Italian immigration in Rio Grande do Sul

256: 910: 268: 1132:

evolution process, since the 1970s this discourse has been revised and criticized by academics, who have emphasized the intentional aspects of the historical attempts to affirm the elites and the ambiguous and partly artificial features of the process of building sociocultural identities, also showing that several other cultures and ethnicities have actively participated in the growth of the region, especially large groups of newcomers that in some places, in recent decades, have been supplanting the population of Italian origin, bringing other pasts, other cultural bases, other needs, and demanding space and recognition.

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unifying center. She was also necessary for the elementary education of the offspring and for early religious instruction, and had important socializing functions. She was the mediator figure, calming conflicts, facilitating solidarity between generations, and contact between the various groups of settlers. It was also due to the women, especially the grandmothers, the preservation of the family's oral memory, the transmission of traditions, customs, legends, and stories of ancestors' experiences. The patriarchal model was repeated in the urban area as it grew, with its diverse trades and demands.

237:

settlers was cut, and the plots allocated to them were reduced in size and no longer free of charge. With the prohibition of the slave trade in 1850, the slave system faced a labor crisis, and several government attempts to create mechanisms that favored the hiring of free employees achieved little or no results, mainly due to the abusive demands that the landowners included in the contracts, whose terms in many cases differed little from a regime of slavery. Several revolts and protests of settlers were registered due to mistreatment and poor working and living conditions. This news reached

609: 770:, when the Italian culture was repressed by Getúlio Vargas' nationalist program, and the regional production system began to concentrate on industry and commerce. Investments flowed mainly to the rapidly growing cities, increasing the problems in the countryside, whose products - including handicrafts - suffered increasing competition from imported and industrialized goods and became dependent on middlemen for their sales. A good part of those landless children without a defined future ended up taking refuge in the cities and became part of the labor and commercial proletariat. 1136: 562: 826: 723:, and other holy days, were used to gather the entire community. The chapels in many cases gave rise to the formation of new urban centers around them. Generally linked to the administration of the chapels and supported by the public authorities, the first community leaders emerged, in charge of resolving conflicts, organizing collective actions, forwarding complaints to the authorities, and assisting the priests when they visited since the chapels had no resident priest. It was also religion that gave rise to the first artistic expressions within such communities. 1144: 132:, a city that, due to a privileged location, placed itself since the 19th century at the forefront of most of the advances. Today, the former Italian colonial region is densely populated and one of the richest, most dynamic and populous in the state. However, this accentuated and accelerated growth has not occurred without issues such as urban violence, inequality and exclusion of the poor, environmental devastation, inefficient policies, economic and real estate speculation, the lack of popular housing, sanitation, and the precariousness of basic services. 182: 116: 791: 605:, a pigsty, and a chicken coop. Often the kitchen was located in a separate room from the main body, because of the danger of fire, as it kept burning all day. A vegetable garden was also planted, in addition to the main crops. In the second stage, when the situation stabilized, the rustic houses and pavilions of the beginning were replaced by larger and better-equipped facilities, often with external and internal ornaments, of which an important group of stone, masonry, and wood, in various typologies survives. 664: 779: 691: 400: 513: 918: 787:

plots typical of cities, much smaller than the rural plots. As the immigrants were free to choose their lots, those who were not farmers generally preferred to remain in these centers, where they could develop their trades. There was also provision for the formation of several other small urbanized centers dotting the rural landscape, which would function as centers of support, meeting, and exchange for populations farther from the main headquarters.

958: 364:, finding poor survival conditions, and without having, for the most part, their own land, which reproduced the same situation from which they had wanted to flee. Reports from the time bear witness to the discouragement and despair of the newcomers to the coffee plantations, deprived of their own initiative, immobilized by the terms of contracts, unable to rebuild the landscape in a way that resembled their homeland, cooped up in small houses of 20: 557:

homeland had been left because it lacked the perspective of being able to become an owner, as the propaganda said it was possible to become in Brazil, and as, in fact, was happening in Rio Grande do Sul. But the land is nothing without work. The adventures of the trip and the acquisition of the land would have been of little use if it was not plowed. And this required the effort of those who acquired it."

1200:, offered by the Italian government, plaques representing the Italian regions, and the Museum of Italian Immigration and of Grape and Wine. Several other monuments are spread around the state marking and honoring the Italian presence, highlighting the National Monument to the Immigrant in Caxias do Sul, inaugurated in 1954. The Day of the Italian Ethnicity in Rio Grande does Sul is celebrated on May 20. 934:, which in the 1930s was defined in the model in which it is known today. The feast celebrated grapes and wine, at the time the main products of the colonial economy, and romanticized them as a gift from the gods, worked by the virtue of the Italian through millenary traditions. This ideology was an important element in the formation of a rich and influential discourse glorifying the achievements of the 521: 699: 586:

implementation was only completed after many years when the distribution of land and the settlement of the new arrivals was completed. Although there were no insurmountable barriers in the rugged geography of the colonies, and many trails were opened in all directions, for a long time between the main headquarters there were only a few viable paths for passing caravans of cargo or people.

938:, a discourse that was already clearly outlined in the numerous and substantial essays and articles contained in an album commemorating the fiftieth anniversary of immigration in 1925, an event celebrated with grand festivities in the capital and several colonial towns, with the sponsorship of the high business community, the state and Italian governments, and with the blessings of the 858: 574: 71:

the 20th century. Meanwhile, they created a new culture, adapting their millenary traditions to a new environment. In the cities, the economy was widely diversified. A wealthy elite was formed, which promoted an erudite culture, founded associations and clubs, and lived in urban palaces, supported by a mass of marginalized proletarians, many of them coming from the countryside.

2669: 342: 2657: 1022: 2713: 818:(former Fourth Colony). However, Bento Gonçalves had its development hindered until 1917 when it was connected to the state railroads, and Antônio Prado, which was envisioned by the government to become the head of the region, ended up stagnating due to the detour of a fundamental road for the interconnection between that area and northern Brazil. It passed through 2787: 1096: 104:, was beginning. If until the 1940s Italians rarely considered themselves Brazilians, and everything that referred to their rural roots and the old distant homeland was a source of pride, it was now necessary to create a new identity, one that would be fully integrated into "Brazilianness". This "official" Brazilianness prescribed for the colonial region being 2645: 544:

comforts, such as a bigger house and better equipment, besides favoring the birth of the first handcraft manufactures and small industries that processed the rural production. Moreover, the experience of the effective possession of their plots, even if of only a few hectares, would prove to define an entire culture to be created in the

464:, an important commercial warehouse and a support center for travelers. From there the trip would be made in caravans, usually on foot or on the backs of donkeys, led by experienced guides, up the rugged mountains of the Northeast, to another reception pavilion located in the 1st Legua of the Caxias Colony, in the place today called 1060: 1083:. In it was done a mapping, unprecedented for its comprehensiveness and detail, of the activity of the Italians and their descendants in a long list of cities where they left their marks in the most diverse domains. Also not forgotten was the passing but powerful presence of other Italians such as Tito Livio Zambeccari and 889:

associations, trade associations, lay religious circles, political party directories, and above all by the creation of social, sports, cultural and recreational clubs. In these places ideas, philosophies, and ways of life were debated, being important disseminating centers of cultural, ideological, and social trends.

1013:"The regional community was severely tested. The settlers, by being forbidden to speak in public places, were also deprived of leaving their homes, selling their products and buying others, holding and attending parties, of singing. This amounts to a confiscation of the exercise of communal life and sociability." 280:

paid for by the government; the settler would receive help for the construction of his first house and for their first crops, with seeds, basic equipment, and some materials, as well as a cash. Medical and religious care was also planned. The government desired to attract up to 350,000 German, Swiss, and

1107:

The legend of the immigrant and his descendants, since the 1970s, has generated a vast literature, which continues to grow, and has led to the formation of several research groups in universities, exclusively focused on the study of this theme in its various expressions and developments, and has also

1078:

When the fiftieth anniversary of immigration was celebrated in 1925, the state government organized an exhibition in Porto Alegre, bringing the best agro-industrial and artistic products from the colonies, being a success, and at the same time published a substantial collection of critical essays and

1050:

festivals, economic missions, and art exhibitions. This movement stimulated the awakening of academic interest in the subject of Italian immigration and colonization in the state and gave rise to the foundation of museums and archives, Italian cultural associations, the construction of monuments, and

532:

Few were the peasant owners in 19th century Italy, with medieval traditions, where land ownership meant power, prestige, wealth, and nobility. There are many accounts from the first settlers about the hardships and isolation they experienced in the early days. Everything was still to be done, and the

333:

and politicians of the time show that the Italian population was lost within the newly unified and still unstable nation, "they were not citizens to help and defend, but impertinent peasants who with their misery and ignorance offend the Fatherland," so that protectionist measures were few, hesitant,

762:

Despite the significant success of rural production, over the years other problems began to surface. The Italians commonly transferred all the land to one of the sons, usually the youngest, who was left to take care of the parents in their old age. At times the plots were divided among siblings, but

659:

This hierarchical and patriarchal system of family production would be continued into the 20th century when survival in the face of a wilderness was no longer an urgent threat. The woman had a subordinate role, which, although little recognized, was essential as a partner in work and as the family's

556:

identity and served to place the immigrant in front of a dilemma: either he fought with all his strength to survive, or he would be carried away by the harshness of life in those early days. Challenged, he reworked a world of values, in which property, thrift, and work occupied dominant places. The

407:

Around 1874, the Italians in São Paulo were already exceeding the capacity of the coffee plantations. Thus, in 1875 the imperial government took over the Conde d'Eu and Dona Isabel colonies to accommodate this population without a certain destination, and soon the first families were settled. In the

368:

lent by the bosses, and constrained to a submission that had to be expressed with gratitude, for the "kindness of the bosses in getting them out of their misery and giving them work". Many rebelled against such conditions of exploitation and oppression or abandoned the countryside seeking the cities

337:

Most of those who went to Brazil were not only looking for the chance to prosper but were mainly driven by the idea of becoming landowners. Legends about fantastic creatures and immeasurable riches were taken as fact by the simplest people, who became the target of recruiting agents, who fed the old

312:

As it was being implemented, this process was releasing a surplus of labor that the late industrialization of countries like Italy and Germany, for example, was unable to absorb. This, coupled with a population growth never seen before, such as that which occurred in the nineteenth century, when the

95:

In the 1950s, after the repression, a process of reconciliation of the Italians and their descendants with the Brazilians began as well as a wide transition, not only to a new economic model but also regarding customs. A phase of rapid loss of traditions and systematic destruction of evidence of the

1017:

The repercussions of this large-scale censorship were profound and long-lasting, although the government from the 1950s on sought to rescue the Italian contribution to the nation's growth in a general modernization campaign. Partly because of repression, many traditions disappeared, the use of the

954:

success in the state in a few years, understood as the main stage for ideological, identity and community representations of "Italianness", receiving collaborators and exhibitors from all over the colonial region and the approval of distinguished Portuguese-Brazilian intellectuals and politicians.

905:

At the same time, immigration was responsible for a significant change in the ethnic profile of the state. If in the 1872 census, there were 59.4% whites, 18.3% blacks, and 16.4% mestizos, in 1890 there were 70.17% whites, 8.68% blacks, and 15.80% mestizos. This progress caught the attention of the

897:

In the 1920s, the great contribution of the Italian cities and colonies to the development of Rio Grande do Sul was evident. Statistics gathered in this decade pointed to accelerated economic growth: While the seven main colonies made up only 2.4% of the territory and accounted for only 7.9% of the

539:

trees covered the landscape, the roads were simple trails opened in the forest that became impassable on rainy days, the promised official help was not as consistent as desired, and the first years in the colony invariably meant constant exhausting work from which not even the children were spared,

236:

The first stage of German colonization was considered a success, and there was a desire to repeat the mobilization. However, the social, political, and economic context of the nation changed and frustrated the plans. The Germans began to experience difficulties as early as 1830 when funding for the

74:

Despite the inequalities that soon manifested themselves in colonial society, since the early twentieth century the signs of progress became evident, a "work ethic" guided customs, and an apologetic discourse was articulated around the alleged qualities of the Italian, presenting them as civilizing

70:

The project faced many difficulties and periods of tension and social turbulence but was generally successful. The immigrants founded several cities and significantly increased rural production, making the Italian colonial zone economically the second most important in the state by the beginning of

471:

Despite several difficulties, the initiative was successful, leading to the formation of new settlement centers. Official statistics point to the entry of more than one and a half million Italians throughout Brazil between 1819 and 1940. It is estimated that 76,168 of them settled in Rio Grande do

279:

In 1867, in face of the poor results of the colonizing program, the government legislated again, restoring some of the initial advantages and creating others. Now the rural lot could be paid off in ten years, with a two-year grace period; travel within the country to the final destination would be

58:

Immigration began is a smaller scale and spontaneously between the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th, gaining intensity in the period from 1875 to 1914, when, through a colonizing program of the Brazilian government, eighty to one hundred thousand Italian immigrants entered the

888:

and other artistic details, replacing the primitive urban landscape composed of small and rustic dwellings. The colonial matrices were also replaced by more solid and imposing buildings, sometimes decorated with refinement. Socialization was intensified by the foundation of a series of mutual aid

295:

continent. They came mostly from the countryside, where their families had generally never been property owners having a long history of servitude. They ended up piled up in the cities in generally subhuman conditions and even those who were mostly property owners had been impoverished by steeply

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The government foresaw the evolution of the rural colonies into cities, and in the blueprints of the projects an area was delimited for the formation of an urban headquarter, which should concentrate the colonial administration, commerce, and services such as medical and religious services, with

543:

However, the land was fertile, with good water and a mild climate. Soon the surpluses started to be traded, reaching as far as Porto Alegre, fulfilling the government's objectives to increase domestic supply, and generating an income for the settlers that could be reinvested, providing the first

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The sea voyage lasted a month or more, made on overcrowded ships, where conditions were poor. The immigrants were also poorly clothed, and faced precarious hygiene, although most accounts state they were given much better and more abundant food than they had access to in their former homes. They

953:

The 1930s were difficult for the peasants and the proletarianized urban workers, but still, they participated in the apotheosis. They joined the parades of floats of the Festa da Uva, with their tools and work clothes under the frenzied applause of the visiting crowd. The feast became a tourist

1131:

The patriotic ideology cultivated since the beginning of the 20th century, despite having encountered setbacks in its trajectory, is still present in popular culture and official propaganda, perpetuating myths and stereotypes. However, given the complexity and contradictions of the colonies'

585:

The colonies were divided into long lots with a narrow frontage facing a trail, which allowed the movement of people and cargo between the properties, forming a dense road network. This network extended throughout the territory of the colonies and interconnected them, although its practical

334:

late and had little effect. The role of the Italian authorities consisted of advising the emigrants, acting most vigorously in a few problematic individual cases, and leaving in practice all recruitment, transfer and settlement to the international shipowners and Brazilian imperial agents.

710:

In rural life, in particular, religion exerted a central influence on customs and the organization of daily life, and one of the main complaints in the early days was the scarcity of priests, forcing many lay people to take on liturgical functions. The feasts of the chapel's patron saint,

313:

population of Europe increased two and a half times, the advance of technology, which allowed tasks previously performed by man to be performed by machines, and the unprecedented improvements in transportation, made available to the market a horde of landless and unemployed peasants

632:

today esteemed for its originality and beauty. Clothing was also adapted to new ways of working and a different climate, the cuisine absorbed native plants and animals and indigenous and local dishes, and the language received influence from Portuguese and various Italian

853:

linked to colonization was established, which encouraged the maintenance of a distinctiveness based on ethnicity, "where "Italianness" is observed as a sense of belonging based on an origin that historically dialogued with various periods of regional and national life."

739:, invited by the state government, to improve the quality of the product and make it more competitive, fight fakes and middlemen, diversify production with fine grape varieties and intensify the exchange of experiences among producers, but it ultimately failed. 1018:

language declined sharply, and the concern with preserving the testimonies of the past dissolved. In this process of forced "Brazilianment", significant parts of the oral memory, of the traditional techniques and uses, and the artistic heritage were lost.

166:. But they were often ephemeral presences, itinerating through different American regions. Their presence remained extremely reduced until the beginning of the 19th century, when the population of newcomers began to increase, settling mainly in the capital 929:

Since the end of the XIX century, several local and regional fairs had been organized, where the most typical products of each area were exposed to stimulate commerce and exchange of experiences among the producers. The most notable of these fairs is the

87:

and culture of the region. In this period the emphasis on production also changed, industry and commerce assumed primacy, and those who had remained in the countryside suffered the consequences of the decline of the agricultural sector, starting a great

1343:

Iotti, Luiza Horn (1999). Dal Bó, Juventino; Iotti, Luiza Horn; Machado, Maria Beatriz Pinheiro (eds.). "Imigração Italiana e Estudos Ítalo-Brasileiros — Anais do Simpósio Internacional sobre Imigração Italiana e IX Fórum de Estudos Ítalo-Brasileiros".

443:. Usually badly housed; many slept in the streets and were systematically robbed, cheated, and extorted by swindlers and corrupt officials. However, the accounts are not always the same, and for several groups, the boarding was quick and uncomplicated. 687:, monarchists, and traditionalists, continued to exert influence in Brazil, having as a result waves of protests and violent conflicts in several communities. On the other hand, this served as a powerful unifying link between the divergent groups. 742:

Most Italians would remain in the countryside for at least two generations, benefiting from the technological and scientific advances that significantly improved their living conditions and facilitated rural production, such as the improvement of

451:

or Santos, where they were temporarily placed in a pavilion awaiting referral. If diseases were suspected, which was common, they were quarantined. If they did not go to São Paulo, they went south in smaller ships, until they reached the capital

496:), and about 75% were farmers. In 1914, the government formalized the closure of the state-subsidized colonizing program, but many would still come. In the 1920s, several waves of settlers in Rio Grande do Sul began to move to the states of 296:

rising taxes and competition with the large landowners, getting into debt and needing to sell their land. Those who were still in the countryside had their harsh condition hardened. The depression did not only affect Italy, but many other

597:(the domestic fire) was, and one more living room, one or two bedrooms, and an attic as storage or additional sleeping quarters. There was usually a basement for a domestic canteen and storage room. Next to the house, there would be a 1041:

government. A new commemorative album was published reiterating the importance of the Italians for the growth of the state, and a series of parallel activities were organized, such as lectures and conferences, musical performances,

902:; they raised the largest pig herd in Brazil, and maintained about 40% of the state's industries. Other indicators showed a birth rate two to three times the state average, the lowest mortality rates, and almost non-existent crime. 731:, which by this time were collectively the largest wine producer in Brazil, having won many national and international awards. But the wine industry was in a chronic crisis and profits were oscillating. At this time a large-scale 468:, from where they would be distributed to the other colonies demarcated by the government. There was a high mortality rate on the trips and in this period of moving and first settlement, especially among children and the elderly. 869:, promoted a rich intellectual and cultural flourishing of the erudite profile, which besides expressing the evolution of aesthetic customs and ideologies, was also evidence of material success and a form of social affirmation. 224:

labor force, the goal was to create a stable rural population of free men who owned small plots of land, settled on unclaimed land, which could improve the usually precarious internal supply of basic consumer products, and help

318: 656:, were later left mainly to the woman and her daughters and sons, who were used to the hard work from a young age. As their survival depended only on them, families tended to be numerous to create more arms for work. 123:

of 1934. Sitting: Odila Zatti, the Queen. Standing: Carmen Hippolito, Ivone Paganelli, and Ilka Fontoura. The queens and their court became true ambassadors of Italian culture in the state, playing this role to this

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their small size soon posed an impediment to successive divisions. The disinherited had to leave in search of other placements, starting a population exodus to new colonies that were emerging or to other states.

726:

By the beginning of the 20th century, the colonial area had established a thriving economic activity, becoming one of the main producing centers in the state. Although very diversified, production was led by the

472:

Sul between 1824 and 1914, and that up to 100,000 Italians entered the state in this period, about 10% of them spontaneously emigrating in good economic conditions, or displaced from groups previously settled in

2410:

Burgos, Mirtia Suzana (2005). "Jogos tradicionais e legado histórico dos descendentes italianos em Caxias do Sul, Relvado e Santa Maria - RS". In Mazo, Janice Zarpellon; Reppold Filho, Alberto Reinaldo (eds.).

1192:, where the immigrants' main reception headquarter used to be, the Italian Immigration Park was created in 1975. At the site, there is a monument to the immigrants, created by Carlos Tenius, a replica of the 1896:

Zanini, Maria Catarina Chitolina; Santos, Miriam de Oliveira (2009). "Especificidades da Identidade de descendentes de italianos no sul do Brasil: breve análise das regiões de Caxias do Sul e Santa Maria".

976:

regime toward the cultural and ethnic homogenization of the Brazilian population, the context changed. In the name of eradicating the undesirable "racial cysts that imprudently formed in Rio Grande do Sul,

304:, for example, the descriptions of the places where immigrants lived and the promiscuity in which they were forced to live due to poverty are good examples of the repercussion of the economic crisis on the 178:. They were mainly engaged in commerce, but journalists, politicians, artists, teachers, industrialists, and other professionals also arrived. Many of these founded families which are still flourishing. 2551:

Strassburger, Nandri Cândida; Teixeira, Paulo Roberto; Michelin, Rita L (November 2012). "Roteiro Caminhos de Pedra - Bento Gonçalves - RS: análise do número de visitantes no período de 1997 a 2011".

671:, a typical representative of colonial sacred buildings. Generally, the first chapels were made out of wood. Most of them were replaced in the early 20th century by masonry buildings like this one. 628:

they lived scattered and isolated in family units on each lot, in houses that differed from those they knew both in form and uses and materials. From this developed a whole tradition of vernacular

338:

stories about Cocanha, a land of fabulous wealth, located it in Brazil, where there would be an easy fortune, where they would realize their dream of being free, rich, and, finally, also masters.

906:

state authorities as well as the Italian authorities, who after a period of denying their responsibility for the population flight, were now eager to re-establish contact with the expatriate.

806:

of the land, which would later give rise to urbanization problems. Some very quickly grew into dynamic and well-organized villages, with schools, churches, and other public buildings, such as

241:, causing a wave of indignation. The result was that the Germans and Swiss could no longer easily be persuaded to immigrate, and by mid-century only about 30,000 new immigrants arrived. 675:

Coming from different Italian regions, many groups barely understood each other, and the political and ideological conflicts they had brought from Europe, especially of the liberals,

1852:

Herédia, Vania Beatriz Merlotti; Machado, Maria Abel (2001). "Associação dos Comerciantes: Uma Forma de Organização dos Imigrantes Europeus nas Colônias Agrícolas no Sul do Brasil".

291:

was going through a crisis, and a consideralbe part of the population, very poor and ravaged by famine, epidemics, as well as a long series of wars, was beginning its flight to the

435:

tribes still lived there, which had been eradicated or expelled to make it possible for the colonists to settle there. They embarked after days or weeks of waiting at the quays of

376:, the original idea of creating productive small farms for free men was maintained. After creating four new German colonies, in 1869, the provincial government requested from the 1598:

Posenato, Júlio (2004). "A Arquitetura do Norte da Itália e das Colônias Italianas de Pequena Propriedade no Brasil". In Bellotto, Manoel Lelo; Martins, Neide Marcondes (eds.).

67:

the population, and establish a productive system based on small farms, with a free and landowning labor force that could supply the internal market with agricultural products.

1171: 216:. In 1824, Germans became the preferred population in a program to create colonies in Rio Grande do Sul. The project was revolutionary: At a time when a system of large-scale 872:

In the first decades of the 20th century, in the main colonial cities, there were newspapers, movie theaters, theaters, orchestras, theatrical and lyrical groups, literary

255: 2603: 2009: 1185:, and the historical itinerary Caminhos de Pedra in Bento Gonçalves have also been declared by the government as a Historical and Cultural Heritage of Rio Grande do Sul. 909: 1804:

Santos, Sandro Rogério dos (2014). "Stefano Paternó e a Construção do Empreendedorismo Cooperativo na Serra Gaúcha". In Ruggiero, Antonio de; Fay, Claudia Musa (eds.).

1432:

Miriam de Oliveira, Santos; Zanini, Maria Catarina C (2013). "As Festas da Uva de Caxias do Sul, RS (Brasil) : Historicidade, mensagens, memórias e significados".

644:

The man was the leader of the family and distributed the functions of each member. He, the "boss-father," and his older sons were responsible for the heavier work of

267: 1071:

The Italians were not only present in the typical colonial regions. Hundreds of Italians circulated the state since the early nineteenth century, concentrated in

392:) were founded. It was intended to introduce 40,000 German settlers in ten years, but fewer than 4,000 candidates were enrolled, a large part was not German, but 2235:

Menegotto, Kenia Maria; Espeiorin, Vagner Adilio (September 2010). "Identidade e Retórica em Tempo de Festa da Uva: A Memória Recontada pela Imprensa Regional".

1964:

Truda, Francisco de Leonardo (2000). "L'influenza etnica, sociale ed economica della colonizzazione italiana nel Rio Grande del Sud". In Cichero, Lorenzo (ed.).

2826: 2392: 2302:

Branchi, Ana Lia Dal Pont (2015). "A etnização em Caxias do Sul: a construção da narrativa da "diversidade" no desfile da Festa Nacional da Uva de 2014".

2701: 201: 2913: 1556: 2567: 1533:

Maestri, Mário (1999). "A travessia e a mata: memória e história". In Dal Bó, Juventino; Iotti, Luiza Horn; Machado, Maria Beatriz Pinheiro (eds.).

1214: 838: 1178: 75:

heroes, creators of wealth, and models of virtue. This enthusiasm, supported and encouraged by the native officialdom, was interrupted during the

1535:

Imigração Italiana e Estudos Ítalo-Brasileiros — Anais do Simpósio Internacional sobre Imigração Italiana e IX Fórum de Estudos Ítalo-Brasileiros

128:

The practical reflex of the modernizing program was the intense growth of the industrial sector, with the development of a pole concentrated in

3205: 2918: 1738:

Corrêa, Marcelo Armellini (June 2015). "Antes católicos, depois austríacos e enfim italianos: a identidade católica dos imigrantes trentinos".

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and hygiene, and the introduction of electricity and mechanization in farming. They grew a variety of grains, vegetables, and fruit trees, but

822:, allowing the almost intact preservation of its historical center. This city, thus, assumed a clear regional protagonism from the beginning. 2821: 2585: 807: 566: 389: 1154:

Still, it is a consensus that Italians left an important legacy on multiple spheres; in crafts, architecture, economy, politics, festivals,

1103:, a work by Pietro Stangherlin at the Farroupilha ("Ragamuffin") Sanctuary, the center of one of the most traditional pilgrimages in Brazil. 552:"The governmental abandonment of the early days, with all its negative aspects, was, however, one of the reasons for the maintenance of the 548:, where a narrative of success and self-glorification of long and wide influence would be established. In the words of De Boni & Costa, 2971: 1944:

Gobbato, Celeste (2000). "Il colono italiano ed il suo contributo nello sviluppo dell'industria riograndense". In Cichero, Lorenzo (ed.).

1500:

XIII Seminário nacional de Literatura, História e Memória e IV Congresso Internacional de Pesquisas em Letras no Contexto Latino Americano

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total population, they were responsible for about 60% of the total grain production, 30% of wheat production, 25% of beans, potatoes, and

1580:

Todt, Viviane; Thum, Adriane Brill; Pessin, Alexandre (2014). "Diferença entre Projeto e Implantação - Colônia de Alfredo Chaves, 1884".

3250: 3123: 3054: 1234: 2533: 3245: 3091: 950:

based on land, ethnicity, labor, morality, and religion, decanting the immigrant from his humble rural origins to a civilizing agent.

24: 581:. The setting is original, but not its objects, which are of various origins. The kitchen was the settlers' main family living space. 154:

in the area today, defined by the limits of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, is attested at least since the 17th century when several

2428:"Território, cultura e identidade dos colonizadores italianos no Rio Grande do Sul: uma análise da Serra Gaúcha e da Quarta Colônia" 2125:

Kemmerich, Ricardo; Cruz, Jorge Alberto Soares (2019). "A quarta colônia e a manutenção da identidade, memoria e cultura regional".

1834:

Santos, Sandro Rogério dos (2011). "A Construção do Cooperativismo em Caxias do Sul: cooperativa vitivinícola Aliança (1931-2011)".

1725:

Paz, Itália, Jesus: uma identidade para imigrantes italianos e seus descendentes: o papel do jornal Correio Riograndense (1930-1945)

829:

The influential Prince of Naples Mutual Aid Society of Caxias, incorporated for the celebration of the birthday of its patron, King

408:

same year a new area was delimited, the Colônia Fundos de Nova Palmira, renamed in 1877 as Colônia Caxias (origin of Caxias do Sul,

2518:

Andrade, Andrei (18 March 2016). "Nos 140 anos de São Romédio, moradores da primeira comunidade de Caxias compartilham memórias".

2068:

Caon, Marcelo (2010). "Memória e Cidade: o processo de preservação do patrimônio histórico edificado em Caxias do Sul 1974-1994".

1177:

The São Romédio Chapel in Caxias do Sul, located in the place where the first organized community of Italians was formed, the

3240: 3156: 3108: 2992: 2694: 2253:

Puhl, Paula Regina; Donato, Aline Streck (2013). "Uva, Cor, Ação! A Cobertura da Festa da Uva pela RBS TV de Caxias do Sul".

540:

such was the pressure to survive. As slave labor was forbidden in the colony, all activities were carried out by the family.

1079:

informative and statistical articles about the Italian presence in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, in two volumes, entitled

736: 200:

In this period Italian immigration was still spontaneous, as the official interests were focused elsewhere. Soon after the

2883: 830: 456:, where they unloaded and waited to be transferred to another pavilion. From Porto Alegre, by boat, they would follow the 3179: 2679: 2635: 865:

With the collaboration of a class of public servants, this elite, which included some large fortunes, as was the case of

461: 2987: 1135: 825: 811: 608: 432: 385: 230: 141: 1143: 1819:

Picolotto, Everton Lazzaretti (2011). "As Mãos que Alimentam a Nação: agricultura familiar, sindicalismo e política".

2468: 561: 181: 1758:"Imigrantes italianos no Brasil meridional: práticas sociais e culturais na conformação das comunidades coloniais" 329:, between 1830 and 1930, more than 50 million people left their homes in search of the American dream. Texts from 115: 2751: 2687: 1009:

in public was forbidden, and several cases of violence and arrests of Italians were recorded. As Ribeiro stated:

431:

The Italian colonial zone was originally covered by virgin forest, with a few sparse stretches of field. Several

790: 1493:"O Paese di Cuccagna e a Phantasieinsel: a construção do imaginário popular dos imigrantes alemães e italianos" 233:. In addition, this population would constitute a military reserve force for use in eventual border conflicts. 1645:"O papel da mulher na reprodução social da família, um estudo de caso com descendentes de imigrantes europeus" 2318: 1174:(IPHAN) as a Brazilian Cultural Reference, being included in the National Inventory of Linguistic Diversity. 837:

For Santos & Zanini, "similarities can be found between the colonization of Caxias do Sul and cities of

1672:

Bertussi, Paulo Iroquez (1987). "Elementos de Arquitetura da Imigração Italiana". In Weimer, Günter (ed.).

3163: 2766: 1100: 986: 913:

Cover of a publication commemorating the fiftieth anniversary of Italian immigration in Rio Grande do Sul.

846: 663: 497: 448: 2216:

Zanini, Maria Catarina C.; Santos, Mirian de O. (2010). "As memórias da Imigração no Rio Grande do Sul".

533:

nature of the region was rough, with a rugged terrain and a largely stony soil. A thick forest of thorny

2903: 778: 690: 145: 1394:

Alvin, Zuleika (2010). "Imigrantes: a vida privada dos pobres do campo". In Novais, Fernando A. (ed.).

2843: 2746: 1557:"A formação de roteiro turístico-cultural e a estrutura urbana regional: estudo da Serra Gaúcha (RS)" 361: 2053:

Museu Municipal de Caxias do Sul. (1993). "A cidade ficou igual a tantas outras... As diferenças?".

384:

were granted in the northeast of the province, where the colonies Conde d'Eu (currently the city of

3151: 3066: 3041: 3014: 2997: 2961: 2893: 2888: 2868: 2863: 2858: 2776: 1492: 877: 399: 271:

Immigrants in the central courtyard of the Hospedaria dos Imigrantes (Immigrants' Guest House) in

3133: 3019: 3007: 2930: 2923: 2853: 2811: 2801: 2449: 1613:

Filippon, Maria Isabel (2007). "A Casa do Imigrante Italiano: A Linguagem do Espaço de Habitar".

1473: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1209: 1193: 1084: 250: 3029: 2191:"Mal di Paese: as reelaborações de um vêneto imaginário na ex-colônia de Conde D'eu (1884-1925)" 1628:

Herédia, Vania Beatriz Merlotti; Giron, Loraine Slomp (2006). "Identidade, Trabalho e Turismo".

512: 428:) was created. These four colonies formed the main nuclei of Italian colonization in the state. 2444: 2427: 917: 884:. The large masonry mansions multiplied, and the wooden ones were enlarged and ornamented with 3081: 3034: 3024: 2966: 2956: 2951: 2935: 2908: 2898: 2878: 2838: 2816: 2806: 2771: 2756: 2741: 2736: 2731: 1064: 982: 957: 716: 625: 624:, adapting it to a new setting and a new context. Formerly gathered in community villages, in 501: 373: 221: 43: 2340:

Souza, Raquel Eleonora (2016). "O legado estético da colonização italiana no sul do Brasil".

3184: 3074: 3049: 3002: 2873: 2833: 2717: 2439: 2372: 2361:"Familismo e Ética do Trabalho: O Legado dos Imigrantes Italianos para a Cultura Brasileira" 2198: 1769: 1700: 1652: 1463: 1125: 815: 653: 652:, clearing the woods, and opening crops, which, along with the vegetable gardens and animal 425: 377: 84: 63:, and wars in Italy, and lived as farmers. The program aimed to populate demographic voids, 1166:, ways of working, understanding the world, living and relating, and acting in groups. The 1067:

in Porto Alegre, which was a meeting place for politicians, intellectuals, and businessmen.

589:

The organization of the farm was simple and practical. A rustic wooden house, sometimes of

356:

However, most of the Italians never materialized their wishes, having been directed to the

3061: 2761: 2289:

Bendito é o Fruto: Festa da Uva e identidade entre os descendentes de imigrantes italianos

2274:

Bendito é o Fruto: Festa da Uva e identidade entre os descendentes de imigrantes italianos

1996:

Bendito é o Fruto: Festa da Uva e identidade entre os descendentes de imigrantes italianos

1657: 1644: 881: 767: 684: 668: 413: 365: 284:

settlers, but this did not happen. By 1875 only 19,000 new settlers arrived in the state.

1170:

dialect was declared a cultural heritage of the state, and in 2014 was recognized by the

1037:

were promoted by the government and the colonial municipalities, with the support of the

2038:

Maestri, Mário (2014). "A Lei do Silêncio: história e mitos da imigração ítalo-gaúcha".

300:

countries. According to Zuleika Alvin, "for some expelling countries, such as Italy and

3221: 3118: 3086: 2848: 2649: 1167: 1006: 638: 260: 226: 213: 193: 64: 19: 964:

issued in favor of Ema Panigas Artico authorizing her to travel from Caxias do Sul to

3234: 3113: 3101: 3096: 2673: 2453: 1477: 1396:

História da Vida Privada no Brasil. Vol. 3, República: da Belle Époque à Era do Rádio

1026: 965: 866: 819: 676: 578: 525: 417: 409: 381: 186: 129: 101: 28: 2377: 2360: 1774: 1757: 1705: 1688: 3200: 2661: 1468: 1451: 1309:

Costa, Rovílio; De Boni, Luís Alberto (2000). "Os Italianos no Rio Grande do Sul".

1139:

São Romédio Chapel in Caxias do Sul, historical and cultural heritage of the state.

1109: 1072: 998: 961: 931: 922: 629: 620:

in rural communities, which transformed the traditional heritage they brought from

520: 453: 380:

the concession of more vacant lands for another two. The following year, 32 square

167: 120: 97: 89: 80: 978: 457: 272: 782:

Plan of the Conde d'Eu Colony. In the dark area, the colony's urban headquarters.

2319:"O legado arquitônico da imigração italiana no Rio Grande do Sul: o Moinho Moro" 1189: 1182: 1148: 990: 947: 850: 732: 698: 680: 465: 421: 217: 209: 109: 1452:"A história da imigração italiana no Rio Grande do Sul em álbuns comemorativos" 857: 2176: