122:
2244:
740:
1669:
327:, annexed by the Kingdom in 1815 and homeland of most Italian Peruvians at the time, the latter's opinion changed in favour of Peru, leading to the signing of a treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation on June 14, 1853. From 1841 to 1846, Luis Baratta acted as the first consul of Sardinia and the Papal States in Peru. He was then replaced in the Sardinian consulate by José Canevaro in 1846.
22:
2180:
152:
1590:
141:
541:. After the war, Italo-Peruvian trade increased and the Peruvian government sent medals to Rome congratulating Italy's territorial gains. In response, the Italian representative personally thanked the Peruvian president. Regarding bilateral treaties, a 20-year gap took place between the signing of a postal agreement in 1912 and a navigation agreement in 1932.
351:, Toribio Pacheco), a confidential meeting in May 1866 with representatives from Peru, Bolivia and Chile where a peace proposal was presented to them, abeit unsuccessfully. This was done despite the consul's official position of neutrality, and in contrast to the Italian colony's support of the Peruvian cause and dislike of the consulate's position.
430:. The latter's support was weak in comparison to the other countries'. A mediation attempt by European countries that included Italy was attempted early in the war, although these fell out of favour after the United States offered its services instead. This was due to the former bloc's peace proposal including the cession of
653:, but this effort was opposed by Italy's intervention, which avoided the worsening of the Peruvian position in the international stage. During the conflict, Peru bought armament from Italy thanks to Benavides' sympathies and knowledge of the European state, and the reluctance of some providers to sell arms due to
394:
From 1840 to 1880, a wave of
Italian immigration reached Peru, with the 1857 census of Lima numbering the community at 3,469 people. In contrast to other colonies, the Italians assimilated easily into Peruvian society, with a local motto, "the Italian on the corner", referencing the commercial nature
680:
aircraft factory was expropriated, among other things. In
October 1944, Peru signed, alongside other Latin American countries, a document with its intention of reestablishing relations with Italy. Relations were thus renewed in November 1944. After the war, a new wave of Italian immigration reached
625:
to become president a second time. Benavides had previously been minister plenipotentiary to Italy and his explicit sympathies to Italy caused the
Italian legation, then under Vittorio Bianchi, to consider him a fascist, despite Benavides' lack of explicit support for the movement. The following
339:
on April 7, 1862. On May 3, 1863, both states signed a 10-year consular agreement and in 1864 the
Italian legation opened in Lima, replacing the Sardinian one. A treaty of commerce and navigation was signed on July 27, 1869, and an extradition agreement was signed on May 21, 1870. The former was
501:
During this period, Italian investment increased and two treaties were signed in 1889 and 1893. The former was regarding the exchange of marital records and the latter was a consular agreement. An arbitration treaty was also signed in 1905 between
Foreign Minister
468:, saw the Italian committee writing directly to the King on August 15, 1881. An international coalition met with Chilean representatives, with their ships idling outside of the capital city to prevent looting and rioting, as had happened in the southern provinces.
626:
Italian minister plenipotentiary, Giuseppe Talamo, who was in office from 1936 to 1938, followed his predecessor's footsteps, although he later became more skeptical due to
Benavides' lack of adhesion to the movement. Other major fascist figures in Peru were
597:
in
Peruvian political, academic and journalistic circles. This popular reception was a major driving force of the improvement of relations. It is worth noting however, that the ideology arrived to Peru not through Italy proper, but through the writings of
479:, who asked for his documents to protect his collections of minerals and plants. Other members chose to support the Peruvians in places such as hospitals. One of the most notable contributions during this period was that of the Italian
340:
modified and approved in 1874. Relations were formally established on
December 23, 1874, with the signing of a Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation, although it was only approved by both parliaments in 1878.
880:
689:
Italy did not initially prioritise relations with Peru after the war. However, by the end of the 1980s, Italian interest in Peru was the second most important for the country, only surpassed by
418:
of most reserves in southern Peru negatively impacted foreign investors, including a small number of
Italians, who later were able to regain a small number of the reserves. These events led to
437:
Nominally, consular agents that made their presence known were to be untouched, leading to
Italians seeking refuge in buildings that flew the Italian flag. This was, however, not respected by
638:, Peruvian press showed its support for the Italian cause, with Lima being the most enthusiastic for the Italian doctrine. Despite this, Peru did apply the sanctions imposed on Italy by the
323:, as these states initially showed no interest in challenging the status quo in Europe. However, due to Sardinian interests in overseas commercial contacts established by the former
494:
and Nicolás de Piérola, with the Italians seeking compensation with varying success until 1893, when the Peruvian government started to work on the issue. In 1899, Foreign Minister
347:(1865–1879), the Italian consul, Juan Antonio Migliorati, acted with the French consul, M. Lesseps, to prevent combat between both states, organising (under the auspices of then
1532:
1578:
2228:
2168:
513:
and Italian envoy Tomás Carletti. With the arrival of the 20th century, the Italian representative in Lima, Giovanni Viviani, began efforts to further diplomatic relations.
391:, who authored the protest, of "its conformity with the principles of the document, but its disagreement with the language used against the Italian government and people".
487:
during the occupation. For this support, eleven firemen were executed by a Chilean firing squad. These efforts were recognised by the Peruvian government in 1892.
701:
There are between 400,000 and 900,000 people of Italian descent living in Peru. Similarly, the Peruvian community in Italy are numbered at around 130,000 people.
890:
498:
met with the Italian Envoy, Giuseppe Pirrone, to discuss the arbitration of the Spanish representative, Ramiro Gil de Uribarri, to finally solve the issue.
490:
After the war, relations between both states revolved around the property lost by the Italian colony during the conflict and the struggle for power between
464:
sent by their countries to the Peruvian coast. The Italian government's poor response in the form of the arrival of three minor ships, among them two old
2510:
311:
in 1852, with prior contacts taking place three decades prior due to a mission sent from Rome to South America. The establishment of relations with the
1571:
1409:
372:
Hipólito Garrou, complained to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs due to the publication of a protest by prominent Peruvian Catholics in the newspaper
2469:
2161:
32:
2343:
676:. As a result, Peru severed its relations with Italy on January 24, 1942. As a result, the military mission was expelled in January 1942 and the
1500:
657:
being the invaded country. A technical mission reached Peru on May 23, 1937, and a military one arrived on November 21. The latter trained the
377:
121:
2298:
672:
and the German and Italian declarations of war against the United States, a meeting between the foreign ministers of the Americas was held in
495:
2733:
1556:
1811:
475:
from their businesses and seeking documents to validate their Italian origin to protect their property from Chilean troops. One example was
2738:
2125:
2121:
776:
771:
589:, relations improved as they ceased to be distant or indirect, with both countries dedicating time to each other due to differing reasons.
419:
90:
2146:
225:. Other Italians chronicled the events in early Peruvian history, such as Pizarro's assassination and early revolts. During the reign of
62:
2692:
2688:
2130:
1564:
627:
362:
had been kidnapped by the occupying troops. Despite the official neutrality of the Peruvian government, the Italian legation, headed by
2069:
1949:
2697:
2154:
1713:
1529:
885:
348:
2728:
2635:
2525:
2520:
1733:
1508:
69:
2348:
1873:
1653:
245:
2439:
2233:
2059:
2009:
1878:
1863:
1848:
1115:
599:
2656:
2625:
2575:
2449:
2429:
2419:
2308:
2085:
2034:
2004:
1828:
1769:
1764:
1708:
344:
76:
2243:
47:
2672:
2374:
2288:
2105:
1883:
1858:
1789:
1743:
1683:
582:
1154:
431:
226:
2651:
2444:
2424:
2394:
2358:
2328:
2313:
2258:
2044:
2019:
1979:
1939:
1898:
1853:
1838:
1703:
1628:
58:
2135:
739:
603:
395:
of the community in Lima. Colonisation attempts were made again by Peru starting in 1872, with the establishment of the
2610:
2590:
2550:
2459:
2414:
2338:
2318:
2283:
2064:
2024:
1994:
1969:
1959:
1954:
1944:
1934:
1929:
1908:
1833:
1799:
1779:
1759:
1738:
1658:
1648:
1643:
1623:
1608:
491:
2702:
312:
2630:
2595:
2565:
2555:
2540:
2530:
2515:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2474:
2384:
2353:
2303:
2263:
2223:
2218:
2198:
2054:
2039:
2029:
2014:
1999:
1984:
1974:
1964:
1903:
1893:
1818:
1723:
1693:
1688:
1613:
1594:
756:
635:
631:
607:
2620:
2605:
2600:
2585:
2580:
2570:
2545:
2535:
2464:
2454:
2409:
2399:
2333:
2323:
2273:
2268:
2049:
1989:
1913:
1888:
1868:
1843:
1823:
1784:
1774:
1698:
1638:
1633:
1618:
2184:
761:
289:
2615:
2434:
2404:
2389:
2379:
2278:
2213:
2208:
2203:
1806:
1794:
1718:
2293:
650:
503:
380:
2707:
693:. During the latter half of the 20th century, a large number of treaties was signed between both countries.
471:
During this period, the Italian colony followed the example of their diplomatic representatives, flying the
364:
449:. This led to a written protest by the consul on May 30, 1880. Similar letters were sent from neighbouring
669:
611:
484:
83:
646:
508:
649:. A committee by the organisation had considered imposing sanctions on Peru due to its violation of the
423:
564:
1668:
1453:
568:
384:
304:
281:
277:
1471:
1134:
530:
545:
316:
297:
234:
634:. The Italian colony in Lima, between 1935 and 1937, also showed sympathy for fascism. During the
320:
1414:
658:
454:
427:
403:
230:
1494:
1504:
766:
639:
622:
560:
324:
293:
285:
257:
210:
209:
The earliest Italians recorded in Peru were Simón Genovés and Pedro Milanés, who accompanied
586:
476:
336:
253:
249:
241:
214:
229:, Italian immigration increased to differentiate them as desirable subjects in contrast to
1536:
668:, the Peruvian government released a decree of neutrality on September 5, 1939. After the
594:
567:
two days prior. Both situations implied a constant communication between Foreign Minister
415:
355:
265:
39:
573:
673:
615:
369:
261:
1530:
Peruvian Ministry of Foreign Relations about the relation with Italy (in Spanish only)
2722:
645:
Italy, a member of the League of Nations, also participated as a mediator during the
526:
472:
446:
387:. The complaint was solved after the Foreign Ministry notified the president of the
296:. News of the revolts in the Americas reached the latter starting in 1806, with the
665:
550:
534:
438:
359:
445:, the house of consul Giovanni Raffo was occupied by Chilean troops searching for
555:, a lawsuit regarding the nationality of an individual that reached the court in
522:
480:
193:
21:
1524:
1139:
1410:"Embajador de Italia: "Acá hay muchas oportunidades para nuestras empresas""
690:
556:
411:
407:
964:
721:
654:
465:
308:
222:
677:
590:
461:
406:, Italian interests in the Americas increased. After the end of Peru's
358:
in 1870 was strongly opposed by Peruvian society, who considered that
621:
After Sánchez Cerro's death, Óscar R. Benavides was appointed by the
563:
in the Italian embassy in Lima due to the coup d'état carried out by
300:
condemning the events but doing little to support Spain in practice.
434:
to Chile, while the American proposal did not mention this aspect.
1589:
1551:
729:
725:
450:
442:
383:, Minister of Government Manuel Santa María, and Foreign Minister
218:
185:
145:
1552:
Peruvian general consulate in Milan (in Italian and Spanish only)
1547:
Peruvian general consulate in Milan (in Italian and Spanish only)
2179:
1541:
1155:"Du Petit-Thouars, un Français qui a marqué l'histoire du Pérou"
717:
711:
189:
156:
2150:
1560:
1546:
15:
410:, the interests of the Peruvian government became focused on
233:. The Italians ultimately consolidated their presence in the
544:
Two diplomatic incidents took place during this period: the
537:
was declared due to the German sinking of the Peruvian ship
483:
corps, who acted, in addition to their regular duties, as a
292:, specifically from the United States and the states of the
192:. Both countries are members of the United Nations and the
43:
1542:
Peruvian embassy in Rome (in Italian and Spanish only)
1525:
Italian embassy in Lima (in Italian and Spanish only)
881:"Exposición: CL Años de Relaciones con la Santa Sede"
221:
Francisco Bosso, one of the founders of the city of
2681:
2665:
2644:
2483:
2367:
2251:
2191:
2114:
2098:
2078:
1922:
1752:
1676:
1601:
376:, which included members of the government such as
248:in the early 18th century meant the integration of
171:
166:
128:
1496:Las relaciones entre el Perú e Italia (1821–2002)
533:, with whom relations were broken in 1917 and a
307:, Peru formally established relations with the
610:, a fascist party that became more similar to
2162:
1572:
559:, and the political asylum of vice president
8:
886:Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores del Perú
114:
48:introducing citations to additional sources
1116:"Petit Thouars: El hombre que salvó a Lima"
661:, which caused alarm in the United States.
2169:
2155:
2147:
2075:
1579:
1565:
1557:
1135:"Profiles: Abel Bergasse du Petit Thouars"
426:and Italian support for Chile during the
38:Relevant discussion may be found on the
788:
735:
1440:
1428:
1395:
1383:
1371:
1359:
1347:
1335:
1323:
1311:
1299:
1287:
1275:
1263:
1251:
1239:
1227:
1215:
1203:
1191:
1179:
1167:
1101:
1089:
1077:
1065:
1053:
1041:
1029:
1017:
1005:
993:
981:
951:
939:
927:
915:
903:
867:
855:
843:
831:
819:
807:
795:
113:
1493:Valdez Arroyo, Flor de María (2003).
402:After the ascension to the throne of
319:was also unsuccessfully attempted by
7:
965:"Relaciones Político – Diplomáticas"
777:List of ambassadors of Peru to Italy
772:List of ambassadors of Italy to Peru
1499:(in Spanish) (1st ed.). Lima:
1408:Giner Vásquez, Renzo (2017-09-27).
399:, whose efforts varied in success.
1476:Consulado General del Perú en Roma
578:and Italian envoy Rufillo Agnoli.
14:
1114:Cuya Vera, Ricardo (2017-09-13).
2242:
2229:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
2178:
1667:
1588:
738:
720:and consulates general in Rome,
150:
139:
120:
31:relies largely or entirely on a
20:
1133:Tamariz, Domingo (2018-01-14).
525:, Peru supported Italy against
460:Other colonies were guarded by
397:Society of European Immigration
593:, a new ideology at the time,
583:Italy was under the government
184:are foreign relations between
1:
628:José de la Riva-Agüero y Osma
2734:Bilateral relations of Italy
2122:Diplomatic missions of Italy
705:Resident diplomatic missions
600:José Antonio Primo de Rivera
2739:Bilateral relations of Peru
2703:Peru and the United Nations
2698:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
2131:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
1120:Las Memorias de Miguel Grau
969:Embajada del Perú en Italia
659:Peruvian Aeronautical Corps
313:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
2755:
1595:Foreign relations of Italy
757:Foreign relations of Italy
636:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
345:Spanish–South American War
2240:
2185:Foreign relations of Peru
1665:
762:Foreign relations of Peru
604:Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro
517:History from 1906 to 1945
331:History from 1870 to 1906
290:international recognition
272:History from 1821 to 1870
237:during the 18th century.
162:
149:
138:
119:
1454:"Relaciones bilaterales"
745:Embassy of Italy in Lima
710:Italy has an embassy in
618:assumed its presidency.
606:himself was a member of
504:Javier Prado y Ugarteche
2708:Peru and the World Bank
1338:, p. 135–136, 143.
1254:, p. 122–123, 127.
1230:, p. 117, 120–123.
716:Peru has an embassy in
632:Raúl Ferrero Rebagliati
612:its Italian counterpart
581:During the 1930s, when
2689:Diplomatic missions of
2511:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1472:"Consulados en Italia"
670:attack on Pearl Harbor
492:Andrés Avelino Cáceres
485:law enforcement agency
284:sought to establish a
172:Embassy of Italy, Lima
59:"Italy–Peru relations"
651:Salomón-Lozano Treaty
453:and Lima, the latter
268:, i.e. Spanish Peru.
175:Embassy of Peru, Rome
2729:Italy–Peru relations
2470:United Arab Emirates
2136:Ambassadors of Italy
1501:Fondo Editorial PUCP
1056:, p. 86, 93–94.
335:Peru recognised the
305:unification of Italy
278:independence of Peru
262:overseas territories
182:Italy–Peru relations
115:Italy–Peru relations
44:improve this article
2344:Trinidad and Tobago
2115:Diplomatic missions
1458:Ambasciata d'Italia
608:Revolutionary Union
378:Minister of Finance
317:Kingdom of Sardinia
298:State of the Church
240:The arrival of the
235:Viceroyalty of Peru
116:
111:Bilateral relations
2299:Dominican Republic
1714:Dominican Republic
1535:2012-02-23 at the
1443:, p. 156–172.
1374:, p. 145–146.
1362:, p. 140–141.
1326:, p. 133–134.
1314:, p. 132–133.
1302:, p. 131–132.
1290:, p. 130–131.
1278:, p. 126–127.
1182:, p. 105–106.
1170:, p. 101–102.
1104:, p. 100–101.
685:History since 1945
664:With the start of
565:Óscar R. Benavides
428:War of the Pacific
404:Victor Emmanuel II
381:Nicolás de Piérola
282:new Peruvian state
231:northern Europeans
205:History until 1821
167:Diplomatic mission
2716:
2715:
2144:
2143:
2094:
2093:
1092:, p. 99–100.
930:, p. 62, 64.
846:, p. 43, 48.
767:Italian Peruvians
647:Colombia–Peru War
640:League of Nations
623:Peruvian congress
447:Peruvian soldiers
385:José Jorge Loayza
365:chargé d'affaires
325:Republic of Genoa
294:Italian peninsula
286:national identity
244:to the throne of
211:Francisco Pizarro
179:
178:
109:
108:
94:
2746:
2246:
2183:
2182:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2148:
2076:
1812:Kurdistan Region
1671:
1593:
1592:
1581:
1574:
1567:
1558:
1514:
1480:
1479:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1405:
1399:
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1375:
1369:
1363:
1357:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1309:
1303:
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1291:
1285:
1279:
1273:
1267:
1261:
1255:
1249:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1111:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1080:, p. 98–99.
1075:
1069:
1068:, p. 96–97.
1063:
1057:
1051:
1045:
1044:, p. 84–85.
1039:
1033:
1032:, p. 88–90.
1027:
1021:
1020:, p. 77–78.
1015:
1009:
1003:
997:
996:, p. 72–73.
991:
985:
979:
973:
972:
961:
955:
954:, p. 71–72.
949:
943:
937:
931:
925:
919:
918:, p. 54–57.
913:
907:
906:, p. 50–51.
901:
895:
894:
889:. Archived from
877:
871:
870:, p. 60–61.
865:
859:
853:
847:
841:
835:
834:, p. 31–32.
829:
823:
822:, p. 28–31.
817:
811:
805:
799:
798:, p. 22–23.
793:
742:
595:found popularity
587:Benito Mussolini
577:
569:Fernando Gazzani
554:
512:
496:Manuel M. Gálvez
477:Antonio Raimondi
455:occupied in 1881
389:Catholic Society
349:Foreign Minister
337:Kingdom of Italy
264:, including the
254:Spanish nobility
250:Italian families
242:House of Bourbon
215:Conquest of Peru
154:
153:
143:
142:
124:
117:
104:
101:
95:
93:
52:
24:
16:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2747:
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2744:
2743:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2677:
2661:
2640:
2479:
2363:
2247:
2238:
2187:
2177:
2175:
2145:
2140:
2110:
2090:
2074:
1918:
1748:
1672:
1663:
1597:
1587:
1585:
1537:Wayback Machine
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61: –
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55:Find sources:
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33:single source
29:This article
27:
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2440:Saudi Arabia
2234:South Africa
1874:Saudi Arabia
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1654:South Africa
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2576:Netherlands
2450:South Korea
2430:Philippines
2420:North Korea
2309:El Salvador
2060:Switzerland
2010:Netherlands
1879:South Korea
1864:Philippines
1849:North Korea
1441:Valdez 2003
1429:Valdez 2003
1415:El Comercio
1396:Valdez 2003
1384:Valdez 2003
1372:Valdez 2003
1360:Valdez 2003
1348:Valdez 2003
1336:Valdez 2003
1324:Valdez 2003
1312:Valdez 2003
1300:Valdez 2003
1288:Valdez 2003
1276:Valdez 2003
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1252:Valdez 2003
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1228:Valdez 2003
1216:Valdez 2003
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1192:Valdez 2003
1180:Valdez 2003
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1102:Valdez 2003
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1078:Valdez 2003
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1042:Valdez 2003
1030:Valdez 2003
1018:Valdez 2003
1006:Valdez 2003
994:Valdez 2003
982:Valdez 2003
952:Valdez 2003
940:Valdez 2003
928:Valdez 2003
916:Valdez 2003
904:Valdez 2003
868:Valdez 2003
856:Valdez 2003
844:Valdez 2003
832:Valdez 2003
820:Valdez 2003
808:Valdez 2003
796:Valdez 2003
572: [
549: [
523:World War I
507: [
481:firefighter
374:La Sociedad
343:During the
303:Before the
260:and in its
194:Latin Union
2723:Categories
2673:Yugoslavia
2375:Azerbaijan
2289:Costa Rica
2086:Yugoslavia
2035:San Marino
2005:Montenegro
1829:Kazakhstan
1800:Historical
1770:Bangladesh
1765:Azerbaijan
1709:Costa Rica
1140:El Peruano
783:References
276:After the
70:newspapers
2652:Australia
2445:Singapore
2425:Palestine
2395:Indonesia
2359:Venezuela
2329:Nicaragua
2314:Guatemala
2259:Argentina
2106:Australia
1884:Sri Lanka
1859:Palestine
1790:Indonesia
1744:Venezuela
1684:Argentina
691:Argentina
557:the Hague
466:corvettes
412:saltpeter
408:Guano Era
258:peninsula
227:Charles I
100:July 2023
40:talk page
2611:Slovakia
2591:Portugal
2551:Holy See
2460:Thailand
2415:Malaysia
2339:Paraguay
2319:Honduras
2284:Colombia
2252:Americas
2126:in Italy
2045:Slovenia
2020:Portugal
1980:Holy See
1940:Bulgaria
1899:Thailand
1854:Pakistan
1839:Malaysia
1719:Honduras
1704:Colombia
1677:Americas
1629:Ethiopia
1533:Archived
751:See also
722:Florence
697:Diaspora
655:Colombia
462:warships
432:Tarapacá
315:and the
309:Holy See
266:Americas
223:Arequipa
219:Milanese
2693:in Peru
2645:Oceania
2631:Ukraine
2596:Romania
2566:Ireland
2556:Hungary
2541:Germany
2531:Finland
2516:Croatia
2506:Belgium
2501:Austria
2496:Andorra
2491:Albania
2475:Vietnam
2385:Georgia
2354:Uruguay
2304:Ecuador
2264:Bolivia
2224:Namibia
2219:Morocco
2199:Algeria
2099:Oceania
2065:Ukraine
2025:Romania
1995:Moldova
1970:Germany
1960:Finland
1955:Denmark
1945:Croatia
1935:Austria
1930:Albania
1909:Vietnam
1834:Lebanon
1780:Georgia
1760:Armenia
1739:Uruguay
1659:Tunisia
1649:Somalia
1644:Morocco
1624:Eritrea
1609:Algeria
678:Caproni
591:Fascism
527:Germany
521:During
420:British
213:in his
200:History
84:scholar
2666:Former
2621:Sweden
2606:Serbia
2601:Russia
2586:Poland
2581:Norway
2571:Kosovo
2546:Greece
2536:France
2484:Europe
2465:Turkey
2455:Taiwan
2410:Kuwait
2400:Israel
2334:Panama
2324:Mexico
2274:Canada
2269:Brazil
2192:Africa
2079:Former
2055:Sweden
2040:Serbia
2030:Russia
2015:Poland
2000:Monaco
1985:Kosovo
1975:Greece
1965:France
1923:Europe
1904:Turkey
1894:Taiwan
1819:Israel
1724:Mexico
1694:Canada
1689:Brazil
1614:Angola
1602:Africa
1507:
681:Peru.
614:after
539:Lorton
424:French
414:. The
280:, the
86:
79:
72:
65:
57:
2616:Spain
2561:Italy
2435:Qatar
2405:Japan
2390:India
2380:China
2279:Chile
2214:Libya
2209:Ghana
2204:Egypt
2050:Spain
1990:Malta
1914:Yemen
1889:Syria
1869:Qatar
1844:Nepal
1824:Japan
1785:India
1775:China
1699:Chile
1639:Libya
1634:Kenya
1619:Egypt
730:Turin
726:Genoa
576:]
553:]
511:]
451:Arica
443:Tacna
441:. In
252:into
246:Spain
186:Italy
146:Italy
91:JSTOR
77:books
2368:Asia
2294:Cuba
1807:Iraq
1795:Iran
1753:Asia
1729:Peru
1505:ISBN
718:Rome
712:Lima
630:and
529:and
368:and
354:The
190:Peru
188:and
157:Peru
63:news
585:of
46:by
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967:.
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724:,
574:es
551:es
509:es
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422:,
196:.
2170:e
2163:t
2156:v
1580:e
1573:t
1566:v
1513:.
1478:.
1460:.
1418:.
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1122:.
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102:)
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