992:
692:
528:
381:
823:
977:
793:
540:
900:
586:, an architect and sculptor from Siena, became the master-builder. He redesigned the plans to give it greater structural integrity and more unified form. The original plan of the facade was modelled after Siena Cathedral. Under Maitani It gradually became a showcase of Gothic art; the interior and upper portions of the facade were decorated with mosaics, sculpted figures and reliefs in marble and bronze. The upper portions of the mosaics on the facade are gilded. In the interior, the most striking features are the banded polychrome columns, and the walls covered with murals.
838:
439:
362:
396:
274:
289:
853:
1093:
808:
625:
66:
423:
1159:
347:
597:
552:
1008:
722:
1074:
915:
44:
609:
677:
196:. They built austere churches, first in the Romanesque style and then with Gothic features, but with a complete absence of decoration. The Cistercians banned any form of art, sculpture, or stained glass. Bell towers were absent or very simple. Nothing was permitted that did not have an essential practical purpose. These churches were usually far from the centre of cities. The first Gothic structures in Italy were the Cistercian churches of
659:, with the plan of a high central nave descending in steps downward over the aisles. At the same time, it followed the Italian preference for great interior space. The planning and early work involved an extraordinary number of prominent master masons from across Europe, including Jean Mignot and Nicolas de Bonaventure from Paris, Hans Parler from Germany, and a renowned Italian mathematician, Gabriele Stornaloco.
412:(1215–1263) begun in the mid-13th century, is another major landmark church of early Italian Gothic. Its interior is a mixture of Gothic and Romanesque elements, such as the domed crossing tower, and horizontal banding of the interior columns with polychrome marble. The most striking and original Gothic feature is the decorated screen facade on the west end, with sculptural decoration designed and partly carved by
55:
2050:
991:
258:
2074:
704:
663:
remarkable features include its gigantic columns, whose ornate capitals midway up the columns contain statues; the pale pink marble that faces the interior and exterior; and the forest of stone pinnacles that decorates the upper portions. While the interior is thoroughly
Italianate in style, the exterior is covered with decorative tracery, similar to the Rayonnant style in Northern Europe.
324:, in (1236–30), which was closer to the French Gothic model. It was built of red brick, beginning a tradition in Bologna architecture that lasted for two centuries. The facade was similar to those of Romanesque churches, but inside it had a more Gothic form, with aisles, an ambulatory with radiating chapels, and flying buttresses. Other important early buildings included the
2062:
951:. Other Major examples are found in Siena, Florence and Venice. They illustrated the importance of Italian cities as banking centres, and increasing civic pride. These buildings were open to the exterior, with ground-floor loggias, large upper windows, balconies, and outside staircases, and frequently had large halls that were decorated with fresco painting.
878:, begun in the mid-14th century but greatly expanded in the 1420s, contained the Doge's apartments, council chambers, law courts, a prison, and the meeting hall for the lower house of the Venetian parliament. The ground and first floor had a double colonnade, while the upper floors were decorated with white and pink marble in delicate geometric designs.
517:
the level of the streets around it so it would be more visible. A modified new plan adopted in 1366 called for a massive dome, as wide as the combined nave and aisles, on an octagonal base with three apses. The technical problems of building such a large dome were not solved until the 15th century with a new plan by
589:
A number of churches in this period followed the style of San
Francesco in Bologna, and were built of red brick, plastered on the inside, instead of stone. The architects of many Italian Gothic churches ignored the French Gothic use of flying buttresses and used wooden tie beams across the nave to
516:
The
Cathedral plans were modified between 1357 and 1360 by several committees of painters, sculptors and artists, giving priority to the decoration. The City of Florence took it very seriously as a civic monument, financing it with a tax upon all the male inhabitants of the city, and even lowering
307:
in 1208. Their doctrine called for reaching out to the general population with their message, which meant constructing churches with large naves without any visual obstacles for preaching sermons to large congregations. Unlike
Cistercian churches, they welcomed art in their architecture. The upper
934:
Beginning in the second half of the 13th century, Italy produced more examples of secular Gothic architecture than other parts of Europe. The buildings were frequently constructed by the
Capitano del Populo of each city, an organization that represented the guilds and the wealthy merchants of the
131:
were seldom used. Soaring height was less important than in
Northern Europe. Brick rather than stone was in many areas the most common building material, and marble was widely used for decoration. In the 15th century, when the Gothic style dominated both Northern Europe and the Italian Peninsula,
316:
depicting the lives of the Saints. The
Basilica was in the form of a simple Latin cross, and had none of the aspirations to great height of the French Gothic style. It was built of brick, covered with plaster on the inside. The stained glass windows were reduced in size, simple and colourless.
123:
Italian Gothic (also described and defined as "temperate" Gothic) has characteristics that distinguish it considerably from that of the place of origin of Gothic architecture, namely France, and from other
European countries in which this language has spread (Great Brittany, Germany, Spain).
662:
Construction continued, with many interruptions, over the centuries; it was not finally completed until 1965; the style was kept generally consistent, especially for the exterior, but for example the doors and windows on the front facade have classicizing
Renaissance-Baroque door-frames. Its
212:. Casamari was originally built as a Benedictine church, but was rebuilt entirely to meet the standards of simplicity and austerity of the Cistercians. The Cistercians built several churches throughout the Italian Peninsula, mostly in the countryside. They went as far as
691:
643:, also called the Duomo, was begun in the late fourteenth century. It was one of the most ambitious Italian Gothic cathedrals, and one of the few that adapted many of the structural features of French Gothic, including the
521:. The rather plain original facade was demolished to construct the dome; the present facade was not built until the 19th century. The east end of the cathedral largely retains its original Gothic architecture.
380:
505:, was begun in 1296. It is not exceptionally high, but the interior has a sense of spaciousness created by the merger of the nave and the aisles. The work proceeded very slowly. The campanile, designed by
527:
651:. It also has a highly ornamented exterior, with many pinnacles and crockets, as well as great numbers of statues and reliefs. Work began in 1387, based generally on the plans of two French Cathedrals,
778:, begun in 1340. Built of brick, it featured three naves and an apse with six radiating chapels, and rib vaulting that sprang from massive cylindrical columns. The Dominicans also built a new church,
539:
976:
513:. The campanile is square and decorated in marble with rectilinear panelling, and follows the Italian Romanesque tradition. It was largely modelled after the older baptistery (1060–1150).
822:
361:
792:
893:, or "House of Gold", built between 1421 and 1444 for Marco Contarini. It featured a portico and double gallery that were originally gilded, giving the palace its name.
1051:. The Emperor called upon the architects and craftsmen who had built the Cistercian monasteries to build castles and fortifications. The most important works include the
1007:
899:
127:
Italian architects preferred to keep the traditional construction methods established in the previous centuries; architectural solutions and technical innovations of
1452:
1189:
852:
1741:
1214:
670:, built by the rulers of Milan just south of the city, shows a similar extravagantly ornamented style, but now edging into Renaissance classical revival.
837:
438:
747:
866:
The most original examples of
Venetian Gothic were not the churches, but the palatial residences built for the Venetian aristocrats and merchants, The
346:
1092:
1934:
914:
774:
The 14th and 15th centuries saw the construction of a series of new churches in the Venetian Gothic style, including the church of the Franciscans,
395:
807:
551:
273:
2100:
1975:
1970:
1688:
1669:
422:
2018:
1820:
1158:
464:
2023:
1928:
1445:
368:
352:
309:
721:
1378:
1073:
288:
1734:
1707:
1204:
1136:
786:, requiring the construction of a new south facade. It was richly decorated with an assortment of Gothic pinnacles and tabernacles.
736:
596:
962:(1298–1348) and the Torre della Mangia, the tallest municipal tower in Italy. Florence constructed a similar municipal palace, the
2028:
1893:
1810:
1410:
1131:
1036:
228:
1035:
at the beginning of the 13th century, an important civil and military construction programme was promoted by the Sicilian king,
782:(15th century), with three naves separated by columns, and Gothic capitals, arches and decoration. A fire in 1419 badly damaged
1924:
1867:
1825:
1438:
1121:
844:
828:
814:
798:
779:
775:
257:
2066:
966:(1299–1310), though it retained many of the features of a fortress. A major example of a private Florentine palace is the
2054:
1803:
1727:
1425:
1383:
1194:
769:
608:
1612:
Encyclopaedia Britannica on-line, "Western Architecture - Italian Gothic - Milan Cathedral" (retrieved August 28, 2020)
509:, was begun in 1334. Work continued after Giotto's death in 1337, first under Andrea Pisani and then, in the 1350s, by
1998:
1965:
1830:
1776:
1781:
1393:
1362:
1236:
1174:
1044:
703:
333:
128:
1388:
1873:
1771:
244:
160:
676:
1231:
1079:
1052:
756:
709:
137:
1241:
1257:
1179:
454:
304:
150:
624:
65:
2013:
1786:
882:
571:
occupied three centuries, from 1290 to 1591, nearly the entire span of the Gothic period. It was begun by
497:
A number of major Italian Gothic buildings were begun in the late 13th century and completed in the 14th.
470:
402:
386:
321:
192:
2078:
1982:
1578:
1564:
1294:
1262:
1150:
970:(1370s), next to the Palazzo Vecchio, whose round arches and roofline suggest the coming Renaissance.
967:
236:
190:, which the Cistercians considered too lax. The Cistercians were determined to follow more strictly the
859:
783:
2073:
2008:
1304:
1209:
221:
1798:
1750:
1319:
1299:
1116:
576:
477:
248:
1314:
1048:
1040:
498:
329:
1960:
1955:
1815:
1766:
1703:
1684:
1665:
1289:
1032:
867:
656:
652:
568:
510:
502:
205:
88:
43:
1950:
1845:
1840:
1492:
Encyclopaedia Britannica, "Western Architecture, Italian Gothic" (retrieved August 28, 2020)
1415:
1102:
1098:
1060:
954:
Another notable example of Gothic city planning is the fan-shaped Campo, or town square, in
905:
875:
871:
728:
667:
325:
240:
227:
The spread of the French style of Gothic introduced by the Cistercians was resisted by the
1339:
1309:
1126:
1064:
1014:
982:
963:
959:
741:
683:
644:
640:
628:
583:
445:
429:
413:
409:
264:
197:
96:
80:
921:
890:
1835:
886:
279:
201:
133:
54:
2094:
1877:
1329:
572:
209:
178:
The Gothic style was first introduced into Italy in the 12th century by monks of the
870:
achieved a peak of prosperity in the 15th century, especially after the fall of the
1863:
1334:
518:
187:
186:
Orders. The Cistercian order was founded in France in 1098 as a breakaway from the
1344:
1908:
1888:
1354:
300:
183:
179:
154:
874:
in 1453, which made Venice the trading hub for the Eastern Mediterranean. The
1883:
1349:
17:
545:
The Duomo (15th c.) and Campanile (14th c.) of Florence Cathedral (1296–1366)
1903:
1898:
1279:
648:
2003:
1284:
998:
948:
944:
940:
575:
as a pilgrimage church to display the relic of a proclaimed miracle, the
481:
337:
2035:
1324:
936:
713:
372:
313:
217:
1719:
235:, which preferred a return to the earlier style of architecture under
1420:
1199:
1083:
1056:
751:
506:
213:
579:. The architecture of the facade is in the basic Romanesque style.
1018:
955:
623:
115:
458:
232:
1723:
216:, where they constructed the unfinished basilica of Murgo near
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
935:
city. Major examples included the Capitano del Popolo in
1639:
1637:
697:
Vaulted ceiling and column capitals containing statues
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1514:
1512:
1510:
204:, built on the model of the Cistercian churches in the
320:
The Franciscans constructed another important church,
312:(1228–1253) were decorated with colourful murals by
1991:
1943:
1917:
1856:
1757:
111:
103:
881:Major examples of aristocratic residences include
208:, particularly the original Cistercian church,
1735:
1446:
8:
488:Mature or High Italian Gothic (14th century)
251:in Florence, and was not begun until 1280.
30:
943:, and the massive Palazzo del Capitano, or
169:Late Gothic (from 1385 to the 16th century)
1742:
1728:
1720:
1501:
1453:
1439:
1146:
748:Basilica di Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari
29:
557:The Gothic east end of Florence Cathedral
1935:Gothic secular and domestic architecture
1628:
1518:
1466:
1401:
1370:
1270:
1249:
1223:
1165:
1149:
1069:
972:
930:Civic planning and secular architecture
895:
788:
672:
592:
523:
444:Altar and polychrome marble pillars of
418:
342:
308:parts of their first major church, the
253:
1643:
1600:
1551:
1530:
1480:
858:Gothic roofline of the south facade,
340:, which showed Antelami's influence.
27:Architectural style of Medieval Italy
7:
2061:
247:, a Dominican church, was a copy of
1929:List of Gothic cathedrals in Europe
764:Venetian Gothic (14th–15th century)
369:Basilica of San Francesco of Assisi
353:Basilica of San Francesco of Assisi
310:Basilica of San Francesco of Assisi
243:. The first Gothic church in Rome,
174:Early Italian Gothic (13th century)
1384:North-Eastern Italian architecture
1379:North-Western Italian architecture
1047:grandson of the great Norman king
997:Stairs and inner courtyard of the
25:
1700:A History of Western Architecture
1137:International Gothic art in Italy
737:Basilica of Santa Croce, Florence
465:Basilica of Sant'Antonio of Padua
157:architecture (early 13th century)
2072:
2060:
2049:
2048:
1411:Timeline of architectural trends
1157:
1132:Timeline of Italian architecture
1091:
1072:
1006:
990:
975:
913:
898:
889:, but the best-known example is
851:
836:
821:
806:
791:
720:
702:
690:
675:
607:
595:
550:
538:
526:
437:
421:
394:
379:
360:
345:
287:
272:
256:
229:hierarchy of the Catholic Church
64:
53:
42:
620:Late Gothic (Late 14th century)
1925:Gothic cathedrals and churches
1868:List of Brick Gothic buildings
1122:Gothic cathedrals and churches
924:on the Grand Canal (1421–1444)
815:Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari
799:Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari
776:Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari
1:
1394:Southern Italian architecture
908:, Venice (mid-14th – 15th c.)
2101:Gothic architecture in Italy
1426:Venetian Gothic architecture
1389:Central Italian architecture
1021:(first half of 14th century)
958:, which is dominated by the
770:Venetian Gothic architecture
602:Facade of Orvieto Cathedral
533:Model of the original facade
1999:Building a Gothic cathedral
1966:Gothic Revival architecture
1679:Martindale, Andrew (1993).
939:, the Palazzo Communale at
31:Italian Gothic architecture
2117:
1363:List of Italian architects
1237:Italian Renaissance garden
1063:protecting the harbour of
1045:Constance, Queen of Sicily
1027:Castles and fortifications
767:
614:Nave of Orvieto Cathedral
590:support the upper walls.
294:Interior of Casamari Abbey
2044:
1874:Early Gothic architecture
1664:(in French). Flammarion.
1190:Renaissance and Mannerist
245:Santa Maria sopra Minerva
166:Mature Gothic (1290–1385)
136:became the birthplace of
35:
1660:Chastel, André (2015) .
1232:List of palaces in Italy
1017:and Torre dea Mangia in
1001:in Florence (begun 1255)
757:Basilica di San Petronio
710:Basilica di San Petronio
666:The mostly 15th-century
138:Renaissance architecture
1215:Modern and contemporary
1043:and through his mother
985:(1299–1310) in Florence
455:Santa Maria della Spina
334:Basilica di Sant'Andrea
305:Saint Francis of Assisi
2014:Medieval stained glass
1702:. Barrie and Jenkins.
1698:Watkin, David (1986).
845:Santi Giovanni e Paolo
829:Santi Giovanni e Paolo
780:Santi Giovanni e Paolo
632:
471:San Francesco, Bologna
403:San Francesco, Bologna
387:San Francesco, Bologna
322:San Francesco, Bologna
193:Rule of Saint Benedict
1983:High Victorian Gothic
1683:. Thames and Hudson.
1295:Leon Battista Alberti
1263:Santa Maria del Fiore
1242:Giardino all'italiana
1151:Architecture of Italy
968:Loggia della Signoria
627:
237:Constantine the Great
2009:International Gothic
1305:Filippo Brunelleschi
1258:St. Peter's Basilica
567:The Construction of
222:Province of Syracuse
107:12th to 15th century
1751:Gothic architecture
1579:"Orvieto Cathedral"
1565:"Orvieto Cathedral"
1320:Francesco Borromini
1300:Giacomo della Porta
1224:Palaces and gardens
1143:Notes and citations
1117:Gothic architecture
577:Corporal of Bolsena
478:Santa Maria Novella
282:(rebuilt 1207–1213)
249:Santa Maria Novella
32:
1483:, pp. 166–67.
1315:Michele Sanmicheli
1271:Notable architects
1166:Periods and styles
1049:Roger II of Sicily
1041:Holy Roman Emperor
860:St Mark's Basilica
784:St Mark's Basilica
727:Looking up in the
633:
499:Florence Cathedral
493:Florence Cathedral
367:Nave of the upper
330:Benedetto Antelami
224:, begun in 1225.
2088:
2087:
1961:Dissenting Gothic
1956:Collegiate Gothic
1690:978-2-87811-058-6
1671:978-2-08137-056-2
1463:
1462:
1290:Pietro da Cortona
1033:Kingdom of Sicily
868:Venetian Republic
657:Le Mans Cathedral
653:Bourges Cathedral
569:Orvieto Cathedral
563:Orvieto Cathedral
511:Francesco Talenti
503:Arnolfo di Cambio
371:, with murals by
206:Duchy of Burgundy
188:Benedictine Order
121:
120:
89:Orvieto Cathedral
16:(Redirected from
2108:
2076:
2064:
2063:
2052:
2051:
1992:Related articles
1951:Carpenter Gothic
1744:
1737:
1730:
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1713:
1694:
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1499:
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1484:
1478:
1455:
1448:
1441:
1416:Sicilian baroque
1161:
1147:
1103:Syracuse, Sicily
1099:Castello Maniace
1095:
1080:Castel del Monte
1076:
1061:Castello Maniace
1053:Castel del Monte
1010:
994:
979:
917:
902:
872:Byzantine Empire
855:
840:
825:
810:
795:
729:Certosa of Pavia
724:
706:
694:
679:
668:Certosa of Pavia
611:
599:
554:
542:
530:
441:
425:
398:
383:
364:
355:(completed 1263)
349:
326:Parma Baptistery
303:were founded by
291:
276:
260:
241:Byzantine Empire
68:
57:
46:
33:
21:
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2115:
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1987:
1939:
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1508:
1502:Martindale 1993
1500:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1479:
1468:
1459:
1430:
1359:
1340:Filippo Juvarra
1310:Donato Bramante
1219:
1145:
1127:Venetian Gothic
1113:
1106:
1096:
1087:
1077:
1065:Syracuse, Italy
1029:
1022:
1015:Palazzo Publico
1011:
1002:
995:
986:
983:Palazzo Vecchio
980:
964:Palazzo Vecchio
960:Palazzo Publico
932:
925:
918:
909:
903:
887:Palazzo Foscari
862:
856:
847:
841:
832:
826:
817:
811:
802:
796:
772:
766:
742:Palazzo Vecchio
731:
725:
716:
707:
698:
695:
686:
684:Milan Cathedral
680:
647:and the arched
645:flying buttress
641:Milan Cathedral
638:
636:Milan Cathedral
629:Milan Cathedral
622:
615:
612:
603:
600:
584:Lorenzo Maitani
565:
558:
555:
546:
543:
534:
531:
495:
490:
448:
446:Siena Cathedral
442:
433:
430:Siena Cathedral
426:
416:in 1284–1320.
414:Giovanni Pisano
410:Siena Cathedral
405:
399:
390:
384:
375:
365:
356:
350:
295:
292:
283:
277:
268:
265:Fossanova Abbey
263:The Cistercian
261:
198:Fossanova Abbey
176:
146:
99:
97:Milan Cathedral
81:Siena Cathedral
74:
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72:
71:
70:
69:
60:
59:
58:
49:
48:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2026:
2021:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1947:
1945:
1944:Gothic Revival
1941:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1871:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1763:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1739:
1732:
1724:
1715:
1714:
1708:
1695:
1689:
1676:
1670:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1646:, p. 171.
1633:
1631:, p. 155.
1614:
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1603:, p. 170.
1584:
1581:. Wondermondo.
1570:
1567:. Wondermondo.
1556:
1554:, p. 169.
1535:
1533:, p. 167.
1523:
1506:
1504:, p. 147.
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267:(founded 1208)
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202:Casamari Abbey
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163:(c. 1228–1290)
158:
145:
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134:Northern Italy
119:
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87:: Interior of
75:
63:
62:
61:
52:
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41:
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26:
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18:Italian Gothic
14:
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1878:Romano-Gothic
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1816:Low Countries
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1709:0-7126-1279-3
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1662:L'Art Italien
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1250:Notable works
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1175:Ancient Roman
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876:Doge's Palace
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580:
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573:Pope Urban IV
570:
562:
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548:
541:
536:
529:
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520:
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210:Citeaux Abbey
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173:
168:
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162:
159:
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152:
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129:French Gothic
125:
117:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
67:
56:
45:
34:
19:
2077:
2065:
2053:
1864:Brick Gothic
1793:
1716:
1699:
1680:
1661:
1654:Bibliography
1629:Chastel 2015
1608:
1573:
1559:
1526:
1519:Chastel 2015
1497:
1488:
1402:Other topics
1335:Michelangelo
1205:Neoclassical
1184:
1037:Frederick II
1030:
953:
933:
880:
865:
843:Interior of
813:Interior of
801:(begun 1340)
773:
665:
661:
639:
588:
581:
566:
519:Brunelleschi
515:
496:
408:
401:Interior of
319:
298:
226:
191:
177:
161:Early Gothic
126:
122:
104:Years active
92:
84:
76:
1909:Sondergotik
1889:High Gothic
1644:Watkin 1986
1601:Watkin 1986
1552:Watkin 1986
1531:Watkin 1986
1481:Watkin 1986
1355:Renzo Piano
759:at Bologna.
473:(1236–1263)
432:(1215–1263)
389:(1236–1263)
301:Franciscans
239:and of the
149:Arrival of
1894:Isabelline
1884:Flamboyant
1758:By country
1681:Gothic Art
1350:Aldo Rossi
1180:Romanesque
1039:, who was
744:, Florence
476:Church of
469:Church of
453:Church of
428:Facade of
184:Franciscan
180:Cistercian
155:Franciscan
151:Cistercian
1904:Rayonnant
1899:Manueline
1836:Catalonia
1811:Lithuania
1760:or region
1371:By region
1345:Giò Ponti
1280:Vitruvius
1105:(1232–40)
922:Ca' d'Oro
891:Ca' d'Oro
831:(15th c.)
649:rib vault
2095:Category
2055:Category
2004:Gargoyle
1857:By style
1846:Valencia
1826:Portugal
1787:Southern
1285:Palladio
1111:See also
1059:and the
999:Bargello
949:Florence
945:Bargello
941:Piacenza
682:Nave of
582:In 1309
482:Florence
338:Vercelli
332:and the
144:Timeline
112:Location
2067:Commons
2036:Tracery
2029:Swedish
2019:English
1841:Levante
1777:England
1772:Czechia
1767:Belarus
1325:Bernini
1210:Fascist
1195:Baroque
1086:(1240s)
1031:In the
937:Orvieto
714:Bologna
373:Cimabue
314:Cimabue
220:in the
218:Lentini
2079:Voyage
2024:French
1976:Poland
1971:Canada
1918:By use
1821:Poland
1804:Venice
1782:France
1706:
1687:
1668:
1421:Trullo
1200:Rococo
1185:Gothic
1084:Apulia
1057:Apulia
752:Venice
631:facade
507:Giotto
461:(1230)
214:Sicily
93:bottom
85:center
1831:Spain
1799:Milan
1794:Italy
1019:Siena
956:Siena
947:, in
116:Italy
1704:ISBN
1685:ISBN
1666:ISBN
1013:The
920:The
885:and
655:and
459:Pisa
299:The
233:Rome
200:and
182:and
153:and
1101:in
1082:in
1055:in
712:in
336:in
328:by
231:in
77:Top
2097::
1636:^
1617:^
1587:^
1538:^
1509:^
1469:^
1067:.
750:,
480:,
457:,
140:.
95::
91:;
83:;
79::
1931:)
1927:(
1880:)
1876:(
1870:)
1866:(
1743:e
1736:t
1729:v
1712:.
1693:.
1674:.
1454:e
1447:t
1440:v
20:)
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