the Icelandic newspaper Morgunblaðid, 27/4 2002 in which he acknowledges the recent popular
233:
is transmitted in a single version, with minimal discrepancies, contained in at least thirty-seven copies dating from the latter half of the 17th century to the 1870s, now housed in
Iceland, Denmark, Sweden, Great Britain, Germany and the United States. Annette Lassen used five manuscripts of
339:
According to analysis of the best manuscripts, the various copies all derive from a single archetype. Since it is not transmitted in other than paper manuscripts, the poem is often considered a later work, possibly a post-medieval imitation of an Eddic poem, akin to
359:(1714-1791). Nevertheless, a vellum manuscript of the poem may once have existed. Árni Magnússon makes reference to the poem in a letter dated June 18, 1729 to Jón Halldórsson, Dean of Hítardalur, raising the possibility that such a manuscript was lost in the
379:(1787). The tome was a collaboration of several co-editors, but Lassen identifies Guđmundur Magnusson (Gudmundus Magnæus, 1741-1798) as the poem's editor, translator (into Latin), and commentator. The text is that of MS Icel. 47, a manuscript edition made by
2195:
3135:
363:, which destroyed a large part of Arni's library, including as many as 15 bound manuscripts of Eddic poetry. Bugge (who concluded the poem was of late authorship) knew the letter but dismissed it as unreliable.
286:
ca. 1650-1799?. A portion was written ca. 1673-7 by Ásgeir Jónsson, and the rest written in the 18th century, 8~9 scribes in all, according to Lassen, correcting Páll Eggert Ólason’s catalogue date of 1660.
2185:
3180:
2190:
430:
in his 1867 edition of the Poetic Edda argued that the poem was a work of the 17th century, and after this, it was mostly ignored by editors and students of the Edda. An exception is
2165:
2160:
1337:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2155:
2150:
2145:
1315:
2140:
492:
275:
992:, vol. 1, Jón Jónsson, Jón Ólafsson of Svefney, Finnr Magnússon, and Gunnar Pálsson, Hafniæ（Kjøbenhavn）: Legati Magnæani et Gyldendalii, pp. 199–
2135:
1629:
1559:
861:, p. lxviii: "Lidet er at bygge paa Udtrykkene i „En Skrivelse fra Arne Magnusen til Hr. John Haldorsen, Provst i Hitardal, dateret 18 Junii 1729.."
390:, which contained variant readings, used in the critical apparatus of the edition. The critical apparatus also made use of commentary by aforementioned
134:
argued in favor of an earlier dating than Bugge, perhaps to the 14th century, based on linguistic evidence and the seemingly corrupt state of the text.
3200:
434:, who in 1886 accepted the poem as authentic and sought to explain its narrative as referring to the time Idun was taken from Asgard by Thjazi.
2035:
623:
3410:
2598:
315:
18th century. The first leaf bears inscription "Skrifud af Diakna Paule", identified by Lassen as Deacon Páll
Sveinsson Torfasonar 1704–1784
2472:
1719:
1308:
2293:
2288:
3372:
3112:
2994:
1179:
Aðalheiður Guðmundsdóttir, The
Werewolf in Medieval Icelandic Literature, Journal of English and Germanic Philology, Vol.106:3 (2007)
1132:
3637:
2017:
548:
or Codex E employed in the
Arnamagnæan also refers to the deacon's manuscript by initial "P.S." and uses variant readings from it.
1140:
21:
1301:
1249:
3711:
2542:
3939:
3644:
505:
1110:
3630:
3662:
3944:
3155:
328:
283:
3697:
1709:
1619:
963:"Sigur Rós, Hilmar Örn Hilmarsson, Steindór Andersen: Hrafnagaldur Óðins, Barbican Centre, London, April 21st, 2002"
3322:
3312:
2420:
2320:
1827:
1589:
250:
3739:
2552:
461:. In support of this, their translation was printed in the programme of the London performance of the work at the
3403:
2477:
3732:
3460:
1117:
443:
place, Eysteinn Björnsson and Reaves' work on the poem led to the performance of the choral and orchestral work
176:
loanword, used in
Iceland after the middle of the 14th century, though the poem can "hardly be as old as that."
2345:
1346:
3704:
3555:
2875:
2457:
2430:
2425:
2365:
2340:
1539:
454:
372:
258:
125:
3481:
3257:
420:(1860), and Frederich Wilhelm Bergmann (1875) also published editions of the poem. Finnur Magnusson (1822),
360:
2127:
2045:
312:
3080:
3012:
3002:
3949:
3107:
413:
3778:
3718:
2569:
2360:
1213:
edition of the poem; [http://www.mbl.is/mm/gagnasafn/grein.html?grein_id=664351 synopsis and commentary
445:
424:(1851) and Benjamin Thorpe (1865) produced translations into Danish, German and English respectively.
3396:
3317:
2674:
1451:
458:
391:
349:
2482:
2216:
2075:
1569:
1281:
638:
534:
380:
3807:
3746:
3578:
3509:
3170:
2370:
1987:
1972:
1192:
140:
96:
and not been extensively studied. But prior to Bugge's work the poem was considered a part of the
3918:
2890:
1912:
1324:
1090:
1059:
1008:
151:
69:
3897:
3690:
3017:
2940:
2905:
2900:
1982:
1812:
1421:
1376:
1206:
263:
146:
130:
3377:
3367:
3226:
3190:
2840:
2579:
1862:
1164:
1128:
1049:
1029:
985:
417:
173:
101:
42:
2618:
2487:
1080:
998:
944:
539:
385:
3913:
3814:
3725:
3097:
2810:
2355:
2310:
2070:
1927:
1752:
1509:
1351:
1220:
1212:
1201:
168:
which is adapted into the poem in st. 22. Another dating clue is the occurrence of the word
3548:
3502:
3474:
3467:
2945:
2467:
1232:
Lassen, Annette (2006), "Hrafnagaldur Óðins / Forspjallsljóð : et antikvarisk digt?",
234:
critical value in her edition. All manuscripts that contain the poem include the subtitle
164:(1500), which she says must have been the conduit through which the poet learned the adage
3903:
3865:
3307:
2515:
2263:
1328:
1102:
1071:
1020:
462:
396:
354:
191:
105:
3858:
3785:
3683:
3669:
3516:
3231:
2860:
2795:
2638:
2522:
1992:
1942:
1932:
1857:
1287:
186:
78:. It is preserved only in late paper manuscripts. In his influential 1867 edition of the
1186:
3587:
3564:
3541:
3534:
3221:
3216:
3085:
2968:
2963:
2920:
2850:
2845:
2765:
2654:
2628:
2613:
2452:
2105:
1967:
1802:
1491:
743:
500:
489:, p. 315, "has recently dated to the first half of the 17th century", quoted from
431:
116:
characterized it as "amongst the most deeply poetical and singular hymns of the Edda".
113:
88:
1634:
3933:
3890:
3488:
3185:
3165:
3150:
3092:
3040:
2925:
2915:
2885:
2855:
2820:
2790:
2755:
2623:
2562:
2537:
2462:
2440:
2350:
2298:
2211:
1832:
1672:
1624:
1180:
3453:
3446:
1822:
1767:
1406:
3840:
3835:
3437:
3007:
2335:
1293:
727:
427:
421:
109:
83:
3753:
3676:
2910:
2870:
2750:
2735:
2375:
2256:
2090:
2080:
1852:
1777:
1704:
1486:
1426:
1278:
1257:
522:
450:
1159:
3851:
3571:
3421:
3236:
3175:
3145:
3055:
3022:
2895:
2865:
2825:
2805:
2785:
2760:
2689:
2679:
2584:
2221:
1907:
1817:
1782:
1772:
1737:
409:
74:
257:
First brought to Sweden in 1681 by Guðmunður Ólafsson. Base manuscript used by
86:
reasoned that the poem was a 17th-century work, composed as an introduction to
3883:
3845:
3760:
3342:
3062:
2958:
2950:
2830:
2775:
2730:
2725:
2710:
2527:
2226:
1867:
1792:
1787:
1742:
990:
Edda Sæmundar hinns Fróda. Edda rhythmica seu antiqvior, vulgo Sæmundina dicta
336:
conclusion, suggesting that the poem as it has come down to us is incomplete.
2447:
1962:
1411:
962:
3495:
3297:
3102:
3070:
2980:
2935:
2835:
2684:
2669:
2410:
2273:
1892:
1842:
1837:
1757:
203:
34:
3302:
2975:
2664:
2557:
2065:
2055:
2025:
2002:
1574:
1461:
1355:
1272:
3347:
3332:
3282:
3267:
3160:
2930:
2815:
2780:
2745:
2659:
2574:
2532:
2435:
2405:
2385:
2305:
2040:
1977:
1957:
1952:
1877:
1872:
1807:
1689:
1609:
1604:
1549:
1534:
1446:
1416:
1401:
1391:
199:
26:
416:. Hallgrimur Scheving (1837), P.A. Munch (1847), Hermann Lüning (1859),
3292:
3140:
2880:
2800:
2770:
2715:
2633:
2510:
2390:
2380:
2246:
2241:
2060:
2030:
1732:
1727:
1684:
1544:
1501:
1481:
1436:
1396:
1368:
155:
2740:
2705:
2415:
2325:
2315:
2268:
2110:
2050:
1762:
1699:
1662:
1614:
1529:
160:
3136:
Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of
Central and Northern Europe
2251:
2095:
1897:
1644:
1639:
1579:
1471:
214:, but does not appear to describe a myth known from other sources.
3908:
3388:
3337:
3327:
3287:
3277:
3272:
3195:
2720:
2547:
2492:
2400:
2395:
2330:
2278:
2231:
2115:
2100:
1997:
1947:
1937:
1917:
1902:
1887:
1882:
1847:
1797:
1747:
1694:
1677:
1667:
1654:
1599:
1584:
1524:
1519:
1441:
1386:
1381:
211:
59:
38:
20:
3262:
3241:
3075:
3048:
2505:
2500:
2236:
2085:
2007:
1922:
1564:
1554:
1476:
1466:
1456:
1431:
577:
575:
371:
The first printed edition of the poem appeared in the so-called
207:
195:
55:
30:
3392:
1297:
2283:
1594:
1514:
624:"Gullkársljóð og Hrafnagaldur: Framlag til sögu fornyrðislags"
997:
Rask, Rasmus Kristian; Afzelius, Arvid August, eds. (1818).
190:
eight-line stanzas. It involves several known figures from
1250:"Hrafnagaldur Óðins / Forspjallsljóð (Odin's Raven Chant)"
100:
and included, for example, in the English translations of
92:. Since then it has not been included in editions of the
1085:. Vol. 1. London: Trübner & Co. pp. 28–32.
25:
The storyline of Hrafnagaldr Óðins involves the goddess
2186:
people, clan, and place names in Germanic heroic legend
1109:
Eysteinn Björnsson and William P. Reaves (eds.), 2006.
3875:
3828:
3799:
3770:
3654:
3622:
3615:
3608:
3526:
3436:
3429:
3360:
3250:
3209:
3128:
3121:
3031:
2993:
2698:
2647:
2606:
2597:
2204:
2126:
2016:
1718:
1653:
1500:
1367:
1344:
870:
112:'s influential German translation (1851). In 1852,
581:
486:
790:
788:
609:
1234:The Fantastic in Old Norse/Icelandic Literature
676:
674:
1003:. Stockholm: Typis Elmenianis. pp. 88–92.
154:to when the Icelanders were familiarized with
3404:
1309:
8:
662:
660:
658:
566:
3038:
1338:Mythological Norse people, items and places
3619:
3612:
3433:
3411:
3397:
3389:
3125:
2603:
1364:
1316:
1302:
1294:
401:, scribbled on the manuscript AM 424 fol.
2136:List of figures in Germanic heroic legend
1188:Literature and Romance of Northern Europe
299:National Library of Sweden. ca. 1650-1699
1290:Karl Simrock's German Translation, 1851.
1054:. Bristo l: N. Briggs. pp. 195–211.
1036:, Christiania: Malling, pp. 371–376
739:
559:
493:"The Tradition of Icelandic sagnakvæði"
479:
1185:Howitt, William; Howitt, Mary (1852).
1098:
1088:
1067:
1057:
1030:"Forspjallsljód eða Hrafnagaldr Óðins"
1016:
1006:
930:
905:
893:
881:
854:
842:
830:
818:
806:
794:
779:
767:
755:
704:
692:
680:
666:
597:
593:
491:Aðalheiður Guðmundsdóttir (May 2013).
1202:"Hrafnagaldur Óðins - Forspjallsljóð"
858:
716:
7:
1200:Jónas Kristjánsson (27 April 2002),
1152:(1 ed.), Stuttgart und Tubingen
1125:Viking Society for Northern Research
919:Undersökningar i Germanisk Mythologi
267:(2002), and Lassen's own base text.
2196:named weapons, armour and treasures
3373:Heathenry (new religious movement)
14:
1111:Hrafnagaldur Óðins /Forspallsljóð
1048:Cottle, Amos Simon (tr.) (1797).
984:Guðmundur Magnússon, ed. (1787),
2036:Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri
1221:"Hljóðdvöl í Hrafnagaldri Óðins"
1219:Kristján Árnason (25 May 2002).
1150:Die Edda: die ältere und jüngere
361:Great Fire in Copenhagen of 1728
1079:Thorpe, Benjamin (tr.) (1866).
943:Service, Tom (April 23, 2002),
404:The poem was published next in
2473:Nine Daughters of Ægir and Rán
1:
1148:Simrock, Karl Joseph (1851),
521:1650-1799? is the dating at
294:- Stockholm papp. fol. nr 57
2543:Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr
1028:Bugge, Sophus, ed. (1867),
622:Haukur Þorgeirsson (2010).
329:National Library of Iceland
284:National Library of Iceland
245:- Stockholm papp. 8vo nr 15
3966:
3645:Helgakviða Hundingsbana II
3210:Festivals and holy periods
871:Guðmundur Magnússon (1787)
567:Howitt & Howitt (1852)
251:National Library of Sweden
218:doorpost of Gjöll's sun" (
3638:Helgakviða Hjörvarðssonar
3631:Helgakviða Hundingsbana I
2478:Nine Mothers of Heimdallr
2191:named animals and plants
1335:
1269:(English tr. in parallel)
582:Jónas Kristjánsson (2002)
504:(6): 19n4. Archived from
487:Haukur Þorgeirsson (2010)
406:Edda Sæmundar hinns fróða
377:Edda Sæmundar hinns fróði
261:’s text in the newspaper
72:poem in the style of the
3712:Sigurðarkviða hin skamma
2299:Black elves (Svartálfar)
1116:Lassen, Annette (2011),
884:, pp. 6, 8, 76, 116
184:The poem consists of 26
3181:Sacred trees and groves
2421:Hamskerpir and Garðrofa
2294:Light elves (Ljósálfar)
1141:publication notice page
610:Kristján Árnason (2002)
128:in the Icelandic daily
114:William and Mary Howitt
68:("prelude poem") is an
3039:
2289:Dark elves (Dökkálfar)
1938:Narfi (father of Nott)
1275:Sophus Bugge's edition
1174:commentary and studies
313:Royal Library, Denmark
46:
3698:Brot af Sigurðarkviðu
2431:Skinfaxi and Hrímfaxi
1710:Sister-wife of Njörðr
1118:"Hrafnagaldur Óðinns"
637:: 315. Archived from
600:, pp. 10, 12, 15
455:Hilmar Örn Hilmarsson
414:Arvid August Afzelius
138:skepticism than e.g.
24:
3940:Old Norse literature
3201:Wetlands and islands
2321:Fjörgyn and Fjörgynn
1248:Eysteinn Björnsson.
1167:, pp. 61-, 407-
986:"Hrafna-galdr Óþins"
908:, pp. 8, 22, 26
226:Manuscript tradition
3663:Frá dauða Sinfjötla
2483:Narfi (son of Loki)
1630:Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr
1191:. Colburn. p.
1082:Odin's Ravens' Song
367:Publication history
3945:17th-century poems
3919:Icelandic language
3719:Helreið Brynhildar
3556:Völuspá hin skamma
3430:Mythological poems
3129:Religious practice
3103:Old Norse language
2570:Váli (son of Loki)
2458:Líf and Lífthrasir
2366:Árvakr and Alsviðr
2361:Horses of the Æsir
2341:Hati Hróðvitnisson
1482:Váli (son of Odin)
1325:Old Norse religion
1236:, pp. 551–560
1165:5th edition (1874)
1160:2nd edition (1855)
1051:Song of the Ravens
1000:Hrafnagaldur Ódins
961:Sigur Rós (2002).
446:Odin's Raven Magic
408:, 1818, edited by
259:Jónas Kristjánsson
231:Hrafnagaldur Óðins
220:Giallar sunnu gátt
166:in nocte consilium
152:terminus post quem
126:Jónas Kristjánsson
108:(1866) as well as
47:
41:. Illustration by
3927:
3926:
3824:
3823:
3795:
3794:
3740:Guðrúnarkviða III
3604:
3603:
3595:Hrafnagaldr Óðins
3386:
3385:
3378:Nordic Bronze Age
3368:Germanic paganism
3356:
3355:
3227:Germanic calendar
3191:Temple at Uppsala
2989:
2988:
2593:
2592:
2553:Þjálfi and Röskva
2497:Personifications
1360:and other figures
1288:Odins Rabenzauber
1284:'s Danish edition
1279:Odins ravnes sang
770:, pp. 28, 29
475:Explanatory notes
459:Steindór Andersen
174:Middle Low German
51:Hrafnagaldr Óðins
3957:
3914:Old Norse poetry
3800:Non-Codex Regius
3771:Jörmunrekkr Lays
3733:Guðrúnarkviða II
3620:
3613:
3527:Non-Codex Regius
3434:
3413:
3406:
3399:
3390:
3126:
3044:
2811:Grove of fetters
2604:
2311:Fjalar (rooster)
2071:Fjalar and Galar
1365:
1318:
1311:
1304:
1295:
1268:
1266:
1265:
1256:. Archived from
1237:
1228:
1210:
1196:
1156:
1153:
1137:
1122:
1106:
1100:
1096:
1094:
1086:
1075:
1069:
1065:
1063:
1055:
1037:
1034:Norræn fornkvæði
1024:
1018:
1014:
1012:
1004:
993:
967:
966:
958:
952:
951:
940:
934:
928:
922:
915:
909:
903:
897:
891:
885:
879:
873:
868:
862:
852:
846:
840:
834:
828:
822:
816:
810:
804:
798:
792:
783:
777:
771:
765:
759:
753:
747:
737:
731:
725:
719:
714:
708:
702:
696:
695:, pp. 18–21
690:
684:
678:
669:
664:
653:
652:
650:
649:
643:
628:
619:
613:
607:
601:
591:
585:
579:
570:
564:
549:
543:
532:
526:
519:
513:
512:
510:
497:
484:
400:
389:
358:
307:- Thott 1491 4to
3965:
3964:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3930:
3929:
3928:
3923:
3904:Norse mythology
3871:
3866:Codex Wormianus
3820:
3791:
3766:
3705:Guðrúnarkviða I
3650:
3600:
3522:
3425:
3417:
3387:
3382:
3352:
3308:Norse cosmology
3246:
3205:
3117:
3113:Later influence
3027:
2985:
2699:Other locations
2694:
2643:
2589:
2516:Sumarr and Vetr
2200:
2122:
2012:
1813:Gjálp and Greip
1714:
1649:
1496:
1361:
1359:
1350:
1340:
1331:
1322:
1263:
1261:
1247:
1244:
1231:
1218:
1199:
1184:
1154:
1147:
1135:
1120:
1115:
1097:
1087:
1078:
1066:
1056:
1047:
1027:
1015:
1005:
996:
983:
975:
970:
960:
959:
955:
942:
941:
937:
929:
925:
916:
912:
904:
900:
892:
888:
880:
876:
869:
865:
853:
849:
841:
837:
833:, pp. 64–5
829:
825:
817:
813:
805:
801:
793:
786:
778:
774:
766:
762:
754:
750:
744:Rydberg, Viktor
738:
734:
726:
722:
715:
711:
703:
699:
691:
687:
679:
672:
665:
656:
647:
645:
641:
626:
621:
620:
616:
608:
604:
592:
588:
580:
573:
565:
561:
557:
552:
546:Codex Ericianus
537:
533:
529:
520:
516:
508:
495:
490:
485:
481:
477:
472:
463:Barbican Centre
440:
394:
383:
369:
352:
348:), composed by
228:
192:Norse mythology
182:
122:
106:Benjamin Thorpe
17:
12:
11:
5:
3963:
3961:
3953:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3932:
3931:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3909:Skaldic poetry
3906:
3901:
3894:
3887:
3879:
3877:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3862:
3855:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3811:
3803:
3801:
3797:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3789:
3782:
3774:
3772:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3764:
3757:
3750:
3743:
3736:
3729:
3722:
3715:
3708:
3701:
3694:
3687:
3680:
3673:
3666:
3658:
3656:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3641:
3634:
3626:
3624:
3617:
3610:
3606:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3598:
3591:
3584:
3583:
3582:
3575:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3545:
3538:
3535:Baldrs draumar
3530:
3528:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3513:
3506:
3499:
3492:
3485:
3478:
3471:
3464:
3457:
3450:
3442:
3440:
3431:
3427:
3426:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3408:
3401:
3393:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3132:
3130:
3123:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3073:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3059:
3045:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3003:Æsir–Vanir War
2999:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2841:Hoddmímis holt
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2675:Körmt and Örmt
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2610:
2608:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2132:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2106:Sons of Ivaldi
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2022:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1724:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1665:
1659:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1648:
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1637:
1632:
1627:
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1617:
1612:
1607:
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1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1506:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1452:Móði and Magni
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1373:
1371:
1362:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1323:
1321:
1320:
1313:
1306:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1285:
1282:Finn Magnussen
1276:
1273:Forspjallsljóð
1270:
1243:
1242:External links
1240:
1239:
1238:
1229:
1216:
1197:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1162:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1134:978-0903521819
1133:
1113:
1107:
1076:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1025:
994:
980:
979:
974:
971:
969:
968:
953:
935:
923:
910:
898:
886:
874:
863:
847:
835:
823:
811:
799:
784:
772:
760:
748:
740:Simrock (1851)
732:
720:
709:
697:
685:
670:
654:
614:
602:
586:
571:
558:
556:
553:
551:
550:
527:
514:
511:on 2015-09-24.
501:RMN Newsletter
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
449:with music by
439:
436:
432:Viktor Rydberg
418:Theodor Möbius
392:Gunnar Pálsson
368:
365:
350:Gunnar Pálsson
333:
332:
325:
324:
323:- Lbs 1441 4to
317:
316:
309:
308:
301:
300:
296:
295:
288:
287:
280:
279:
255:
254:
253:ca. 1650-1699.
247:
246:
236:Forspjallsljóð
227:
224:
181:
178:
121:
118:
89:Baldrs draumar
65:Forspjallsljóð
43:Lorenz Frølich
16:Icelandic poem
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3962:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3899:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3891:Eddica minora
3888:
3886:
3885:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3856:
3854:
3853:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3817:
3816:
3815:Hervararkviða
3812:
3810:
3809:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3798:
3788:
3787:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3758:
3756:
3755:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3747:Oddrúnargrátr
3744:
3742:
3741:
3737:
3735:
3734:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3726:Dráp Niflunga
3723:
3721:
3720:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3681:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3655:Niflung Cycle
3653:
3647:
3646:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3621:
3618:
3614:
3611:
3607:
3597:
3596:
3592:
3590:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3580:
3579:Fjölsvinnsmál
3576:
3574:
3573:
3569:
3568:
3567:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3550:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3537:
3536:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3510:Völundarkviða
3507:
3505:
3504:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3461:Vafþrúðnismál
3458:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3435:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3423:
3414:
3409:
3407:
3402:
3400:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3208:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3171:Öndvegissúlur
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3151:Heitstrenging
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3098:Völsung Cycle
3096:
3094:
3093:Tyrfing Cycle
3091:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3065:
3064:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3041:Gesta Danorum
3037:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3013:Fróði's Peace
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2538:Shield-maiden
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2212:Ask and Embla
2210:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
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1260:on 2015-12-12
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931:Lassen (2011)
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906:Lassen (2011)
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736:
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729:
728:Doepler, Emil
724:
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713:
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707:, pp. 18
706:
705:Lassen (2011)
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689:
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681:Lassen (2011)
677:
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663:
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644:on 2022-11-30
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594:Lassen (2006)
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578:
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569:, p. 85.
568:
563:
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541:
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535:Jón Eiríksson
531:
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44:
40:
36:
32:
29:and the gods
28:
23:
19:
3950:Eddic poetry
3896:
3889:
3882:
3864:
3859:Flateyjarbók
3857:
3850:
3841:AM 748 I 4to
3836:Codex Regius
3813:
3806:
3784:
3779:Guðrúnarhvöt
3777:
3759:
3752:
3745:
3738:
3731:
3724:
3717:
3710:
3703:
3696:
3691:Sigrdrífumál
3689:
3682:
3675:
3668:
3661:
3643:
3636:
3629:
3616:Codex Regius
3594:
3593:
3586:
3577:
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3563:
3554:
3547:
3540:
3533:
3515:
3508:
3501:
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3487:
3482:Hárbarðsljóð
3480:
3473:
3466:
3459:
3452:
3445:
3438:Codex Regius
3420:
3061:
3054:
3047:
3018:Hjaðningavíg
2796:Glæsisvellir
2336:Gullinbursti
1983:Útgarða-Loki
1377:Almáttki áss
1262:. Retrieved
1258:the original
1253:
1233:
1225:Morgunblaðið
1224:
1207:Morgunblaðið
1205:
1187:
1149:
1124:
1081:
1050:
1042:translations
1033:
999:
989:
965:. p. 6.
956:
949:The Guardian
948:
938:
933:, p. 9.
926:
918:
913:
901:
889:
877:
866:
859:Bugge (1867)
850:
845:, p. 67
838:
826:
821:, p. 64
814:
809:, p. 35
802:
782:, p. 28
775:
763:
758:, p. 22
751:
735:
723:
717:Bugge (1867)
712:
700:
688:
646:. Retrieved
639:the original
634:
630:
617:
605:
589:
562:
545:
530:
517:
506:the original
499:
482:
444:
441:
428:Sophus Bugge
426:
422:Karl Simrock
405:
403:
376:
370:
345:
341:
338:
334:
320:
304:
291:
271:
264:Morgunblaðið
262:
256:
242:
235:
230:
229:
219:
216:
194:, including
187:fornyrðislag
185:
183:
169:
165:
159:
145:
139:
136:
131:Morgunblaðið
129:
123:
110:Karl Simrock
102:A. S. Cottle
97:
93:
87:
84:Sophus Bugge
79:
73:
64:
63:
50:
49:
48:
18:
3829:Manuscripts
3609:Heroic Lays
3588:Gróttasöngr
3565:Svipdagsmál
3422:Poetic Edda
3176:Reginnaglar
3108:Orthography
3081:Jómsvíkinga
3056:Poetic Edda
2969:Urðarbrunnr
2964:Mímisbrunnr
2896:Singasteinn
2826:Hindarfjall
2806:Gnipahellir
2786:Ginnungagap
2761:Fyrisvellir
2756:Fornsigtuna
2690:Vimur River
2680:Slidr River
2453:Jörmungandr
1863:Hrímgrímnir
1492:Vili and Vé
1099:|work=
1068:|work=
1017:|work=
945:"Sigur Ros"
896:, p. 8
797:, p. 9
683:, p. 7
538: [
410:Rasmus Rask
395: [
384: [
375:edition of
373:Arnamagnæan
353: [
342:Gunnarslagr
104:(1797) and
98:Poetic Edda
94:Poetic Edda
80:Poetic Edda
75:Poetic Edda
3934:Categories
3884:Prose Edda
3846:AM 738 4to
3808:Hlöðskviða
3623:Helgi Lays
3549:Hyndluljóð
3503:Þrymskviða
3489:Hymiskviða
3475:Skírnismál
3468:Grímnismál
3343:Viking Age
3318:Philosophy
3186:Sonargöltr
3071:Runestones
3063:Prose Edda
3008:Fimbulvetr
2959:Hvergelmir
2926:Valaskjálf
2886:Sessrúmnir
2856:Jötunheimr
2831:Hlidskjalf
2821:Himinbjörg
2791:Glaðsheimr
2776:Gastropnir
2731:Bilskirnir
2711:Amsvartnir
2624:Gjallarbrú
2607:Underworld
2563:Landvættir
2463:Loddfáfnir
2441:Svaðilfari
2426:Hófvarpnir
2371:Blóðughófi
2351:Hildisvíni
2227:Aurvandill
1988:Vafþrúðnir
1973:Þrúðgelmir
1833:Harðgreipr
1264:2013-07-01
1254:Jörmungand
973:References
857:, citing
648:2018-03-14
523:handrit.is
172:st. 20, a
3898:Sólarljóð
3786:Hamðismál
3754:Atlakviða
3684:Fáfnismál
3677:Reginsmál
3670:Grípisspá
3517:Alvíssmál
3496:Lokasenna
3298:Mead hall
3232:Þorrablót
3086:Legendary
2981:Yggdrasil
2941:Víðbláinn
2936:Vanaheimr
2911:Þrymheimr
2906:Þrúðvangr
2901:Þrúðheimr
2871:Munarvágr
2861:Mímameiðr
2836:Hnitbjorg
2751:Fólkvangr
2736:Brávellir
2685:Vadgelmir
2670:Kerlaugar
2639:Niðafjöll
2599:Locations
2575:Valkyries
2523:Sæhrímnir
2411:Gulltoppr
2376:Falhófnir
2274:Einherjar
2257:Landdísir
2091:Mótsognir
2081:Hreiðmarr
1993:Víðblindi
1943:Sökkmímir
1933:Mögþrasir
1893:Hyrrokkin
1858:Hrímgerðr
1853:Hræsvelgr
1843:Helreginn
1838:Helblindi
1758:Bergelmir
1422:Ítreksjóð
1329:mythology
1101:ignored (
1091:cite book
1070:ignored (
1060:cite book
1019:ignored (
1009:cite book
917:Rydberg,
555:Citations
525:database.
451:Sigur Rós
438:Reception
204:Heimdallr
147:Sólarljóð
124:In 2002,
70:Icelandic
58:'s raven-
35:Heimdallr
3876:See also
3852:Hauksbók
3572:Grógaldr
3542:Rígsþula
3361:See also
3283:Hamingja
3237:Vetrnætr
3222:Dísablót
3217:Álfablót
3023:Ragnarök
2931:Valhalla
2921:Útgarðar
2866:Myrkviðr
2851:Járnviðr
2846:Iðavöllr
2766:Gálgviðr
2746:Fensalir
2655:Élivágar
2629:Náströnd
2619:Éljúðnir
2488:Níðhöggr
2436:Sleipnir
2406:Gullfaxi
2306:Fimafeng
2222:Auðumbla
2041:Billingr
1968:Þrívaldi
1953:Suttungr
1908:Járnsaxa
1878:Hrungnir
1808:Gillingr
1803:Geirröðr
1783:Fárbauti
1773:Býleistr
1738:Angrboða
1690:Gullveig
1402:Heimdall
1392:Dellingr
1155:(German)
978:editions
331:ca. 1760
278:1562 4to
180:Contents
3761:Atlamál
3454:Hávamál
3447:Völuspá
3313:Numbers
3293:Kenning
3166:Worship
3122:Society
3032:Sources
2951:Vingólf
2946:Vígríðr
2916:Uppsala
2881:Okolnir
2801:Glitnir
2771:Gandvik
2726:Bifröst
2716:Andlang
2634:Niflhel
2580:Völundr
2528:Skírnir
2468:Móðguðr
2264:Dragons
2247:Byggvir
2076:Gandalf
2061:Dvalinn
2031:Andvari
1868:Hrímnir
1823:Gunnlöð
1793:Fornjót
1788:Fjölvar
1768:Bölþorn
1743:Aurboða
1733:Alvaldi
1685:Gersemi
1502:Ásynjur
1407:Hermóðr
1397:Forseti
1347:Deities
466:works.
156:Erasmus
3156:Horses
2995:Events
2976:Ýdalir
2955:Wells
2891:Sindri
2876:Nóatún
2741:Brimir
2706:Asgard
2665:Ífingr
2648:Rivers
2558:Vættir
2416:Gyllir
2326:Fylgja
2316:Fenrir
2269:Draugs
2205:Others
2128:Heroes
2111:Brokkr
2066:Fáfnir
2056:Dúrnir
2051:Durinn
2026:Alvíss
2018:Dwarfs
2003:Vörnir
1913:Laufey
1778:Eggþér
1763:Bestla
1720:Jötnar
1705:Njörðr
1700:Kvasir
1663:Freyja
1615:Snotra
1575:Njörun
1530:Gefjon
1487:Víðarr
1427:Lóðurr
1356:jötnar
1352:dwarfs
1131:
746:(1889)
730:(1881)
631:Gripla
457:, and
170:máltíd
161:Adagia
62:") or
3348:Völva
3338:Skald
3333:Seiðr
3328:Runes
3323:Rings
3288:Heiti
3273:Galdr
3268:Félag
3258:Death
3251:Other
3161:Hörgr
3076:Sagas
2816:Heiðr
2781:Gimlé
2721:Barri
2660:Gjöll
2585:Vörðr
2548:Troll
2533:Sköll
2493:Norns
2401:Grani
2396:Glenr
2386:Glaðr
2356:Hjúki
2331:Garmr
2284:Elves
2279:Eldir
2252:Dísir
2232:Beyla
2166:Hi–Hy
2116:Eitri
2101:Regin
2046:Dáinn
1998:Vosud
1978:Þrymr
1958:Þjazi
1948:Surtr
1918:Leikn
1888:Hymir
1883:Hrymr
1873:Hroðr
1848:Hljod
1828:Gymir
1818:Gríðr
1798:Gangr
1748:Baugi
1695:Hnoss
1678:Yngvi
1668:Freyr
1655:Vanir
1635:Þrúðr
1610:Skaði
1605:Sjöfn
1600:Sigyn
1585:Rindr
1570:Nanna
1550:Iðunn
1535:Gerðr
1525:Fulla
1520:Frigg
1447:Mímir
1442:Meili
1417:Hœnir
1387:Bragi
1382:Baldr
1121:(PDF)
642:(PDF)
627:(PDF)
542:]
509:(PDF)
496:(PDF)
470:Notes
399:]
388:]
357:]
212:Bragi
200:Iðunn
60:galdr
39:Bragi
27:Iðunn
3419:The
3278:Goði
3263:Ergi
3242:Yule
3141:Blót
3049:Edda
2511:Nótt
2506:Elli
2501:Dagr
2448:Jörð
2391:Glær
2381:Gísl
2242:Búri
2237:Borr
2217:Auðr
2161:H–He
2086:Litr
2008:Ymir
1963:Þökk
1928:Logi
1923:Litr
1753:Beli
1728:Ægir
1590:Sága
1565:Lofn
1560:Irpa
1555:Ilmr
1545:Hlín
1477:Ullr
1467:Thor
1457:Odin
1437:Máni
1432:Loki
1412:Höðr
1369:Æsir
1327:and
1129:ISBN
1103:help
1072:help
1021:help
412:and
344:(or
210:and
208:Loki
196:Odin
144:and
120:Date
56:Odin
37:and
31:Loki
3303:Nīþ
3146:Hof
2614:Hel
2346:Hel
2181:T–Y
2176:P–S
2171:I–O
2156:F–G
2151:D–E
2146:B–C
2096:Ótr
1898:Iði
1645:Vör
1640:Vár
1625:Syn
1620:Sól
1595:Sif
1580:Rán
1540:Gná
1515:Eir
1510:Bil
1472:Týr
1462:Óðr
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1227:.
1215:)
1195:.
1105:)
1074:)
1023:)
651:.
612:.
596:,
584:.
321:E
305:D
292:C
272:B
243:A
45:.
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