2217:
51:
1186:), development teams include someone who handles the basic/central stages of the process which then enables all the others. Such persons typically understand foreign languages and cultures and have some technical background. Specialized technical writers are required to construct a culturally appropriate syntax for potentially complicated concepts, coupled with engineering resources to deploy and test the localization elements.
628:
453:
1112:
for countries that do not have states, plus the introduction of new registration flows that adhere to local laws are just some of the examples that make internationalization a complex project. A broader approach takes into account cultural factors regarding for example the adaptation of the business process logic or the inclusion of individual cultural (behavioral) aspects.
645:, the design aspects to consider when internationalizing a product are "data encoding, data and documentation, software construction, hardware device support, and user interaction"; while the key design areas to consider when making a fully internationalized product from scratch are "user interaction, algorithm design and data formats, software services, and documentation".
2233:
619:(NLV) for localized versions of software products supporting only one specific locale. The term implies the existence of other alike NLV versions of the software for different markets; this terminology is not used where no internationalization and localization was undertaken and a software product only supports one language and locale in any version.
1250:
must also facilitate their operations in the new languages, to support customers for the localized products. Particularly for relatively small language populations, it may never be economically viable to offer a localized product. Even where large language populations could justify localization for a
1143:
The current prevailing practice is for applications to place text in resource files which are loaded during program execution as needed. These strings, stored in resource files, are relatively easy to translate. Programs are often built to reference resource libraries depending on the selected locale
597:
defines internationalization as a combination of world-readiness and localization. World-readiness is a developer task, which enables a product to be used with multiple scripts and cultures (globalization) and separates user interface resources in a localizable format (localizability, abbreviated to
1242:
However, there are considerable costs involved, which go far beyond engineering. Further, business operations must adapt to manage the production, storage and distribution of multiple discrete localized products, which are often being sold in completely different currencies, regulatory environments
1139:
Both in re-engineering an existing software or designing a new internationalized software, the first step of internationalization is to split each potentially locale-dependent part (whether code, text or data) into a separate module. Each module can then either rely on a standard library/dependency
1159:
Thus to get an application to support multiple languages one would design the application to select the relevant language resource file at runtime. The code required to manage data entry verification and many other locale-sensitive data types also must support differing locale requirements. Modern
1111:
a product, it is important to look at a variety of markets that the product will foreseeably enter. Details such as field length for street addresses, unique format for the address, ability to make the postal code field optional to address countries that do not have postal codes or the state field
736:
can encounter differences above and beyond straightforward translation of words and phrases, because computer programs can generate content dynamically. These differences may need to be taken into account by the internationalization process in preparation for translation. Many of these differences
514:
Localization (which is potentially performed multiple times, for different locales) uses the infrastructure or flexibility provided by internationalization (which is ideally performed only once before localization, or as an integral part of ongoing development).
1147:
The storage for translatable and translated strings is sometimes called a message catalog as the strings are called messages. The catalog generally comprises a set of files in a specific localization format and a standard library to handle said format. One
1204:
When translating existing text to other languages, it is difficult to maintain the parallel versions of texts throughout the life of the product. For instance, if a message displayed to the user is modified, all of the translated versions must be changed.
510:
so that it can be adapted to various languages and regions without engineering changes. Localization is the process of adapting internationalized software for a specific region or language by translating text and adding locale-specific components.
1941:
Reina, Laura Arjona; Robles, Gregorio; González-Barahona, Jesús M. (2013). "A Preliminary
Analysis of Localization in Free Software: How Translations Are Performed". In Petrinja, Etiel; Succi, Giancarlo; Ioini, Nabil El; Sillitti, Alberto (eds.).
1251:
given product, and a product's internal structure already permits localization, a given software developer or publisher may lack the size and sophistication to manage the ancillary functions associated with operating in multiple locales.
2106:
2268:
2048:
1768:
2096:
1799:
1617:
837:
Different languages have different pluralization rules, which can complicate programs that dynamically display numerical content. Other grammar rules might also vary, e.g.
885:
1855:
401:
1488:
In a nutshell, localization revolves around combining language and technology to produce a product that can cross cultural and language barriers. No more, no less.
2253:
1593:
instead, quoting the first and last letter of each word, and replacing the run of intermediate letters by a number merely telling how many such letters there are.
2040:
947:
vary across the world, and this must be taken into account if a product originally only interacted with people in a single time zone. For internationalization,
858:
which is being localized for. If a shortcut corresponds to a word in a particular language (e.g. Ctrl-s stands for "save" in
English), it may need to be changed.
309:
2237:
634:
413:
439:
1917:
1738:
1885:
2278:
1167:
Many localization issues (e.g. writing direction, text sorting) require more profound changes in the software than text translation. For example,
711:
391:
1572:
1961:
1022:
1760:
1268:
1179:
A globalization method includes, after planning, three implementation steps: internationalization, localization and quality assurance.
1127:) on a large scale, for all their translation activity: human translators handled pre-editing (making the input machine-readable) and
304:
1686:
1664:
1459:
2198:
2179:
2160:
2141:
2019:
1474:
1442:
386:
294:
1791:
1609:
2283:
1215:
may provides reference software localization guidelines for developers. The software localization language may be different from
1379:
1319:
1095:
1847:
1160:
development systems and operating systems include sophisticated libraries for international support of these types, see also
1043:
461:
432:
360:
166:
1642:
1946:. IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology. Vol. 404. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 153–167.
1190:
738:
549:
207:
192:
2273:
1263:
928:
876:
612:
created a system called "National
Language Support" or "Native Language Support" (NLS) to produce localizable software.
1208:
1054:
688:
457:
330:
299:
125:
1510:
1540:
2071:
948:
500:
934:
In particular, the United States and Europe differ in most of these cases. Other areas often follow one of these.
425:
2293:
1987:
938:
666:
Text translation for printed materials, and digital media (possibly including error messages and documentation)
381:
1908:
844:
Different languages use different punctuation (e.g. quoting text using double-quotes (" ") as in
English, or
2258:
2041:"How to Translate a Game Into 20 Languages and Avoid Going to Hell: Exorcising the Four Devils of Confusion"
958:
831:
263:
171:
110:
85:
2263:
1728:
1304:
1298:
1293:
1039:
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232:
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may require customization for a particular jurisdiction, or a change to the product as a whole, such as:
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161:
105:
90:
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273:
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115:
34:
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In a commercial setting, the benefit of localization is access to more markets. In the early 1980s,
2101:
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991:
981:
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340:
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156:
146:
120:
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Once properly internationalized, software can rely on more decentralized models for localization:
1708:
1324:
1193:
usually rely on self-localization by end-users and volunteers, sometimes organized in teams. The
794:
778:
677:
578:
202:
80:
75:
2134:.NET Internationalization: The Developer's Guide to Building Global Windows and Web Applications
1822:
2194:
2175:
2156:
2137:
2014:
1957:
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Many people, tired of writing these long words over and over again, took the habit of writing
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1344:
1314:
1247:
1183:
1091:
851:
800:
750:
733:
719:
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669:
Potentially altering images and logos containing text to contain translations or generic icons
496:
325:
176:
65:
2226:
2216:
1947:
1328:
1216:
1149:
803:
is left to right in most
European languages, right-to-left in Hebrew and Arabic, or both in
746:
715:
657:
656:
For film, video, and audio, translation of spoken words or music lyrics, often using either
476:
351:
1480:
1075:
1012:
904:
855:
774:
605:
484:
356:
335:
50:
2009:
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1235:. MicroPro found that using an Austrian translator for the West German market caused its
1231:
took two years to separate program code and text and lost the market lead in Europe over
1201:
supports over 500 languages, of which 100 are mostly complete as of
September 2023.
951:
is often used internally and then converted into a local time zone for display purposes.
1168:
1026:
1016:
705:
673:
499:
to different languages, regional peculiarities and technical requirements of a target
2247:
1369:
1273:
1194:
1059:
1002:
923:
880:
804:
583:
248:
151:
452:
1610:"What is Internationalization (i18n), Localization (L10n) and Globalization (g11n)"
1435:
Software without
Frontiers: A Multi-Platform, Multi-Cultural, Multi-Nation Approach
1128:
867:
Different countries have different economic conventions, including variations in:
627:
1952:
1228:
1116:
964:
894:
737:
are so regular that a conversion between languages can be easily automated. The
562:, due to the length of the words. Some writers have the latter term capitalized
227:
222:
70:
42:
2172:
The Web
Testing Companion: The Insider's Guide to Efficient and Effective Tests
1029:
shown on maps (e.g., India has proposed a bill that would make failing to show
672:
Different translation lengths and differences in character sizes (e.g. between
27:
Process of making software accessible to people in different areas of the world
1069:
985:
971:
871:
376:
1650:
1239:
documentation to, an executive said, not "have the tone it should have had".
1212:
1198:
1080:
1008:
954:
Different countries have different legal requirements, meaning for example:
944:
908:
845:
820:
782:
594:
524:
468:
217:
1630:
The capital L in L10n helps to distinguish it from the lowercase i in i18n.
1500:
1467:
Translation
Technology and Its Teaching (With Much Mention of Localization)
1094:, such as social taboos, popular local religions, or superstitions such as
680:) can cause layouts that work well in one language to work poorly in others
2232:
1532:
1236:
1050:
Localization also may take into account differences in culture, such as:
995:
912:
907:, positions of currency markers, and reasonable amounts due to different
900:
838:
786:
937:
Specific third-party services, such as online maps, weather reports, or
1733:
1567:
1197:, for example, has volunteer translation teams for over 100 languages.
1153:
1124:
1038:
Government-assigned numbers have different formats (such as passports,
1030:
790:
742:
684:
212:
2227:
Localization vs. Internationalization by The World Wide Web
Consortium
941:, might not be available worldwide from the same carriers, or at all.
762:
758:
745:
provides a collection of such differences. Its data is used by major
371:
366:
1977:
1910:
Culture Profiles: Facilitating Global Learning and Knowledge Sharing
17:
1792:"Pakistan Expresses Concern Over India's Controversial 'Maps Bill'"
1465:. In Pym, Anthony; Perekrestenko, Alexander; Starink, Bram (eds.).
1331:
method for testing a software product's readiness for localization.
1982:
1063:
813:, for languages where characters change shape depending on context
754:
626:
609:
1687:"Globalization Step-by-Step: Understanding Internationalization"
1469:. Tarragona: Intercultural Studies Group – URV. pp. 21–29.
591:, for the combination of internationalization and localization.
2191:
Business Without Borders: A Strategic Guide to Global Marketing
2136:. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Addison Wesley Professional.
1713:
1505:
1374:
714:, possibly including the use of different calendars (e.g. the
648:
Translation is typically the most time-consuming component of
574:
1823:"Changing Maps Will Not Mean Kashmir Is a Part of You, India"
1765:
Human Translation Services – Language to Language Translation
1074:
Comprehensibility and cultural appropriateness of images and
793:
standard to represent many different languages with a single
1848:"An Overview of the Geospatial Information Regulation Bill"
2269:
Information and communication technologies for development
807:
scripts, and optionally vertical in some Asian languages.
1140:
or be independently replaced as needed for each locale.
819:
Different languages and writing systems have different
816:
Capitalization exists in some scripts and not in others
1033:
and other areas as intended by the government a crime)
761:, and by major Internet companies or projects such as
2072:"Microsoft Localization Style Guides - Globalization"
536:stands for the number of letters between the first
506:Internationalization is the process of designing a
631:The internationalization and localization process
2193:. Chelmsford, Massachusetts: Globa Vista Press.
2097:"IBM Wins Dominance in European Computer Market"
1368:Ishida, Richard; Miller, Susan K. (2005-12-05).
1103:Business process for internationalizing software
1087:of people and architecture of locations pictured
1021:Sensitivity to different political issues, like
915:codes are often used for internationalization
433:
8:
1761:"Do We Need to Localize Keyboard Shortcuts?"
523:The terms are frequently abbreviated to the
1944:Open Source Software: Quality Verification
1878:"Appendix V International Address Formats"
440:
426:
29:
1951:
1433:Hall, P. A. V.; Hudson, R., eds. (1997).
1171:achieves this with compilation switches.
1161:
977:Different consumer labelling requirements
615:Some vendors, including IBM use the term
1115:Already in the 1990s, companies such as
1098:vs. astrological signs in other cultures
769:. Examples of such differences include:
451:
1370:"Localization vs. Internationalization"
1357:
317:
286:
240:
184:
138:
57:
41:
1729:"Plural forms (GNU gettext utilities)"
1603:
1601:
1575:from the original on 18 September 2019
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
830:, which might need to be supported if
789:, or symbols. Modern systems use the
460:software programs mostly localized to
2254:Internationalization and localization
2238:Internationalization and localization
2095:Schrage, Michael (17 February 1985).
1513:from the original on 2 September 2011
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
481:internationalisation and localisation
473:internationalization and localization
254:Internationalization and localization
7:
2051:from the original on 7 December 2017
1858:from the original on 29 October 2020
1821:Yasser Latif Hamdani (18 May 2016).
1363:
1361:
1301:, localization into Russian language
1269:International Components for Unicode
1007:Collecting different taxes, such as
854:can only make use of buttons on the
495:respectively, are means of adapting
2109:from the original on 29 August 2018
1990:from the original on 29 August 2023
826:Different languages have different
1741:from the original on 14 March 2021
1563:"Concepts (GNU gettext utilities)"
700:Formatting of numbers (especially
387:Books and magazines on translation
25:
2153:A Practical Guide to Localization
1771:from the original on 3 April 2015
1620:from the original on 2 April 2015
1543:from the original on 27 June 2014
1533:"Origin of the Abbreviation I18n"
897:, and choice of delivery services
773:Different "scripts" in different
2231:
2215:
2174:. Indianapolis, Indiana: Wiley.
1888:from the original on 19 May 2021
1802:from the original on 10 May 2018
683:Consideration of differences in
49:
2022:from the original on 2023-08-29
1923:from the original on 2011-07-16
1460:"The Evolution of Localization"
1382:from the original on 2016-04-03
1320:Globalization Management System
1096:blood types in Japanese culture
1044:national identification numbers
2279:Natural language and computing
2010:"Translating:Group Statistics"
1246:Finally, sales, marketing and
781:– a different set of letters,
414:Kural translations by language
392:Bible translations by language
167:Dynamic and formal equivalence
1:
2155:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
1790:Mateen Haider (17 May 2016).
1260:Subcomponents and standards:
1191:free and open source software
1152:and format that aids this is
929:Voltage and current standards
739:Common Locale Data Repository
570:to help distinguish the two.
550:Digital Equipment Corporation
402:List of most translated works
208:Translation management system
1953:10.1007/978-3-642-38928-3_11
1665:"Globalization Step-by-Step"
1264:Bidirectional script support
1023:geographical naming disputes
877:Broadcast television systems
2189:DePalma, Donald A. (2004).
2132:Smith-Ferrier, Guy (2006).
1709:"National language version"
1209:Independent software vendor
633:(based on a chart from the
552:in the 1970s or 1980s) and
2315:
1691:Go Global Developer Center
1669:Go Global Developer Center
697:Writing conventions like:
643:Software without frontiers
1643:"Globalize Your Business"
1223:Commercial considerations
1182:To some degree (e.g. for
974:on a website or packaging
939:payment service providers
617:National Language Version
1501:"Glossary of W3C Jargon"
886:Telephone number formats
848:(« ») as in French)
382:Journalistic translation
2284:Technical communication
2151:Esselink, Bert (2000).
1458:Esselink, Bert (2006).
1040:Social Security Numbers
832:Western Arabic numerals
264:Video game localization
172:Contrastive linguistics
2070:jowilco (2023-08-24).
1608:alan (29 March 2011).
1311:Methods and examples:
1305:Separation of concerns
1299:Computer Russification
1294:Computer accessibility
891:Postal address formats
638:
464:
347:Telephone interpreting
233:Multimedia translation
1486:on 7 September 2012.
1437:. Chichester: Wiley.
1279:Language localization
959:Regulatory compliance
919:System of measurement
650:language localization
630:
573:Some companies, like
487:), often abbreviated
462:Chinese (traditional)
455:
279:Software localization
259:Language localization
162:Translation criticism
91:Linguistic validation
2240:at Wikimedia Commons
1284:Website localization
1162:Standard locale data
1085:socioeconomic status
863:National conventions
767:Wikimedia Foundation
729:Standard locale data
712:Date and time format
652:. This may involve:
548:, a usage coined at
546:internationalization
508:software application
274:Website localization
2274:International trade
2170:Ash, Lydia (2003).
2102:The Washington Post
2076:learn.microsoft.com
1827:The Express Tribune
1340:Input method editor
1233:Microsoft Multiplan
1121:machine translation
992:Internet censorship
990:Compliance with an
984:and regulations on
982:export restrictions
811:Complex text layout
341:Video relay service
198:Machine translation
157:Translation project
147:Translation studies
1907:Pawlowski, Jan M.
1767:. 21 August 2014.
1325:Pseudolocalization
1290:Related concepts:
1090:Local customs and
852:Keyboard shortcuts
795:character encoding
678:Chinese characters
639:
465:
203:Mobile translation
2236:Media related to
2221:FOSS Localization
2015:translatewiki.net
1978:"GNOME Languages"
1963:978-3-642-38927-6
1916:(Draft version).
1675:on 12 April 2015.
1653:on 31 March 2016.
1345:Language industry
1315:Game localization
1248:technical support
1243:and tax regimes.
1184:quality assurance
1001:Requirements for
801:Writing direction
751:Microsoft Windows
747:operating systems
734:Computer software
720:Japanese calendar
702:decimal separator
497:computer software
450:
449:
326:Untranslatability
177:Polysystem theory
16:(Redirected from
2306:
2235:
2219:
2204:
2185:
2166:
2147:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2092:
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2083:
2082:
2067:
2061:
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2058:
2056:
2047:. 4 April 2014.
2037:
2031:
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2006:
2000:
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1997:
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1854:. 24 July 2017.
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1693:. Archived from
1683:
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1671:. Archived from
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1655:
1654:
1649:. Archived from
1639:
1633:
1632:
1627:
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1605:
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1550:
1548:
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1523:
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1497:
1491:
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1485:
1479:. Archived from
1464:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1430:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1365:
1329:software testing
1217:written language
1150:software library
1109:internationalize
1083:, clothing, and
1027:disputed borders
980:Compliance with
442:
435:
428:
397:Translated books
352:Language barrier
269:Dub localization
53:
30:
21:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2294:Transliteration
2244:
2243:
2212:
2207:
2201:
2188:
2182:
2169:
2163:
2150:
2144:
2131:
2127:
2125:Further reading
2122:
2112:
2110:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2080:
2078:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2054:
2052:
2045:PocketGamer.biz
2039:
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2008:
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1993:
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1920:
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1905:
1901:
1891:
1889:
1884:. 2 June 2008.
1876:
1875:
1871:
1861:
1859:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1831:
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1820:
1819:
1815:
1805:
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1759:
1758:
1754:
1744:
1742:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1697:on 26 May 2015.
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1385:
1383:
1367:
1366:
1359:
1355:
1257:
1225:
1177:
1137:
1105:
1076:color symbolism
1013:value added tax
865:
856:keyboard layout
828:numeral systems
775:writing systems
731:
632:
625:
606:Hewlett-Packard
581:, use the term
521:
446:
357:Fan translation
336:Transliteration
126:Sense-for-sense
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2312:
2310:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2259:Business terms
2256:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2229:
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2211:
2210:External links
2208:
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2126:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2087:
2062:
2032:
2001:
1969:
1962:
1933:
1899:
1882:Microsoft Docs
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1852:Madras Courier
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241:Localization
185:Technologies
2289:Translation
2055:19 February
1892:19 February
1862:19 February
1832:19 February
1775:19 February
1547:19 February
1229:Lotus 1-2-3
1135:Engineering
1092:conventions
1066:conventions
972:disclaimers
970:Additional
965:Privacy law
872:Paper sizes
409:Translators
228:Postediting
223:Pre-editing
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2248:Categories
2081:2024-09-15
2026:2023-09-16
1927:2009-10-01
1386:2023-09-16
1353:References
1070:Aesthetics
1042:and other
998:procedures
994:regime or
986:encryption
967:compliance
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846:guillemets
783:syllograms
779:characters
525:numeronyms
377:Scanlation
218:Subtitling
131:Homophonic
101:Regulatory
2113:29 August
1213:Microsoft
1199:MediaWiki
1081:Ethnicity
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909:inflation
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662:subtitles
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2020:Archived
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1800:Archived
1769:Archived
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367:Fansub
300:Awards
139:Theory
1983:GNOME
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