536:
524:
512:
493:
249:
2018:
347:
655:
645:
310:
555:
475:
274:
230:
463:
451:
439:
191:
2266:
286:
203:
673:
598:
586:
567:
543:
500:
262:
427:
408:
396:
384:
372:
179:
166:
666:
52:
634:
622:
610:
574:
1669:
420:
321:
217:
334:
297:
1902:
arriving at the edge of Rome. Out of fear of another sack of Rome, Paul IV agreed to the Duke of Alba's demand for the Papal States to declare neutrality by signing the Peace of Cave-Palestrina (12 September 1557). Emperor
Charles V criticized the peace agreement as being overly generous to the Pope.
1956:
newly designed at angles to dissipate cannon fire. Cavalry, which had traditionally used shock tactics to overawe the infantry, largely abandoned it and relied on pistol attacks by successive ranks of attackers. Hale notes the use of old-fashioned mass formations, which he attributes to lingering
1889:
was displeased and urged Henry II to join the Papal States in an invasion of
Spanish Naples. On 1 September 1556, Philip II responded by pre-emptively invading the Papal States with 12,000 men under the Duke of Alba. Alba and his subordinates seized and sacked numerous settlements while the pope
1782:
as the Duke of Parma and
Piacenza, while Charles V's Imperial troops had occupied the city in 1547 after Ottavio's father's assassination. Seeing France as his best choice against the Emperor, Ottavio Farnese signed a defensive alliance with Henry II of France on 27 May 1551, placing Parma under
1841:
gave Henry another ally; on 17 July 1552, a Franco-Sienese army managed to expel the
Spanish garrison. The Sienese welcomed a French garrison to defend the Republic against Spanish recapture attempts. A French army invaded Tuscany in 1553 in support of the Sienese Republic. In January 1554, the
1969:
campaign alone costing 2.5 million ducats. Shipments of treasure from the Indies totalled over two million ducats between 1552 and 1553. By 1554, the cash deficit for the year was calculated to be over 4.3 million ducats, even after all tax receipts for the six ensuing years had been
1898:(10–27 August). The Spanish attempted to blockade Rome by occupying the port of Ostia but were driven back by the Papal armies in a surprise attack. However, when French troops were unable to come to their aid, the Papal armies were left exposed and were defeated, with Spanish troops under the
1951:
Oman (1937) argues that the inconclusive campaigns which generally lack a decisive engagement were largely due to ineffective leadership and lack of offensive spirit. He notes that mercenary troops were used too often and proved unreliable. Hale emphasizes the defensive strength of
2962:
1942:
The wars ended for other reasons, including "the Double
Default of 1557", when the Spanish Empire, followed quickly by the French, defaulted on its debts. In addition, Henry II had to confront a growing Protestant movement at home, which he hoped to crush.
2323:
At the end of the wars, about half of Italy was ruled by the
Spanish Habsburgs, including all of the south (Naples, Sicily, Sardinia) and the Duchy of Milan; the other half of Italy remained independent (although the north was largely formed by
2248:(seized from England in 1558), for an initial period of eight years (Article 7). This was a mechanism to save face and although Elizabeth tried to take advantage of the civil war to negotiate its return in 1562, it remained French thereafter.
1352:
between the monarchs of Spain, England and France in 1559. Historians have emphasized the importance of gunpowder technology, new styles of fortification to resist cannon fire, and the increased professionalization of the soldiers.
1791:, during which the Franco-Farnese defenders repulsed attacks by the Papal-Imperial-Spanish forces. The belligerents agreed to a two-year truce on 29 April 1552, ratified by Charles V on 10 May, which ended the War of Parma.
1978:
banking families). By 1557 the crown was refusing payment from the Indies since even this was required for payment of the war effort (used in the offensive and
Spanish victory at the battle of St. Quentin in August 1557).
2078:
Henry and Philip agreed to bring about 'the convocation and celebration of a holy universal council, so necessary for the reformation and reduction of the whole
Christian Church into a true unity and harmony'. (Article
709:
1990:
and customs fees. The French monarchy also resorted to heavy borrowings during the war from financiers at rates of 10–16 percent interest. The taille was estimated in collection for 1551 at around six million
3656:
2385:
The Holy Roman Empire was not an actual signatory of the treaties of Cateau-Cambrésis but ended
Imperial conflict with France in Italy, which effectively allowed Emperor Ferdinand to change his foreign
3405:
1723:
were ordered to join the
Ottoman fleet. In 1552, when Henry II attacked Charles V, the Ottomans sent 100 galleys to the Western Mediterranean, which were accompanied by three French galleys under
1877:
A treaty in Vaucelles was signed on 5 February 1556 between Charles V and Henry II of France. After Emperor Charles' abdication in 1556 split the Habsburg empire between Philip II of Spain and
1164:
3337:
2984:
Calendar of state papers, foreign series, of the reign of Elizabeth: preserved in the State Paper Department of Her Majesty's Public Record Office by Great Britain. Public Record Office
922:
1890:
waited for French reinforcements. French forces approaching from the north were defeated and forced to withdraw at the Siege of Civitella in August 1557. Philip, in conjunction with
702:
3070:
1580:
had succeeded him as Holy Roman Emperor on 27 August 1556, although it would take some years for the Imperial Diet (3 May 1558) and the Pope (1559) to recognise Ferdinand as such.
1923:
in April 1557. Mary declared war on France in June 1557 and English troops assisted in the victory at St. Quentin in August. But England's entry into the war provoked the French
2404:"...demourant au surplus led. sr de Savoye avecques ses terres, pays et subjectz, bon prince, neutre et amy commun desd. srs Roys Très Chrestien et Catholicque." (Article 39)
2037:
on April 3. The two treaties also defined the conclusion of the Imperial-French wars and therefore the end of the Habsburg-Valois conflict as a whole, with the approval of
816:
695:
3661:
2722:
3389:
2615:
2577:
2539:
3666:
2395:
The Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis was also presented at a Diet of German princes in Augsburg, with Imperial-French talks occurring on March 21, April 12, and April 26.
1899:
1752:
590:
1157:
1862:
1861:
run by exiled Sienese loyalists continued to exist until 3 April 1559, the territory of the Republic of Siena was fully annexed to the Duchy of Florence under
648:
981:
915:
3681:
2308:, captain of the Scottish Guard at the French Court, pierced his eye and entered his brain. He died ten days later on 10 July 1559. His 15-year-old son
1576:
Abdication of Charles V: Philip II had succeeded him as king of Spain and Lord of the Netherlands on 16 January 1556 and 25 October 1555, respectively;
1404:, who immediately confirmed Ottavio Farnese's ownership of the Duchy of Parma. This angered Emperor Charles V, whose troops still occupied the duchy.
3706:
1298:
1150:
1064:
3000:
Calendar of State Papers, Foreign Series, of the Reign of Elizabeth: Preserved in the State Paper Department of Her Majesty's Public Record Office
2041:. The four monarchs did not meet in person but were represented by ambassadors and delegations. Some Italian states also attended the conference.
1518:. Spanish-Imperial victory over France. The Imperials razed Thérouanne to the ground on the orders of Charles V in revenge for the defeat at Metz.
2944:
2316:. The resulting political instability, combined with the sudden demobilisation of thousands of largely unpaid troops, led to the outbreak of the
2120:(allied with Spain and part of the Holy Roman Empire). French and Genoese merchants were granted full access to each other's ports. (Article 24)
1593:
September–December 1556: Attempts to limit the renewal of hostilities to the Papal States failed, and preparations for full-scale war were made.
3701:
3321:
3054:
908:
809:
3616:
3435:
3399:
3247:
3064:
2956:
2829:
2802:
2687:
2609:
2571:
2533:
2448:
1856:
638:
1033:
1029:
1025:
3651:
2325:
2285:
2143:
1998:
During the 1550s, Spain had an estimated military manpower of around 150,000 soldiers, whereas France had an estimated manpower of 50,000.
1320:
2922:
2260:
2007:
1648:
117:
3253:
3004:
2059:
Henry II of France recognised Philip II of Spain as ruler of Milan and Naples. Henry II of France renounced his hereditary claims to the
1631:
889:
1600:, the French governor of Picardy, launched surprise attacks on Douai and Lens in the Spanish Netherlands, reopening the northern front.
1251:
3520:
2777:
2752:
1421:
27 May 1551: Henry II of France and Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma signed a defensive alliance, placing Parma under French protection.
1970:
pledged and the proceeds spent in advance. Credit at this point began costing the crown 43 percent interest (largely financed by the
1613:
12 September 1557: Spanish occupation of the Papal States. Pope Paul IV signed a separate peace treaty with the Duke of Alba (Spain).
3691:
3479:
3331:
3148:
2902:
2866:
2281:
2166:
2139:
2106:
2017:
1891:
1371:
1001:
802:
677:
346:
3032:
1851:
1114:
1069:
986:
2340:. The Council of Trent, suspended during the war, was reconvened by the terms of the peace treaties and came to an end in 1563.
1719:
was the first step of the all-out Italian War of 1551–59 in the European theater, and in the Mediterranean the French galleys of
1231:
2716:
1842:
Spanish started besieging the city of Siena. The French troops were attacked by an Imperial‐Florentine army and defeated at the
1783:
French protection. Charles could not accept this, and pressured the Pope into an alliance against France and Parma, causing the
1521:
25 November 1553: Cosimo de' Medici, Duke of Florence, signed a secret treaty with Charles V to reconquer Siena for the Emperor.
3676:
2038:
1878:
1577:
516:
1779:
1751:
in 1553. The Ottomans continued harassing the Habsburg possessions with various operations in the Mediterranean, such as the
1382:
1099:
2835:
2693:
2454:
1508:
1194:
843:
2344:
2236:
2051:
1701:
1349:
1341:
1293:
1246:
1094:
504:
1393:
1219:
1214:
1204:
1189:
1054:
1049:
1039:
873:
868:
858:
838:
2274:
2170:
1895:
1724:
1607:
1199:
1084:
1044:
848:
768:
654:
644:
309:
2328:
of the Austrian Habsburgs as part of the Holy Roman Empire). The most significant Italian power left was the papacy in
1774:
On the continental front, the opening phase of the war was marked by the Parmesan succession crisis: the newly elected
3721:
3711:
3686:
1936:
1654:
10 July 1559: Henry II died of wounds of a jousting accident during the celebration of the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis.
1638:
1209:
996:
863:
783:
3367:
2366:
2216:
2208:
1932:
1830:
1748:
1624:
1525:
1261:
778:
753:
1788:
1453:
1119:
738:
3716:
3621:
2204:
2200:
2162:
1826:
1822:
1747:, and managed to vanquish the Genoese and capture seven galleys. This alliance would also lead to the combined
1689:
1412:
602:
443:
956:
1939:(13 July 1558) and was forced to accept a peace agreement in which he renounced any further claims to Italy.
3626:
2361:
2317:
2265:
2220:
1912:
1814:
1800:
1716:
1709:
1685:
1470:
1446:
1439:
1236:
733:
43:
3641:
3631:
2413:
The Bishoprics remained part of the Holy Roman Empire until formally incorporated into France by the 1648
2356:
2026:
1924:
1866:
1736:
1617:
1488:
1074:
773:
748:
626:
388:
1850:(2 August 1554). After an 18-month-long siege, Siena fell to Spanish forces on 15 April 1555. Although a
1515:
3696:
3671:
3461:
2297:
1927:
in January 1558, which was a defeat for the English. French armies plundered Spanish possessions in the
1692:
in order to cooperate against the Habsburgs in the Mediterranean. This was triggered by the conquest of
1673:
1597:
1497:
17 July 1552: Sienese rebels welcomed a French garrison to defend it against Spanish recapture attempts.
976:
178:
1435:
broke out between Emperor Charles V and Pope Julius III against Henry II of France and Ottavio Farnese.
1021:
3726:
3646:
3636:
2337:
2313:
2309:
2132:
2128:
2083:
1501:
991:
971:
966:
951:
743:
313:
1546:
1418:
Late 1550: Henry II of France renewed the Franco-Ottoman alliance in response to the fall of Mahdia.
2414:
2293:
2189:
2147:
2098:
2072:
1847:
1303:
1283:
1109:
1016:
961:
658:
400:
351:
3427:
2643:
2173:. Emmanuel Philibert agreed to remain neutral in the event of future conflict. (Articles 33 to 43)
2025:
The Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis (1559) consisted of two treaties: the first one was signed between
3547:
Firearms & Fortifications: Military Architecture and Siege Warfare in Sixteenth-century Siena
3485:
3291:
3274:
Crawford, Katherine (2000). "Catherine de Medici's and the Performance of Political Motherhood".
2983:
2305:
2289:
2270:
2212:
2034:
2030:
1920:
1843:
1806:
1532:
1460:
1337:
946:
758:
633:
621:
609:
578:
573:
547:
376:
302:
57:
2918:
1385:, Pier Luigi's son, attacked but failed to regain Parma from the Imperial garrison commanded by
1288:
1089:
2894:
3516:
3475:
3395:
3327:
3243:
3237:
3144:
3138:
3060:
2998:
2952:
2898:
2862:
2825:
2798:
2773:
2748:
2683:
2605:
2599:
2567:
2561:
2529:
2523:
2444:
2312:
succeeded him before he too died in December 1560 and was replaced by his 10-year-old brother
2124:
2117:
2068:
2064:
1916:
1838:
1810:
1550:
1345:
1273:
932:
614:
535:
523:
511:
492:
426:
407:
395:
383:
371:
339:
285:
254:
221:
183:
171:
105:
3119:
3585:
3494:
3467:
3283:
2886:
2770:
Pius IV and the Fall of The Carafa: Nepotism and Papal Authority in Counter-Reformation Rome
2196:
2063:(ruled by Spain and part of the Holy Roman Empire), and recognized Spanish control over the
1818:
1478:
1386:
1278:
1079:
528:
455:
2102:
1987:
1834:
1775:
1732:
1677:
1539:
1474:
1401:
1241:
1124:
763:
559:
412:
289:
66:
1484:
July 1552: Franco-Ottoman raid on Reggio and Calabria. Franco-Ottoman victory over Spain.
1256:
3463:
Handbuch Frieden im Europa der Frühen Neuzeit / Handbook of Peace in Early Modern Europe
3026:
2637:
2887:
2245:
2158:
2060:
1992:
1557:
1375:
1308:
665:
462:
450:
438:
326:
266:
208:
195:
190:
62:
1865:
with the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis (3 April 1559), and eventually became part of the
1473:(or Princes' Revolt). The French-allied German Protestant princes defeated Charles V (
3610:
3570:
3489:
2329:
1928:
1805:
Meanwhile, Henry II allied with German Protestant princes against Charles V with the
1463:. Henry II of France allied himself with German Protestant princes against Charles V.
1397:
1104:
1006:
853:
431:
1573:
5 February 1556: Truce of Vaucelles signed between Charles V and Henry II of France.
3589:
2673:
1953:
1886:
1784:
1769:
1744:
1697:
1432:
1408:
1313:
1184:
1129:
826:
554:
479:
474:
278:
273:
234:
229:
39:
17:
51:
2819:
2677:
2438:
3602:
The original French-language Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis between France and Spain
3513:
The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II: Volume II
2818:
Hale, J. R. (1990). "Armies, navies and the art of war". In Elton, G. R. (ed.).
1668:
1344:
with the intent of recapturing parts of Italy and ensuring French, rather than
3498:
3471:
2091:
2087:
1266:
1011:
2525:
The Cambridge History of Islam: The central Islamic lands since 1918. Vol. 1B
1348:, domination of European affairs. The war ended following the signing of the
1720:
1982:
French finances during the war were mainly financed by the increase in the
1957:
conservatism. Overall, Hale emphasizes new levels of tactical proficiency.
687:
2639:
The history of England: from the earliest period to the death of Elizabeth
2176:
France retained five fortresses in northern Italy: near Turin ("Thurin"),
1535:
or Scannagallo. Decisive Florentine-Spanish victory over Siena and France.
3391:
The Italian Wars 1494–1559: War, State and Society in Early Modern Europe
3359:
3323:
The Italian Wars 1494–1559: War, State and Society in Early Modern Europe
3056:
Cavalieri ed eroi alla corte di Mantova: il Fido amante di Curzio Gonzaga
2301:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2154:
1882:
1728:
1704:. The alliance allowed Henry II to push for French conquests towards the
1374:, was assassinated, after which troops of Emperor Charles V occupied the
97:
70:
3601:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3106:
1361:
This is an overview of notable events including battles during the war.
3295:
2333:
2113:
2109:(allied with Spain and part of the Holy Roman Empire). (Articles 21–22)
1693:
3532:
Une paix pour l'éternité. La négociation du traité du Cateau-Cambrésis
2821:
The New Cambridge Modern History: Volume 2, The Reformation, 1520–1559
2094:
and other places in northern France taken during the war. (Article 11)
1590:
1 September 1556: Spanish invasion and occupation of the Papal States.
1511:, made a failed attempt to recapture Siena with Florentine assistance.
1142:
2861:(2nd ed.). New York: New York University Press. pp. 62–63.
2563:
The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II
2347:, most of the Spanish possessions in Italy were acquired by Austria.
2033:
on April 2; the second one was signed between Henry II of France and
1983:
1975:
1971:
467:
93:
3287:
3003:. Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, & Green. 1863. p. 212.
2131:(allied with Spain and part of the Holy Roman Empire) and ceded the
900:
3554:
Les guerres d'Henri II et le traité du Cateau-Cambrésis (1554–1559)
3460:
Babel, Rainer (2021). "42. Der Frieden von Cateau-Cambrésis 1559".
2300:
held to celebrate the peace on 1 July, king Henry was injured in a
2264:
2016:
1740:
1705:
1667:
672:
597:
585:
566:
542:
499:
261:
101:
1833:
and securing them by defeating the invading Habsburg army at the
2244:(Articles 7, 8 and 14) England granted France possession of the
1966:
1965:
In 1552 Charles V had borrowed over 4 million ducats, with the
1146:
904:
798:
794:
691:
2642:. London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longmans. pp.
2522:
Lambton, Ann Katherine Swynford; Lewis, Bernard, eds. (1977).
2320:
in 1562 that would consume France for the next thirty years.
2165:(allied with Spain and part of the Holy Roman Empire) back to
3428:"War of the Austrian Succession | Europe [1740–1748]"
2824:. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. pp. 481–509.
1603:
August 1557: Siege of Civitella. Spanish victory over France.
1528:. Ottomans & French temporarily occupied most of Corsica.
1449:. Ottomans captured Tripoli from Maltese Knights Hospitaller.
3140:
Italy: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present
2566:. Vol. 2. University of California Press. p. 920.
1491:. Franco-Ottoman victory over Genoa (allied with Charles V).
3569:
Watkins, John (2018). "Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis (1559)".
1935:(April–June 1558). Nonetheless, Henry lost gravely at the
1456:. Franco–Farnese victory over Imperial-Spanish-Papal army.
1837:(12 August 1554). In 1552, an anti-Spanish revolt in the
3239:
Early Modern Europe: The Age of Religious War, 1559–1715
3171:
3169:
3167:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3087:
2718:
The history of the reign of emperor Charles V, book 8–12
2150:(1545–1568) became Philip's third wife. (Articles 26–33)
3657:
16th-century military history of the Kingdom of England
2496:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2484:
1556:
June 1555: Failed peace Conference of Marck within the
1466:
29 April 1552: A two-year truce ended the War of Parma.
1442:. Ottoman victory over the Maltese Knights Hospitaller.
143:
2261:
Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis (1559) § Consequences
2052:
Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis § Franco-Spanish agreement
1553:, which was annexed by the Duchy of Florence in 1559.
3540:
A History of the Art of War in the Sixteenth Century
2679:
A History of the Art of War in the Sixteenth Century
1885:. However, the truce was broken shortly afterwards.
1787:
in June 1551. The main combat of this phase was the
1549:. Spanish victory over Siena and France. End of the
2304:accident when a sliver from the shattered lance of
2237:
Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis § Anglo-French agreement
1507:January–February 1553: Spanish viceroy for Naples,
3515:(1995 ed.). University of California Press.
3059:(in Italian). Verso l'Arte Edizioni. p. 20.
2097:Henry confirmed Charles V's 1536 transfer of the
2296:, the daughter of Henry II of France. During a
1610:. Hispano-Savoyard-English victory over France.
32:
2993:
2991:
3143:. New York: Facts on File, Inc. p. 189.
1852:Republic of Siena reconstituted in Montalcino
1158:
916:
810:
703:
8:
3242:. University of Toronto Press. p. 122.
2947:. In Tallett, Frank; Trim, D. J. B. (eds.).
2945:"Warfare and the International State System"
2715:Robertson, William; Stewart, Dugald (1840).
2021:Italy after the Treaties of Cateau-Cambrésis
1809:on 15 January 1552. An early offensive into
1627:. French victory over Imperial-Spanish army.
2528:. Cambridge University Press. p. 328.
2123:France recognised the 1555 conquest of the
1817:, was successful, with Henry capturing the
3388:Mallett, Michael; Shaw, Christine (2014).
2951:. Cambridge University Press. p. 31.
1755:in 1558, following a request by Henry II.
1585:Second phase (September 1556 – April 1559)
1165:
1151:
1143:
923:
909:
901:
817:
803:
795:
710:
696:
688:
29:
1731:in Southern Italy, capturing the city of
1986:tax, as well as indirect taxes like the
1753:Ottoman invasion of the Balearic islands
1700:on 8 September 1550, for the account of
1494:July 1552: Anti-Spanish revolt in Siena.
1477:, 2 August), while Henry II annexed the
1340:declared war against Holy Roman Emperor
3662:16th-century military history of France
3308:
3199:
3187:
2668:
2666:
2429:
2378:
2146:(1523–1574), while his eldest daughter
1426:First phase (June 1551 – February 1556)
3667:16th-century military history of Spain
3175:
3097:
3562:The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571)
2889:The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers
2880:
2878:
7:
3549:(University of Chicago Press, 1986).
3223:
3211:
2893:. New York: Vintage Books. pp.
2838:from the original on 26 January 2021
2696:from the original on 23 January 2024
2500:
2475:
2286:Margaret of France, Duchess of Berry
2144:Margaret of France, Duchess of Berry
1911:A brief French-backed revolt led by
1641:. Anglo-Spanish victory over France.
1542:. French victory over Imperial army.
1504:. French victory over Imperial army.
3545:Pepper, Simon, and Nicholas Adams.
2965:from the original on 22 August 2024
2457:from the original on 4 January 2021
2336:and political influence during the
2192:("Villeneufve d'Ast"). (Article 34)
1743:, the fleet met with 40 galleys of
1632:Raid of the Balearic islands (1558)
3505:Henry II, King of France 1547–1559
3408:from the original on 28 April 2022
3340:from the original on July 20, 2023
2440:Reader's Guide to Military History
1881:, the focus of the war shifted to
1795:Schmalkaldic War and Sienese siege
1727:in their raids along the coast of
1676:to Marshall de Tavannes after the
1649:Peace treaties of Cateau-Cambrésis
1644:21 September 1558: Charles V died.
1563:October 1555: Peace talks resumed.
1500:19 October 1552 – 2 January 1553:
25:
3682:Wars involving the Ottoman Empire
3564:. American Philosophical Society.
3226:, pp. 197–224, footnote 43..
3053:Roio, Anna Maria Razzoli (2008).
2604:. Psychology Press. p. 177.
2282:Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy
2167:Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy
2140:Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy
2008:Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis (1559)
2002:Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis (1559)
1919:resulted in a three-day siege of
1892:Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy
1372:Pier Luigi Farnese, Duke of Parma
118:Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis (1559)
2743:Woodward, Geoffrey (2013). "8".
2437:Messenger, Charles, ed. (2013).
2235:This section is an excerpt from
2135:to Philip of Spain. (Article 25)
2050:This section is an excerpt from
671:
664:
653:
643:
632:
620:
608:
596:
584:
572:
565:
553:
541:
534:
522:
510:
498:
491:
473:
461:
449:
437:
425:
418:
406:
394:
382:
370:
345:
332:
319:
308:
295:
284:
272:
260:
247:
228:
215:
201:
189:
177:
164:
50:
3707:Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor
3438:from the original on 2021-05-19
3370:from the original on 2023-10-06
3256:from the original on 2022-07-05
3073:from the original on 2023-04-22
3035:from the original on 2019-10-22
3007:from the original on 2021-01-26
2925:from the original on 2019-07-26
2747:. London, New York: Routledge.
2725:from the original on 2023-05-11
2618:from the original on 2024-01-23
2580:from the original on 2024-01-23
2542:from the original on 2024-01-23
2443:. Routledge. pp. 635–636.
2219:for Henry's support during the
2039:Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor
1568:Truce (February–September 1556)
1415:on behalf of Emperor Charles V.
27:Tenth phase of the Italian Wars
3590:10.1002/9781118885154.dipl0489
2772:. OUP Oxford. pp. 21–22.
2682:. Pickle Partners Publishing.
2112:France returned the island of
1931:and emerged victorious in the
1620:. French victory over England.
1545:January 1554 – 21 April 1555:
1:
3702:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
3572:The Encyclopedia of Diplomacy
3556:, in: MAH 30 (1910), p. 1–50.
3276:The Sixteenth Century Journal
3028:Le traité de Cateau-Cambrésis
2797:. HarperCollins. p. 11.
2345:war of the Spanish succession
2292:. Philip II of Spain married
2269:The fatal tournament between
1894:, defeated the French in the
1634:. Ottoman victory over Spain.
3534:. Madrid: Casa de Velázquez.
3360:"Italy – The duchy of Milan"
2127:(allied with France) by the
1907:English entry and Gravelines
1896:Battle of St. Quentin (1557)
1608:Battle of St. Quentin (1557)
123:Spanish and Imperial victory
3652:1550s in the Ottoman Empire
3560:Setton, Kenneth M. (1976).
3120:"Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis"
3025:Ruble, Alphonse de (1889).
2949:European Warfare, 1350–1750
2601:European Warfare, 1494–1660
1873:Papal front and St. Quentin
1639:Battle of Gravelines (1558)
678:Emmanuel Philibert of Savoy
3743:
3394:. Routledge. p. 298.
2721:. T. Cadell. p. 279.
2258:
2234:
2217:Maurice, Elector of Saxony
2049:
2005:
1798:
1767:
1739:in front of the island of
1712:defended southern France.
1625:Siege of Thionville (1558)
1526:Invasion of Corsica (1553)
1350:Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis
3503:Baumgartner, Frederic J.
3499:10.1515/9783110591316-042
3472:10.1515/9783110591316-042
3348:– via Google Books.
2859:Spain Under the Habsburgs
2795:Europe Divided: 1559–1598
2768:Pattenden, Miles (2013).
2560:Braudel, Fernand (1995).
2332:, as it maintained major
1789:Siege of Mirandola (1551)
1725:Gabriel de Luetz d'Aramon
1623:17 April – 23 June 1558:
1514:11 April – 20 June 1553:
1454:Siege of Mirandola (1551)
1407:June – 8 September 1550:
1180:
942:
887:
834:
729:
360:
154:
76:
58:The Battle of Scannagallo
49:
37:
3692:Suleiman the Magnificent
3617:Italian War of 1551–1559
3511:Braudel, Fernan (1949).
3507:(Duke Univ Press, 1988).
3124:Encyclopaedia Britannica
2045:Franco-Spanish agreement
1690:Suleiman the Magnificent
1509:Pedro de Toledo y Zúñiga
1452:July 1551 – March 1552:
1413:Capture of Mahdia (1550)
1394:1549–1550 papal conclave
1334:Italian War of 1551–1559
721:Italian War of 1551–1559
126:Mixed results for France
33:Italian War of 1551–1559
3530:Haan, Bertrand (2010).
3432:Encyclopedia Britannica
3364:Encyclopedia Britannica
2943:DeVries, Kelly (2010).
2919:"Treccani encyclopedia"
2636:Turner, Sharon (1839).
2367:States of Italy in 1559
2362:Franco-Ottoman alliance
2318:French Wars of Religion
2221:Second Schmalkaldic War
2184:(Pignerol, "Pinerol"),
2142:married Henry's sister
1815:Second Schmalkaldic War
1801:Second Schmalkaldic War
1696:by the Genoese Admiral
1672:Henry II remitting the
1664:Mediterranean campaigns
1471:Second Schmalkaldic War
1447:Siege of Tripoli (1551)
1440:Invasion of Gozo (1551)
44:French-Habsburg rivalry
3677:Wars involving England
3236:Konnert, Mark (2008).
3137:Sarti, Roland (2004).
2885:Kennedy, Paul (1989).
2793:Elliott, J.H. (1968).
2598:Black, Jeremy (2002).
2357:Elizabeth I of England
2278:
2230:Anglo-French agreement
2169:due to his victory at
2138:As part of the terms,
2027:Elizabeth I of England
2022:
1867:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
1681:
1618:Siege of Calais (1558)
1489:Battle of Ponza (1552)
361:Commanders and leaders
129:English loss of Calais
2268:
2259:Further information:
2223:in 1552. (Article 44)
2153:France withdrew from
2020:
1799:Further information:
1674:Order of Saint-Michel
1671:
1598:Gaspard II de Coligny
1392:7 February 1550: The
144:§ Territorial changes
3538:Oman, Charles W. C.
3466:. pp. 857–876.
2857:Lynch, John (1984).
2338:Catholic Reformation
2195:France retained the
2129:Republic of Florence
1937:Battle of Gravelines
1710:Franco-Ottoman fleet
1647:2 and 3 April 1559:
1502:Siege of Metz (1552)
891:Full list of battles
314:Republic of Florence
3326:. Routledge. 2014.
3214:, pp. 197–224.
2415:Peace of Westphalia
2148:Elisabeth of Valois
2099:March of Montferrat
2073:Kingdom of Sardinia
1947:Military technology
1933:Siege of Thionville
1863:Cosimo I de' Medici
1848:Gian Giacomo Medici
1749:Invasion of Corsica
1680:, on 13 August 1554
1606:10–27 August 1557:
1516:Siege of Thérouanne
1469:March–August 1552:
1370:10 September 1547:
1365:Prelude (1547–1551)
1174:Franco-Spanish wars
659:Gian Giacomo Medici
649:Cosimo I de' Medici
401:Duke of Montmorency
352:Knights Hospitaller
18:Italian War of 1551
3722:Philip II of Spain
3712:William the Silent
3687:Henry II of France
2306:Gabriel Montgomery
2290:Henry II of France
2279:
2277:(Lord of "Lorges")
2035:Philip II of Spain
2031:Henry II of France
2023:
1921:Scarborough Castle
1844:Battle of Marciano
1807:Treaty of Chambord
1682:
1616:1–8 January 1558:
1533:Battle of Marciano
1461:Treaty of Chambord
1338:Henry II of France
529:Ferrante I Gonzaga
303:Kingdom of England
3401:978-1-317-89939-6
3249:978-1-4426-0004-1
3066:978-88-95894-01-0
2958:978-0-521-88628-4
2831:978-0-521-34536-1
2804:978-0-06-131414-8
2689:978-1-78912-137-7
2611:978-0-415-27532-3
2573:978-0-520-20330-3
2535:978-0-521-29135-4
2503:, pp. 37–60.
2478:, pp. 23–35.
2450:978-1-135-95970-8
2125:Republic of Siena
2118:Republic of Genoa
2107:Guglielmo Gonzaga
2069:Kingdom of Sicily
2065:Kingdom of Naples
1917:Mary I of England
1839:Republic of Siena
1715:The 1551 Ottoman
1551:Republic of Siena
1459:15 January 1552:
1400:'s death elected
1329:
1328:
1140:
1139:
934:Anglo-French Wars
898:
897:
849:League of Cambrai
792:
791:
686:
685:
548:William of Orange
340:Republic of Genoa
255:Holy Roman Empire
222:Republic of Siena
184:Swiss mercenaries
172:Kingdom of France
150:
149:
16:(Redirected from
3734:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3565:
3552:Romier, Lucien,
3535:
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3126:. 27 March 2024.
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2393:
2387:
2383:
2288:, the sister of
2197:Three Bishoprics
2190:Villanova d'Asti
1860:
1819:Three Bishoprics
1717:Siege of Tripoli
1684:Henry II sealed
1596:6 January 1557:
1538:12 August 1554:
1479:Three Bishoprics
1445:15 August 1551:
1387:Ferrante Gonzaga
1175:
1167:
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3717:Pope Julius III
3622:1550s conflicts
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2709:
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2690:
2672:
2671:
2664:
2656:Setton, pp. 698
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2380:
2375:
2353:
2263:
2257:
2252:
2251:
2240:
2232:
2227:
2226:
2188:("Chivaz") and
2103:Duchy of Mantua
2082:Spain returned
2055:
2047:
2015:
2010:
2004:
1963:
1949:
1925:Siege of Calais
1913:Thomas Stafford
1909:
1875:
1854:
1835:Battle of Renty
1803:
1797:
1780:Ottavio Farnese
1776:Pope Julius III
1772:
1766:
1761:
1737:Battle of Ponza
1678:Battle of Renty
1666:
1661:
1540:Battle of Renty
1531:2 August 1554:
1487:5 August 1552:
1475:Peace of Passau
1431:June 1551: The
1402:Pope Julius III
1383:Ottavio Farnese
1359:
1330:
1325:
1176:
1173:
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639:Baron Wentworth
631:
619:
607:
603:Count of Egmont
595:
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571:
564:
560:Pope Julius III
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413:Paul de Thermes
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290:Duchy of Mantua
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67:Palazzo Vecchio
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3627:1550s in Italy
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3597:
3596:External links
3594:
3593:
3592:
3575:. pp. 1–5
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3557:
3550:
3543:
3536:
3527:
3522:978-0520203082
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3313:
3311:, p. 865.
3301:
3266:
3248:
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3216:
3204:
3192:
3190:, p. 122.
3180:
3178:, p. 708.
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3100:, p. 709.
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2779:978-0191649615
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2754:978-1317897736
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2246:Pale of Calais
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2231:
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2224:
2193:
2174:
2159:Duchy of Savoy
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2110:
2095:
2080:
2076:
2061:Duchy of Milan
2056:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2014:
2011:
2006:Main article:
2003:
2000:
1962:
1959:
1948:
1945:
1915:against queen
1908:
1905:
1874:
1871:
1796:
1793:
1778:had confirmed
1768:Main article:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1759:Land campaigns
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1656:
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1558:Pale of Calais
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1547:Siege of Siena
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366:
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267:Spanish Empire
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243:
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63:Giorgio Vasari
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3481:9783110591316
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2904:0-679-72019-7
2900:
2896:
2891:
2890:
2881:
2879:
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2868:0-8147-5010-9
2864:
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2674:Oman, Charles
2669:
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2341:
2339:
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2331:
2330:central Italy
2327:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
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2198:
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2191:
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2164:
2160:
2157:and gave the
2156:
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2141:
2137:
2134:
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2126:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2108:
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2100:
2096:
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2084:Saint Quentin
2081:
2077:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2019:
2012:
2009:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1954:bastion forts
1946:
1944:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1929:Low Countries
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1897:
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1434:
1430:
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1403:
1399:
1398:Pope Paul III
1395:
1391:
1388:
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1369:
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1364:
1363:
1362:
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1198:
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1188:
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1179:
1168:
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1154:
1149:
1148:
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1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
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1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
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1023:
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988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
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968:
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948:
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903:
893:
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886:
880:
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867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
836:
833:
828:
820:
815:
813:
808:
806:
801:
800:
797:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
731:
728:
723:
713:
708:
706:
701:
699:
694:
693:
690:
679:
674:
667:
662:
660:
656:
652:
650:
646:
642:
640:
635:
630:
628:
623:
618:
616:
611:
606:
604:
599:
594:
592:
587:
582:
580:
575:
568:
563:
561:
556:
551:
549:
544:
537:
532:
530:
525:
520:
518:
513:
508:
506:
501:
494:
489:
488:
486:
481:
476:
471:
469:
464:
459:
457:
452:
447:
445:
440:
435:
433:
432:Piero Strozzi
428:
416:
414:
409:
404:
402:
397:
392:
390:
389:Duke of Guise
385:
380:
378:
373:
368:
367:
365:
364:
359:
353:
348:
343:
341:
330:
328:
317:
315:
311:
307:
304:
293:
291:
287:
283:
280:
275:
270:
268:
263:
258:
256:
245:
244:
242:
236:
231:
226:
224:(1552–1555/9)
223:
213:
210:
199:
197:
192:
187:
185:
180:
175:
173:
162:
161:
159:
158:
153:
146:
145:
140:
135:
134:
128:
125:
122:
121:
120:
119:
115:
112:
111:
107:
106:Mediterranean
103:
99:
95:
91:
88:
87:
83:
80:
79:
75:
72:
68:
64:
60:
59:
53:
48:
45:
41:
36:
31:
19:
3697:Pope Paul IV
3672:Italian Wars
3577:. Retrieved
3571:
3561:
3553:
3546:
3539:
3531:
3512:
3504:
3462:
3454:Bibliography
3440:. Retrieved
3431:
3422:
3410:. Retrieved
3390:
3383:
3372:. Retrieved
3363:
3354:
3342:. Retrieved
3322:
3316:
3309:Braudel 1949
3304:
3279:
3275:
3269:
3258:. Retrieved
3238:
3231:
3219:
3207:
3202:, p. 3.
3200:Watkins 2018
3195:
3188:Konnert 2008
3183:
3156:27 September
3154:. Retrieved
3139:
3132:
3123:
3075:. Retrieved
3055:
3048:
3037:. Retrieved
3027:
3020:
3009:. Retrieved
2999:
2979:
2967:. Retrieved
2948:
2938:
2927:. Retrieved
2913:
2888:
2858:
2852:
2840:. Retrieved
2820:
2813:
2794:
2788:
2769:
2763:
2744:
2738:
2727:. Retrieved
2717:
2710:
2698:. Retrieved
2678:
2657:
2652:
2638:
2631:
2620:. Retrieved
2600:
2593:
2582:. Retrieved
2562:
2555:
2544:. Retrieved
2524:
2517:
2512:Miller, p. 2
2508:
2471:
2459:. Retrieved
2439:
2432:
2409:
2400:
2391:
2381:
2342:
2326:formal fiefs
2322:
2280:
2180:("Quiers"),
2024:
1997:
1981:
1964:
1950:
1941:
1910:
1900:Duke of Alba
1887:Pope Paul IV
1876:
1804:
1785:War of Parma
1773:
1770:War of Parma
1764:War of Parma
1745:Andrea Doria
1714:
1698:Andrea Doria
1683:
1433:War of Parma
1409:Andrea Doria
1360:
1333:
1331:
1224:
1185:Italian Wars
1059:
890:
878:
827:Italian Wars
719:
591:Duke of Alba
480:Pope Paul IV
279:Papal States
235:Papal States
155:Belligerents
141:
116:
56:
40:Italian Wars
38:Part of the
3727:Elizabeth I
3647:1559 in law
3637:1556 in law
3176:Setton 1976
3098:Setton 1976
2171:St. Quentin
2105:, ruled by
1879:Ferdinand I
1855: [
1630:July 1558:
1578:Ferdinand I
1524:1553–1559:
1438:July 1551:
1336:began when
769:St. Quentin
627:Elizabeth I
517:Ferdinand I
505:Charles V/I
305:(1557–1559)
281:(1551–1552)
237:(1556–1557)
211:(1551–1552)
136:Territorial
61:in 1554 by
3611:Categories
3442:2020-09-08
3412:1 November
3374:2020-09-08
3282:(3): 663.
3260:2020-04-01
3077:2020-11-01
3039:2019-10-22
3011:2020-04-01
2969:1 November
2929:2019-07-20
2842:1 November
2729:2020-11-01
2622:2016-05-16
2584:2016-05-16
2546:2016-05-16
2461:1 November
2424:References
2310:Francis II
2298:tournament
2275:Montgomery
2092:Le Catelet
2071:, and the
1708:, while a
1659:Operations
1481:to France.
784:Gravelines
779:Thionville
444:Suleiman I
3490:234558650
3344:March 13,
3224:Haan 2010
3212:Haan 2010
2745:Philip II
2676:(2018) .
2501:Haan 2010
2476:Haan 2010
2373:Footnotes
2343:With the
2294:Elisabeth
2255:Aftermath
1813:, in the
1735:. In the
1721:Marseille
1702:Charles V
1342:Charles V
1309:1808–1814
1304:1793–1795
1294:1718–1720
1289:1688–1697
1284:1683–1684
1279:1673–1678
1274:1667–1668
1267:1648–1653
1262:1641–1659
1257:1640–1659
1252:1635–1659
1247:1628–1631
1237:1595–1598
1232:1580–1583
1225:1551–1559
1220:1542–1544
1215:1536–1538
1210:1526–1529
1205:1521–1526
1200:1512–1516
1195:1502–1504
1190:1495–1498
1125:1803–1814
1120:1793–1802
1115:1778–1783
1110:1754–1763
1105:1746–1763
1100:1744–1748
1095:1702–1713
1090:1689–1697
1085:1689–1815
1075:1666–1667
1070:1627–1629
1065:1562–1563
1060:1557–1559
1055:1542–1546
1050:1522–1526
1045:1512–1514
1040:1496–1498
1034:1415–1453
1030:1369–1389
1026:1337–1360
1022:1337–1453
1012:1294–1303
1007:1242–1243
992:1215–1217
987:1213–1214
982:1202–1204
977:1199–1200
972:1197–1199
967:1193–1196
957:1173–1174
952:1116–1120
947:1109–1113
879:1551–1559
874:1542–1546
869:1536–1538
859:1521–1526
844:1499–1504
839:1494–1498
739:Mirandola
579:Philip II
84:1551–1559
65:, in the
3436:Archived
3406:Archived
3368:Archived
3338:Archived
3254:Archived
3071:Archived
3033:Archived
3005:Archived
2963:Archived
2923:Archived
2836:Archived
2723:Archived
2694:Archived
2616:Archived
2578:Archived
2540:Archived
2455:Archived
2351:See also
2334:cultural
2302:jousting
2284:married
2271:Henry II
2186:Chivasso
2182:Pinerolo
2178:Cherasco
2163:Piedmont
2155:Piedmont
1883:Flanders
1869:(1569).
1811:Lorraine
1729:Calabria
1686:a treaty
1381:? 1547:
1357:Timeline
1346:Habsburg
759:Marciano
377:Henry II
104:and the
98:Flanders
89:Location
71:Florence
42:and the
3542:(1937).
3296:2671075
2700:1 April
2386:policy.
2314:Charles
2133:Presidi
2116:to the
2114:Corsica
2101:to the
2013:Summary
1988:gabelle
1961:Finance
1694:Mahdiya
754:Corsica
734:Tripoli
138:changes
3579:5 July
3519:
3488:
3478:
3398:
3330:
3294:
3246:
3147:
3063:
2955:
2901:
2865:
2828:
2801:
2776:
2751:
2686:
2608:
2570:
2532:
2447:
2209:Verdun
2207:, and
2067:, the
1993:livres
1984:taille
1976:Welser
1972:Fugger
1831:Verdun
1829:, and
1733:Reggio
1396:after
854:Urbino
774:Calais
615:Mary I
468:Dragut
337:
324:
300:
252:
206:
169:
113:Result
94:France
3486:S2CID
3292:JSTOR
2897:–57.
2213:ceded
1859:]
1741:Ponza
1706:Rhine
1688:with
764:Renty
749:Ponza
102:Italy
3581:2022
3517:ISBN
3476:ISBN
3414:2020
3396:ISBN
3346:2023
3328:ISBN
3244:ISBN
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