991:. The product would function strictly as an 80286 native-mode (i.e. protected-mode) operating system, allowing users to take full advantage of the protected mode to perform multi-user, multitasking operations while running 8086 emulation. This worked on the B-1 prototype step of the chip, but Digital Research discovered problems with the emulation on the production level C-1 step in May, which would not allow Concurrent DOS 286 to run 8086 software in protected mode. The release of Concurrent DOS 286 was delayed until Intel would develop a new version of the chip. In August, after extensive testing on E-1 step samples of the 80286, Digital Research acknowledged that Intel corrected all documented 286 errata, but said that there were still undocumented chip performance problems with the prerelease version of Concurrent DOS 286 running on the E-1 step. Intel said that the approach Digital Research wished to take in emulating 8086 software in protected mode differed from the original specifications. Nevertheless, in the E-2 step, they implemented minor changes in the
976:(GDT) and assigning them all the same privilege level), this undermined nearly all of the advantages of protected mode except the extended (24-bit) address space. The choice that OS developers faced was either to start from scratch and create an OS that would not run the vast majority of the old programs, or to come up with a version of DOS that was slow and ugly (i.e., ugly from an internal technical viewpoint) but would still run a majority of the old programs. Protected mode also did not provide a significant enough performance advantage over the 8086-compatible real mode to justify supporting its capabilities; actually, except for task switches when multitasking, it yielded only a performance disadvantage, by slowing down many instructions through a litany of added privilege checks. In protected mode, registers were still 16-bit, and the programmer was still forced to use a memory map composed of 64 kB segments, just like in real mode.
918:, which was designed to go back and forth between modes easily and to provide an emulation of real mode within protected mode. When Intel designed the 286, it was not designed to be able to multitask real-mode applications; real mode was intended to be a simple way for a bootstrap loader to prepare the system and then switch to protected mode; essentially, in protected mode the 80286 was designed to be a new processor with many similarities to its predecessors, while real mode on the 80286 was offered for smaller-scale systems that could benefit from a more advanced version of the 80186 CPU core, with advantages such as higher clock rates, faster instruction execution (measured in clock cycles), and unmultiplexed buses, but not the 24-bit (16 MB) memory space.
774:
790:
401:
649:
972:
that did not belong to them, as real mode allowed them to do without restriction; in contrast, the design intent of protected mode was to prevent programs from accessing any segments other than their own unless special access was explicitly allowed. While it was possible to set up a protected-mode environment that allowed all programs access to all segments (by putting all segment descriptors into the
657:
40:
782:
1077:
82230/82231 High
Integration AT-Compatible Chip Set – The 82230 covers this combination of chips: 82C284 clock, 82288 bus controller, and dual 8259A interrupt controllers among other components. The 82231 covers this combination of chips: 8254 interrupt timer, 74LS612 memory mapper and dual 8237A DMA
971:
DOS programs with protected mode. They simply could not natively run in this new mode without significant modification. In protected mode, memory management and interrupt handling were done differently than in real mode. In addition, DOS programs typically would directly access data and code segments
1081:
82258 Advanced Direct Memory Access
Controller – Transfer rate of 8MB per second, supports up to 32 subchannels, mask and compare, verify, translation, and assembly/disassembly operation that are being processed simultaneously. It also supports a 16MB addressing range. These were available for USD $
748:
The 80286 included, in addition to all of the 8086 instructions, all of the new instructions of the 80186: ENTER, LEAVE, BOUND, INS, OUTS, PUSHA, POPA, PUSH immediate, IMUL immediate, and immediate shifts and rotates. The 80286 also added new instructions for protected mode: ARPL, CLTS, LAR, LGDT,
934:
The protected mode of the 80286 was not routinely utilized in PC applications until many years after its release, in part because of the high cost of adding extended memory to a PC, but also because of the need for software to support the large user base of 8086 PCs. For example, in 1986 the only
902:
keyboard microcontroller to enable software to cause the reset, allowing real-mode reentry while retaining active memory and returning control to the program that initiated the reset. (The BIOS is necessarily involved because it obtains control directly whenever the CPU resets.) Though it worked
764:
supporting up to 1 GB via segmentation. However, memory cost and the initial rarity of software using the memory above 1 MB meant that until late in its production, 80286 computers rarely shipped with more than 1 MB of RAM. Additionally, there was a performance penalty involved in
749:
LIDT, LLDT, LMSW, LSL, LTR, SGDT, SIDT, SLDT, SMSW, STR, VERR, and VERW. Some of the instructions for protected mode can (or must) be used in real mode to set up and switch to protected mode, and a few (such as SMSW and LMSW) are useful for real mode itself.
921:
To support protected mode, new instructions have been added: ARPL, VERR, VERW, LAR, LSL, SMSW, SGDT, SIDT, SLDT, STR, LMSW, LGDT, LIDT, LLDT, LTR, CLTS. There are also new exceptions (internal interrupts): invalid opcode, coprocessor not available,
1902:
Ormsby, John, Editor, "New
Product Focus: Components: Intel's 82X3X Chip-set Handles Logic Functions That Once Required The Services Of Sources Of Chips", Intel Corporation, Microcomputer Solutions, January/February 1988, page
910:
if certain rules (newly proposed with the introduction of the 80286) were followed; however, as many DOS programs did not conform to those rules, protected mode was not widely used until the appearance of its successor, the
458:
that caused problems for programmers and operating-system writers in the earlier B-step and C-step CPUs (common in the AT and AT clones). This E-2 stepping part may have been available in later 1986.
1078:
controller among other components. They are available by second-sourced with Zymos Corp. Both set are available USD $ 60 for 10 MHz version and USD $ 90 for 12 MHz version in quantities of 100.
1695:
1276:
1764:
1057:. These were less hindered by the limitations of the 80286 protected mode because they did not aim to run MS-DOS applications or other real-mode programs. In its successor
3016:
2833:
717:
in many programs (i.e., a doubled performance at the same clock speed). This was a large increase, fully comparable to the speed improvements seven years later when the
733:, consuming several extra clock cycles in many cases. Also, the 80286 was more efficient in the prefetch of instructions, buffering, execution of jumps, and in complex
3119:
3021:
392:, introduced in 1984, and then widely used in most PC/AT compatible computers until the early 1990s. In 1987, Intel shipped its five-millionth 80286 microprocessor.
3212:
3031:
1375:
3036:
3026:
3011:
2838:
447:
each. The 6 MHz, 10 MHz, and 12 MHz models were reportedly measured to operate at 0.9 MIPS, 1.5 MIPS, and 2.66 MIPS respectively.
1465:
Intel
Corporation, "New Product Focus Components: Highest Ranking 16-bit Microprocessor Meets Military Objectives", Solutions, September/October 1985, page 13.
1586:
Intel
Corporation, "New Product Focus Components: Highest Ranking 16-bit Microprocessor Meets Military Objectives", Solutions, September/October 1985, page 13
1085:
82C284 Clock
Generator and Driver – Intel second sourced this 82284 version to Fujitsu Limited around 1985. The Intel branded chipset was available in 20-pin
822:
could be equipped with an optional MMU controller). This would allow IBM compatibles to have advanced multitasking OSes for the first time and compete in the
2004:
729:) were less expensive. They were performed by a dedicated unit in the 80286, while the older 8086 had to do effective address computation using its general
2828:
2041:
664:
Intel expected the 286 to be used primarily in industrial automation, transaction processing, and telecommunications, instead of in personal computers.
3064:
725:(1993) were introduced. This was partly due to the non-multiplexed address and data buses, but mainly to the fact that address calculations (such as
3124:
1815:
1973:
1123:
443:
on "typical" programs, although it could be significantly faster on optimized code and in tight loops, as many instructions could execute in
2185:
2170:
2094:
2084:
1612:
1565:
1314:
894:") without a hardware-initiated reset. In the PC/AT introduced in 1984, IBM added external circuitry, as well as specialized code in the
2089:
1682:
1660:
1423:
1015:
version 1.3, a derivation of
Concurrent DOS 286, was developed in 1986, introduced in January 1987, and later adopted by IBM for their
3202:
2109:
2104:
2099:
1559:
837:
Several additional instructions were introduced in the protected mode of 80286, which are helpful for multitasking operating systems.
1639:"Super DOS awaits new 80286 – Concurrent DOS 286 – delayed until Intel upgrades chip – offers Xenix's power and IBM PC compatibility"
1210:
847:
Assigning privilege levels to each segment. Segments with lower privilege levels cannot access segments with higher privilege levels.
1799:
3074:
3054:
2317:
2163:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2079:
2074:
1267:
1241:
3217:
3207:
2999:
2146:
2121:
2312:
2281:
2252:
2034:
1943:
1180:
1065:, a mode within protected mode with much better MS-DOS compatibility, in order to satisfy the diverging needs of the market.
1843:
690:
and consisted of four independent units: the address unit, bus unit, instruction unit, and execution unit, organized into a
2014:
1999:
2883:
2740:
2384:
2293:
2153:
2116:
2069:
1339:
Teixeira, Kevin, "What's Next For The 80286?", Intel
Corporation, Microcomputer Solutions, November/December 1987, page 16
926:, coprocessor segment overrun, stack fault, segment overrun/general protection fault, and others only for protected mode.
1479:
Ashborn, Jim; "Advanced
Packaging: A Little Goes A Long Way", Intel Corporation, Solutions, January/February 1986, Page 2
1456:
Intel
Corporation, "New Product Focus Components: 80286 Workhorses: Twice As Fast", Solutions, July/August 1985, Page 17.
3181:
2355:
2305:
2269:
1231:
Ormsby, John, "Chip Design: A Race Worth Winning", Intel Corporation, Microcomputer Solutions, July/August 1988, page 18
444:
174:
1371:
2379:
2350:
2342:
2300:
2288:
2264:
1724:
1050:
699:
234:
2257:
1519:
3134:
2027:
1989:
433:
370:
2064:
2050:
1865:
389:
1149:– Undocumented 80286/80386 instruction that could be used to gain access to all available memory in real mode.
760:, compared to the 1 MB address space of prior x86 processors. It was the first x86 processor to support
3176:
3151:
2745:
1490:
973:
676:
436:
implementation, largely aimed at battery-powered devices. Intel's CMOS version of the 80286 was the 80C286.
117:
3166:
2222:
2212:
2207:
2175:
1691:
811:
742:
440:
183:
3156:
2878:
1648:
1411:
1099:
875:
730:
703:
672:
240:
2488:
1912:
Intel Corporation, "New Product Focus Components: The 82258 ADMA Boost iAPX 286 Family Performance",
1822:
1402:"Intel shows new 80286 chip – Future of DRI's Concurrent DOS 286 still unclear after processor fixed"
695:
499:
3114:
2604:
773:
680:
840:
Another important feature of 80286 is the prevention of unauthorized access. This is achieved by:
3161:
2776:
1738:
984:
417:
89:
365:
and wide protection abilities. The 80286 used approximately 134,000 transistors in its original
1042:, originally a joint venture between IBM and Microsoft, would run on a 286 (and in text mode).
2927:
2811:
2781:
1795:
1652:
1600:
1555:
1547:
1415:
1318:
1062:
1027:
515:
362:
167:
1756:
1638:
1401:
2864:
2662:
2556:
2411:
2243:
2198:
1994:
1444:
Intel Corporation, "NewsBits: Second Source News", Solutions, January/February 1985, Page 1.
1130:
980:
912:
789:
350:
that was introduced on February 1, 1982. It was the first 8086-based CPU with separate, non-
344:
196:
1061:
chip, Intel enhanced the protected mode to address more memory and also added the separate
2519:
2492:
1883:
1596:
1301:
1202:
964:
948:
726:
713:
The performance increase of the 80286 over the 8086 (or 8088) could be more than 100% per
691:
683:
400:
358:
351:
162:
1840:"An Introduction to Coherent: General Information FAQ for the Coherent Operating System"
3059:
2723:
1245:
907:
860:
855:), arithmetic operations can be performed on the following different types of numbers:
844:
Forming different segments for data, code, and stack, and preventing their overlapping.
827:
815:
807:
761:
738:
707:
451:
347:
246:
130:
2009:
1968:
3196:
2686:
2676:
2635:
2372:
1788:
1008:
886:
By design, the 286 could not revert from protected mode to the basic 8086-compatible
757:
462:
810:". In addition, it was the first commercially available microprocessor with on-chip
420:
later produced 16 MHz, 20 MHz and 25 MHz parts, respectively. Intel,
2939:
2625:
2276:
1939:
1152:
1119:
1115:
1086:
1073:
This list of bus interface components that connects to Intel 80286 microprocessor.
923:
408:
Intel's first 80286 chips were specified for a maximum clockrate of 5, 6 or 8
215:
1979:
1172:
1026:
referring to the 80286 as a "brain-damaged" chip, since it was clear that the new
1839:
2845:
2796:
2786:
2681:
2648:
2643:
2630:
2583:
2577:
2329:
2324:
2158:
1888:
1126:
1092:
1016:
996:
915:
852:
831:
718:
714:
648:
374:
354:
310:
299:
220:
1940:"Soviet microprocessors, microcontrollers, FPU chips and their western analogs"
1045:
Other operating systems that used the protected mode of the 286 were Microsoft
3084:
3079:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2934:
2873:
2818:
2791:
2735:
2616:
2571:
2565:
2540:
2534:
2528:
2507:
2501:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2420:
2360:
1023:
1012:
687:
668:
656:
382:
378:
366:
205:
120:
2010:
Intel 80286 CPU Information, including chip errata and undocumented behaviour
1656:
1419:
1034:
applications with the 286. It was arguably responsible for the split between
3144:
3129:
3089:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2806:
2801:
2708:
2703:
2217:
1643:
1406:
1300:
A simpler cousin in the 8086-line with integrated peripherals, intended for
1035:
992:
968:
891:
734:
698:, just as in the 8086. It was produced in a 68-pin package, including PLCC (
1720:
1552:
Microprocessors: 8086/8088, 80186/80286, 80386/80486 and the Pentium Family
995:
that would allow Digital Research to run emulation mode much faster. Named
39:
781:
3139:
2718:
2367:
2229:
1004:
960:
956:
936:
895:
753:
421:
93:
1886:(November 25, 1986). "Intel's 32-bit Wonder: The 80386 Microprocessor".
3171:
3069:
2907:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2850:
2771:
2763:
2758:
2752:
2730:
2430:
2425:
1742:
1515:
1146:
819:
722:
466:
455:
425:
101:
97:
3094:
2860:
2713:
2698:
2407:
2239:
1721:"Concurrent DOS 68K 1.2 - Developer Kit for Motorola VME/10 - Disk 2"
1111:
1031:
940:
179:
1869:
17:
2019:
752:
The Intel 80286 had a 24-bit address bus and as such had a 16
2658:
2194:
1058:
1054:
1046:
988:
879:
788:
780:
772:
655:
647:
399:
329:
77:
377:, it can correctly execute most software written for the earlier
3006:
2823:
2693:
2671:
2467:
1140:
1039:
952:
899:
823:
429:
295:
291:
252:
2023:
1114:– Almost identical copy of the 80286 manufactured 1989/1990 in
2600:
2552:
2339:
1000:
947:
could utilize the additional RAM available in protected mode (
944:
413:
409:
85:
81:
1350:"Intel Architecure [sic] Programming and Information"
1003:
originally chose DR Concurrent DOS 286 as the basis of their
439:
On average, the 80286 was said to have a speed of about 0.21
44:
An Intel A80286-8 processor with a gray ceramic heat spreader
1349:
903:
correctly, the method imposed a huge performance penalty.
675:
applications, including communications (such as automated
765:
accessing extended memory from real mode as noted below.
1995:
Intel 80286 images and descriptions at cpu-collection.de
1737:(NB. This package also includes some header files from
1632:
1630:
1395:
1393:
802:
The 286 was the first of the x86 CPU family to support
1173:"CPU History - The CPU Museum - Life Cycle of the CPU"
814:(MMU) capabilities (systems using the contemporaneous
967:. The difficulty lay in the incompatibility of older
1980:
Intel 80286 Programmer's Reference Manual 1987 (txt)
1684:
FlexOS Supplement for Intel iAPX 286-based Computers
3107:
3047:
2859:
2657:
2599:
2550:
2517:
2487:
2480:
2406:
2399:
2338:
2238:
2193:
2184:
2057:
1974:
Intel 80286 and 80287 Programmer's Reference Manual
1925:Intel Corporation, "NewsBits: Second Source News",
987:1.0 operating system developed in cooperation with
316:
306:
287:
282:
262:
226:
214:
195:
190:
173:
161:
156:
148:
140:
129:
115:
110:
70:
62:
54:
49:
1787:
1755:Calvo, Melissa; Forbes, Jim (February 10, 1986).
1548:"15 Other 16-bit microprocessors 80186 and 80286"
454:of the 80286 was free of the several significant
1541:
1539:
1537:
1030:environment would not be able to run multiple
373:) incarnation and, just like the contemporary
2035:
1786:Dewar, Robert B. K.; Smosna, Matthew (1990).
8:
1315:"Intel Museum – Microprocessor Hall of Fame"
32:
2000:CPU-INFO: 80286, in-depth processor history
1741:, including STRUCT.H explicitly mentioning
1554:. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. pp. 503–537.
1007:computer for IBM Plant System products and
906:In theory, real-mode applications could be
2484:
2403:
2190:
2042:
2028:
2020:
1601:"Obstacles to a grown up operating system"
908:directly executed in 16-bit protected mode
38:
1489:Gross, Neil; Coy, Peter (March 6, 1995).
1317:. Intel.com. May 14, 2009. Archived from
935:program that made use of it was VDISK, a
1475:
1473:
1471:
1019:, but the same limitations affected it.
476:
3120:Process–architecture–optimization model
1763:. Vol. 8, no. 8. p. 12.
1452:
1450:
1203:"1.5 μm lithography process - WikiChip"
1164:
611:
3213:Computer-related introductions in 1982
1794:. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 110.
1663:from the original on February 27, 2017
1615:from the original on February 27, 2017
1568:from the original on February 27, 2017
1213:from the original on September 9, 2018
1011:terminals in 1986. Digital Research's
412:and later releases for 12.5 MHz.
31:
2015:Intel 80286 Hardware Reference Manual
1946:from the original on February 9, 2017
1426:from the original on January 25, 2014
7:
2005:Overview of all 286 compatible chips
1790:Microprocessors: A Programmer's View
1372:"80286 Microprocessor Package, 1982"
1282:from the original on August 28, 2017
793:Intersil 80286 (10 MHz version)
1816:"Microsoft XENIX 3.0 Ready for 286"
1767:from the original on April 21, 2019
1757:"IBM to use a DRI operating system"
1701:from the original on April 21, 2019
1522:from the original on March 31, 2012
1516:"Intel 80286 microprocessor family"
777:Siemens 80286 (10 MHz version)
1990:Linux on 286 laptops and notebooks
1916:, November/December 1984, Page 14.
1727:from the original on April 3, 2019
1400:Foster, Edward (August 26, 1985).
1378:from the original on March 6, 2019
1352:. Intel80386.com. January 13, 2004
1183:from the original on July 20, 2021
1089:in sampling at first quarter 1986.
851:In 80286 (and in its co-processor
652:Simplified 80286 microarchitecture
25:
1846:from the original on June 4, 2016
1038:and IBM, since IBM insisted that
3135:Intel HD, UHD, and Iris Graphics
2223:P6 variant (Enhanced Pentium M)
1929:, January/February 1985, Page 1
1637:Foster, Edward (May 13, 1985).
1269:iAPX 286 Programmer's Reference
388:The 80286 was employed for the
157:Architecture and classification
804:protected virtual-address mode
785:IBM 80286 (8 MHz version)
1:
1242:"Microprocessor Hall of Fame"
955:call (INT 15h, AH=87h), as a
737:numerical operations such as
432:versions of Intel's original
1647:. Vol. 7, no. 19.
1546:Bahadure, Nilesh B. (2010).
1410:. Vol. 7, no. 34.
700:plastic leaded chip carrier
428:also designed fully static
3234:
869:unsigned unpacked decimal,
404:AMD 80286 (16 MHz version)
3203:Intel x86 microprocessors
1866:"MINIX INFORMATION SHEET"
1275:. Intel. 1983. page 1-1.
1122:a clone of the 80286 was
1082:170 in quantities of 100.
667:The CPU was designed for
321:
255:(engineering sample only)
136:4 MHz to 25 MHz
125:4 MHz to 25 MHz
37:
1491:"The Technology Paradox"
361:and also the first with
1244:. Intel. Archived from
974:Global Descriptor Table
721:(1989) or the original
465:this microprocessor to
396:History and performance
204:120,000 or 134,000, 1.5
191:Physical specifications
3218:X86 microarchitectures
3208:16-bit microprocessors
2218:P6 variant (Pentium M)
1745:for "8086 emulation".)
1692:Digital Research, Inc.
1134:
876:floating-point numbers
812:memory management unit
794:
786:
778:
745:than its predecessor.
661:
653:
563:September/October 1985
441:instructions per clock
405:
335:(also marketed as the
1649:InfoWorld Media Group
1412:InfoWorld Media Group
1374:. Content.cdlib.org.
939:driver included with
792:
784:
776:
704:leadless chip carrier
659:
651:
618:In quantities of 100.
602:January/February 1986
583:January/February 1986
403:
1690:. 1.3 (1 ed.).
1022:The problems led to
175:Instruction set
163:Technology node
27:Microprocessor model
1892:. pp. 150–152.
1872:on January 7, 2014.
1828:on January 7, 2014.
1723:. August 6, 1986 .
1143:, for the iAPX name
806:, commonly called "
434:depletion-load nMOS
71:Common manufacturer
50:General information
34:
3017:Sandy Bridge-based
2186:Microarchitectures
2171:Microarchitectures
1739:Concurrent DOS 286
1651:. pp. 17–18.
1069:Support components
985:Concurrent DOS 286
795:
787:
779:
662:
654:
406:
3190:
3189:
3103:
3102:
2476:
2475:
2395:
2394:
1982:. Hint: use e.g.
1321:on March 12, 2009
1063:virtual 8086 mode
1028:Microsoft Windows
979:In January 1985,
888:real address mode
686:. It had 134,000
608:
607:
363:memory management
339:and often called
326:
325:
302:was contemporary)
16:(Redirected from
3225:
3022:Ivy Bridge-based
2613:8/16-bit databus
2485:
2404:
2400:Current products
2191:
2051:Intel processors
2044:
2037:
2030:
2021:
1984:Hebrew (IBM-862)
1976:at bitsavers.org
1969:Intel Datasheets
1956:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1936:
1930:
1923:
1917:
1910:
1904:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1884:Petzold, Charles
1880:
1874:
1873:
1868:. Archived from
1862:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1821:. Archived from
1820:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1793:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1752:
1746:
1736:
1734:
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1717:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1700:
1689:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1634:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1597:Petzold, Charles
1593:
1587:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1543:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1486:
1480:
1477:
1466:
1463:
1457:
1454:
1445:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1397:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1346:
1340:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1311:
1305:
1302:embedded systems
1298:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1281:
1274:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1238:
1232:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1169:
981:Digital Research
866:unsigned binary,
637:
636:Sampling Q2 1986
634:
628:
627:Sampling Q3 1985
625:
619:
616:
544:July/August 1985
522:July/August 1985
477:
42:
35:
21:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3115:Tick–tock model
3099:
3043:
3032:Broadwell-based
2923:Extreme Edition
2855:
2653:
2595:
2546:
2513:
2472:
2391:
2334:
2234:
2180:
2053:
2048:
1965:
1960:
1959:
1949:
1947:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1924:
1920:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1897:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1849:
1847:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1825:
1818:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1802:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1770:
1768:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1730:
1728:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1694:November 1986.
1687:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1666:
1664:
1636:
1635:
1628:
1618:
1616:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1571:
1569:
1562:
1545:
1544:
1535:
1525:
1523:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1499:
1497:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1429:
1427:
1399:
1398:
1391:
1381:
1379:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1355:
1353:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1324:
1322:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1299:
1295:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1251:
1249:
1248:on July 6, 2007
1240:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1216:
1214:
1207:en.wikichip.org
1201:
1200:
1196:
1186:
1184:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1108:
1071:
1049:(around 1984),
965:expanded memory
951:) either via a
949:extended memory
943:3.0 and 3.1. A
932:
800:
771:
692:loosely coupled
684:process control
660:Intel 80286 die
646:
641:
640:
635:
631:
626:
622:
617:
613:
495:Date of release
475:
469:in about 1985.
467:Fujitsu Limited
398:
278:
258:
210:
106:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3231:
3229:
3221:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3195:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3122:
3117:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2870:
2868:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2834:NetBurst-based
2831:
2821:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2761:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2733:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2668:
2666:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2640:32-bit databus
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2622:16-bit databus
2620:
2614:
2610:
2608:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2587:
2581:
2575:
2569:
2562:
2560:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2538:
2532:
2525:
2523:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2505:
2498:
2496:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2417:
2415:
2401:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2347:
2345:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2249:
2247:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2210:
2204:
2202:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2077:
2072:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1977:
1971:
1964:
1963:External links
1961:
1958:
1957:
1931:
1918:
1905:
1895:
1875:
1857:
1831:
1807:
1800:
1778:
1747:
1712:
1674:
1626:
1611:(11): 170–74.
1588:
1579:
1561:978-8120339422
1560:
1533:
1507:
1481:
1467:
1458:
1446:
1437:
1414:. p. 21.
1389:
1363:
1341:
1332:
1306:
1293:
1259:
1233:
1224:
1194:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1096:
1095:Bus Controller
1090:
1083:
1079:
1070:
1067:
983:previewed the
931:
928:
884:
883:
878:(only with an
873:
872:signed binary,
870:
867:
864:
861:packed decimal
849:
848:
845:
816:Motorola 68010
808:protected mode
799:
798:Protected mode
796:
770:
767:
762:virtual memory
708:pin grid array
645:
642:
639:
638:
629:
620:
610:
609:
606:
605:
603:
600:
597:
595:
593:
591:
587:
586:
584:
581:
578:
576:
574:
572:
568:
567:
564:
561:
559:
557:
555:
553:
549:
548:
545:
542:
540:
537:
534:
531:
527:
526:
523:
520:
518:
513:
510:
507:
503:
502:
496:
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
474:
471:
463:second sourced
452:stepping level
445:2 clock cycles
397:
394:
348:microprocessor
324:
323:
319:
318:
317:Support status
314:
313:
308:
304:
303:
289:
285:
284:
280:
279:
277:
276:
273:
270:
266:
264:
260:
259:
257:
256:
249:
243:
237:
230:
228:
224:
223:
218:
212:
211:
209:
208:
201:
199:
193:
192:
188:
187:
177:
171:
170:
165:
159:
158:
154:
153:
150:
146:
145:
142:
138:
137:
134:
127:
126:
123:
113:
112:
108:
107:
105:
104:
74:
72:
68:
67:
64:
60:
59:
56:
52:
51:
47:
46:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3230:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3038:
3037:Skylake-based
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3027:Haswell-based
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3012:Nehalem-based
3010:
3009:
3008:
3005:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2933:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2777:Original i586
2775:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2554:
2549:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2516:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2483:
2479:
2469:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2402:
2398:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2373:Goldmont Plus
2371:
2370:
2369:
2366:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2337:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2045:
2040:
2038:
2033:
2031:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1945:
1942:. CPU-world.
1941:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1909:
1906:
1899:
1896:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1879:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1858:
1845:
1841:
1835:
1832:
1824:
1817:
1811:
1808:
1803:
1801:0-07-016638-2
1797:
1792:
1791:
1782:
1779:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1731:September 13,
1726:
1722:
1716:
1713:
1697:
1693:
1686:
1685:
1678:
1675:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1592:
1589:
1583:
1580:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1521:
1518:. CPU-World.
1517:
1511:
1508:
1496:
1492:
1485:
1482:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1462:
1459:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1441:
1438:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1377:
1373:
1367:
1364:
1351:
1345:
1342:
1336:
1333:
1320:
1316:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1297:
1294:
1278:
1271:
1270:
1263:
1260:
1247:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1228:
1225:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1168:
1165:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1009:point-of-sale
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
977:
975:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
929:
927:
925:
919:
917:
914:
909:
904:
901:
897:
893:
889:
881:
877:
874:
871:
868:
865:
862:
858:
857:
856:
854:
846:
843:
842:
841:
838:
835:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
797:
791:
783:
775:
768:
766:
763:
759:
758:address space
755:
750:
746:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
711:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
682:
678:
674:
671:systems with
670:
665:
658:
650:
643:
633:
630:
624:
621:
615:
612:
604:
601:
598:
596:
594:
592:
589:
588:
585:
582:
579:
577:
575:
573:
570:
569:
565:
562:
560:
558:
556:
554:
551:
550:
546:
543:
541:
538:
535:
532:
529:
528:
524:
521:
519:
517:
514:
511:
508:
505:
504:
501:
497:
494:
491:
488:
485:
482:
479:
478:
472:
470:
468:
464:
459:
457:
453:
448:
446:
442:
437:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
402:
395:
393:
391:
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
353:
349:
346:
342:
338:
334:
331:
320:
315:
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149:Address width
147:
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69:
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61:
58:February 1982
57:
53:
48:
41:
36:
30:
19:
2589:
2481:Discontinued
2318:Cypress Cove
2277:Sandy Bridge
1983:
1948:. Retrieved
1934:
1926:
1921:
1913:
1908:
1898:
1887:
1878:
1870:the original
1860:
1848:. Retrieved
1834:
1823:the original
1810:
1789:
1781:
1771:September 6,
1769:. Retrieved
1760:
1750:
1729:. Retrieved
1715:
1703:. Retrieved
1683:
1677:
1665:. Retrieved
1642:
1617:. Retrieved
1608:
1604:
1591:
1582:
1570:. Retrieved
1551:
1524:. Retrieved
1510:
1498:. Retrieved
1494:
1484:
1461:
1440:
1430:December 25,
1428:. Retrieved
1405:
1380:. Retrieved
1366:
1354:. Retrieved
1344:
1335:
1323:. Retrieved
1319:the original
1309:
1296:
1284:. Retrieved
1268:
1262:
1250:. Retrieved
1246:the original
1236:
1227:
1215:. Retrieved
1206:
1197:
1187:September 6,
1185:. Retrieved
1177:cpushack.com
1176:
1167:
1120:Soviet Union
1116:East Germany
1072:
1044:
1021:
978:
933:
924:double fault
920:
905:
887:
885:
850:
839:
836:
803:
801:
751:
747:
712:
710:) packages.
673:multitasking
666:
663:
644:Architecture
632:
623:
614:
480:Model number
460:
450:The later E-
449:
438:
407:
387:
385:processors.
340:
336:
332:
327:
288:Predecessors
216:Co-processor
63:Discontinued
29:
2330:Golden Cove
2325:Willow Cove
2306:Cannon Lake
1889:PC Magazine
1667:October 11,
1619:October 11,
1605:PC Magazine
1572:October 11,
1217:January 21,
1153:Windows/286
1135:КР1847ВМ286
1127:KR1847VM286
1017:IBM 4690 OS
997:IBM 4680 OS
916:Intel 80386
853:Intel 80287
832:workstation
826:-dominated
715:clock cycle
706:) and PGA (
694:(buffered)
688:transistors
599:68 Pin PLCC
352:multiplexed
322:Unsupported
311:Intel 80386
221:Intel 80287
197:Transistors
168:1.5 μm
111:Performance
33:Intel 80286
3197:Categories
3125:Intel GPUs
2839:Core-based
2603:(external
2491:oriented (
2361:Silvermont
2313:Sunny Cove
2282:Ivy Bridge
2065:Processors
1850:January 7,
1705:August 14,
1286:August 28,
1252:August 11,
1159:References
1124:designated
1024:Bill Gates
1013:FlexOS 286
930:OS support
735:microcoded
727:base+index
669:multi-user
580:68 Pin PGA
486:Technology
379:Intel 8086
359:data buses
141:Data width
121:clock rate
3177:Codenames
3090:StrongARM
2928:Dual-Core
2901:Dual-Core
2812:Dual-Core
2782:OverDrive
2731:A100/A110
2724:OverDrive
2518:pre-x86 (
2385:Gracemont
2294:Broadwell
1986:encoding.
1950:March 24,
1927:Solutions
1914:Solutions
1761:InfoWorld
1657:0199-6649
1644:InfoWorld
1500:March 19,
1495:Bloomberg
1420:0199-6649
1407:InfoWorld
1382:April 28,
1356:April 28,
1118:. In the
1036:Microsoft
993:microcode
969:real-mode
961:emulation
892:real mode
859:unsigned
756:physical
681:real-time
483:Frequency
390:IBM PC/AT
341:Intel 286
307:Successor
3182:Larrabee
3060:iAPX 432
2995:11th gen
2990:10th gen
2829:P6-based
2719:RapidCAD
2461:14th gen
2456:13th gen
2451:12th gen
2446:11th gen
2441:10th gen
2368:Goldmont
2356:Saltwell
2270:Westmere
2230:NetBurst
2176:Chipsets
1944:Archived
1844:Archived
1765:Archived
1725:Archived
1696:Archived
1661:Archived
1613:Archived
1599:(1986).
1566:Archived
1520:Archived
1424:Archived
1376:Archived
1325:June 20,
1277:Archived
1211:Archived
1181:Archived
1106:See also
1051:Coherent
1005:IBM 4680
959:, or as
957:RAM disk
937:RAM disk
898:and the
896:ROM BIOS
834:market.
769:Features
702:), LCC (
696:pipeline
536:HMOS-III
533:12.5 MHz
530:80286-12
512:HMOS-III
506:80286-10
473:Variants
422:Intersil
337:iAPX 286
251:100-pin
227:Packages
94:Intersil
55:Launched
3172:Stratix
3108:Related
3070:Itanium
2985:9th gen
2980:8th gen
2975:7th gen
2970:6th gen
2965:5th gen
2960:4th gen
2955:3rd gen
2950:2nd gen
2945:1st gen
2908:Pentium
2891:Celeron
2851:Tolapai
2772:Pentium
2755:(1998)
2753:Celeron
2644:80387DX
2636:80387SX
2431:Pentium
2426:Celeron
2380:Tremont
2351:Bonnell
2301:Skylake
2289:Haswell
2265:Nehalem
2164:Itanium
2080:Pentium
2075:Celeron
1743:LOADALL
1526:May 19,
1147:LOADALL
1131:Russian
1100:Arbiter
820:NS320xx
723:Pentium
552:MG80286
492:Package
489:Process
426:Fujitsu
355:address
343:) is a
298:(while
283:History
272:PLCC-68
263:Sockets
245:68-pin
239:68-pin
233:68-pin
152:24 bits
144:16 bits
102:Fujitsu
98:Siemens
3095:XScale
2865:64-bit
2861:x86-64
2766:(2004)
2663:32-bit
2626:80C187
2619:(1980)
2592:(1982)
2586:(1982)
2580:(1982)
2574:(1979)
2568:(1978)
2557:16-bit
2551:Early
2543:(1977)
2537:(1974)
2531:(1972)
2510:(1974)
2504:(1971)
2412:64-bit
2408:x86-64
2258:Penryn
2244:64-bit
2240:x86-64
2199:32-bit
1798:
1655:
1558:
1418:
1112:U80601
1098:82289
1053:, and
1032:MS-DOS
941:PC DOS
913:32-bit
828:server
679:) and
566:$ 784
547:$ 260
539:1.5 μm
525:$ 155
516:1.5 μm
509:10 MHz
498:Price
461:Intel
456:errata
418:Harris
345:16-bit
275:LCC-68
182:(with
180:x86-16
133:speeds
90:Harris
3167:PIIXs
3048:Other
2846:Quark
2659:IA-32
2649:80487
2631:80287
2590:80286
2584:80188
2578:80186
2520:8-bit
2493:4-bit
2195:IA-32
2159:Quark
2058:Lists
1826:(PDF)
1819:(PDF)
1699:(PDF)
1688:(PDF)
1280:(PDF)
1273:(PDF)
1093:82288
1059:80386
1055:Minix
1047:Xenix
989:Intel
880:80287
590:80286
571:80286
375:80186
333:80286
330:Intel
300:80186
269:PGA68
116:Max.
78:Intel
3162:ICHs
3157:SCHs
3152:PCHs
3085:i960
3080:i860
3075:RISC
3065:EPIC
3055:CISC
3007:Xeon
2935:Core
2874:Atom
2824:Xeon
2819:Core
2736:Atom
2694:i486
2672:i386
2665:x86)
2617:8087
2605:FPUs
2572:8088
2566:8086
2541:8085
2535:8080
2529:8008
2508:4040
2502:4004
2468:Xeon
2436:Core
2421:Atom
2253:Core
2201:x86)
2154:Xeon
2117:Core
2070:Atom
1952:2016
1852:2014
1796:ISBN
1773:2011
1733:2018
1707:2018
1669:2016
1653:ISSN
1621:2016
1574:2016
1556:ISBN
1528:2012
1502:2020
1432:2021
1416:ISSN
1384:2009
1358:2009
1327:2009
1288:2017
1254:2007
1219:2019
1189:2021
1141:iAPX
1087:PLCC
1040:OS/2
953:BIOS
900:8042
824:Unix
818:and
719:i486
677:PBXs
430:CMOS
424:and
416:and
383:8088
381:and
371:HMOS
367:nMOS
357:and
328:The
296:8088
292:8086
253:PQFP
235:PLCC
66:1991
18:I286
3145:Arc
3130:GMA
2879:SoC
2797:III
2787:Pro
2746:SoC
2709:DX4
2704:DX2
2682:376
2601:x87
2553:x86
2489:BCD
2343:ULV
2340:x86
2095:III
2085:Pro
1001:IBM
963:of
945:DOS
743:DIV
739:MUL
731:ALU
500:USD
414:AMD
410:MHz
247:PGA
241:LCC
184:MMU
131:FSB
118:CPU
96:),
86:AMD
82:IBM
3199::
3140:Xe
2884:CE
2792:II
2741:CE
2714:SL
2699:SX
2687:EX
2677:SX
2213:P6
2208:P5
2142:i9
2137:i7
2132:i5
2127:i3
2090:II
1903:13
1842:.
1759:.
1659:.
1641:.
1629:^
1607:.
1603:.
1564:.
1550:.
1536:^
1493:.
1470:^
1449:^
1422:.
1404:.
1392:^
1209:.
1205:.
1179:.
1175:.
1137:).
1133::
999:,
890:("
882:).
754:MB
294:,
206:μm
100:,
88:,
84:,
80:,
3000:M
2940:2
2918:D
2913:4
2896:D
2867:)
2863:(
2807:M
2802:4
2764:D
2759:M
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2122:2
2110:M
2105:D
2100:4
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