1485:(nicknamed Germanicum) that would replace Rosatellum with a system based on proportional representation. The bill would abolish single member constituencies, end the use of joint lists and increase the threshold from three to five percent nationally, while creating the 'right of tribune' where if a party did not reach the national threshold they could gain representation if they earned a quotient in at least three constituencies in two regions in the Chamber and in the Senate the party would need to receive a quotient in a constituency. Seats in the Chamber would firstly be apportioned on national results then subsequently into multimember constituencies, while in the Senate the process is similar but seats are first apportioned regionally, with both Houses using the
533:
2162:), of unequal size, which were awarded a certain number of seats in Parliament based on population (e.g., Rome received more than 50). Within these regions, seats were divided proportionally; in order to become a member of parliament, a party member needed to be directly elected within one of these regions – approximately 60,000 votes. This system allocated 90% of the seats in both houses of parliament. The votes that did not go to a winning candidate were then thrown into one national electoral district, which was then divided proportionally and used to determine the remaining 10%, thereby going to candidates not directly elected.
779:
622:
770:
613:
1790:
winning coalition receives at least 55% of the seats on national level in the House, and on regional level in the Senate, while the remaining seats are proportionally divided between minority parties. For the House, seats won by each party are then allocated at district level to decide the elected candidates. Candidates on the lists are ranked in order of priority, so if a party wins for example ten seats, the first ten candidates on its list receive seats in parliament.
1866:
2143:, which lasted eight months. Small parties still enter parliament and form unstable coalitions. On the other hand, political parties in Italy seem to be coalescing around two poles, if imperfectly so, and governments have lasted much longer, at least by Italian standards. On that level, the electoral reform can be seen as an improvement over the electoral law prior to it, even if Italy has now returned to a party-list system.
4161:
1756:: declaring admissible the application by petitioners, the judges called for the Constitutional Court to decide whether eight out of the petitioners' 13 claims that the Italicum breached the Italian Constitution. The Constitutional Court might still decide that the unconstitutionality hypothesis is not founded, and even refuse to examine it. The court's decision is not expecting until after 2017 January.
345:
2027:
parties to come together around two ideological poles, thereby providing governmental stability. This referendum was held in April 1993, and passed with the support of 80% of those voting. This caused the Amato government to collapse three days later. Municipal elections were held in June 1993, further illustrating the lack of legitimacy the sitting parliament held. The
President of Italy,
28:
1884:, with 6 senators allocated for Italians living abroad. The electoral system is partly similar to the one for the lower house, but is in many ways transferred to regional basis. After judgment 1/2014 of the Constitutional Court, the voting system for the Senate aims at party-list proportional representation without majority bonus. The thresholds are different, and applied on a
4150:
2015:, from three or four to one, in the Chamber of Deputies, to reduce the abuse of the open-list system by party elites and ensure accurate delegation of parliamentary seats to candidates popular with voters. With 62.5% of the Italian electorate voting, the referendum passed with 95% of those voting in favor. This was seen as a vote against the
1943:, screening the choices citizens had in elections; this electoral law would maintain fixed electoral lists, where voters can only express a preference for a list but not for a specific candidate. This can be used by parties to all but guarantee re-election to unpopular but powerful figures, who would be weaker in a
2127:
by the party of the winning candidate in the first ballot. This would be repeated for each single-member district. This was developed – against the overwhelming opinion expressed in the referendums – to dampen the effect of the first-past-the-post system, which it was feared that it might promote the
1950:
In
Italian elections, the left tend to fare better in direct confrontation than in proportional voting, a sign there are voters who trust left-wing candidates but not right-wing parties. It is alleged that the centre-right majority in the Parliament undertook this reform to boost their chances in the
1789:
system is nationwide-based for the House, and regional-based for the Senate. Italy is divided into a certain number of districts for the
Chamber of Deputies, whereas each Region elects its senators. Each district is assigned a number of seats proportionate to its total of the population of Italy. The
1729:
If no party has been able to pass the 40% threshold, a second round takes place two weeks after the first one: this time electors receive a ballot where they are allowed to choose between the two parties that received most votes in the first round. The party winning the second round is attributed 340
2026:
scandals and the substantial loss of votes for the traditional parties in the 1992 general elections, the reformers pushed forward with another referendum, abolishing the proportional representation system of the
Italian Senate, implicitly supporting a plurality system that would theoretically force
1725:
Only parties passing a 3% minimum threshold in the first round are assigned seats. If the party receiving the plurality of the votes passes a 40% threshold, it is attributed a minimum of 340 seats (54%). The remaining seats are allocated to the other parties in a proportional fashion, and no second
2166:
Furthermore, voters were able to list their preferences for candidates on a party list, in order to prevent the parties from exploiting the power they acquired from being able to write their party lists. In practice, however, parties were able to manipulate these numbers so that preferred members,
2135:
system for the party lists on the second ballot, i.e., excluding voters from the decision as to which members of that party would enter parliament, thereby guaranteeing reelection of party leaders whose popular support was rapidly declining (new elections were to be held once the new electoral law
523:
system for the party lists on the second ballot, i.e., excluding voters from the decision as to which members of that party would enter parliament, thereby guaranteeing reelection of party leaders whose popular support was rapidly declining (new elections were to be held once the new electoral law
2042:
As it was under no constitutional obligation to enact a purely majoritarian system (nor were they under obligation to promulgate a new electoral law for the
Chamber of Deputies), and cognizant of its declining popular support, the sitting parliament enacted a new electoral law in August 1993 that
1919:, and no agreement with the opposition, as the law was passed by the majority against the opinion of the opposition. Many felt that the "rules of the game" should be agreed upon by everybody, and not imposed by one side. The system is considered by its opposers to be less stable than the previous
1708:
electing between 3 and 9 deputies depending on their size. For each constituency, the parties designate a list of candidates: "head of list" candidates can run in up to 10 constituencies, while other candidates are limited to a single constituency. Gender balance is promoted by requiring that, in
2136:
was fully implemented). Ironically, that is what allowed Mario Segni, the leader of the reform movement, to enter parliament on the proportional ballot after the March 1994, elections, having broken with his party in March 1993, and then reunited with one of its shattered remnants that
December.
2111:
The
Chamber of Deputies used two ballots. The first ballot elected that district's member, on a purely plurality basis. The second ballot, in which only parties and party-lists were listed, was used to determine the proportional seats, allocated within one single national constituency, with a 4%
1759:
A constitutional reform bill passed by the
Italian Parliament in April 2016, which is still awaiting popular confirmation by referendum, will require the Constitutional Court to decide on the constitutional legitimacy of the electoral law even if the aforementioned application is rejected. This
562:
Drawing a sign only on the name of the candidate for the FPTP constituency, without indicating any list: in this case, the vote is valid for the candidate in the single-member constituency and also automatically extended to the list that supports them; if that candidate is however connected to
540:
The ballot, which is a single one for the first-past-the-post and the proportional systems, shows the names of the candidates to single-member constituencies and, in close conjunction with them, the symbols of the linked lists for the proportional part, each one with a list of the relative
483:
The Senate is elected on a single ballot. The ballot includes the district's member, on a purely plurality basis and the parties and party-lists were listed that supported him, which was used to determine the proportional seats, with a 3% minimum threshold for party representation.
1737:. Each party receives a certain number of seats depending on its national result: these seats are then projected onto the 100 constituencies and attributed to the candidates of that constituency, starting from the head of list and then according to the number of preference votes.
1935:
coalition in the 2006 elections, by eliminating seats for the numerous small parties on the Left that might not reach the 2% threshold. In the event, these small parties formed alliances to reach the threshold, and the centre-left won a surprise victory despite the system.
367:, in which the Senate reform was rejected, the two chambers of the Italian Parliament ended up with two different electoral laws, which lacked uniformity. As a matter of fact, the electoral law for the Chamber of Deputies passed by Matteo Renzi's government, the so-called
2547:
To save the
Italicum from the application that hangs over its head, it would have been enough to pass an amendment to Article 66 of the Constitution, thereby eliminating the electoral esclusive cognisaince of the elected House, which is unknown in other countries :
1923:
system. The region-based system in the upper house is not guaranteed to produce a clear majority, and may pave the way for governmental crises. Despite this criticism, Berlusconi's coalition won a clear majority after 2008 elections, both in the
Chamber and Senate.
1781:
electoral system which had been introduced in the 1990s. The attempt to change the law with the referendum failed and was the Constitutional Court, the judgment no. 1 of 2014, to eliminate various unconstitutional elements that were part of the law.
1664:
The bill still faced harsh opposition, even from members of the proposing parties: however it was approved by the Chamber of Deputies on 12 March 2014 and, in an amended form, by the Senate on 27 January 2015 with the support of a large majority.
2011:, proposed three referendums, one of which was allowed by the Constitutional Court (at that time packed with members of the PSI and hostile to the movement). The June 1991 referendum therefore asked voters if they wanted to reduce the number of
1603:
of candidates (which gave party executives great power in deciding the composition of the Parliament), and the regional mechanism of allocation of seats in the Senate (which made the existence of a "clear winner" of the elections less likely).
2084:
include former presidents of the Republic and several other persons appointed for life by a president of the Republic (no more than 5), according to special constitutional provisions (scientists, writers, artists, social workers, politicians,
1672:
as the new President of Italy on 31 January 2015, Berlusconi withdrew his support of the bill. In order for it to receive its final approval by the Chamber of Deputies, the government decided to link it to a confidence vote (hinting at a
446:% using a proportional method (the latter including the seats allocated to Italians abroad), with one round of voting. The Senate and the Chamber of Deputies do not differ in the way the proportional seats are allocated, both using the
478:
include former presidents of the Republic and no more than 5 other persons appointed for life by a president of the Republic, according to special constitutional provisions (scientists, writers, artists, social workers, politicians,
383:
by the Constitutional Court in January 2014) was in force. The two systems differed on several aspects, among which the possibility of forming coalitions before the elections (only allowed at the Senate) and the election thresholds.
1902:
The electoral system for the senate, proportional representation without majority bonus, does not guarantee a clear majority for any party-list in the Senate, unlike the national super-assignment system in the Chamber of Deputies.
2513:
2458:
1716:
At the first round, electors receive a ballot allowing them to vote for a single party and for its head of list candidate (pre-printed on the ballot), and are given the option to express up to two additional
406:
and the other half using a proportional allocation. The bill was not popular in its original version, since several opposition parties considered the number of seats allocated with the FPTP system too high.
1721:
for other candidates of that party, by writing their name next to the party symbol. If two preference votes are expressed, they must be of a different sex: otherwise, the second preference is discarded.
1645:
was repealed. This made an electoral reform ever more urgent, since proportional representation without majoritarian correction is thought to be incompatible with the competitive party system of Italy.
1793:
The law officially recognized coalitions of parties: to be part of a coalition, a party must sign its official program and indicate its support for the coalition's candidate to the prime-ministership.
55:
Changes to the electoral system of the Chamber of Deputies and of the Senate of the Republic. Delegation to the Government for the determination of single-member and multi-nominal electoral districts.
2296:
555:
Drawing a sign on the name of the candidate of the single-member constituency and another one on the symbol of one list that supports the candidate: the result is the same as that described above;
2089:
The Senate was elected on a single ballot. All those votes not contributing to a winning candidate were thrown into a regional pool, where the seats were allocated proportionally. There was no
317:, the electoral law was approved on 12 October 2017 by the Chamber of Deputies with 375 votes in favor and 215 against, and on 26 October 2017 by the Senate with 214 votes against 61.
2059:
and 25% using a proportional method, with one round of voting. The Senate and the Chamber of Deputies did not differ in the way they allocated the proportional seats, both using the
2221:
1450:, to cut the size of both houses by more than a third (from 630 and 315 members, to 400 and 200). To avoid incompatibility with the proposed amendment, the 2019 law adapts the
2333:
1911:
The new electoral law has come under wide criticism from the centre-left opposition since its introduction for a series of reasons including instability, large parties bias,
1599:
The electoral law passed by the centre-right government in 2005 immediately received widespread criticism: among other things, critics called into question the use of long
1454:
law, and sets fractions for each type of seat (proportional or majoritary) instead of exact numbers. The ratio of single-winner districts over the total number of seats in
2043:
provided for single-member districts while reflecting their own interests. Despite this, many of them would be voted out of office in the national election in March 1994.
1661:
for a set of institutional reforms, including a new majority-assuring law based on a two-round system, conceived to make the event of a forced Grand Coalition impossible.
2593:
2581:
1406:
1396:
1386:
1376:
1149:
1139:
1129:
1119:
879:
866:
722:
709:
2432:
1713:, head of lists of either sex for the same party should not exceed 60% of the total; additionally, candidates in all lists must be in a sequence alternating by gender.
3220:
402:, the leader of the group of the Democratic Party at the Chamber of Deputies, proposed a new bill based on a mixed system, with half of the seats allocated using the
395:. However, the agreement among the four parties did not survive a secret-ballot vote during the first reading at the Chamber of Deputies and the bill was put aside.
2151:
Between 1946 and 1993, Italy used an electoral system that was a nearly pure proportional representation system, which was subject to two insignificant thresholds:
1972:
law was altered substantially. Electoral law in Italy is determined by Parliament, not by the constitution. This, along with the concurrent collapse of the Italian
2406:
2257:
4197:
3252:
1520:
559:
is not permitted, meaning voters cannot vote simultaneously for a candidate in the FPTP constituency and for a party list which is not linked to that candidate.
2580:
They objected to the law mainly on the grounds that it awards an unfairly large bonus to the winner and does not sufficiently enable voters to pick their MPs:
2530:
3883:
3235:
1825:
and 12 are elected by a constituency consisting of Italians living abroad. Seats are allocated among the parties that pass thresholds of the total vote on a
1626:
While the coalition agreed that a new electoral law was needed, it failed to agree on a specific model. The Democratic Party executive and prime minister
532:
3847:
2777:
3981:
2119:, a previously unknown word in Italian politics, was used to tabulate PR votes. The number of votes cast for candidates coming in second place on the
2315:
3888:
371:, based on a strong winner-take-all principle, was still in effect, whereas in the Senate a pure proportional system (the remnants of the so-called
3453:
2239:
1634:
to restore the previous Mattarella law. This was probably done out of concern that the grand coalition supporting his government would not hold.
2625:
2665:
1992:
and therefore governmental instability, but also insulation of the parties from the electorate and civil society. This was known in Italian as
1585:
1539:
454:
364:
1730:
seats, and the remaining 277 seats are allocated to the other parties in a proportional fashion, according to the results of the first round.
4131:
3294:
1996:, in contrast to democracy, and resulted in corruption and pork-barrel politics. The Italian constitution allows, with substantial hurdles,
3928:
3203:
3011:
2056:
1944:
271:
3120:
1843:
Also, parties representing regional linguistic minorities obtain seats if they receive at least 20% of the ballots in their constituency.
3257:
2582:
http://www.ansa.it/english/news/2016/02/24/court-sends-election-law-to-constitutional-court-2_650916ba-6698-4589-8f83-68469f3234bb.html
4282:
4190:
3976:
3561:
3188:
3021:
2782:
1854:
3208:
3183:
3026:
387:
In June 2017, the Democratic Party together with the Five Star Movement, Forza Italia and Northern League agreed on a law, known as
563:
several lists, the vote is divided proportionally between them, based on the votes that each one has obtained in that constituency.
1850:
of the vote, but less than 340 seats, is assigned additional seats to reach that number, corresponding roughly to a 54% majority.
3580:
2861:
2747:
3157:
2551:
2139:
The system did not accomplish the goals desired by the voters. The first parliament elected after the electoral reform produced
1653:
became the new leader of the Democratic Party. In his victory speech, he vowed to change the electoral law against the risk of "
3704:
3616:
3463:
3458:
3289:
2601:
2351:
1677:
in case of a negative outcome). The bill was finally approved on 4 May 2015 and signed by President Mattarella two days later.
418:
was approved by PD, FI, LN, AP and ALA in October 2017, becoming the new electoral law for both the houses of the Parliament.
3652:
3240:
2717:
1873:
1584:, with greatly reduced powers, thus making a reform of its electoral system unnecessary. The upper-house reform, rejected in
1577:
275:
172:
85:
2203:
4272:
4238:
4229:
4220:
4183:
3903:
3734:
3621:
3152:
3147:
1963:
1772:
1638:
1611:
the law failed to produce a majority in the Senate; as a consequence, the only way to form a government was by means of a
1608:
1570:
1506:
333:
306:
3299:
1481:
On the 9 January 2020, Giuseppe Brescia, President of the lower house's Constitutional Affairs Committee, submitted bill
3662:
3601:
3586:
3438:
2752:
1657:". Renzi's initiative ultimately led to him taking Letta's place as the prime minister. Finally, Renzi made a deal with
2184:
4006:
3724:
3570:
3352:
3262:
3162:
3048:
3016:
2701:
2097:
1985:
1686:
1562:
851:
838:
744:
694:
681:
587:
488:
356:
259:
116:
75:
1927:
It was widely alleged in the press at the time of its introduction, that the new system had been custom-designed by
1482:
4215:
4061:
3689:
3509:
3416:
3389:
3324:
3198:
2732:
2658:
2032:
1443:
549:
475:
439:
403:
4091:
3857:
3780:
3744:
2762:
2727:
2722:
1786:
2387:
1839:
Minimum 2% for any party in a coalition, except that the first party below 2% in a coalition does receive seats.
4106:
4096:
4076:
4046:
4001:
3699:
3541:
3473:
3443:
3423:
3304:
2980:
2945:
2742:
2052:
1777:
The previous electoral law had a series of thresholds to encourage parties to form coalitions. It replaced the
1734:
1516:
1466:
447:
352:
298:
279:
255:
130:
621:
3986:
3749:
3606:
3576:
3551:
3468:
3428:
3367:
3266:
3031:
3001:
2240:"Rosatellum approvato alla Camera. Evitata la trappola dello scrutinio segreto. Via libera al salva-Verdini"
1989:
1615:
between left-wing and right-wing parties that had harshly fought each other in the election. The resulting
3684:
3672:
3448:
3433:
3125:
2767:
2369:
1462:
778:
267:
1630:
even went as far as requesting that his party vote against a parliamentary initiative by fellow democrat
4277:
3991:
3918:
3898:
3812:
3761:
3519:
3499:
3309:
2903:
2871:
2757:
2737:
2651:
1270:
1013:
612:
1591:
It is the first electoral law approved by the Italian Parliament but never used in a general election.
3842:
3657:
3546:
3524:
3178:
3076:
2960:
2828:
2140:
2036:
2028:
1869:
1753:
769:
4126:
4116:
4071:
3837:
3802:
3797:
3514:
3135:
3071:
2991:
2090:
1833:
Minimum 10% for a coalition. If this requirement is not met, the 4% limit for single parties apply.
1689:, excluding 12 seats attributed to representatives of Italians living abroad, and one seat for the
1447:
1252:
995:
823:
810:
666:
653:
568:
290:
286:
4101:
4086:
4066:
3923:
3864:
3817:
3739:
3596:
3566:
3556:
3531:
3504:
3411:
3404:
3340:
3096:
3091:
2808:
2485:
2407:"Riduzione dei parlamentari, il 26 giugno entrerĂ in vigore la cosiddetta "riformina elettorale""
2128:
prevalence of one political party, especially parties that were strong in one geographical area.
1847:
1547:
1432:
302:
35:
4051:
4041:
3913:
3827:
3792:
3719:
3709:
3487:
3357:
3271:
3101:
3081:
3055:
3043:
2838:
2833:
2818:
2813:
2798:
2060:
1940:
1932:
1928:
1821:
have one. These constituencies jointly elect 617 MPs. Additionally one MP is elected from the
1741:
1669:
1658:
1631:
1531:
548:
Drawing a sign on the symbol of a list: in this case the vote extends to the candidate in the
427:
376:
314:
95:
2222:"Il patto a quattro Pd-Ap-Lega-Fi regge. Primo ok al Rosatellum, martedì in Aula alla Camera"
4121:
3943:
3893:
3874:
3869:
3822:
3729:
3667:
3647:
3635:
3591:
3394:
3374:
3362:
3225:
3193:
3106:
2823:
2686:
2678:
2081:
2000:, enabling citizens to delete laws or parts of laws passed by Parliament (with exceptions).
1881:
1818:
1710:
1581:
1535:
1470:
380:
2594:"Constitutional Court postpones judgment on new electoral law after referendum a done deal"
4031:
4021:
4016:
4011:
3908:
3832:
3694:
3213:
3111:
2996:
2896:
2803:
2459:"Legge elettorale, ecco il "germanicum": proporzionale alla tedesca con sbarramento al 5%"
2278:
1612:
1486:
748:
591:
431:
263:
2598:
Constitutional Court postpones judgment on new electoral law after referendum a done deal
4164:
4111:
4081:
4026:
3933:
3807:
3754:
3714:
3384:
3379:
3230:
3130:
3086:
3038:
2940:
2908:
2866:
2843:
2067:
1740:
An amendment, known as "Erasmus amendment", makes sure Italians studying abroad in the
1698:
1642:
1641:
judged the electoral law of 2005 partly unconstitutional: in particular, its unlimited
1543:
1236:
979:
458:
2559:
1865:
1619:
was perceived by many people as the second "unelected government" in a row (after the
4266:
4036:
3677:
3247:
2935:
2913:
2772:
1674:
1620:
1616:
1558:, except for a single candidate chosen by each party who is the first to be elected.
399:
348:
251:
126:
2334:"Cos'è il Rosatellum proposto dal Pd come legge elettorale: un Mattarellum corretto"
2316:"Franchi tiratori in azione, salta patto Pd-M5s. Fiano: la legge elettorale è morta"
4154:
3961:
3766:
3536:
3140:
3006:
2955:
2930:
2279:"XVII Legislatura - XVII Legislatura - Documenti - Temi dell'AttivitĂ parlamentare"
2258:"Il Rosatellum bis è legge dello Stato: via libera definitivo al Senato con 214 sì"
1973:
1916:
1912:
1822:
1705:
1690:
1650:
1627:
1576:
The law was written under the assumption that, by the time it came into force, the
1551:
1527:
1523:
1228:
971:
310:
1760:
extraordinary procedure will only take place if the referendum confirms the bill.
344:
1458:
was equal to 3/8 in both houses, and the law 51/2019 retains those proportions.
4056:
3996:
3966:
3319:
2950:
2132:
2023:
2008:
1752:
On February 24, 2016 a court in Messina sent the election law for review to the
1701:
that is assigned to the winning party, possibly after a second electoral round.
1600:
1526:, who was its main proponent (until the end of January 2015 with the support of
520:
278:
did not differ in the way they allocated the proportional seats, both using the
1968:
Between 1991 and 1993, resulting from two referendums and legislation, Italian
1846:
In order to guarantee a working majority, a coalition or party which obtains a
274:
and 63% using a proportional method, with one round of voting. The Chamber and
3314:
2923:
1296:
1039:
46:
27:
1939:
It has been alleged that Italian parties have retained too much power in the
1857:, and consequently assigned to each constituency to elect single candidates.
1685:
The Italicum system regulates the attribution of 617 of the 630 seats of the
1561:
The law, which came into force on 1 July 2016, regulates the election of the
4175:
2012:
1969:
1718:
1588:, was originally assumed to be adopted without a Referendum by 1 July 2016.
1555:
556:
322:
294:
2167:
i.e., members loyal to one faction within a party, could enter parliament.
2007:(Committee to Promote Referendums on Elections), led by maverick DC-member
1607:
After two unsuccessful attempts at repealing the law by referendum, in the
3971:
3956:
3951:
3852:
2886:
2881:
2116:
2055:, which in Italy was a mixed system, with 75% of seats allocated using a
1920:
1806:
1802:
1778:
1346:
1330:
1312:
1210:
1202:
1089:
1073:
1055:
953:
945:
509:
328:
2986:
2918:
1976:, marks the transition between the First and Second Italian Republics.
1338:
1286:
1194:
1081:
1029:
937:
392:
1801:
For the Chamber of Deputies, Italy is divided into 26 constituencies:
505:
As the Senate, the Chamber of Deputies is elected on a single ballot.
285:
The new electoral law was supported by the PD and its government ally
3611:
2486:"Sistema e procedimento elettorale - Costituzione, diritti e libertĂ "
2022:
Emboldened by their victory in 1991, and encouraged by the unfolding
1814:
1354:
1320:
1278:
1262:
1244:
1218:
1097:
1063:
1021:
1005:
987:
961:
1951:
upcoming elections of 2006, which they lost by a very small margin.
320:
The law regulates the election of the Chamber and Senate, replacing
2155:
that a party needed to achieve 300,000 votes at the national level;
1947:(a system never used in Italy in its pure form after World War I).
2891:
2674:
2370:"Elezioni, come si vota il 4 marzo con la nuova scheda elettorale"
1864:
1810:
1304:
1047:
531:
2643:
1542:(the former being ruled out as unconstitutional), corrected by a
3399:
2876:
1853:
Inside each coalition, seats are divided between parties with a
544:
Voters will be able to cast their vote in three different ways:
4179:
2647:
2297:"Ecco il "Fianum", poco tedesco e molto senatoriale - Politica"
1442:
A constitutional amendment procedure was initiated during the
2204:"Rosatellum 2.0, tutti i rischi del nuovo Patto del Nazareno"
1431:
to a reduction of the number of seats in both houses of the
777:
768:
620:
611:
2123:
would be subtracted from the number of votes earned on the
1573:
in December 2013 after judging it partly unconstitutional.
1580:
would have become an indirectly-elected body representing
1461:
Besides the Five Stars Movement, the law was supported by
1693:
region. An uncommon feature of this system is that it is
391:, which was based on a similar system to the one used in
2107:
155 are elected by regional proportional representation.
1880:
For the Senate, the constituencies correspond to the 20
2352:"Cosa prevede il Rosatellum, la nuova legge elettorale"
2077:
83 are elected by regional proportional representation.
1988:
system of the First Republic had resulted not only in
1435:. It became law on 26 June 2019. It has been called a
2039:, with the sole task of writing a new electoral law.
2104:
475 are directly elected in single member districts.
2074:
232 are directly elected in single-member districts.
3942:
3779:
3634:
3486:
3339:
3282:
3171:
3158:
Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia
3064:
2973:
2854:
2791:
2710:
2694:
2685:
2433:"Proposal for new election law presented - English"
1511:The Italian electoral law of 2015, better known as
211:
186:
178:
170:
145:
137:
122:
114:
109:
101:
91:
81:
71:
63:
34:
20:
1550:. Candidates run for election in 100 multi-member
336:after judging them to be partly unconstitutional.
1733:The proportional allocation of seats follows the
2629:Perché non-poteva essere considerato ammissibile
2019:, which had campaigned against the referendum.
498:245 are elected by proportional representation.
468:122 are elected by proportional representation.
375:, the electoral law approved by the cabinet of
2388:"Il Rosatellum bis è legge. Ma come funziona?"
4191:
2659:
2627:
2514:
2314:Barone, Nicola; Gagliardi, A. (8 June 2017).
2158:Italy was divided into 32 electoral regions (
1586:the 4 December 2016 Constitutional Referendum
512:, which was used to tabulate PR votes in the
359:and main proponent of the 2017 electoral law.
8:
2112:minimum threshold for party representation.
1895:Minimum 8% for any party not in a coalition.
1836:Minimum 4% for any party not in a coalition.
2273:
2271:
2035:, led by former head of the Bank of Italy,
1704:The territory of Italy is divided into 100
495:147 are elected in single member districts.
4198:
4184:
4176:
3785:
3640:
3492:
3345:
2691:
2666:
2652:
2644:
1566:
516:, was abolished in the new electoral law.
465:74 are elected in single-member districts.
26:
2552:"Legge elettorale: l'Italicum e la Corte"
2484:deputati, Camera dei (30 December 2020).
2183:Falci, Giuseppe Alberto (10 July 2017).
1898:Minimum 3% for any party in a coalition.
1364:
1164:
1107:
907:
760:
755:
740:
603:
598:
583:
567:In an effort to mitigate fragmentation,
343:
2175:
2070:included 315 elected members, of whom:
1931:'s government to give advantage to his
461:included 200 elected members, of whom:
52:
1649:A few days after, on 8 December 2013,
1540:party-list proportional representation
796:
787:
639:
630:
379:in 2005 and then declared extensively
365:2016 Italian constitutional referendum
363:As a consequence of the result of the
270:, with 37% of seats allocated using a
17:
501:8 are elected by the Italians abroad.
471:4 are elected by the Italians abroad.
262:who first proposed the new law, is a
244:, colloquially known by the nickname
7:
3204:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy
2141:Silvio Berlusconi's first government
2057:First Past the Post electoral system
1945:first past the post electoral system
1515:, a name given to it in 2014 by the
1407:Asia, Africa, Oceania and Antarctica
1150:Asia, Africa, Oceania and Antarctica
272:first-past-the-post electoral system
2531:"Italicum run-off KO'd, bonus OK'd"
2202:Patta, Emilia (21 September 2017).
1427:Law 51/2019 was meant to adapt the
1423:Adaptation to constitutional reform
508:The complicated mechanism known as
487:Following the 2020 referendum, the
410:A later and revised version of the
307:Democratic and Progressive Movement
289:but also by the opposition parties
1681:Main characteristics and operation
422:Main characteristics and operation
217:Presidential Decree n. 361 of 1957
14:
2185:"Ma come funziona il Rosatellum?"
2115:A complicated mechanism known as
301:. Despite many protests from the
219:Legislative Decree n. 533 of 1993
4160:
4159:
4148:
552:which is supported by that list.
3889:Orders, decorations, and medals
2051:The national elections used an
894:Distribution of seats by region
876:
863:
848:
835:
820:
807:
719:
706:
691:
678:
663:
650:
1439:, or little electoral reform.
455:2020 constitutional referendum
332:of 2015, both modified by the
1:
2405:Otto Fiori = (12 June 2019).
1964:Italian electoral law of 1993
1817:each have two, and all other
1773:Italian electoral law of 2005
1507:Italian electoral law of 2015
743:Distribution of seats in the
586:Distribution of seats in the
519:The law also re-introduced a
438:% of seats allocated using a
426:The national elections use a
334:Constitutional Court of Italy
242:Italian electoral law of 2017
21:Italian Electoral Law of 2017
2080:a small, variable number of
1892:Minimum 20% for a coalition.
474:a small, variable number of
3929:Water supply and sanitation
3353:Italian geographical region
3221:Monarchy and the World Wars
3163:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
3049:War of the Sicilian Vespers
2702:Timeline of Italian history
2556:Mondoperaio Edizione Online
2550:Buonomo, Giampiero (2015).
2490:Documentazione parlamentare
2098:Italian Chamber of Deputies
2003:A reform movement known as
1986:proportional representation
1655:stabilized grand coalitions
1519:secretary and subsequently
1358:
1350:
1342:
1334:
1324:
1316:
1308:
1300:
1290:
1282:
1274:
1266:
1256:
1248:
1240:
1232:
1222:
1214:
1206:
1198:
1185:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1101:
1093:
1085:
1077:
1067:
1059:
1051:
1043:
1033:
1025:
1017:
1009:
999:
991:
983:
975:
965:
957:
949:
941:
928:
922:
916:
910:
852:Proportional representation
839:Proportional representation
695:Proportional representation
682:Proportional representation
4299:
3848:Inventions and discoveries
3258:Fall of the Fascist regime
3241:Fourth War of Independence
3199:Expedition of the Thousand
3189:Second War of Independence
2516:LEGGE 6 maggio 2015, n. 52
2147:1946–1993 electoral system
2131:The law also introduced a
1961:
1805:has three constituencies,
1770:
1504:
802:
799:
793:
790:
645:
642:
636:
633:
550:single-member constituency
4283:Electoral reform in Italy
4211:
4206:Electoral system of Italy
4144:
3788:
3643:
3622:Security and intelligence
3495:
3348:
3209:Third War of Independence
3184:First War of Independence
2100:had 630 members, of whom
1569:of 2005, modified by the
1397:North and Central America
1140:North and Central America
776:
767:
619:
610:
491:had 400 members, of whom
230:
216:
41:
25:
3300:Istrian–Dalmatian exodus
3295:Institutional referendum
2053:Additional Member System
2031:, thereupon appointed a
1735:largest remainder method
1637:On 4 December 2013, the
524:was fully implemented).
448:largest remainder method
442:electoral system and 63.
299:Liberal Popular Alliance
280:largest remainder method
266:system, which acts as a
3823:Emigration and diaspora
3032:Guelphs and Ghibellines
3017:the Sardinian Judicates
2033:technocratic government
1990:political fragmentation
1465:and was opposed by the
880:Overseas constituencies
867:Overseas constituencies
723:Overseas constituencies
710:Overseas constituencies
3705:Science and technology
3653:Italian regions by GDP
3454:Marine protected areas
3126:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
2628:
2515:
1998:abrogative referendums
1877:
1874:Senate of the Republic
1861:Senate of the Republic
1668:After the election of
1567:previous electoral law
1469:, until it joined the
1161:Senate of the Republic
782:
773:
762:Senate of the Republic
749:Senate of the Republic
625:
616:
605:Senate of the Republic
592:Senate of the Republic
537:
459:Senate of the Republic
432:parallel voting system
360:
276:Senate of the Republic
268:mixed electoral system
173:Senate of the Republic
86:Senate of the Republic
3904:Public administration
3012:the Holy Roman Empire
2063:of allocating seats.
1868:
1748:Constitutional review
1609:2013 general election
1271:Friuli-Venezia Giulia
1014:Friuli-Venezia Giulia
781:
772:
624:
615:
535:
450:of allocating seats.
347:
282:of allocating seats.
4273:Election legislation
4132:World Heritage Sites
3587:Council of Ministers
3325:Coronavirus pandemic
2723:Currency and coinage
2037:Carlo Azeglio Ciampi
2029:Oscar Luigi Scalfaro
1754:Constitutional Court
1639:Constitutional Court
1571:Constitutional Court
1437:riformina elettorale
899:From 2018 until 2022
580:From 2018 until 2022
4216:1946 (proportional)
3663:Automotive industry
3602:Metropolitan cities
3148:Early Modern period
3121:Kingdom of Sardinia
3072:Italian city-states
2626:Giampiero Buonomo,
2189:Corriere della Sera
2091:electoral threshold
1876:, the upper branch.
1797:Chamber of Deputies
1726:round takes place.
1687:Chamber of Deputies
1563:Chamber of Deputies
1448:Five Stars Movement
1253:Trentino-Alto Adige
996:Trentino-Alto Adige
904:Chamber of Deputies
824:First-past-the-post
811:First-past-the-post
757:Chamber of Deputies
752:
745:Chamber of Deputies
667:First-past-the-post
654:First-past-the-post
600:Chamber of Deputies
595:
588:Chamber of Deputies
569:split-ticket voting
489:Chamber of Deputies
440:first-past-the-post
404:first-past-the-post
357:Chamber of Deputies
287:Popular Alternative
260:Chamber of Deputies
258:(PD) leader in the
234:Current legislation
117:Chamber of Deputies
110:Legislative history
76:Chamber of Deputies
67:Law No. 165 of 2017
3725:Telecommunications
3092:Maritime republics
2358:. 27 October 2017.
2264:. 26 October 2017.
2246:. 12 October 2017.
2125:second ballot (PR)
2121:first ballot (SMD)
1878:
1548:election threshold
1521:head of government
1433:Italian Parliament
783:
774:
741:
626:
617:
584:
538:
361:
303:Five Star Movement
223:Law n. 459 of 2001
36:Italian Parliament
4260:
4259:
4173:
4172:
4140:
4139:
3775:
3774:
3710:Southern question
3630:
3629:
3562:Political parties
3510:Foreign relations
3482:
3481:
3335:
3334:
3056:Kingdom of Naples
3044:Kingdom of Sicily
2228:. 7 October 2017.
2082:senators-for-life
1933:House of Freedoms
1929:Silvio Berlusconi
1742:Erasmus programme
1695:majority assuring
1670:Sergio Mattarella
1659:Silvio Berlusconi
1632:Roberto Giachetti
1534:) provides for a
1532:Silvio Berlusconi
1415:
1414:
1363:
1362:
1158:
1157:
1106:
1105:
891:
890:
734:
733:
575:Graphical summary
476:senators-for-life
428:mixed single vote
377:Silvio Berlusconi
315:Brothers of Italy
238:
237:
225:Law n. 52 of 2015
221:Law n. 53 of 1990
161:215 voted against
96:Sergio Mattarella
4290:
4200:
4193:
4186:
4177:
4163:
4162:
4155:Italy portal
4152:
4151:
4092:National symbols
3786:
3641:
3493:
3346:
3226:Kingdom of Italy
3153:Napoleonic Italy
2692:
2668:
2661:
2654:
2645:
2634:
2631:
2624:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2600:. Archived from
2590:
2584:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2562:on 1 August 2012
2558:. Archived from
2545:
2539:
2538:
2527:
2521:
2518:
2512:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2439:. 9 January 2020
2429:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2411:EcodaiPalazzi.it
2402:
2396:
2395:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2275:
2266:
2265:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2180:
2093:for the Senate.
1984:The nearly pure
1915:, adaptation to
1882:regions of Italy
1813:, Campania, and
1719:preference votes
1565:, replacing the
1536:two-round system
1517:Democratic Party
1493:Previous systems
1473:in August 2019.
1471:Conte II Cabinet
1467:Democratic Party
1444:18th legislature
1365:
1165:
1108:
908:
753:
751:
596:
594:
571:is not allowed.
536:The voting paper
445:
437:
398:After few weeks
381:unconstitutional
353:Democratic Party
256:Democratic Party
203:
202:61 voted against
196:
171:Second chamber:
162:
155:
30:
18:
4298:
4297:
4293:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4288:
4287:
4263:
4262:
4261:
4256:
4207:
4204:
4174:
4169:
4149:
4136:
4107:Public holidays
3938:
3884:Life expectancy
3771:
3626:
3542:Law enforcement
3478:
3331:
3278:
3267:Social Republic
3231:Colonial Empire
3214:Capture of Rome
3167:
3060:
2969:
2862:Ancient peoples
2850:
2787:
2748:Historic states
2706:
2681:
2672:
2642:
2637:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2607:
2605:
2604:on 12 June 2022
2592:
2591:
2587:
2579:
2575:
2565:
2563:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2495:
2493:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2468:
2466:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2442:
2440:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2416:
2414:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2277:
2276:
2269:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2226:HuffPost Italia
2220:
2219:
2215:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2149:
2049:
1982:
1980:Two referendums
1966:
1960:
1909:
1863:
1799:
1775:
1769:
1750:
1683:
1613:grand coalition
1597:
1509:
1503:
1495:
1487:Imperiali quota
1479:
1425:
1420:
901:
896:
742:
739:
585:
582:
577:
530:
443:
435:
424:
342:
264:parallel voting
226:
224:
222:
220:
218:
207:
201:
194:
182:26 October 2017
166:
160:
153:
141:12 October 2017
115:First chamber:
105:3 November 2017
82:Enacted by
72:Enacted by
59:
56:
51:
50:
12:
11:
5:
4296:
4294:
4286:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4265:
4264:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4254:
4245:
4236:
4227:
4218:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4202:
4195:
4188:
4180:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4157:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3948:
3946:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3877:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3789:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3758:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3715:Stock exchange
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3675:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3644:
3638:
3632:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3619:
3617:Municipalities
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3577:Prime Minister
3574:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3496:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3464:Regional parks
3461:
3459:National parks
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3368:Climate change
3360:
3355:
3349:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3286:
3284:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3269:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3233:
3228:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3133:
3131:Duchy of Savoy
3128:
3123:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3068:
3066:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3041:
3039:Lombard League
3036:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2961:Western Empire
2953:
2948:
2946:Roman conquest
2943:
2938:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2867:Italic peoples
2858:
2856:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2698:
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2640:External links
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2356:Internazionale
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2340:. 17 May 2017.
2325:
2320:Il Sole 24 ORE
2306:
2303:. 4 June 2017.
2288:
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2208:Il Sole 24 ORE
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2160:circoscrizioni
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1962:Main article:
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1941:First Republic
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1886:regional basis
1870:Palazzo Madama
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1827:national basis
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1771:Main article:
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1706:constituencies
1697:, thanks to a
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1643:majority bonus
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1544:majority bonus
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1237:Emilia-Romagna
1234:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1216:
1213:
1208:
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1200:
1197:
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1190:
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985:
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980:Emilia-Romagna
977:
974:
968:
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964:
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948:
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481:
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453:Following the
423:
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416:Rosatellum bis
355:leader in the
341:
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236:
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228:
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187:Voting summary
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146:Voting summary
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92:Signed by
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3998:
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3305:Economic Boom
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3248:Fascist Italy
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3194:Niçard exodus
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3008:
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2914:Magna Graecia
2912:
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2898:
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2797:
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2339:
2338:la Repubblica
2335:
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2298:
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2289:
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2280:
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2262:la Repubblica
2259:
2253:
2250:
2245:
2244:la Repubblica
2241:
2235:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2198:
2195:
2190:
2186:
2179:
2176:
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2168:
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2157:
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2129:
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2079:
2076:
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2069:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2047:Electoral law
2046:
2044:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2018:
2017:partitocrazia
2014:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1994:partitocrazia
1991:
1987:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1917:opinion polls
1914:
1906:
1904:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1875:
1871:
1867:
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1720:
1714:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1675:snap election
1671:
1666:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1622:
1621:Monti Cabinet
1618:
1617:Letta Cabinet
1614:
1610:
1605:
1602:
1594:
1592:
1589:
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1579:
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1430:
1422:
1417:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1388:
1387:South America
1385:
1384:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1368:Constituency
1367:
1366:
1356:
1353:
1348:
1345:
1340:
1337:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1322:
1319:
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1141:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1131:
1130:South America
1128:
1127:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1111:Constituency
1110:
1109:
1099:
1096:
1091:
1088:
1083:
1080:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1065:
1062:
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1037:
1031:
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1003:
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986:
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456:
451:
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441:
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429:
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419:
417:
413:
408:
405:
401:
400:Ettore Rosato
396:
394:
390:
385:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
358:
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350:
349:Ettore Rosato
346:
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257:
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252:Ettore Rosato
249:
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243:
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215:
210:
204:
199:
197:
195:214 voted for
192:
191:
189:
185:
181:
177:
174:
169:
163:
158:
156:
154:375 voted for
151:
150:
148:
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128:
127:Ettore Rosato
125:
123:Introduced by
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24:
19:
16:
4278:Law of Italy
4249:
4247:
4240:
4231:
4222:
3992:Architecture
3962:Quattrocento
3919:Social class
3899:Prostitution
3813:Demographics
3735:Trade unions
3678:Central Bank
3520:Human rights
3500:Constitution
3283:Contemporary
3253:World War II
3141:Italian Wars
3065:Early modern
3007:Papal States
2985:Italy under
2931:Ancient Rome
2623:(in Italian)
2618:
2606:. Retrieved
2602:the original
2597:
2588:
2576:
2564:. Retrieved
2560:the original
2555:
2543:
2535:ANSA English
2534:
2525:
2511:(in Italian)
2506:
2494:. Retrieved
2492:(in Italian)
2489:
2479:
2467:. Retrieved
2465:(in Italian)
2462:
2453:
2441:. Retrieved
2436:
2427:
2415:. Retrieved
2413:(in Italian)
2410:
2400:
2391:
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2364:
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2301:Agenzia ANSA
2300:
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2095:
2088:
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2050:
2041:
2021:
2016:
2004:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1983:
1974:party system
1967:
1955:
1949:
1938:
1926:
1913:partitocracy
1910:
1901:
1885:
1879:
1872:, hosts the
1852:
1845:
1842:
1826:
1823:Aosta Valley
1800:
1792:
1787:block voting
1784:
1776:
1764:
1758:
1751:
1739:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1715:
1703:
1694:
1691:Aosta Valley
1684:
1667:
1663:
1654:
1651:Matteo Renzi
1648:
1636:
1628:Enrico Letta
1625:
1606:
1601:closed lists
1598:
1590:
1575:
1560:
1528:Forza Italia
1524:Matteo Renzi
1512:
1510:
1498:
1480:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1441:
1436:
1428:
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1229:Aosta Valley
1160:
1159:
972:Aosta Valley
903:
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761:
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541:candidates.
539:
528:Ballot paper
518:
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486:
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452:
425:
415:
411:
409:
397:
389:Tedeschellum
388:
386:
372:
368:
362:
327:
326:of 2005 and
321:
319:
311:Italian Left
291:Forza Italia
284:
246:
245:
241:
239:
231:
200:
193:
159:
152:
45:
15:
4223:Mattarellum
4057:Italophilia
4017:Coat of arm
3967:Cinquecento
3843:Immigration
3793:Aristocracy
3658:Agriculture
3552:Nationality
3525:LGBT rights
3439:Earthquakes
3320:Mani pulite
3236:World War I
3179:Unification
3172:Late modern
3136:Renaissance
2981:Middle Ages
2974:Middle Ages
2951:Roman Italy
2718:Citizenship
2608:29 December
2133:closed list
2024:Mani pulite
2013:preferences
2009:Mario Segni
1958:(1993–2005)
1956:Mattarellum
1855:Hare method
1767:(2005–2015)
1578:upper house
1501:(2015–2017)
803:Percentage
794:Percentage
646:Percentage
637:Percentage
521:closed list
514:Mattarellum
414:, known as
4267:Categories
4250:Rosatellum
4127:Traditions
4117:Television
4102:Philosophy
4067:Literature
4007:Cathedrals
3977:Settecento
3838:Healthcare
3803:Corruption
3798:Censorship
3557:Parliament
3515:Government
3315:Maxi Trial
3263:Resistance
2992:Ostrogoths
2924:Messapians
2809:Villanovan
2799:Prehistory
2792:Prehistory
2566:26 October
2496:16 January
2469:15 January
2443:15 January
2417:28 October
2171:References
1809:, Veneto,
1744:can vote.
1556:open lists
1530:'s leader
1477:Germanicum
1456:Rosatellum
1452:Rosatellum
1429:Rosatellum
1297:Basilicata
1040:Basilicata
737:Since 2022
434:, with 36.
412:Rosatellum
247:Rosatellum
47:Long title
4232:Porcellum
4087:Mythology
4062:Libraries
3982:Ottocento
3924:Terrorism
3865:Languages
3818:Education
3740:Transport
3690:Companies
3597:Provinces
3567:President
3532:Judiciary
3505:Elections
3417:Volcanoes
3412:Volcanism
3405:Apennines
3390:Mountains
3358:Peninsula
3341:Geography
3272:Civil War
2997:Byzantium
2904:Etruscans
2839:Canegrate
2834:Golasecca
2819:Rinaldone
2814:Terramare
2804:Neolithic
2085:tycoons).
1970:electoral
1907:Criticism
1848:plurality
1765:Porcellum
1546:and a 3%
1538:based on
557:panachage
479:tycoons).
373:Porcellum
351:, former
323:Porcellum
295:Lega Nord
4241:Italicum
4165:Category
4052:Internet
4042:Folklore
3972:Seicento
3957:Trecento
3952:Duecento
3914:Religion
3875:Regional
3853:Italians
3828:Gambling
3720:Taxation
3547:Military
3488:Politics
3290:Republic
3077:Florence
3002:Lombards
2941:Republic
2887:Samnites
2882:Picentes
2824:Apennine
2783:Railways
2763:Military
2711:By topic
2695:Overview
2679:articles
2117:scorporo
1921:scorporo
1807:Piedmont
1803:Lombardy
1779:scorporo
1513:Italicum
1499:Italicum
1347:Sardinia
1331:Calabria
1313:Piedmont
1211:Lombardy
1203:Campania
1090:Sardinia
1074:Calabria
1056:Piedmont
954:Lombardy
946:Campania
747:and the
590:and the
510:scorporo
369:Italicum
329:Italicum
64:Citation
4122:Theatre
4097:Palaces
4077:Museums
4047:Gardens
4032:Fashion
4022:Cuisine
4002:Castles
3944:Culture
3894:Poverty
3870:Italian
3781:Society
3762:Welfare
3730:Tourism
3700:Exports
3668:Banking
3648:Economy
3636:Economy
3592:Regions
3474:Valleys
3444:Islands
3424:Beaches
3395:Prealps
3375:Geology
3363:Climate
3027:Normans
2987:Odoacer
2936:Kingdom
2919:Ligures
2855:Ancient
2829:Nuragic
2778:Postage
2753:Judaism
2743:Genetic
2733:Fashion
2728:Economy
2687:History
2463:rainews
2437:ANSA.it
1819:regions
1699:jackpot
1595:History
1582:regions
1483:AC 2329
1446:by the
1418:Reforms
1339:Liguria
1287:Tuscany
1195:Abruzzo
1186:Region
1180:Region
1174:Region
1168:Region
1082:Liguria
1030:Tuscany
938:Abruzzo
929:Region
923:Region
917:Region
911:Region
797:Method
788:Method
640:Method
631:Method
430:into a
393:Germany
340:History
232:Status:
4248:2017 (
4239:2015 (
4230:2005 (
4221:1993 (
4153:
4027:Design
4012:Cinema
3987:Anthem
3909:Racism
3858:People
3833:Health
3695:Energy
3685:Brands
3612:Comune
3607:Cities
3469:Rivers
3429:Canals
3112:Amalfi
3097:Venice
2956:Empire
2897:Veneti
2872:Latins
2844:Latial
2677:
2068:Senate
1815:Sicily
1711:region
1377:Europe
1371:Seats
1355:Veneto
1321:Umbria
1279:Molise
1263:Apulia
1245:Marche
1219:Sicily
1189:Seats
1183:Seats
1177:Seats
1171:Seats
1120:Europe
1114:Seats
1098:Veneto
1064:Umbria
1022:Molise
1006:Apulia
988:Marche
962:Sicily
932:Seats
926:Seats
920:Seats
914:Seats
800:Seats
791:Seats
643:Seats
634:Seats
457:, the
444:174603
436:825397
313:, and
305:, the
297:, and
254:, the
250:after
212:Amends
179:Passed
138:Passed
102:Signed
4112:Sport
4082:Music
4072:Media
3934:Women
3808:Crime
3673:Banks
3449:Lakes
3434:Caves
3385:Flora
3380:Fauna
3102:Genoa
3087:Milan
3082:Siena
3022:Arabs
2909:Celts
2892:Umbri
2768:Music
2738:Flags
2675:Italy
2374:Today
2005:COREL
1811:Lazio
1709:each
1554:with
1305:Lazio
1048:Lazio
4037:Flag
3767:Wine
3755:road
3750:rail
3581:List
3571:List
3400:Alps
3265:and
3107:Pisa
2877:Osci
2773:Name
2758:LGBT
2610:2016
2568:2017
2498:2021
2471:2021
2445:2021
2419:2019
2096:The
2066:The
1785:The
1463:Lega
958:102
859:61%
856:122
846:61%
843:245
831:37%
818:37%
815:147
702:61%
699:193
689:61%
686:386
674:37%
671:116
661:37%
658:232
240:The
3997:Art
3745:air
3537:Law
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1623:).
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1335:10
1317:22
1309:28
1291:18
1267:20
1241:22
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1086:16
1078:20
1060:45
1052:58
1034:38
1018:13
1010:42
1000:11
992:16
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966:52
950:60
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887:2%
874:2%
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730:2%
717:2%
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1124:5
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