701:, who replaced Marshal Badoglio as viceroy of Italian East Africa in May 1936 was short-tempered and inclined to violence and atrocities multiplied under his administration. Following a failed attack against Addis Ababa by rebels on 28 July 1936, he had the archbishop of Dessie, whom he suspected of being behind the attack shot the same afternoon. All resisting Ethiopians were declared "bandits" and he ordered that they be shot on capture. Mussolini approved the decision but requested that the order be kept secret. Following the defeat of rebels led by Ras Desta in the western part of the country in late December 1936, he had 1,600 rebel troops who surrendered summarily executed by firing squads. Villages that had been friendly to Desta were burned to the ground and women and children shot. Desta and other captured rebel leaders were executed in February 1937.
1137:
726:
713:, went on a rampage of murder and destruction throughout Addis Ababa. By the end of 1937 more than 5,000 people had been executed for alleged crimes related to the attempt against Graziani, and a total of 19,200 to 30,000 civilians were killed. Among the dead were virtually all the young educated Ethiopians the Italians could lay their hands on and all the officers and cadets of the Holeta Military Academy. The Italian viceroy had hermits, soothsayers and travelling minstrels rounded up and executed. Convinced that the high clergy had known about the plot, he had many executed. In May 1937, he ordered 297 monks of the monastery of
59:
1051:
926:
1261:
1254:
226:
3097:
980:
1227:
1220:
542:
45:
486:
690:
570:
514:
807:), dams and hydroelectric plants were built, and many public and private companies were established in the underdeveloped country. The most important were: "Compagnie per il cotone d'Etiopia" (Cotton industry); "Cementerie d'Etiopia" (Cement industry); "Compagnia etiopica mineraria" (Minerals industry); "Imprese elettriche d'Etiopia" (Electricity industry); "Compagnia etiopica degli esplosivi" (Armament industry); "Trasporti automobilistici (Citao)" (Mechanic & Transport industry).
811:
2739:
251:
934:
1179:, which when completed will be the largest dam and hydroelectric plant in Africa. As the Italian engineers had helped to build the first railway from Addis Ababa to Djibouti in the past, the Ethiopian government has contracted them again to expand the railroad network along with India and China. For the last 20 years, Italy has continued to be among the top 5 trading partners with Ethiopia and a major investor in the Ethiopian economy.
1115:
3440:
387:, signed in 1942, confirmed Ethiopia's status as a sovereign state, although some regions of Ethiopia were temporarily placed under British control. In December 1944, a new agreement led to the restoration of full sovereignty to Ethiopia, although the British continued to control the Ogaden until 1955. Under the
578:
Some territories of the defeated
Kingdom of Ethiopia were added to Italian Eritrea and Italian Somalia inside the AOI. This was not just since they were mainly populated by Eritreans and Somalis respectively, but also as a reward for their colonial soldiers who fought in the Italian Army against the
921:
These diesel trains were able to reach 70 km/h and cutting time travel in half to just 18 hours: they were used until the mid-1960s. At the main stations there were some bus connections to the other cities of
Italian Ethiopia not served by the railway. Additionally, a special fire-control unit
1287:
On 5 May 1936 the capital Addis Ababa was captured by the
Italians: on 22 May three new stamps showing the King of Italy were issued. Four further values inscribed "ETIOPIA" were issued on 5 December 1936. After that date, the stamps were issued with the name "Africa Orientale Italiana" on it.
1182:
Ethiopian languages such as
Amharic and Tigrinya have many words borrowed from the Italian language, for example "gettone" (token), "bigli" from Italian "biglie" (glass marbles), "borsa" (bag), "machìna" from Italian "macchina" (car), "carburatore" (carburetor) and others. Ethiopia has Italian
1058:
The recognition by the United
Kingdom of the full sovereignty of Ethiopia occurred with the signing on 19 December 1944 of the Anglo-Ethiopian agreement which acknowledged Ethiopia to be "a free and independent state" although the Ogaden continued to remain under British control until 1955.
1092:
were given a full pardon by the newly returned
Emperor Haile Selassie, as he saw the opportunity to continue the modernization efforts of the country. He declared that no reprisals would be taken against the Italians, and many remained for decades, until the overthrow of the Emperor in the
733:
While some countries recognized the
Italian conquest, Britain, France, the United States, the Soviet Union, China and the League of Nations refused to formally recognize it and consequently it remained illegitimate in international law. The King of Italy
1159:
In the mid-1990s, a populist movement made up of
Italians and Ethiopians (both in country and expatriates around the world) began to petition the then-current Italian government to return the obelisk, an event which eventually culminated in its
629:
717:
and 23 other individuals suspected of complicity shot. Over 100 deacons and students were also executed. Several hundred monks were sent to concentration camps. Viceroy
Graziani was finally replaced in November 1938 by the more humane
952:" (as the guerrilla fighters were called in Ethiopia) made a surrender proposal to the Italians in spring 1940 after the 1939 surrender of Ethiopian leaders Zaudiè Asfau and Olonà Dinkel. During the five years of Italian occupation,
1100:
In recent years, some
Italian companies have returned to operate in Ethiopia, and a large number of Italian technicians and managers arrived with their families, residing mainly in the metropolitan area of the capital.
1602:
704:
The Italians undertook many other terrorist actions during this period. Following a bloody attempt on the life of Graziani and other Italian officials by two Eritreans during a ceremony to celebrate the birth of the
294:, which Italy occupied for approximately five years. Italian Ethiopia was not an administrative entity, but the formal name of the former territory of the Ethiopian Empire, which now constituted the Governorates of
1029:
This guerrilla action was done primarily by military units with Italian officers (like Captain Paolo Aloisi, Captain Leopoldo Rizzo, Blackshirt officer De Varda and Major Lucchetti) but also by civilians like
891:). The route was carried out in three and a half days of daytime flight and the frequency was four flights per week in both directions. Later from Addis Ababa there were three flights a week that continued to
944:(Ethiopian guerrillas) were still in control of nearly a quarter of the Ethiopian highlands through late 1939. By the eve of World War II they were still in control of Harar and the Galla-Sidamo Governorate.
779:
when the annual revenue of Italy was only 18,581 billion lire. This infrastructure development was part of a plan to bring half a million Italians to colonize the Ethiopian plateaus. In October 1939 the
438:
Italian Ethiopia had an area of 790,000 square kilometres (305,000 sq mi) and a population of 9,450,000 inhabitants, resulting in a density of 12 inhabitants per square kilometre (31/sq mi)
1066:, Italy renounced sovereignty over its African colonies of Libya, Eritrea and Somalia (art. 23) and recognised the independence of Ethiopia (art. 33), by then a sovereign member of the United Nations.
784:
were 35,441, of whom 30,232 male (85.3%) and 5,209 female (14.7%), most of them living in urban areas. Only 3,200 Italian farmers moved to colonize farm areas, mostly around the capital and in the
2753:
709:
on 19 February 1937, the police and soldiers, fearing a general uprising, fired indiscriminately into the crowd. Innocent bystanders were shot. For the next three days, the Italians, led by the
427:, but enlarged in November 1938 with parts of the neighboring governorates of Harar, Galla-Sidamo, and Amhara. Each Governorate was under the authority of an Italian governor, answerable to the
764:
to be illegal. Racial separation, including residential segregation, was enforced as thoroughly as possible and the Italians showed favouritism to non-Christian groups. To isolate the dominant
4589:
4157:
1097:
in 1974. Nearly 22,000 Italo-Ethiopians took refuge in Italy during the 1970s. Their main organization in Italy is the Associazione Italiana Profughi dall'Etiopia ed Eritrea (A.I.P.E.E.).
58:
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2960:
1184:
2299:
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658:) against combatants and civilians in an attempt to discourage the Ethiopian people from supporting the resistance. Deliberate Italian attacks against ambulances and hospitals of the
666:
massacre in Addis Ababa, in which as many as 30,000 civilians were killed. These Italian reprisals against Ethiopian civilians have been described by some historians as constituting
4755:
922:
was created near the Addis Ababa station, which was the first one in Africa. Through 1938 trains carried protective military units because of ongoing Ethiopian guerrilla activity.
803:. the Italians built more than 4,500 km of roads linking the country beyond 900 km of railways were reconstructed or initiated (like the railway between Addis Ababa and
650:
for aid in resisting the Italians. Nevertheless, the country was formally occupied on 9 May 1936 and the Emperor went into exile. The war was full of cruelty. Italian troops used
914:. Following the Italian conquest was obtained in 1938 the increase of speed for the trains with the introduction of four railcars high capacity "type 038" derived from the model
3443:
The Italian empire before WWII is shown in red. Pink areas were annexed/occupied for various periods between 1940 and 1943. Italian concessions and forts in China are not shown.
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1606:
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For that reason, following the collapse of Italian power in 1941, Haile Selassie reassumed power without the need of any formal recognition by the international community.
376:
244:
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4609:
3085:
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4001:
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there was developed a koine language from Italian -according to academics like G. Bernini and L. Mori - between the native population: the Pidgin Italian of Ethiopia
1042:
sub machine gun, delaying the use of this "state of the art" armament for many months. Her true name was Danielli Rosa and the date of attack was 15 September 1941.
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Mori/Mury. Addis Ababa Pidgin Italian.“Appendice. Repertorio delle lingue pidgin e creole per aree geografiche”, in Turchetta (a cura di), p. 223-251
1136:
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were reported. By all estimates, hundreds of thousands of Ethiopian civilians died as a result of the Italian invasion, including during the reprisal
4745:
4730:
4604:
3617:
4459:
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775:
There was substantial investment in Ethiopian infrastructure development, with the budget for AOI from 1936 to 1937 requiring 19,136 billion
428:
391:, Italy recognized the sovereignty and independence of Ethiopia and renounced all claims to special interests or influence in that country. Many
910:. The route was served until 1935 by steam trains that took about 36 hours to do the total trip between the capital of Ethiopia and the port of
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Accept "Annex XI of the Treaty", upon the recommendation of the United Nations General Assembly in Resolution 390, that indicated that
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929:
Map showing in red the new roads (like the "Imperial road", and those in construction in 1941) created by the Italians in Ethiopia
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646:, invaded and occupied Ethiopia. They occupied the capital, Addis Ababa, on 5 May 1936. Emperor Haile Selassie pleaded to the
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1921:
Barrera, Giulia (2003). "Mussolini's colonial race laws and state-settler relations in Africa Orientale Italiana (1935-41)".
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Di Lalla, Fabrizio, “Sotto due bandiere. Lotta di liberazione etiopica e resistenza italiana in Africa Orientale”. p. 235
1038:, and blowing it up, miraculously survived the huge explosion. Her sabotage destroyed the ammunition for the new British
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642:
Emperor Haile Selassie's reign was interrupted on 3 October 1935 when Italian forces, under the direction of dictator
619:
44:
1566:
Royal Institute of International Affairs (24 August 1940). "Italian Possessions in Africa: II. Italian East Africa".
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722:, who put an end to wanton atrocities which had had the effect of increasing resistance to Italian domination.
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521:
416:
303:
2415:
937:
Ras Seyoum Mengesha, Ras Getachew Abate and Ras Kebbede Guebret offered support to Mussolini in February 1937.
2007:
1034:. She was a doctor who in August 1942 succeeded in entering the main ammunition depot of the British army in
1018:
to reclaim his throne. In November, the last organised Italian resistance in Ethiopia ended with the fall of
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843:, which began in a pioneering way since 1934. The route was enlarged to 6,379 km and initially joined
352:. Fighting between Ethiopian forces and the Italian military continued until February 1937, and subsequent
4256:
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Thirty Years of Italian History: From Antifascism to the Resistance (1915–1945) Lessons with Testimonials
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2233:
1516:
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Trent'anni di storia italiana: dall'antifascismo alla Resistenza (1915–1945) lezioni con testimonianze
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The most important railway line in the African colonies of the Kingdom of Italy, the 784 km long
810:
689:
569:
513:
4372:
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Labanca, Nicola (2004). "Colonial rule, colonial repression and war crimes in the Italian colonies".
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of Addis Ababa), which foster and promote Italian and Ethiopian culture and are free to the public.
3642:
3612:
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3329:
3255:
3250:
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311:
153:
77:
64:
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Bahru Zewde, "A History of Modern Ethiopia", second edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2001), pp. 172f
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were special banknotes of 50 lire and 100 lire circulating in AOI between 1938 and 1941.
115:
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1800:
The origins of the Second World War reconsidered : A.J.P. Taylor and the Historians
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Between bombs and good intentions: the Red Cross and the Italo-Ethiopian War, 1935–1936
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788:, where they were under sporadic attack by pro-Haile Selassie guerrillas through 1939.
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635:
380:
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1942:
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Storie Segrete. Operazioni sconosciute o dimenticate della seconda guerra mondiale
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1934:
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and other Muslims, many of whom had supported the invasion, autonomy and rights.
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rulers of Ethiopia, who supported Selassie, the Italians granted the Oromos, the
3238:
2935:
1850:
1035:
1015:
953:
848:
710:
554:
338:
87:
1010:. By the spring of 1941, the British had counter-attacked and pushed deep into
3439:
864:
663:
111:
2612:
Index of the historical archive of the ministry of Italian Africa (1857–1939)
2549:
Italia d'Oltremare: Storie dei territori italiani dalla conquista alla caduta
2494:
1823:
1756:
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was chosen by the Ethiopian government to design and build the Millennium or
4393:
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1176:
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Italians also created new airports and in 1936 started the worldwide famous
796:
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2657:
Sbacchi, Alberto (April 1979). "Hailé Selassié and the Italians, 1941–43".
2519:
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also grew in importance, thanks mainly to the efforts of missionaries like
686:
and Italians (often with castration), beginning in the first weeks of war.
628:
3356:
960:. She became known as the "Ecumenical Fire" due to her strong efforts at
911:
884:
868:
856:
667:
1579:
753:
In 1937 Mussolini boasted that, with his conquest of Ethiopia, "finally
395:
remained for decades after receiving full pardon from Emperor Selassie.
3688:
3145:
1168:
1081:
872:
819:
792:
107:
2489:]. Reprints Einaudi (in Italian). Torino: Giulio Einaudi Editore.
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and was followed by the first air links with the Italian colonies in
470:
2001:"Article on the special road Addis Abeba-Assab and map (in Italian)"
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16:
Territory of Ethiopian Empire during Italian occupation (1936–1941)
3840:
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969:
932:
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800:
724:
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The Italians created the "Imperial Road" between Addis Ababa and
403:
Since 1 June 1936 Italian Ethiopia was part of the newly created
2619:
2553:
2251:
2248:"Associazione Italiana Profughi dall'Etiopia ed Eritrea (AIPEE)"
1125:
844:
832:
776:
337:(AOI) in 1936, with the capital of the AOI being established in
329:
occupied Ethiopia, the Ethiopian territories were proclaimed by
3983:
3067:
2679:
2504:
Gli italiani in Africa: Storia delle guerre coloniali 1882–1943
2607:
Inventario dell'Archivio Storico del Ministero Africa Italiana
1054:
Italian-era electric power corporation building in Addis Ababa
750:) with Ethiopia, Eritrea and Italian Somalia in spring 1936.
2754:
List of governors of the Governorates of Italian East Africa
1006:, in the summer of 1940 Italian armed forces completed the
993:
with a stair for every year of Mussolini's rule since 1922
407:, and was administratively composed of four governorates:
2131:"LE CHEMIN DE FER FRANCO ETHIOPIEN ET DJIBOUTO ETHIOPIEN"
2087:"LE CHEMIN DE FER FRANCO ETHIOPIEN ET DJIBOUTO ETHIOPIEN"
2069:"LE CHEMIN DE FER FRANCO ETHIOPIEN ET DJIBOUTO ETHIOPIEN"
2051:"LE CHEMIN DE FER FRANCO ETHIOPIEN ET DJIBOUTO ETHIOPIEN"
678:), the killing of civilian workmen (including during the
3959:
Postage stamps and postal history of Italian East Africa
2961:
Postage stamps and postal history of Italian East Africa
1022:. Following the surrender of East Africa, some Italians
2378:
1665:
Gas in Etiopia: I crimini rimossi dell'Italia coloniale
972:
while also catering to relations with the Catholics of
2529:
The Civilising Mission: The Italo-Ethiopian War 1935–6
1473:
Shinn, David H.; Ofcansky, Thomas P. (11 April 2013).
2372:"posh100! Review Reviews, Home Improvement, Tools..."
423:. The Scioa Governorate was originally known as the
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83:
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23:
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2401:"MIT Country Profile – Ethiopia: Trading Partners"
2278:Dipartimento per gli affari interni e territoriali
2224:
2222:
1440:. New York: Olive Branch Press. pp. 172–173.
375:continued until 1943. Ethiopia was placed under a
245:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration (Ethiopia)
4348:Sarawak, Brunei, Labuan, and British North Borneo
908:seized following the conquest of Ethiopia in 1936
670:. Crimes by Ethiopian troops included the use of
383:returned and reclaimed the Ethiopian throne. The
363:, Ethiopia was liberated from Italian control by
3964:Postage stamps and postal history of Oltre Giuba
2729:List of governors-general of Italian East Africa
1739:The Addis Ababa Massacre: Italy's National Shame
3653:Lighthouse "Francesco Crispi" (Cape Guardafui)
4756:States and territories disestablished in 1947
4011:History of World War II by region and country
3995:
3079:
2851:Italian tentative to occupy French Somaliland
2691:
2322:"Obelisk returned to Ethiopia after 68 years"
2292:"Ethiopia Again Demands Italy Return Obelisk"
1183:schools and cultural institutes (such as the
8:
2556:Italy: Edizioni Nuova Cultura. p. 273.
1984:"Italian emigration in Etiopia (in Italian)"
1804:(2nd ed.). London: Routledge. pp.
654:in aerial bombardments (in violation of the
2876:Italian guerrilla war in A.O.I. (1941-1943)
1883:
1389:(Italian), il Mulino, Bologna, 1983, 1993,
1164:in 2008 to Axum, the city of its creation.
1014:. By 5 May, Haile Selassie had returned to
4751:States and territories established in 1936
4002:
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3112:
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2951:40th Infantry Division Cacciatori d'Africa
2698:
2684:
2676:
1962:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
1769:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1641:. New York: Ballantine Books. p. 33.
441:
57:
20:
3370:Concessions & Forts of Italy in China
2640:The Italian Army 1940–45 (Africa 1940–43)
2414:Totalitarismo, Mister (2 December 2018).
1498:
1496:
3618:Church of Our Lady of the Rosary, Asmara
3438:
2719:King & Emperor Vittorio Emanuele III
2429:I prestiti italiani in amarico e tigrino
2105:""Pompieri ad Addis Abeba" (in Italian)"
1895:
1194:
2416:"Italianismi nel somalo e nell'amarico"
2170:
1911:, Palgrave, New York, 2000, p. 225–227.
1871:
1360:
1340:
92:
3903:Italian Somali Divisions (101 and 102)
2841:Italian invasion of British Somaliland
2182:
1959:Historical Dictionary of Fascist Italy
1783:
1762:
1725:. Berghahn Books. 2006 pp. 239, 131–2
1693:. London: Granada. pp. 231, 417.
1460:
1275:LIRE CENTO – BANCA D'ITALIA – Dea Roma
1196:
1008:Italian conquest of British Somaliland
3401:Tentative to occupy French Somaliland
1909:Layers of Time. A History of Ethiopia
1538:cfr. Angelo del Boca, op cit., p. 201
831:, a flight connecting Addis Ababa to
175:
162:
149:
136:
132:
67:after Italy's annexation of Ethiopia.
7:
3769:History of Italian colonial railways
1662:Belladonna, Simone (20 April 2015).
1409:"Nasce l'Impero: l'Etiopia italiana"
1280:LIRE CENTO – BANCA D'ITALIA – Aquila
883:. There was a change of aircraft in
356:against Italy persisted until 1939.
141:Italian Ethiopia proclaimed by Italy
3043:Armed Forces of Italian East Africa
2624:Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Italy)
2033:"AFRICA in "Enciclopedia Italiana""
729:Italian troops in Addis Ababa, 1936
601:, but in the capital region and in
2334:from the original on 8 August 2022
1668:(in Italian). Neri Pozza Editore.
1549:"Hailè Selassiè - Amare ODV Onlus"
1479:. Scarecrow Press. pp. 309–.
1423:"Dadfeatured: ITALIAN ADDIS ABEBA"
1084:was to be federated with Ethiopia.
14:
2302:from the original on 2 April 2015
1923:Journal of Modern Italian Studies
1839:Journal of Modern Italian Studies
1476:Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia
1407:Conte, Alessio (8 January 2017).
1026:which lasted for two more years.
682:) and the mutilation of captured
4736:1947 disestablishments in Africa
3918:Italian guerrilla units (A.O.I.)
3898:Italian Libyan Colonial Division
3095:
2737:
2642:. Vol. II. Oxford: Osprey.
1259:
1252:
1225:
1218:
1135:
1113:
835:. The line was opened after the
568:
540:
512:
484:
249:
224:
43:
4746:1947 disestablishments in Italy
4731:1936 establishments in Ethiopia
3969:Postage stamps of Italian Libya
3831:Bands (Italian Army irregulars)
2724:Prime Minister Benito Mussolini
2232:. 29 April 2008. Archived from
1956:Cannistraro, Philip V. (1982).
1327:Italian-built roads in Ethiopia
1241:LIRE CINQVANTA – BANCA D'ITALIA
377:British military administration
167:Second Italo-Ethiopian War ends
3856:Royal Corps of Colonial Troops
3694:Addis Abeba under Italian rule
3365:Italian concession of Tientsin
3033:Royal Corps of Colonial Troops
2936:Addis Abeba under Italian rule
2135:www.train-franco-ethiopien.com
2091:www.train-franco-ethiopien.com
2073:www.train-franco-ethiopien.com
2055:www.train-franco-ethiopien.com
1568:Bulletin of International News
818:the depiction of Mussolini at
597:The official language was the
431:, who represented the Emperor
1:
3893:2nd Libyan Division Pescatori
3883:Italian 2nd Eritrean Division
3878:Italian 1st Eritrean Division
3714:Mogadishu–Villabruzzi Railway
2966:Roman Catholicism in Ethiopia
2891:New roads in Italian Ethiopia
1077:of US$ 25,000,000 to Ethiopia
1064:peace treaty of February 1947
782:Italian colonists in Ethiopia
4741:1936 establishments in Italy
3674:Mogadishu under Italian rule
3174:Independent State of Croatia
2481:Antonicelli, Franco (1975).
1935:10.1080/09585170320000113770
1517:"Treaty of Peace with Italy"
1369:"Fascismo: guerra d'Etiopia"
1323:Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta
1191:Banknotes and postage stamps
837:Italian conquest of Ethiopia
742:and the Italians created an
346:Victor Emmanuel III of Italy
3888:1st Libyan Division Sibille
3734:Railway stations in Eritrea
3594:Asmara Presidential Palace
3345:Southern Military Territory
3206:Italian Province of Lubiana
2669:African Studies Association
2618:(in Italian), vol. I,
2460:"Italian Stamps - Ethiopia"
2158:"Blessed Liduina Meneguzzi"
1851:10.1080/1354571042000254737
1689:Mack Smith, Denis (1983) .
620:Second Italo-Abyssinian War
310:after the establishment of
290:, was the territory of the
4774:
3421:Ticino, Valais and Grisons
3194:Principality of the Pindus
2831:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
2638:Jowett, Philip S. (2001).
1330:Pidgin Italian of Ethiopia
1298:Italian East Africa topics
1278:
1273:
1270:
1265:
1258:
1251:
1244:
1239:
1236:
1231:
1224:
1217:
948:, the last leader of the "
617:
586:The currency used was the
323:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
288:Italian Empire of Ethiopia
3939:Italian East African lira
3739:Rail transport in Somalia
3436:
3211:Governorate of Montenegro
2956:Italian East African lira
2905:Italian colonial railways
2821:First Italo-Ethiopian War
2759:Main colonial governors:
2735:
1502:Clapham,"Ḫaylä Ś�llase",
1436:Anthony, Mockler (2003).
1069:Italy further agreed to:
1024:conducted a guerrilla war
588:Italian East African lira
385:Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement
316:Africa Orientale Italiana
203:
198:Italian East African lira
189:
133:
56:
40:
35:
4726:Ethiopia–Italy relations
3949:Italian Somaliland rupia
3451:Settlers and Irredentism
3278:Galla-Sidamo Governorate
2861:Last stand at Amba Alagi
2846:Italian attacks in Kenya
2811:Galla-Sidamo Governorate
2781:Alessandro Pirzio Biroli
2582:World War II for Dummies
2546:Beltrami, Vanni (2013).
2502:Bandini, Franco (1971).
1504:Encyclopaedia Aethiopica
904:Franco-Ethiopian Railway
693:Marshal Graziani in 1940
522:Galla-Sidamo Governorate
152:• Declared part of
4701:Former Italian colonies
3944:Italian Somaliland lira
3764:Libyan Railway stations
3729:Asmara-Massawa Cableway
3719:Ethio-Djibouti Railways
2910:Ethio-Djibouti Railways
2895:Linea aerea dell'Impero
2578:Dickson, Keith (2001).
2464:www.italianstamps.co.uk
2446:iicaddisabeba.esteri.it
2274:"I servizi demografici"
1796:Martel, Gordon (1999).
1185:Scuola Statale Italiana
1128:before its repatriation
614:Conquest and occupation
425:Addis Abeba Governorate
94:Official languages
3826:Italian African Police
3759:Italian Libya Railways
3638:Fiat Tagliero Building
3458:Settlers and colonists
3444:
3038:Italian African Police
3002:Elisa Angela Meneguzzi
2900:Ivo Olivetti aeroporto
2660:African Studies Review
2527:Barker, A. J. (1968).
2006:. 1940. Archived from
1737:Campbell, Ian (2017).
1639:Rape of Ethiopia, 1936
1637:Barker, A. J. (1971).
1592:Istat Statistiche 2010
1373:www.storiaxxisecolo.it
1105:Contemporary relations
1055:
994:
991:Addis Ababa University
958:Elisa Angela Meneguzzi
938:
930:
822:
799:and the Addis Ababa –
730:
694:
639:
283:
3927:Currencies and Stamps
3528:Istria-Venezia Giulia
3442:
3169:Islands of the Aegean
2982:Prince Amedeo d'Aosta
2975:Related personalities
2856:East African Campaign
1721:Rainer Baudendistel,
1246:50 LIRE – Lupa romana
1053:
982:
936:
928:
813:
760:The Italians decreed
728:
692:
674:(in violation of the
631:
373:Italian guerrilla war
369:East African campaign
286:), also known as the
104:Common languages
2871:Battle of Culqualber
2358:www.webuildgroup.com
2236:on 11 February 2017.
2230:"Fratelli d'Etiopia"
1438:Haile Selassie's War
1303:Italians of Ethiopia
1210:Frontal Description
1147:Hailemariam Desalegn
795:, the Addis Ababa –
389:peace treaty of 1947
354:guerrilla resistance
348:proclaiming himself
4696:Italian East Africa
4460:Carpathian Ruthenia
3819:Police and military
3613:Mogadishu Cathedral
3256:Somalia Governorate
3251:Eritrea Governorate
3246:Italian East Africa
3126:Southeastern France
3007:Carla Maria Puccini
2946:Italian East Africa
2915:Addis Ababa Stadium
2588:Hoboken, New Jersey
2531:. London: Cassell.
2442:"Come raggiungerci"
2280:. 25 November 2016.
2194:Rosselli, Alberto.
2160:. 25 November 2008.
1786:, pp. 292–293.
1525:Library of Congress
1463:, p. 281, 300.
1425:. 11 December 2018.
1387:L'età contemporanea
1095:Ethiopian Civil War
1088:After the war, the
1012:Italian East Africa
987:Stairway to Nowhere
841:Italian East Africa
748:Italian East Africa
740:Emperor of Ethiopia
736:Victor Emmanuel III
624:Italian East Africa
433:Victor Emmanuel III
405:Italian East Africa
350:Emperor of Ethiopia
335:Italian East Africa
312:Italian East Africa
154:Italian East Africa
78:Italian East Africa
65:Italian East Africa
4050:French West Africa
4030:British Somaliland
3778:Political concepts
3749:Via della Vittoria
3623:Benghazi Cathedral
3586:Governor's Palace
3578:Governor's Palace
3570:Governor's Palace
3445:
3268:Amhara Governorate
3261:British Somaliland
3234:Italian Somaliland
2931:Italian Ethiopians
2801:Amhara Governorate
2761:Agenore Frangipani
2111:on 4 November 2016
1553:www.amareonlus.com
1385:Pasquale Villani,
1169:Salini Costruttori
1090:Italian Ethiopians
1056:
1046:After World War II
995:
989:, monument at the
939:
931:
823:
731:
695:
656:Geneva Conventions
640:
494:Harrar Governorate
466:Amhara Governorate
4711:1940s in Ethiopia
4706:1930s in Ethiopia
4683:
4682:
4274:Dutch East Indies
4112:Southern Rhodesia
4045:French Somaliland
3977:
3976:
3754:Linea dell'Impero
3702:
3701:
3628:Tripoli Cathedral
3551:
3550:
3434:
3433:
3379:Planned expansion
3335:Benghazi Province
3283:Scioa Governorate
3273:Harar Governorate
3061:
3060:
2836:Gondrand massacre
2816:Scioa Governorate
2806:Harar Governorate
2649:978-1-85532-865-5
2597:978-0-7645-5352-3
2563:978-88-6134-702-1
2538:978-0-304-93201-6
2330:. 20 April 2005.
2298:. 10 March 2002.
1969:978-0-313-21317-5
1748:978-1-84904-692-3
1648:978-0-345-02462-6
1574:(17): 1065–1074.
1486:978-0-8108-7457-2
1447:978-1-56656-473-1
1318:Linea dell'Impero
1285:
1284:
1281:
1276:
1247:
1242:
1213:Back Description
1167:The Italian firm
966:Coptic Christians
887:(or sometimes in
828:Linea dell'Impero
786:Scioa Governorate
680:Gondrand massacre
676:Hague Conventions
648:League of Nations
576:
575:
550:Scioa Governorate
273:
272:
269:Ethiopia, Somalia
261:
260:
257:
256:
237:
236:
180:Allied liberation
4763:
4434:Military history
4188:Native Americans
4004:
3997:
3990:
3981:
3934:Eritrean tallero
3873:Ascari del Cielo
3795:New Roman Empire
3724:Eritrean Railway
3679:Italian Benghazi
3597:
3589:
3581:
3573:
3560:
3455:
3330:Misrata Province
3325:Tripoli Province
3289:Italian Ethiopia
3113:
3100:
3099:
3088:
3081:
3074:
3065:
2997:Luciano Violante
2987:Rodolfo Graziani
2924:Related articles
2866:Battle of Gondar
2826:Abyssinia Crisis
2796:Italian Ethiopia
2741:
2712:Main authorities
2706:Etiopia italiana
2700:
2693:
2686:
2677:
2672:
2653:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2617:
2601:
2585:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2542:
2523:
2498:
2468:
2467:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2438:
2432:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2377:. Archived from
2368:
2362:
2361:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2250:. Archived from
2244:
2238:
2237:
2226:
2217:
2214:
2208:
2205:
2199:
2192:
2186:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2154:
2148:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2107:. Archived from
2101:
2095:
2094:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2013:on 29 March 2016
2012:
2005:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1918:
1912:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1884:Antonicelli 1975
1881:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1803:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1768:
1760:
1734:
1728:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1634:
1628:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1609:on 27 March 2012
1605:. Archived from
1599:
1593:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1545:
1539:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1521:
1513:
1507:
1500:
1491:
1490:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1404:
1398:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1365:
1348:
1345:
1279:
1274:
1263:
1256:
1245:
1240:
1229:
1222:
1195:
1139:
1117:
707:Prince of Naples
699:Rodolfo Graziani
644:Benito Mussolini
599:Italian language
572:
544:
516:
488:
451:Total population
442:
393:Italian settlers
379:, while Emperor
359:In 1941, during
331:Benito Mussolini
292:Ethiopian Empire
284:Etiopia italiana
276:Italian Ethiopia
253:
252:
241:
240:
232:Ethiopian Empire
228:
227:
221:
220:
205:
204:
185:27 November 1941
172:19 February 1937
61:
47:
28:Etiopia italiana
25:Italian Ethiopia
21:
4773:
4772:
4766:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4760:
4686:
4685:
4684:
4679:
4675:Pacific Islands
4670:Solomon Islands
4650:Gilbert Islands
4632:
4626:
4605:Channel Islands
4377:
4240:
4194:
4116:
4013:
4008:
3978:
3973:
3922:
3913:Legione Redenta
3861:Eritrean Ascari
3814:
3773:
3698:
3689:Italian Massaua
3669:Italian Tripoli
3657:
3601:
3595:
3587:
3579:
3571:
3547:
3494:
3446:
3430:
3374:
3351:
3296:
3229:Italian Eritrea
3215:
3140:
3104:
3094:
3092:
3062:
3057:
3026:Colonial troops
3021:
2970:
2919:
2885:Infrastructures
2880:
2789:General History
2784:
2742:
2733:
2707:
2704:
2656:
2650:
2637:
2629:
2627:
2615:
2604:
2598:
2577:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2545:
2539:
2526:
2501:
2480:
2477:
2472:
2471:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2427:
2423:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2384:
2382:
2375:posh100! Review
2370:
2369:
2365:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2337:
2335:
2327:TheGuardian.com
2320:
2319:
2315:
2305:
2303:
2296:Chicago Tribune
2290:
2289:
2285:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2257:
2255:
2254:on 3 March 2016
2246:
2245:
2241:
2228:
2227:
2220:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2193:
2189:
2181:
2177:
2169:
2165:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2114:
2112:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2037:www.treccani.it
2031:
2030:
2026:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1970:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1907:Paul B. Henze,
1906:
1902:
1894:
1890:
1882:
1878:
1870:
1866:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1816:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1782:
1778:
1761:
1749:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1720:
1716:
1701:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1676:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1649:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1612:
1610:
1603:"Bank of Italy"
1601:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1519:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1501:
1494:
1487:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1384:
1380:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1313:Italian Somalia
1308:Italian Eritrea
1294:
1193:
1177:Blue Nile river
1173:Renaissance Dam
1157:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1143:Paolo Gentiloni
1140:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1122:Obelisk of Axum
1118:
1107:
1048:
1000:
897:Italian Somalia
684:Eritrean Ascari
672:Dum-Dum bullets
626:
618:Main articles:
616:
611:
429:Italian viceroy
401:
399:Characteristics
250:
225:
182:
169:
156:
143:
68:
52:
49:
48:
31:
29:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4771:
4770:
4767:
4759:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4721:1940s in Italy
4718:
4716:1930s in Italy
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4688:
4687:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4636:
4634:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4613:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4595:British Empire
4590:United Kingdom
4587:
4582:
4577:
4576:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4563:Basque Country
4555:
4554:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4442:
4441:
4439:Basque Country
4436:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4409:Czechoslovakia
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4385:
4383:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4309:
4308:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4287:
4286:
4281:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4259:
4254:
4248:
4246:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4202:
4200:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4124:
4122:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4093:
4092:
4087:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4021:
4019:
4015:
4014:
4009:
4007:
4006:
3999:
3992:
3984:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3863:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3822:
3820:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3781:
3779:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3710:
3708:
3707:Infrastructure
3704:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3684:Italian Asmara
3681:
3676:
3671:
3665:
3663:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3650:
3648:Asmara Theatre
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3609:
3607:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3591:
3583:
3575:
3566:
3564:
3557:
3553:
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3548:
3546:
3545:
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3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3504:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3461:
3459:
3452:
3448:
3447:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3367:
3361:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3340:Derna Province
3337:
3332:
3327:
3317:
3312:
3306:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3253:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3231:
3225:
3223:
3221:Horn of Africa
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3199:Ionian Islands
3196:
3191:
3189:Hellenic State
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3150:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3122:
3120:
3110:
3106:
3105:
3102:Italian Empire
3093:
3091:
3090:
3083:
3076:
3068:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3017:Amedeo Guillet
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2941:Imperial Italy
2938:
2933:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2785:
2773:Pietro Gazzera
2769:Enrico Cerulli
2765:Guglielmo Nasi
2757:
2756:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2743:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2695:
2688:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2654:
2648:
2635:
2602:
2596:
2575:
2562:
2552:(in Italian).
2543:
2537:
2524:
2506:(in Italian).
2499:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2451:
2433:
2431:, Yaqob Beyene
2421:
2406:
2392:
2381:on 25 May 2021
2363:
2345:
2313:
2283:
2265:
2239:
2218:
2216:Henze, p. 235.
2209:
2200:
2187:
2175:
2173:, p. 103.
2163:
2149:
2140:
2122:
2096:
2078:
2060:
2042:
2024:
1992:
1975:
1968:
1948:
1929:(3): 425–443.
1913:
1900:
1888:
1876:
1864:
1845:(3): 300–313.
1829:
1814:
1788:
1776:
1747:
1729:
1714:
1699:
1681:
1674:
1654:
1647:
1629:
1620:
1594:
1585:
1558:
1540:
1531:
1508:
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1465:
1453:
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1414:
1399:
1378:
1359:
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1336:
1333:
1332:
1331:
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1305:
1300:
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1283:
1282:
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1243:
1238:
1235:
1230:
1223:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1198:Frontal Image
1192:
1189:
1151:43rd G7 summit
1141:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1119:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1086:
1085:
1078:
1075:War reparation
1047:
1044:
999:
996:
757:was avenged".
744:Italian empire
738:) was crowned
636:Haile Selassie
615:
612:
610:
607:
574:
573:
566:
563:
560:
557:
552:
546:
545:
538:
535:
532:
529:
524:
518:
517:
510:
507:
504:
501:
496:
490:
489:
482:
479:
476:
473:
468:
462:
461:
458:
455:
452:
449:
446:
400:
397:
381:Haile Selassie
367:forces in the
271:
270:
267:
263:
262:
259:
258:
255:
254:
247:
238:
235:
234:
229:
217:
216:
211:
201:
200:
195:
191:
190:
187:
186:
183:
177:
174:
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164:
161:
160:
157:
151:
148:
147:
144:
138:
135:
134:
131:
130:
127:
123:
122:
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
85:
81:
80:
74:
70:
69:
62:
54:
53:
50:
42:
41:
38:
37:
33:
32:
27:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4769:
4768:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4629:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4559:
4556:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4486:Liechtenstein
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4461:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4275:
4272:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4243:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4221:Latin America
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4199:South America
4197:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4159:
4158:United States
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4121:North America
4119:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4025:Belgian Congo
4023:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4005:
4000:
3998:
3993:
3991:
3986:
3985:
3982:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3925:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3908:Maletti Group
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3867:
3866:Somali Ascari
3864:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3817:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3800:Spazio vitale
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3785:Greater Italy
3783:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3705:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3660:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3633:Cinema Impero
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3598:
3592:
3590:
3584:
3582:
3576:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3558:
3554:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3453:
3449:
3441:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3320:Italian Libya
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3299:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3244:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3118:Mediterranean
3114:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3098:
3089:
3084:
3082:
3077:
3075:
3070:
3069:
3066:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3012:Rosa Dainelli
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2740:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2701:
2696:
2694:
2689:
2687:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2661:
2655:
2651:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2625:
2621:
2613:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2599:
2593:
2589:
2584:
2583:
2576:
2565:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2550:
2544:
2540:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2465:
2461:
2455:
2452:
2447:
2443:
2437:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2422:
2417:
2410:
2407:
2402:
2396:
2393:
2380:
2376:
2373:
2367:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2349:
2346:
2333:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2317:
2314:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2287:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2269:
2266:
2253:
2249:
2243:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2213:
2210:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2164:
2159:
2153:
2150:
2144:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2123:
2110:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2082:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2064:
2061:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2025:
2009:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1985:
1979:
1976:
1971:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1952:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1896:Campbell 2017
1892:
1889:
1886:, p. 79.
1885:
1880:
1877:
1874:, p. 43.
1873:
1868:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1833:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1815:0-203-01024-8
1811:
1807:
1802:
1801:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1777:
1772:
1766:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1744:
1740:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1718:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1700:0-586-08444-4
1696:
1692:
1685:
1682:
1677:
1675:9788854510739
1671:
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4284:West Sumatra
4153:Newfoundland
4107:South Africa
4102:Sierra Leone
4080:North Africa
4039:
3805:Fourth Shore
3790:Mare Nostrum
3572:(Mogadishu)
3563:Governmental
3556:Architecture
3310:Tripolitania
3288:
3287:
3162:World War II
3109:Subdivisions
2992:Tito Minniti
2795:
2777:Luigi Frusci
2758:
2664:
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2639:
2628:, retrieved
2611:
2606:
2581:
2567:. Retrieved
2548:
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2475:Bibliography
2463:
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2379:the original
2374:
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2325:
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2252:the original
2242:
2234:the original
2212:
2203:
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2190:
2185:, p. 7.
2178:
2171:Dickson 2001
2166:
2152:
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2125:
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2109:the original
2099:
2090:
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2008:the original
1995:
1978:
1958:
1951:
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1891:
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1872:Sbacchi 1979
1867:
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1166:
1162:repatriation
1158:
1099:
1087:
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1004:World War II
1001:
998:World War II
986:
983:
946:Abebe Aregai
940:
920:
915:
901:
827:
824:
790:
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752:
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417:Galla-Sidamo
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358:
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304:Galla-Sidamo
287:
275:
274:
214:Succeeded by
213:
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4665:New Zealand
4631:Oceania and
4585:Switzerland
4546:Byelorussia
4501:Netherlands
4343:Philippines
4183:Puerto Rico
4138:El Salvador
3643:Marble Arch
3538:Switzerland
3500:Irredentism
3239:Oltre Giuba
3157:World War I
2630:20 December
2569:20 December
2338:21 December
2183:Jowett 2001
1784:Barker 1968
1461:Barker 1968
1271:Green/gray
1201:Back Image
1036:Addis Ababa
1016:Addis Ababa
984:Mussolini's
954:Catholicism
849:Addis Ababa
814:Ethiopians
746:in Africa (
711:Blackshirts
652:mustard gas
555:Addis Ababa
445:Governorate
339:Addis Ababa
333:as part of
325:, in which
209:Preceded by
159:1 June 1936
88:Addis Ababa
30:የኢጣልያ መንግሥት
4690:Categories
4660:New Guinea
4640:Antarctica
4633:Antarctica
4622:Yugoslavia
4541:Azerbaijan
4496:Luxembourg
4279:New Guinea
4178:New Mexico
4168:California
4075:Madagascar
4060:Gold Coast
4055:The Gambia
3810:Third Rome
3744:Via Balbia
3580:(Tripoli)
3470:Dodecanese
2306:18 January
2258:12 January
2198:. pag. 103
1741:. London.
1613:27 January
1506:, p. 1063.
950:Arbegnochs
916:Fiat ALn56
865:Wadi Halfa
664:Yekatit 12
321:After the
146:9 May 1936
112:Afan Oromo
4645:Australia
4610:Gibraltar
4568:Catalonia
4491:Lithuania
4353:Singapore
4301:Indochina
4291:Hong Kong
4267:Manchuria
4236:Venezuela
4206:Argentina
4143:Greenland
4097:Nyasaland
3596:(Asmara)
3588:(Asmara)
3315:Cyrenaica
2747:Governors
2622:, Italy:
2590:: Wiley.
2512:Longanesi
2510:, Italy:
2495:878595757
2354:"webuild"
2115:9 January
1943:145516332
1859:144498755
1824:252806536
1765:cite book
1757:999629248
1691:Mussolini
1397:, p. 446.
1355:Footnotes
974:Dire Dawa
962:ecumenism
893:Mogadishu
881:Dire Dawa
797:Mogadishu
660:Red Cross
583:troops).
559:1,850,000
531:4,000,000
503:1,600,000
475:2,000,000
371:, but an
36:1936–1941
4531:Slovenia
4526:Slovakia
4516:Portugal
4404:Bulgaria
4358:Thailand
4333:Mongolia
4306:Cambodia
4226:Suriname
4216:Colombia
4040:Ethiopia
3662:Urbanism
3606:Civilian
3523:Dalmatia
3480:Ethiopia
3357:Far East
3179:Dalmatia
3153:Albania
3116:Western
2332:Archived
2300:Archived
1709:12481387
1580:25642850
1292:See also
1267:100 Lire
912:Djibouti
885:Benghazi
869:Khartoum
857:Benghazi
853:Syracuse
816:greeting
697:Marshal
668:genocide
592:Lira AOI
454:Italians
318:, AOI).
194:Currency
120:Tigrinya
76:Part of
4573:Galicia
4551:Ukraine
4521:Romania
4471:Ireland
4466:Iceland
4456:Hungary
4446:Germany
4424:Finland
4419:Estonia
4414:Denmark
4399:Belgium
4394:Austria
4389:Albania
4231:Uruguay
4163:Arizona
4090:Morocco
4085:Tunisia
4070:Liberia
3508:Corsica
3490:Somalia
3475:Eritrea
3465:Albania
3426:Tunisia
3396:Majorca
3146:Balkans
3136:Corsica
2520:1253348
1233:50 Lire
1204:Amount
1175:on the
1149:at the
1082:Eritrea
1062:In the
1002:During
970:Muslims
889:Tripoli
873:Kassala
820:Mekelle
793:Massaua
770:Somalis
638:in 1934
633:Emperor
609:History
457:Car Tag
448:Capital
280:Italian
178:•
165:•
139:•
126:History
108:Amharic
98:Italian
84:Capital
63:Map of
4580:Sweden
4511:Poland
4506:Norway
4481:Latvia
4451:Greece
4429:France
4382:Europe
4368:Turkey
4328:Malaya
4257:Ceylon
4211:Brazil
4173:Nevada
4148:Mexico
4128:Canada
4018:Africa
3954:Somalo
3851:Spahis
3846:Savari
3836:Zaptié
3386:Adalia
3184:Greece
3131:Monaco
3053:Dubats
2646:
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942:Shifta
906:, was
877:Asmara
766:Amhara
603:Tigray
590:: the
562:40,698
534:11,823
506:10,035
478:11,103
471:Gondar
409:Amhara
365:Allied
306:, and
296:Amhara
129:
116:Somali
73:Status
4655:Nauru
4600:Wales
4558:Spain
4476:Italy
4363:Tibet
4338:Nepal
4323:Japan
4296:India
4262:China
4252:Burma
4065:Kenya
4035:Egypt
3841:Dubat
3543:Corfu
3533:Malta
3518:Savoy
3485:Libya
3416:Malta
3411:Sudan
3406:Kenya
3391:Egypt
3302:Libya
3048:Bands
2667:(1).
2616:(PDF)
2610:[
2508:Milan
2485:[
2011:(PDF)
2004:(PDF)
1987:(PDF)
1939:S2CID
1855:S2CID
1576:JSTOR
1520:(PDF)
1335:Notes
964:with
861:Cairo
847:with
805:Assab
801:Assab
581:Negus
527:Jimma
499:Harar
421:Scioa
413:Harar
308:Scioa
300:Harar
4373:Tuva
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4313:Iran
4245:Asia
4133:Cuba
3513:Nice
2665:XXII
2644:ISBN
2632:2017
2620:Rome
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2558:ISBN
2554:Rome
2533:ISBN
2516:OCLC
2491:OCLC
2387:2021
2340:2022
2308:2019
2260:2019
2117:2015
2019:2019
1964:ISBN
1820:OCLC
1810:ISBN
1771:link
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