35:
267:, and the subsequent consolidation of a two-thirds parliamentary majority by the National Fascist Party, constitutional reforms were implemented reorganizing the Chamber of Deputies. The Law on Political Representation, enacted on May 17, 1928, fundamentally altered composition of the body. Under the new method of election members would not technically be considered "deputies" as they were not delegates from distinct geographic constituencies or political parties but were instead, theoretically, representatives of the whole of the nation.
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Under the
Italian constitution, parliament was composed of the King and both houses, with any of the three authorized to initiate legislation which was then enacted upon approval of the other two. However, in addition, the King was able to, on the advice of the Prime Minister, issue decrees which had
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through a national referendum; a majority of votes against the new chamber would prompt its dissolution and a competitive public election for the body by geographic constituencies would be held. However, during the period of its existence under the 1928 statute, neither of the two proposed chambers
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The role and composition of the Senate was essentially unchanged after the
Fascist revolution. Senators were appointed for life by the King on the recommendation of the Prime Minister, though a small number of persons (adult princes of the royal family, for instance), were automatically members of
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By custom, however, the Senate had rarely exercised its powers and it functioned primarily as an honorary body to which elder statesmen, retired senior civil servants and diplomats, military leaders, and other prominent persons would be appointed. Nonetheless, the Senate endured throughout the
290:. "In a typically enthusiastic manner, the deputies emphasized their self-denying fervor by acclaiming also a bill drafting them for front-line service in time of war ", wrote one observer. It was given royal assent and the new chamber convened the following spring.
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acknowledged this as much by remarking that "even the label
Chamber of Deputies has become something of an anachronism. It is an institution we inherited from the past and that is foreign to our mentality and to our fascist passions".
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force of law unless repealed by parliament. Though this prerogative had typically been reserved for emergencies, after the
Fascist revolution it became the customary method by which new legislation was passed.
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The term of the chamber was five years. Qualifications for voters were
Italian citizenship and attainment of the age of 18 years (lowering the voting age to 18 was one of the original political demands of the
402:
subsequently criticized the lack of any substantial reform in the Senate by decrying it as an "inefficient, decorative superstructure" that "remained without a real function".
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legislature was a continuation of the bicameral parliament that had existed prior to 1928, though the character, structure and responsibilities of each house (the
306:, lawyers, accountants, and similar), were responsible for nominating a total of 800 candidates. To this list were added a further 200 candidates nominated by "
413:(PNF). By the early 1930s, a majority of senators were PNF members, though several dozen non-Fascist and anti-Fascist senators continued to hold office.
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The post-1928 Chamber of
Deputies was composed of 400 members. Syndicates composed of employers confederations, employees confederations (a form of
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As of 1934, a plurality of deputies were lawyers by profession (99 of the 400 members of the chamber), with engineers, journalists, and university
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On
December 14, 1938, the Chamber of Deputies enacted a further constitutional reform abolishing itself in favor of a new body, the
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Fascist period as its "abolition would have meant an unacceptable encroachment on the King's prerogative".
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The 400 candidates appointed by the King to the chamber would, before convening, be subject to a popular
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representing the second, third, and fourth largest vocational backgrounds among deputies, respectively.
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the Senate. The Senate had no limit on its size and, as of 1935, it had 455 members.
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were rejected in the referendums held for their approval (in 1929 and 1934).
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Steiner, H. Arthur (June 1938). "Fascist Italy's New
Legislative System".
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would select 400 who would, thereafter, be formally appointed by the
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as it existed following the constitutional reforms enacted after the
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served as president of the
Chamber of Deputies from 1934 to 1939.
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Senators appointed by the Crown on the advice of the
Government
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Composition of both chambers is as of 1934, prior to
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served as president of the Senate from 1929 to 1939.
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611:World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1
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468:. University of Nebraska Press. p. xx.
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153: Employers confederations (125)
145:Chamber of Deputies political groups
92:President of the Chamber of Deputies
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159: Employees confederations (89)
437:Parliament of the Kingdom of Italy
288:Chamber of Fasces and Corporations
214:parliamentary renewal of that year
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528:American Political Science Review
405:After Mussolini's appointment as
234:. It was, in turn, substantially
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507:The Fascist Government of Italy
224:Italian Parliament (1928–1939)
165: Liberal professions (82)
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584:Fascism Viewed from the Right
557:Mussolini and Italian Fascism
232:1924 Italian general election
184:5 years (Chamber of Deputies)
504:Schneider, Herbert (1936).
466:A Primer of Italian Fascism
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608:Blamires, Cyprian (2006).
587:. Arktos. pp. 75–76.
554:Finaldi, Giuseppe (2014).
614:. ABC-CLIO. p. 229.
312:Italian Olympic Committee
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171: Public bodies (104)
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464:Stampino, Maria (2000).
442:Reichstag (Nazi Germany)
382:, pictured here in 2022.
328:Grand Council of Fascism
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407:prime minister of Italy
316:Dante Alighieri Society
126:Senate political groups
77:President of the Senate
411:National Fascist Party
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378:The Senate sat in the
348:Fasci di Combattimento
324:Royal Academy of Italy
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320:Touring Club Italiano
310:" which included the
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263:After passage of the
199:Chamber of Deputies:
236:restructured in 1939
201:Palazzo Montecitorio
254:Chamber of Deputies
248:Chamber of Deputies
228:parliament of Italy
66:Chamber of Deputies
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240:Fascist-era
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567:1317866118
475:0803292686
448:References
360:professors
265:Acerbo Law
71:Leadership
417:Lawmaking
207:Footnotes
111:Structure
53:Bicameral
426:See also
304:artisans
294:Election
246:and the
226:was the
194:Senate:
541:1948799
354:Profile
259:History
64:Senate
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366:Senate
322:, the
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61:Houses
537:JSTOR
616:ISBN
589:ISBN
562:ISBN
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222:The
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