41:
609:
601:
591:
581:
571:
561:
553:
545:
535:
525:
222:
194:
1313:
685:
457:
449:
439:
431:
421:
413:
403:
243:
172:
675:
665:
655:
645:
635:
627:
617:
515:
233:
383:
373:
501:
493:
483:
475:
465:
183:
205:
340:
328:
316:
304:
292:
280:
268:
146:
394:
362:
350:
159:
1262:
1356:
1816:
However Murat avoided engaging in active hostilities against the Franco-Italian troops, as a result of which the troops of
Beauharnais succeeded in curbing the advance of the Austrians and the British landing in the Po area. Under the strong pressure of his new allies, Murat made slow attacks with no
1812:
Finally, on 11 January 1814, Murat signed an offensive and defensive alliance with
Austria in Naples: this guaranteed his continued possession of the kingdom and, with a secret article, promised him an increase in territory in the Papal States; moreover it provided for a renunciation by Ferdinand IV
1813:
of the mainland domains. In exchange Murat renounced claims on Sicily. Regarding military operations, the general pledged to support the
Coalition with an army of 30,000 men. On 21 January 1814, the Kingdom of Naples changed sides, pitching its 30,000 soldiers against the former ally Beauharnais.
1725:
Murat had long advocated the idea of unifying Italy with him as sovereign, and now that his brother-in-law
Napoleon was losing the war, he had returned to the idea of getting out of the vassalage in which Bonaparte held him, making use of the help of the Coalition and of the sentiments of
1442:
and therefore
Beauharnais had to rebuild the army. He successfully exploited the temporary neutrality of the Austrian Empire and by July 1813 had collected 45,000 infantry, 1,500 cavalry and 130 guns. After Austria entered the war in August 1813, its former provinces in
1918:, following which on 16 April he renounced his arms, ceded Milan and ceded overall command of the Kingdome of Italy's troops to Bellegarde. At that juncture Eugène de Beauharnais wanted to be crowned (something the Coalition did not oppose), but the Italian
2083:) were an integral part of France, the northern and central-eastern parts constituted the Kingdom of Italy (with Napoleon as monarch) while in the southern continental part of Italy the Kingdom of Naples was formed (with Marshal Murat as king).
1863:, Beauharnais decided to give him battle on 8 February and made arrangements for the movements of his army. But on the very day that he had decided to attack, Marshal Bellegarde, believing that the viceroy had already withdrawn towards
1847:
against
Beauharnais. Bellegarde had designated Count Nugent's corps (about 9,000 men, 800 horsemen and 21 artillery pieces) for operations on the right bank of the Po in order to threaten the right flank of the viceroy of Italy on the
2000:
1375:; however, the spring of 1814 was marked by the defeats in the battles of San Maurizio and the Taro and by the progressive advance of the Coalition in the Italian territory. Meanwhile, Napoleon was defeated in the
1410:, who saw the dream of a united Italy shattered. Manzoni in particular wrote a song entitled " April 1814 " in which he wished to maintain the independence of the kingdom, which was not done at the behest of the
1710:
Meanwhile, from the Adige line, Beauharnais was monitoring the critical situation. More than the
Austrians, he was concerned about the attitude of the King of Naples, Joachim Murat, returning from the
1483:
against Nugent, who defeated the enemy at
Jeltschaneand in Lipa and on 15 September he had Rijeka occupied by Gillot Rougier 's brigade. However, Beauharnais, not satisfied, replaced Pino with general
1820:
With the war now clearly in favour of the
Coalition, and with the betrayal of his brother-in-law, Napoleon wrote to his stepson Eugène to abandon Italy and retreat with his troops towards the
1898:. On 7 March the Austrians marched under the command of Major General Anton Gundacker von Starhemberg and the Neapolitan division of General Carrascosa to Reggio, where the Italian general
1352:
thereafter. Murat had chosen to change sides not only to maintain his dominion, but also to expand it, trying in this way to carry out his project to unify much of Italy under his person.
1722:
for a consultation, during which he induced him to occupy and then divide Italy with him, detach it from France, proclaim its independence and then defend it together from the
Austrians.
1629:
The fighting was mainly reduced to manoeuvres. The troops of Beauharnais were driven out of their positions by bypassing, until in November 1813 they stopped along the line of the river
1281:, but when the Austrian Empire entered the war on 12 August, it was largely recalled south to face the Coalition invasion. The Franco-Italian army was commanded by the viceroy of Italy
1967:, in fact, the Kingdom of Naples did not participate in military operations alongside the French Empire, because King Joachim Murat was negotiating with the Coalition to change sides.
764:
1547:
608:
600:
590:
580:
570:
560:
552:
544:
534:
524:
1251:
1640:
On 29 October Colonel Rabié, after sixteen days of resistance, ceded the castle of San Giusto di Trieste to Nugent. The general, in agreement with the British, landed at
40:
1979:
only Murat, as the Army of the Kingdom of Naples never really fought against the Coalition during the campaign, and was only mobilized against the army of Beauharnais.
1675:(11 December). General Pino, on the other hand, succeeded, on 26 November, in reoccupying Ferrara. At the same time the Anglo-Sicilians made landings on the coasts of
1434:, sent his stepson, Viceroy Eugène de Beauharnais, to the country to mobilize the forces of the kingdom against the Coalition. Almost all the regular troops of the
1757:
In the first days of December Murat's Neapolitan army occupied Rome and Ancona, without the Franco-Italians having a clear idea of what its intent was. General
1754:, and reassuring Austria by telling her that those soldiers were not advancing towards the Po with hostile intentions to the Austrians, who were getting there.
1243:
164:
1574:. On 15 October the Austrian army of 50,000 men under the command of Lieutenant Marshal Paul von Radivojevich, favoured by the entry into the war of the
1387:
in April. From that moment the Napoleonic authority in the peninsula actually ceased to exist. On 23 April, Eugène de Beauharnais was forced to sign the
2656:
2235:
1510:
was lost to the French Empire. The Croatian troops deserted en masse and the uprisings of the populations became unsustainable. On 31 October General
757:
1758:
594:
1940:, with which the Austrians managed to occupy all of northern Italy, and he withdrew to Bavaria under the patronage of King Maximilian I Joseph.
2593:
Précis historique des opérations militaires de l'Armée d'Italie en 1813 et 1814, par le Chef de l'État-Major-Général de cette armée (M. de V.)
2561:
2497:
2475:
2452:
2323:
2295:
1475:. They resulted in short-term successes: in those days Fiume was evacuated by General Pierre Dominique Garnier and occupied by Field Marshal
386:
2001:"Les répercussions de la campagne de Russie dans le royaume de Naples (1812–1815) : origine ou révélateur d'une crise politique ?"
1376:
1336:, and in the middle of month began the invasion of the kingdom. The already disproportion of forces was aggravated by the defection of the
1062:
924:
750:
1929:
on the same day. Also on 20 April a rebellion against the viceroy broke out in Milan which led to the lynching of the Minister of Finance
1734:, reopened, spurred on by his wife Carolina, Napoleon's sister, negotiations with the secretary of the Austrian legation and with General
2202:
2681:
2597:
973:
2079:
The territory of Italy following the Napoleonic wars in 1813 was divided into 3 main parts: the north-western part of Italy and Rome (
1839:
and, in January, ordered his troops to carry out a new offensive along the Adige. While Nugent advancing from Ferrara occupied all of
332:
1890:
On 11 February Murat occupied the citadel of Ancona, abandoned by the French. The right wing of the Austrians faced Beauharnais near
2626:
2580:
2525:
1884:
1372:
1150:
1172:
1914:. After receiving the news of Napoleon's renunciation of the throne, Eugène signed an agreement with the Austrian general, Count
122:
574:
1265:
Italy in 1810, with its political-territorial boundaries at the time of the invasion of the anti-French coalition in 1813–1814
1634:
1341:
1207:
584:
246:
175:
1687:
1 500 Sicilian soldiers led by Colonel Carlo Catinelli, who took possession of the fort and the area, sent a hundred men to
674:
664:
654:
644:
634:
626:
616:
514:
232:
1414:. The memory of a free and liberal Italian state under Napoleon will give the necessary impetus to the patriots during the
2611:
2257:
1765:. In Ancona, General Gabriel Barbou des Courières closed himself up in the citadel. On 19 December the Neapolitan general
1333:
1306:
1274:
1202:
1133:
1045:
1005:
1000:
907:
236:
114:
1546:. Cattaro, defended by the general Jean-Joseph Gauthier surrendered on 4 January 1814, while Ragusa, defended by General
1867:, leaving very few troops on the Mincio, had ordered generals Radivojevich and Franz von Merville to cross the river at
1312:
936:
684:
456:
448:
438:
430:
420:
412:
402:
242:
171:
2464:
1915:
1484:
1398:
The fall of the Kingdom of Italy was a particularly traumatic event for Italian patriots and intellectuals, including
658:
1479:, while the whole of Istria fell into the hands of the Austrians. The viceroy, threatened on his right, sent General
382:
372:
1887:. The viceroy initially managed to keep the field against the Austrians, but in the long run his position was lost.
2676:
2671:
1832:
1476:
1427:
1290:
1289:, while the allied army, in this theatre of operations, was placed under the command of the Austrian field marshal
1231:
1167:
805:
774:
284:
272:
32:
2621:
1947:
on 20 May. On 27 April the French garrisons surrendered in Piacenza and on 28 April also the fortress of Mantua.
1661:
1368:
1212:
1145:
1094:
1025:
500:
492:
482:
474:
464:
182:
1641:
1040:
810:
528:
1282:
946:
564:
518:
1824:, but Beauharnais refused, wanting to confront the Austro-Neapolitan army. At the same time Bonaparte freed
1278:
1197:
1182:
880:
855:
825:
788:
2666:
2661:
1902:
had taken refuge with 7,000 men near the San Maurizio district. On 10 March the Austrians had reached the
1298:
1126:
1069:
1055:
1050:
1030:
995:
830:
795:
668:
366:
1254:, in which a French and an Austrian army confronted each other for control of the Italian peninsula. The
204:
2631:
2350:
1926:
1856:
1735:
1380:
1294:
1255:
1192:
1187:
1155:
963:
902:
860:
354:
308:
1843:, Bellegarde showed his diplomatic skills and managed to convince Murat to deploy 20,000 of his men in
1762:
1177:
957:
1937:
1868:
1603:
1511:
1388:
1116:
1010:
968:
931:
875:
800:
320:
2616:
1880:
1471:, and between the end of August and the beginning of September he ordered an attack on the side of
1448:
1325:
1302:
1140:
990:
978:
865:
850:
840:
226:
198:
101:
2636:
1739:
1731:
1623:
1575:
1411:
1407:
1337:
1321:
1286:
1079:
1035:
912:
620:
424:
208:
119:
108:
2430:(in Italian). translation edited by Claudio Asciuti. La Spezia: Club del libro Fratelli Melita.
2576:
2557:
2540:
2521:
2493:
2471:
2448:
2431:
2414:
2338:
2319:
2291:
2251:
1715:
1711:
1695:, which, however, evacuated after twenty-four hours. A few days later the same body landed in
1468:
1345:
1099:
1074:
1015:
985:
951:
941:
886:
870:
835:
296:
186:
2641:
2591:
1899:
1766:
1435:
1403:
1270:
1121:
1089:
1084:
917:
820:
815:
648:
2485:
1907:
1894:
in early March. In agreement with Murat, Nugent decided on 6 March to attack the enemy in
1607:
1239:
1111:
897:
892:
468:
150:
2118:
1793:
were occupied by the Neapolitans who made contact with the Austrians, already masters of
1578:, entered the territory of the Kingdom of Italy in two columns from the east between the
1637:
urged his son-in-law Eugène to renounce Napoleon's lost cause, but Beauharnais refused.
1930:
1883:. Thus it was that the simultaneous offensive movements of the two armies gave rise to
1844:
1751:
1672:
1527:
1522:
by the British and Tomasich, capitulated to honourable conditions and at the same time
1320:
Initially the Franco-Italians managed to slow down the advance of the Coalition in the
1235:
1020:
845:
486:
442:
1943:
The Austrians entered Milan on 28 April and King Vittorio Emanuele I of Savoy entered
1703:; not being the successful enterprise, he resumed the sea on the 15th and returned to
2650:
1895:
1825:
1680:
1480:
1431:
1384:
1349:
1247:
688:
678:
638:
406:
376:
1730:
on 4 November, to ingratiate himself with the British, he abolished the laws of the
1297:. Alongside the Austrians and the British there were again the Kingdom of Sicily of
2445:
Sicily: The Insecure Base: A History of the British Occupation of Sicily, 1806–1815
2080:
1903:
1821:
1559:
1415:
538:
2276:
1518:, on 1 November Colonel Donese took Seico, on 6 December General Roise, closed in
2390:
2290:. Men-at-Arms 335. Illustrated by Patrice Courcelle. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
1864:
1587:
1563:
1399:
1925:
Venice was occupied by the Austrians on 20 April while being made aware of the
1679:, hoping to revive the populations. On 9 December the British fleet of Admiral
1860:
1696:
2544:
2435:
2418:
2342:
742:
2402:
Histoire politique et militaire du prince Eugène Napoléon, vice-roi d'Italie
1875:, and to generals Anton Mayer von Heldenfeld and Annibale Sommariva to face
1719:
1688:
1684:
1645:
1611:
1558:
In October 1813 Beauharnais withdrew to the right of the Isonzo and General
1543:
1464:
1395:. By the end of the month the remaining Italian garrisons had to surrender.
1364:
1777:
where he arrived on the 28th. In the last days of the month, the towns of
1671:, but failed and could not even prevent Nugent from advancing by occupying
45:
General von Bellegarde and his staff in a painting by Albrecht Adam of 1815
2052:
Langella , p. 70 , Tellini , p. 84 and Manzoni writer and European reader
1911:
1806:
1770:
1668:
1599:
1583:
1507:
1496:
1460:
74:
2392:
Histoire des campagnes d'Italie en 1813 et 1814: avec un atlas militaire
1367:
and obtained tactical victories against the Austrians in the battles of
1261:
1872:
1840:
1836:
1794:
1774:
1700:
1676:
1649:
1567:
1500:
1492:
1472:
1444:
1392:
1363:
However, the troops of Beauharnais continued to fight valiantly in the
78:
70:
1876:
1849:
1798:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1747:
1727:
1704:
1657:
1653:
1619:
1615:
1595:
1591:
1571:
1535:
1531:
1487:, who, however, was unable to prevent the Austrians from reoccupying
1439:
1329:
1277:
was severely weakened. It distinguished itself once again during the
1258:
of 1815 was essentially a clash between only Italians and Austrians.
2490:
The defense of the Napoleonic kingdom of Northern Italy, 1813-1814
1944:
1891:
1718:, the Marshal had left the Grande Armée. Murat met the viceroy in
1692:
1630:
1602:. Three days later the general Christoph Ludwig von Eckhardt, for
1539:
1519:
1515:
1488:
1355:
1354:
1311:
1260:
66:
2070:
Many of them veterans of the Napoleonic Italian armies themselves
1802:
1790:
1743:
1667:
The French generals Couchy and Marcoquet tried to reconquer the
1644:
on 15 November and in four days conquered Gorino, Po di Gnocca,
1579:
1523:
1594:, forcing General Alessandro de Rege of Gifflenga to retire to
746:
2596:(in French). Paris: Chez Barrois l'aîné, Libraire – via
1835:
had taken command of the Austrian army on 15 December 1813 in
2395:(in French). London: Thomas Egerton – via google.co.uk.
1726:
independence awakened in the Italian population. Arriving in
1328:, but already on 5 October they had to fall back towards the
2373:
Concisi ricordi di un soldato napoleonico italiano (2 voll.)
1855:
Knowing that the enemy was concentrating his troops between
1750:, writing to Napoleon that those troops were used to defend
2316:
Storia istituzionale e politica della Sicilia. Un compendio
2288:Émigré and Foreign Troops in British Service (2): 1803–1815
1738:
and sent two divisions, one under the command of General
2364:
Fasti e vicende militari degli italiani dal 1801 al 1815
2036:
2034:
1230:
was the series of military operations fought during the
2520:. Bibliothèque Napoléonienne (in French). Tallandier.
2021:
2019:
16:
Italian campaign during The War of the Sixth Coalition
2149:
2147:
2400:
de Vaudoncourt, Frédéric François Guillaume (1828).
2389:
de Vaudoncourt, Frédéric François Guillaume (1817).
2382:
Francesco Melzi D'Eril – la grande occasione perduta
1809:and began to attempt approaches with General Pino.
1238:between the French Empire and the Coalition led by
2463:
2119:"REGNO d'ITALIA – FINE DOPO LA CAMPAGNA DI RUSSIA"
1999:
1459:Beauharnais deployed soldiers along the road from
2537:The Fall of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy, 1814
1936:Consequently, on 23 April Beauharnais signed the
1246:. It represented the last time of the so-called "
2447:. London: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.
2426:Gallois, Charles André Gustave Leonard (1990) .
1742:, the other under General Angelo d'Ambrosio, in
2278:Militär-historisches Kriegs-Lexikon (1618–1905)
1562:left Tarvisio to concentrate his forces on the
25:
2177:
2006:Annales historiques de la Révolution française
1656:, and connected with Hiller, who was blocking
2362:De Laugier de Bellecour, Cesare (1829–1831).
2203:"A document of the Murat government in Forlì"
2165:
758:
8:
2466:L'Armata italiana di Lord Bentinck 1812-1816
2375:(in Italian). Firenze: Tip. del Vocabolario.
2335:Annals of the wars of the nineteenth century
2238:. Archived from the original on 15 June 2015
1548:Joseph Hélie Désiré Perruquet de Montrichard
1430:, Napoleon Bonaparte, who held the title of
2413:(in Italian). Piacenza: Il Nuovo Giornale.
2404:(in French). Vol. 2. Paris: P. Mongie.
2113:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:
1447:, conquered by Napoleon and annexed to his
721:46,000 Franco-Italian soldiers (since 1814)
2462:Ilari, Virgilio; Crociari, Piero (2015) .
2411:Il Congresso di Vienna – 1814–1815 vol. II
1828:, to prevent the Coalition from doing so.
1761:, who distrusted Murat, closed himself in
765:
751:
743:
39:
22:
2371:De Laugier de Bellecour, Cesare (1870).
1418:, to continue fighting for unification.
2554:Napoleon's Italian Campaigns: 1805–1815
2539:. New York: Columbia University Press.
2222:
2189:
2040:
1956:
1927:capture of Genoa by the Anglo-Sicilians
1316:Eugène de Beauharnais, viceroy of Italy
737:Thousands of dead, wounded and captured
734:Thousands of dead, wounded and captured
718:100,000 soldiers in total (summer 1813)
709:30,000 Neapolitan soldiers (since 1814)
2518:Dictionnaire des batailles de Napoléon
2249:
2153:
1451:, began to rebel against French rule.
496:Giuseppe Thaon di Revel di Sant'Andrea
2138:
2025:
1759:Sextius Alexandre François de Miollis
595:Sextius Alexandre François de Miollis
7:
2366:(in Italian). Vol. 13. Firenze.
2337:. Vol. 4. London: John Murray.
2092:
1377:Campaign in north-east France (1814)
2318:(in Italian). privately published.
1662:defeated on 15 November at Caldiero
1618:and on the 23rd, for Primolano and
1586:coast. From the north they invaded
398:Vittorio Amedeo Sallier della Torre
2480:– via www.mondadoristore.it.
1455:Campaign of the Illyrian Provinces
333:Franz Philipp Fenner von Fenneberg
14:
2627:Battle of the Mincio River (1814)
1714:. After Napoleon's defeat in the
1467:to face the Austrians of General
556:François-Jean Baptiste de Quesnel
2657:Campaigns of the Napoleonic Wars
2509:Storia militare del risorgimento
2281:. Wien und Leipzig, C. W. Stern.
683:
673:
663:
653:
643:
633:
630:Giovanni Battista Bianchi d'Adda
625:
615:
607:
599:
589:
579:
569:
559:
551:
543:
533:
523:
513:
499:
491:
481:
473:
463:
455:
447:
437:
429:
419:
411:
401:
392:
381:
371:
360:
348:
338:
326:
314:
302:
290:
278:
266:
241:
231:
220:
203:
192:
181:
170:
157:
144:
1773:and from there he continued to
706:50,000 Austrian soldiers (1813)
575:Pierre-Louis Binet de Marcognet
504:Giorgio Andrea Agnès des Geneys
344:Anton Gundacker von Starhemberg
2552:Schneid, Frederick C. (2002).
1691:and on the 11th they occupied
1635:Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria
1538:. The last to capitulate were
1379:and consequently abdicated as
1342:Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria
585:Antoine Louis Popon de Maucune
460:Andrea Pignatelli di Cerchiara
123:Italian pre-unification states
1:
2573:The Napoleonic Wars Data Book
2511:(in Italian). Turin: Einaudi.
1885:a battle with great bloodshed
1550:, surrendered on 29 January.
1359:Joachim Murat, King of Naples
1344:first and, above all, of the
1228:Italian Campaign of 1813–1814
1063:Campaign in south-west France
925:Campaign in north-east France
26:Italian Campaign of 1813–1814
2612:Fall of the Kingdom of Italy
2556:. Westport, Conn.: Praeger.
2492:. Westport, Conn.: Praeger.
2409:Ferrero, Guglielmo (1999) .
1998:Delpu, Pierre-Marie (2016).
1499:and putting the blockade on
1332:, the eastern border of the
1275:Army of the Kingdom of Italy
604:Gabriel Barbou des Courières
2488:; Gioannini, Marco (2002).
2470:(in Italian). Soldiershop.
2384:(in Italian). Il Corbaccio.
2305:Ciampini, Raffaele (1941).
1916:Karl Ludwig von Ficquelmont
1485:Giuseppe Federico Palombini
659:Giuseppe Federico Palombini
2698:
2682:War of the Sixth Coalition
2535:Rath, Reuben John (1941).
2357:(in Italian). BUR Rizzoli.
1833:Heinrich Johann Bellegarde
1633:. In the same month, King
1614:, on the 22nd he occupied
1477:Laval Nugent von Westmeath
1391:, and then self-exiled to
1324:, thanks above all to the
1291:Heinrich Johann Bellegarde
1232:War of the Sixth Coalition
776:War of the Sixth Coalition
285:Laval Nugent von Westmeath
273:Heinrich Johann Bellegarde
33:War of the Sixth Coalition
2622:Battle of Caldiero (1813)
2590:Vignolle, Martin (1817).
2443:Gregory, Desmond (1988).
2380:Del Blanco, Nino (2002).
2256:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2166:Ilari & Crociari 2015
1831:Meanwhile, Field Marshal
784:
728:
697:
256:
134:
49:
38:
30:
2286:Chartrand, René (2000).
1293:and the British general
529:Pierre Dominique Garnier
2637:it:Cattura di La Spezia
2516:Pigeard, Alain (2004).
2355:Memoriale di Sant'Elena
2314:Costa, Massimo (2019).
2275:Bodart, Gaston (1908).
1299:Ferdinand IV of Bourbon
1279:German campaign of 1813
612:Maurizio Ignazio Fresia
1360:
1317:
1266:
1250:", precisely from the
1162:Low Countries campaign
367:Henry Tucker Montresor
257:Commanders and leaders
2642:it:Assedio di Trieste
2632:Siege of Genoa (1814)
2575:. London: Greenhill.
2571:Smith, Digby (1998).
2507:Pieri, Piero (1962).
2351:Emmanuel de Las Cases
2333:Cust, Edward (1863).
1910:and were approaching
1857:Villafranca di Verona
1736:Lord William Bentinck
1660:. General Hiller was
1381:Emperor of the French
1358:
1315:
1283:Eugène de Beauharnais
1269:After the disastrous
1264:
1256:Austro-Neapolitan War
1252:campaign of 1796–1797
729:Casualties and losses
565:Marie François Rouyer
519:Eugène de Beauharnais
309:Paul von Radivojevich
2307:Napoleone Buonaparte
1938:Convention of Mantua
1869:Borghetto di Borbera
1642:Goro, Emilia–Romagna
1389:Convention of Mantua
548:Jean Antoine Verdier
452:Francesco Pignatelli
249:(until January 1814)
2617:Battle of Feistritz
2486:Nafziger, George F.
2309:(in Italian). Utet.
2225:, pp. 238–239.
2178:de Vaudoncourt 1828
2168:, pp. 266–268.
1881:Peschiera del Garda
1554:Operations in Italy
1326:Battle of Feistritz
1303:Kingdom of Sardinia
416:Francesco Macdonald
199:Kingdom of Sardinia
178:(from January 1814)
120:Restoration of some
102:First French Empire
1763:Castel Sant'Angelo
1740:Michele Carrascosa
1732:Continental System
1699:and tried to take
1624:Bassano del Grappa
1576:Kingdom of Bavaria
1422:Historical context
1412:Congress of Vienna
1408:Alessandro Manzoni
1361:
1338:Kingdom of Bavaria
1322:Illyrian Provinces
1318:
1287:Napoleon Bonaparte
1267:
958:Six Days' Campaign
621:Achille Fontanelli
425:Michele Carrascosa
209:Kingdom of Bavaria
109:Illyrian Provinces
2677:Conflicts in 1814
2672:Conflicts in 1813
2563:978-0-27-596875-5
2499:978-0-313-07531-5
2477:978-8-89-915819-4
2454:978-0-83-863306-9
2325:978-1-09-117524-2
2297:978-1-85-532859-4
1988:Barton, Pp.94–95.
1920:Senato consulente
1716:Battle of Leipzig
1712:Kingdom of Saxony
1604:Cortina d'Ampezzo
1469:Johann von Hiller
1346:Kingdom of Naples
1307:Victor Emmanuel I
1221:
1220:
1106:Illyrian campaign
741:
740:
434:Angelo d'Ambrosio
321:August von Vécsey
297:Johann von Hiller
247:Kingdom of Naples
187:Kingdom of Sicily
176:Kingdom of Naples
130:
129:
89:Coalition victory
2689:
2601:
2586:
2567:
2548:
2531:
2512:
2503:
2481:
2469:
2458:
2439:
2422:
2405:
2396:
2385:
2376:
2367:
2358:
2346:
2329:
2310:
2301:
2282:
2262:
2261:
2255:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2232:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2181:
2175:
2169:
2163:
2157:
2151:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2115:
2096:
2090:
2084:
2077:
2071:
2068:
2062:
2059:
2053:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2029:
2023:
2014:
2013:
2003:
1995:
1989:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1961:
1900:Filippo Severoli
1767:Carlo Filangieri
1622:, he arrived in
1436:Kingdom of Italy
1428:battle of Lützen
1404:Giovanni Berchet
1334:Kingdom of Italy
1295:William Bentinck
1271:Russian campaign
1134:Italian campaign
1046:Fère-Champenoise
996:2nd Bar-sur-Aube
937:1st Bar-sur-Aube
779:
777:
767:
760:
753:
744:
687:
677:
667:
657:
649:Filippo Severoli
647:
637:
629:
619:
611:
603:
593:
583:
573:
563:
555:
547:
537:
527:
517:
503:
495:
485:
477:
467:
459:
451:
441:
433:
423:
415:
405:
397:
396:
395:
387:Thomas Fremantle
385:
375:
365:
364:
363:
355:William Bentinck
353:
352:
351:
343:
342:
341:
331:
330:
329:
319:
318:
317:
307:
306:
305:
295:
294:
293:
283:
282:
281:
271:
270:
269:
245:
237:Kingdom of Italy
235:
225:
224:
223:
207:
197:
196:
195:
185:
174:
167:
163:
161:
160:
149:
148:
147:
115:Kingdom of Italy
51:
50:
43:
23:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2647:
2646:
2608:
2589:
2583:
2570:
2564:
2551:
2534:
2528:
2515:
2506:
2500:
2484:
2478:
2461:
2455:
2442:
2425:
2408:
2399:
2388:
2379:
2370:
2361:
2349:
2332:
2326:
2313:
2304:
2298:
2285:
2274:
2271:
2266:
2265:
2248:
2241:
2239:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2221:
2217:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2188:
2184:
2176:
2172:
2164:
2160:
2152:
2145:
2137:
2133:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2116:
2099:
2091:
2087:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2061:Tellini , p. 84
2060:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2039:
2032:
2024:
2017:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1975:
1971:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1817:great results.
1608:Pieve di Cadore
1556:
1457:
1424:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1217:
974:Château-Thierry
789:German campaign
780:
775:
773:
771:
724:
712:
693:
507:
469:Ruggero Settimo
393:
391:
361:
359:
349:
347:
339:
337:
327:
325:
315:
313:
303:
301:
291:
289:
279:
277:
267:
265:
252:
221:
219:
213:
193:
191:
158:
156:
155:
151:Austrian Empire
145:
143:
100:Breakup of the
95:
81:
44:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2695:
2693:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2649:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2587:
2581:
2568:
2562:
2549:
2532:
2526:
2513:
2504:
2498:
2482:
2476:
2459:
2453:
2440:
2423:
2406:
2397:
2386:
2377:
2368:
2359:
2347:
2330:
2324:
2311:
2302:
2296:
2283:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2227:
2215:
2194:
2182:
2170:
2158:
2143:
2141:, p. 473.
2131:
2097:
2095:, p. 137.
2085:
2072:
2063:
2054:
2045:
2043:, p. 236.
2030:
2028:, p. 260.
2015:
1990:
1981:
1969:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1931:Giuseppe Prina
1845:Emilia-Romagna
1752:northern Italy
1673:Badia Polesine
1648:, Magnavacca,
1555:
1552:
1512:Franjo Tomašić
1506:At that point
1456:
1453:
1423:
1420:
1236:Northern Italy
1219:
1218:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1208:Bergen-op-Zoom
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1041:Arcis-sur-Aube
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
982:
981:
976:
971:
966:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
928:
927:
921:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
792:
791:
785:
782:
781:
772:
770:
769:
762:
755:
747:
739:
738:
735:
731:
730:
726:
725:
723:
722:
719:
715:
713:
711:
710:
707:
703:
700:
699:
695:
694:
692:
691:
681:
671:
661:
651:
641:
631:
623:
613:
605:
597:
587:
577:
567:
557:
549:
541:
531:
521:
510:
508:
506:
505:
497:
489:
487:Vito Nunziante
479:
471:
461:
453:
445:
443:Giuseppe Lechi
435:
427:
417:
409:
399:
389:
379:
369:
357:
345:
335:
323:
311:
299:
287:
275:
262:
259:
258:
254:
253:
251:
250:
239:
229:
216:
214:
212:
211:
201:
189:
179:
168:
165:United Kingdom
153:
140:
137:
136:
132:
131:
128:
127:
126:
125:
117:
111:
97:
91:
90:
87:
83:
82:
65:
63:
59:
58:
57:12 August 1813
55:
47:
46:
36:
35:
28:
27:
21:
20:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2694:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2667:1814 in Italy
2665:
2663:
2662:1813 in Italy
2660:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2606:Related items
2605:
2599:
2595:
2594:
2588:
2584:
2582:1-85367-276-9
2578:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2533:
2529:
2527:2-84734-073-4
2523:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2468:
2467:
2460:
2456:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2393:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2374:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2259:
2253:
2237:
2231:
2228:
2224:
2219:
2216:
2204:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2135:
2132:
2120:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2076:
2073:
2067:
2064:
2058:
2055:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2002:
1994:
1991:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1957:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1941:
1939:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1896:Reggio Emilia
1893:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1827:
1826:Pope Pius VII
1823:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1681:Josias Rowley
1678:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1610:, arrived in
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1481:Domenico Pino
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1432:King of Italy
1429:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1385:King of Italy
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1357:
1353:
1351:
1350:Joachim Murat
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1314:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1285:, stepson of
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1263:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1248:French period
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
1001:Gué-à-Tresmes
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
961:
960:
959:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
929:
926:
923:
922:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
888:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
793:
790:
787:
786:
783:
778:
768:
763:
761:
756:
754:
749:
748:
745:
736:
733:
732:
727:
720:
717:
716:
714:
708:
705:
704:
702:
701:
696:
690:
689:Joachim Murat
686:
682:
680:
679:Teodoro Lechi
676:
672:
670:
666:
662:
660:
656:
652:
650:
646:
642:
640:
639:Domenico Pino
636:
632:
628:
624:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
596:
592:
588:
586:
582:
578:
576:
572:
568:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
540:
536:
532:
530:
526:
522:
520:
516:
512:
511:
509:
502:
498:
494:
490:
488:
484:
480:
478:Diego Naselli
476:
472:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
408:
407:Joachim Murat
404:
400:
390:
388:
384:
380:
378:
377:Josias Rowley
374:
370:
368:
358:
356:
346:
336:
334:
324:
322:
312:
310:
300:
298:
288:
286:
276:
274:
264:
263:
261:
260:
255:
248:
244:
240:
238:
234:
230:
228:
218:
217:
215:
210:
206:
202:
200:
190:
188:
184:
180:
177:
173:
169:
166:
154:
152:
142:
141:
139:
138:
133:
124:
121:
118:
116:
112:
110:
106:
105:
104:
103:
98:
93:
92:
88:
85:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
61:
60:
56:
53:
52:
48:
42:
37:
34:
29:
24:
19:
2592:
2572:
2553:
2536:
2517:
2508:
2489:
2465:
2444:
2427:
2410:
2401:
2391:
2381:
2372:
2363:
2354:
2334:
2315:
2306:
2287:
2277:
2269:Bibliography
2240:. Retrieved
2230:
2223:Ferrero 1999
2218:
2206:. Retrieved
2197:
2192:, p. 2.
2190:Gallois 1990
2185:
2173:
2161:
2134:
2122:. Retrieved
2088:
2081:Papal States
2075:
2066:
2057:
2048:
2041:Ferrero 1999
2009:
2005:
1993:
1984:
1976:
1972:
1964:
1959:
1942:
1935:
1924:
1919:
1889:
1854:
1830:
1822:Western Alps
1819:
1815:
1811:
1756:
1724:
1709:
1683:landed near
1666:
1639:
1628:
1590:and reached
1560:Paul Grenier
1557:
1505:
1458:
1438:had died in
1425:
1416:Risorgimento
1397:
1362:
1319:
1268:
1234:, mainly in
1227:
1225:
1051:Saint-Dizier
1006:Saint-Julien
956:
885:
669:Carlo Zucchi
539:Paul Grenier
135:Belligerents
113:Fall of the
107:Fall of the
99:
31:Part of the
18:
2208:29 December
2154:Bodart 1908
2124:29 December
1906:, occupied
1865:Alessandria
1769:arrived in
1588:South Tyrol
1564:Tagliamento
1400:Ugo Foscolo
1193:Hoogstraten
964:Champaubert
947:La Rothière
881:2nd Dresden
836:1st Dresden
94:Territorial
2651:Categories
2139:Smith 1998
2026:Costa 2019
1951:References
1861:Roverbella
1697:Calambrone
1566:, between
1426:After the
1203:Maastricht
1011:Laubressel
969:Montmirail
876:Wartenburg
826:Großbeeren
2545:981109145
2436:801052764
2419:799240181
2343:278260284
2236:"Pio VII"
2093:Cust 1863
1922:refused.
1720:Guastalla
1689:La Spezia
1685:Viareggio
1646:Comacchio
1612:Longarone
1514:occupied
1497:Adelsberg
1465:Ljubljana
1365:Po Valley
1240:Austrians
1141:Feistritz
991:Montereau
979:Vauchamps
908:Bornhöved
866:Altenburg
851:Dennewitz
841:Hagelberg
2252:cite web
2242:25 April
2012:(2 384).
1977:De facto
1912:Piacenza
1771:Florence
1669:Polesine
1600:Rovereto
1584:Adriatic
1582:and the
1508:Dalmatia
1461:Tarvisio
1369:Caldiero
1301:and the
1213:Courtrai
1168:Delfzijl
1146:Caldiero
1095:Toulouse
1070:Bidassoa
1036:Limonest
913:Sehested
861:2nd Kulm
831:Katzbach
698:Strength
75:Slovenia
62:Location
2598:Gallica
1965:de jure
1908:Fornovo
1873:Bozzolo
1871:and to
1841:Romagna
1837:Vicenza
1795:Ravenna
1775:Bologna
1701:Livorno
1677:Tuscany
1650:Ferrara
1568:Venzone
1540:Cattaro
1501:Trieste
1473:Villach
1445:Croatia
1393:Bavaria
1244:British
1198:Antwerp
1178:Woerden
1173:Naarden
1122:Cattaro
1100:Bayonne
1075:Nivelle
1016:Craonne
986:Mormant
952:Lesmont
942:Brienne
918:Hamburg
887:Leipzig
871:Rosslau
811:Bautzen
801:Möckern
96:changes
79:Croatia
71:Austria
2579:
2560:
2543:
2524:
2496:
2474:
2451:
2434:
2417:
2341:
2322:
2294:
1877:Mantua
1850:Mincio
1799:Cervia
1787:Pesaro
1783:Cesena
1779:Rimini
1748:Ancona
1728:Naples
1705:Sicily
1658:Venice
1654:Rovigo
1620:Cismon
1616:Feltre
1596:Volano
1592:Trento
1572:Gemona
1544:Ragusa
1536:Trogir
1532:Clissa
1449:empire
1440:Russia
1373:Mincio
1330:Isonzo
1273:, the
1183:Arnhem
1151:Mincio
1127:Ragusa
1090:Orthez
1085:Garris
893:Torgau
856:Göhrde
821:Luckau
816:Haynau
806:Lützen
796:Danzig
227:France
162:
86:Result
2428:Murat
1963:Only
1945:Turin
1892:Parma
1807:Forlì
1693:Lucca
1631:Adige
1528:Split
1520:Zadar
1516:Tenin
1489:Fiume
1188:Breda
1156:Genoa
1112:Lippa
1056:Paris
1031:Reims
1026:Mâcon
903:Mainz
898:Hanau
67:Italy
2577:ISBN
2558:ISBN
2541:OCLC
2522:ISBN
2494:ISBN
2472:ISBN
2449:ISBN
2432:OCLC
2415:OCLC
2339:OCLC
2320:ISBN
2292:ISBN
2258:link
2244:2013
2210:2021
2126:2021
1904:Taro
1879:and
1859:and
1805:and
1803:Lugo
1791:Fano
1789:and
1746:and
1744:Rome
1652:and
1606:and
1598:and
1580:Alps
1570:and
1542:and
1534:and
1524:Hvar
1495:and
1493:Lipa
1406:and
1383:and
1371:and
1348:of
1242:and
1226:The
1117:Zara
1080:Nive
1021:Laon
932:Metz
846:Kulm
77:and
54:Date
2010:384
1463:to
1340:of
1305:of
2653::
2353:.
2254:}}
2250:{{
2146:^
2100:^
2033:^
2018:^
2008:.
2004:.
1933:.
1852:.
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1797:,
1785:,
1781:,
1707:.
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1626:.
1530:,
1526:,
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1491:,
1402:,
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69:,
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2585:.
2566:.
2547:.
2530:.
2502:.
2457:.
2438:.
2421:.
2345:.
2328:.
2300:.
2260:)
2246:.
2212:.
2180:.
2156:.
2128:.
766:e
759:t
752:v
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