712:, who replaced Marshal Badoglio as viceroy of Italian East Africa in May 1936 was short-tempered and inclined to violence and atrocities multiplied under his administration. Following a failed attack against Addis Ababa by rebels on 28 July 1936, he had the archbishop of Dessie, whom he suspected of being behind the attack shot the same afternoon. All resisting Ethiopians were declared "bandits" and he ordered that they be shot on capture. Mussolini approved the decision but requested that the order be kept secret. Following the defeat of rebels led by Ras Desta in the western part of the country in late December 1936, he had 1,600 rebel troops who surrendered summarily executed by firing squads. Villages that had been friendly to Desta were burned to the ground and women and children shot. Desta and other captured rebel leaders were executed in February 1937.
1148:
737:
724:, went on a rampage of murder and destruction throughout Addis Ababa. By the end of 1937 more than 5,000 people had been executed for alleged crimes related to the attempt against Graziani, and a total of 19,200 to 30,000 civilians were killed. Among the dead were virtually all the young educated Ethiopians the Italians could lay their hands on and all the officers and cadets of the Holeta Military Academy. The Italian viceroy had hermits, soothsayers and travelling minstrels rounded up and executed. Convinced that the high clergy had known about the plot, he had many executed. In May 1937, he ordered 297 monks of the monastery of
70:
1062:
937:
1272:
1265:
237:
3120:
991:
1238:
1231:
553:
56:
497:
701:
581:
525:
818:), dams and hydroelectric plants were built, and many public and private companies were established in the underdeveloped country. The most important were: "Compagnie per il cotone d'Etiopia" (Cotton industry); "Cementerie d'Etiopia" (Cement industry); "Compagnia etiopica mineraria" (Minerals industry); "Imprese elettriche d'Etiopia" (Electricity industry); "Compagnia etiopica degli esplosivi" (Armament industry); "Trasporti automobilistici (Citao)" (Mechanic & Transport industry).
822:
2762:
262:
945:
1190:, which when completed will be the largest dam and hydroelectric plant in Africa. As the Italian engineers had helped to build the first railway from Addis Ababa to Djibouti in the past, the Ethiopian government has contracted them again to expand the railroad network along with India and China. For the last 20 years, Italy has continued to be among the top 5 trading partners with Ethiopia and a major investor in the Ethiopian economy.
1126:
3463:
398:, signed in 1942, confirmed Ethiopia's status as a sovereign state, although some regions of Ethiopia were temporarily placed under British control. In December 1944, a new agreement led to the restoration of full sovereignty to Ethiopia, although the British continued to control the Ogaden until 1955. Under the
589:
Some territories of the defeated
Kingdom of Ethiopia were added to Italian Eritrea and Italian Somalia inside the AOI. This was not just since they were mainly populated by Eritreans and Somalis respectively, but also as a reward for their colonial soldiers who fought in the Italian Army against the
932:
These diesel trains were able to reach 70 km/h and cutting time travel in half to just 18 hours: they were used until the mid-1960s. At the main stations there were some bus connections to the other cities of
Italian Ethiopia not served by the railway. Additionally, a special fire-control unit
1298:
On 5 May 1936 the capital Addis Ababa was captured by the
Italians: on 22 May three new stamps showing the King of Italy were issued. Four further values inscribed "ETIOPIA" were issued on 5 December 1936. After that date, the stamps were issued with the name "Africa Orientale Italiana" on it.
1193:
Ethiopian languages such as
Amharic and Tigrinya have many words borrowed from the Italian language, for example "gettone" (token), "bigli" from Italian "biglie" (glass marbles), "borsa" (bag), "machìna" from Italian "macchina" (car), "carburatore" (carburetor) and others. Ethiopia has Italian
1069:
The recognition by the United
Kingdom of the full sovereignty of Ethiopia occurred with the signing on 19 December 1944 of the Anglo-Ethiopian agreement which acknowledged Ethiopia to be "a free and independent state" although the Ogaden continued to remain under British control until 1955.
1103:
were given a full pardon by the newly returned
Emperor Haile Selassie, as he saw the opportunity to continue the modernization efforts of the country. He declared that no reprisals would be taken against the Italians, and many remained for decades, until the overthrow of the Emperor in the
744:
While some countries recognized the
Italian conquest, Britain, France, the United States, the Soviet Union, China and the League of Nations refused to formally recognize it and consequently it remained illegitimate in international law. The King of Italy
1170:
In the mid-1990s, a populist movement made up of
Italians and Ethiopians (both in country and expatriates around the world) began to petition the then-current Italian government to return the obelisk, an event which eventually culminated in its
640:
728:
and 23 other individuals suspected of complicity shot. Over 100 deacons and students were also executed. Several hundred monks were sent to concentration camps. Viceroy
Graziani was finally replaced in November 1938 by the more humane
963:" (as the guerrilla fighters were called in Ethiopia) made a surrender proposal to the Italians in spring 1940 after the 1939 surrender of Ethiopian leaders Zaudiè Asfau and Olonà Dinkel. During the five years of Italian occupation,
1111:
In recent years, some
Italian companies have returned to operate in Ethiopia, and a large number of Italian technicians and managers arrived with their families, residing mainly in the metropolitan area of the capital.
1613:
715:
The Italians undertook many other terrorist actions during this period. Following a bloody attempt on the life of Graziani and other Italian officials by two Eritreans during a ceremony to celebrate the birth of the
305:, which Italy occupied for approximately five years. Italian Ethiopia was not an administrative entity, but the formal name of the former territory of the Ethiopian Empire, which now constituted the Governorates of
1040:
This guerrilla action was done primarily by military units with Italian officers (like Captain Paolo Aloisi, Captain Leopoldo Rizzo, Blackshirt officer De Varda and Major Lucchetti) but also by civilians like
902:). The route was carried out in three and a half days of daytime flight and the frequency was four flights per week in both directions. Later from Addis Ababa there were three flights a week that continued to
955:(Ethiopian guerrillas) were still in control of nearly a quarter of the Ethiopian highlands through late 1939. By the eve of World War II they were still in control of Harar and the Galla-Sidamo Governorate.
790:
when the annual revenue of Italy was only 18,581 billion lire. This infrastructure development was part of a plan to bring half a million Italians to colonize the Ethiopian plateaus. In October 1939 the
449:
Italian Ethiopia had an area of 790,000 square kilometres (305,000 sq mi) and a population of 9,450,000 inhabitants, resulting in a density of 12 inhabitants per square kilometre (31/sq mi)
1077:, Italy renounced sovereignty over its African colonies of Libya, Eritrea and Somalia (art. 23) and recognised the independence of Ethiopia (art. 33), by then a sovereign member of the United Nations.
795:
were 35,441, of whom 30,232 male (85.3%) and 5,209 female (14.7%), most of them living in urban areas. Only 3,200 Italian farmers moved to colonize farm areas, mostly around the capital and in the
2776:
720:
on 19 February 1937, the police and soldiers, fearing a general uprising, fired indiscriminately into the crowd. Innocent bystanders were shot. For the next three days, the Italians, led by the
438:, but enlarged in November 1938 with parts of the neighboring governorates of Harar, Galla-Sidamo, and Amhara. Each Governorate was under the authority of an Italian governor, answerable to the
775:
to be illegal. Racial separation, including residential segregation, was enforced as thoroughly as possible and the Italians showed favouritism to non-Christian groups. To isolate the dominant
4612:
4180:
1108:
in 1974. Nearly 22,000 Italo-Ethiopians took refuge in Italy during the 1970s. Their main organization in Italy is the Associazione Italiana Profughi dall'Etiopia ed Eritrea (A.I.P.E.E.).
69:
3981:
2983:
1195:
2322:
4365:
669:) against combatants and civilians in an attempt to discourage the Ethiopian people from supporting the resistance. Deliberate Italian attacks against ambulances and hospitals of the
677:
massacre in Addis Ababa, in which as many as 30,000 civilians were killed. These Italian reprisals against Ethiopian civilians have been described by some historians as constituting
4778:
933:
was created near the Addis Ababa station, which was the first one in Africa. Through 1938 trains carried protective military units because of ongoing Ethiopian guerrilla activity.
814:. the Italians built more than 4,500 km of roads linking the country beyond 900 km of railways were reconstructed or initiated (like the railway between Addis Ababa and
661:
for aid in resisting the Italians. Nevertheless, the country was formally occupied on 9 May 1936 and the Emperor went into exile. The war was full of cruelty. Italian troops used
925:. Following the Italian conquest was obtained in 1938 the increase of speed for the trains with the introduction of four railcars high capacity "type 038" derived from the model
3466:
The Italian empire before WWII is shown in red. Pink areas were annexed/occupied for various periods between 1940 and 1943. Italian concessions and forts in China are not shown.
4175:
4129:
1617:
4773:
4687:
2061:
1358:
For that reason, following the collapse of Italian power in 1941, Haile Selassie reassumed power without the need of any formal recognition by the international community.
387:
255:
4667:
4632:
3108:
670:
4024:
3986:
2751:
3184:
616:
there was developed a koine language from Italian -according to academics like G. Bernini and L. Mori - between the native population: the Pidgin Italian of Ethiopia
1053:
sub machine gun, delaying the use of this "state of the art" armament for many months. Her true name was Danielli Rosa and the date of attack was 15 September 1941.
4697:
4503:
4473:
4456:
1781:
4498:
4431:
2973:
4296:
4513:
918:
4692:
4672:
4390:
2720:
2011:
3086:
4758:
1638:
Mori/Mury. Addis Ababa Pidgin Italian.“Appendice. Repertorio delle lingue pidgin e creole per aree geografiche”, in Turchetta (a cura di), p. 223-251
1147:
673:
were reported. By all estimates, hundreds of thousands of Ethiopian civilians died as a result of the Italian invasion, including during the reprisal
4768:
4753:
4627:
3640:
4482:
3883:
2252:
786:
There was substantial investment in Ethiopian infrastructure development, with the budget for AOI from 1936 to 1937 requiring 19,136 billion
439:
402:, Italy recognized the sovereignty and independence of Ethiopia and renounced all claims to special interests or influence in that country. Many
921:. The route was served until 1935 by steam trains that took about 36 hours to do the total trip between the capital of Ethiopia and the port of
4052:
3925:
3283:
2863:
2043:
1018:
4748:
4763:
4370:
3888:
3101:
2670:
2618:
2584:
2559:
2376:
1978:
1757:
1674:
1657:
1495:
1456:
4160:
4017:
3433:
3428:
3423:
2878:
2873:
2628:
379:
190:
2354:
4306:
3756:
3492:
2646:
717:
1091:
Accept "Annex XI of the Treaty", upon the recommendation of the United Nations General Assembly in Resolution 390, that indicated that
4585:
4461:
4072:
3560:
686:
4533:
3736:
4682:
4607:
4553:
4301:
4243:
4210:
4134:
4067:
3940:
3807:
3233:
3179:
2898:
1824:
1709:
1684:
1405:
1034:
383:
3592:
2091:
2069:
736:
2127:
2109:
940:
Map showing in red the new roads (like the "Imperial road", and those in construction in 1941) created by the Italians in Ethiopia
4723:
4639:
4375:
4323:
4313:
3920:
3094:
1074:
399:
4328:
4010:
3991:
3853:
3545:
3070:
1183:
3211:
657:, invaded and occupied Ethiopia. They occupied the capital, Addis Ababa, on 5 May 1936. Emperor Haile Selassie pleaded to the
4662:
4617:
4200:
4190:
3878:
3832:
3530:
3055:
2713:
1932:
Barrera, Giulia (2003). "Mussolini's colonial race laws and state-settler relations in Africa Orientale Italiana (1935-41)".
1419:
2153:
4350:
4335:
4258:
4228:
4205:
4047:
3915:
3905:
3900:
3550:
3418:
3392:
3387:
3324:
3191:
3158:
2988:
1737:
1061:
899:
3065:
2314:
2230:
Di Lalla, Fabrizio, “Sotto due bandiere. Lotta di liberazione etiopica e resistenza italiana in Africa Orientale”. p. 235
1049:, and blowing it up, miraculously survived the huge explosion. Her sabotage destroyed the ammunition for the new British
4718:
4677:
4558:
4548:
4538:
4426:
4274:
4248:
4238:
4124:
3696:
3616:
3608:
3555:
3540:
3487:
3408:
3196:
3148:
3004:
2741:
1333:
1308:
730:
443:
356:
936:
4568:
4528:
4523:
4253:
4185:
3910:
3535:
3367:
2883:
2691:
1271:
1264:
653:
Emperor Haile Selassie's reign was interrupted on 3 October 1935 when Italian forces, under the direction of dictator
630:
55:
1577:
Royal Institute of International Affairs (24 August 1940). "Italian Possessions in Africa: II. Italian East Africa".
4733:
4728:
4644:
4602:
4590:
4563:
4518:
4451:
4195:
4170:
4097:
4082:
4077:
3216:
2853:
847:
333:
177:
151:
1237:
1230:
990:
4580:
4573:
4345:
4165:
4119:
3961:
3791:
3786:
3761:
3507:
3413:
3206:
2978:
2927:
2843:
2706:
598:
395:
208:
4595:
4508:
4380:
4355:
4284:
4155:
3971:
3300:
2963:
2833:
2803:
2464:
733:, who put an end to wanton atrocities which had had the effect of increasing resistance to Italian domination.
552:
532:
427:
314:
2438:
948:
Ras Seyoum Mengesha, Ras Getachew Abate and Ras Kebbede Guebret offered support to Mussolini in February 1937.
2018:
1045:. She was a doctor who in August 1942 succeeded in entering the main ammunition depot of the British army in
1029:
to reclaim his throne. In November, the last organised Italian resistance in Ethiopia ended with the fall of
4743:
4738:
4622:
4543:
4493:
4488:
4478:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4421:
4411:
4112:
4092:
4033:
3966:
3751:
3741:
3600:
3201:
2932:
914:
435:
2270:
854:, which began in a pioneering way since 1934. The route was enlarged to 6,379 km and initially joined
363:. Fighting between Ethiopian forces and the Italian military continued until February 1937, and subsequent
4279:
4233:
4150:
4102:
3848:
3781:
3766:
3660:
3060:
3024:
2682:
1001:
968:
496:
375:
4385:
3029:
2510:
Thirty Years of Italian History: From Antifascism to the Resistance (1915–1945) Lessons with Testimonials
4360:
4318:
4087:
4057:
3228:
2868:
2256:
1527:
2506:
Trent'anni di storia italiana: dall'antifascismo alla Resistenza (1915–1945) lezioni con testimonianze
913:
The most important railway line in the African colonies of the Kingdom of Italy, the 784 km long
821:
700:
580:
524:
4395:
3502:
3443:
3332:
2893:
1848:
Labanca, Nicola (2004). "Colonial rule, colonial repression and war crimes in the Italian colonies".
1313:
1157:
792:
403:
1433:
1198:
of Addis Ababa), which foster and promote Italian and Ethiopian culture and are free to the public.
3665:
3635:
3522:
3352:
3278:
3273:
3268:
2968:
2937:
2922:
2610:
1535:
1105:
1050:
1022:
851:
758:
750:
746:
643:
634:
415:
360:
345:
322:
164:
88:
75:
2394:
2170:
Bahru Zewde, "A History of Modern Ethiopia", second edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2001), pp. 172f
3771:
3645:
3438:
3290:
3256:
2953:
2823:
2783:
1949:
1865:
1775:
1586:
1100:
666:
504:
476:
423:
419:
306:
4002:
1559:
2761:
2344:
1816:
4107:
3650:
3497:
3448:
3357:
3337:
3305:
3295:
3153:
3140:
2858:
2838:
2828:
2666:
2614:
2580:
2570:
2555:
2538:
2513:
2482:
1974:
1830:
1820:
1763:
1753:
1715:
1705:
1680:
1653:
1491:
1485:
1452:
1401:
976:
796:
690:
658:
560:
431:
364:
318:
310:
130:
17:
3956:
3895:
3746:
3701:
3565:
3347:
3221:
3119:
3019:
3009:
2888:
2848:
2746:
1941:
1857:
1808:
1030:
863:
709:
682:
654:
609:
341:
302:
290:
242:
108:
944:
4340:
3935:
3512:
3251:
2349:
1323:
1318:
1172:
1153:
1132:
907:
694:
605:
were special banknotes of 50 lire and 100 lire circulating in AOI between 1938 and 1941.
126:
2180:
1811:
The origins of the Second World War reconsidered : A.J.P. Taylor and the Historians
1379:
3873:
3817:
3716:
3691:
3675:
3670:
3362:
3243:
3124:
3039:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2131:
1734:
Between bombs and good intentions: the Red Cross and the Italo-Ethiopian War, 1935–1936
1161:
1085:
799:, where they were under sporadic attack by pro-Haile Selassie guerrillas through 1939.
765:
754:
662:
646:
391:
4712:
3930:
3822:
3776:
3655:
3342:
3034:
2917:
2603:
1994:
1968:
1953:
1869:
1809:
1328:
1042:
837:
780:
776:
772:
725:
613:
353:
337:
4468:
3827:
3812:
3014:
2799:
1014:
956:
826:
371:
2423:
2219:
Storie Segrete. Operazioni sconosciute o dimenticate della seconda guerra mondiale
1125:
2296:
1945:
783:
and other Muslims, many of whom had supported the invasion, autonomy and rights.
779:
rulers of Ethiopia, who supported Selassie, the Italians granted the Oromos, the
3261:
2958:
1861:
1046:
1026:
964:
859:
721:
565:
349:
98:
1021:. By the spring of 1941, the British had counter-attacked and pushed deep into
3462:
875:
674:
122:
2635:
Index of the historical archive of the ministry of Italian Africa (1857–1939)
2572:
Italia d'Oltremare: Storie dei territori italiani dalla conquista alla caduta
2517:
1834:
1767:
1182:
was chosen by the Ethiopian government to design and build the Millennium or
4416:
4289:
2534:
1719:
1187:
984:
972:
960:
903:
891:
836:
Italians also created new airports and in 1936 started the worldwide famous
807:
3858:
2680:
Sbacchi, Alberto (April 1979). "Hailé Selassié and the Italians, 1941–43".
2542:
967:
also grew in importance, thanks mainly to the efforts of missionaries like
697:
and Italians (often with castration), beginning in the first weeks of war.
639:
3379:
971:. She became known as the "Ecumenical Fire" due to her strong efforts at
922:
895:
879:
867:
678:
1590:
764:
In 1937 Mussolini boasted that, with his conquest of Ethiopia, "finally
406:
remained for decades after receiving full pardon from Emperor Selassie.
3711:
3168:
1179:
1092:
883:
830:
803:
118:
2512:]. Reprints Einaudi (in Italian). Torino: Giulio Einaudi Editore.
3976:
3868:
3706:
3075:
952:
887:
850:
and was followed by the first air links with the Italian colonies in
481:
2012:"Article on the special road Addis Abeba-Assab and map (in Italian)"
2698:
27:
Territory of Ethiopian Empire during Italian occupation (1936–1941)
3863:
2530:
1060:
989:
980:
943:
935:
871:
820:
815:
811:
735:
699:
638:
591:
537:
509:
802:
The Italians created the "Imperial Road" between Addis Ababa and
414:
Since 1 June 1936 Italian Ethiopia was part of the newly created
2642:
2576:
2274:
2271:"Associazione Italiana Profughi dall'Etiopia ed Eritrea (AIPEE)"
1136:
855:
843:
787:
348:(AOI) in 1936, with the capital of the AOI being established in
340:
occupied Ethiopia, the Ethiopian territories were proclaimed by
4006:
3090:
2702:
2527:
Gli italiani in Africa: Storia delle guerre coloniali 1882–1943
2630:
Inventario dell'Archivio Storico del Ministero Africa Italiana
1065:
Italian-era electric power corporation building in Addis Ababa
761:) with Ethiopia, Eritrea and Italian Somalia in spring 1936.
2777:
List of governors of the Governorates of Italian East Africa
1017:, in the summer of 1940 Italian armed forces completed the
1004:
with a stair for every year of Mussolini's rule since 1922
418:, and was administratively composed of four governorates:
2154:"LE CHEMIN DE FER FRANCO ETHIOPIEN ET DJIBOUTO ETHIOPIEN"
2110:"LE CHEMIN DE FER FRANCO ETHIOPIEN ET DJIBOUTO ETHIOPIEN"
2092:"LE CHEMIN DE FER FRANCO ETHIOPIEN ET DJIBOUTO ETHIOPIEN"
2062:"LE CHEMIN DE FER FRANCO ETHIOPIEN ET DJIBOUTO ETHIOPIEN"
689:), the killing of civilian workmen (including during the
3982:
Postage stamps and postal history of Italian East Africa
2984:
Postage stamps and postal history of Italian East Africa
1033:. Following the surrender of East Africa, some Italians
2401:
1676:
Gas in Etiopia: I crimini rimossi dell'Italia coloniale
983:
while also catering to relations with the Catholics of
2552:
The Civilising Mission: The Italo-Ethiopian War 1935–6
1484:
Shinn, David H.; Ofcansky, Thomas P. (11 April 2013).
2395:"posh100! Review Reviews, Home Improvement, Tools..."
434:. The Scioa Governorate was originally known as the
4653:
4404:
4267:
4221:
4143:
4040:
3949:
3841:
3800:
3729:
3684:
3628:
3585:
3578:
3521:
3480:
3473:
3401:
3378:
3323:
3242:
3167:
3138:
3131:
3048:
2997:
2946:
2907:
2811:
2769:
2734:
276:
204:
187:
174:
161:
148:
136:
114:
104:
94:
83:
34:
2602:
2424:"MIT Country Profile – Ethiopia: Trading Partners"
2301:Dipartimento per gli affari interni e territoriali
2247:
2245:
1451:. New York: Olive Branch Press. pp. 172–173.
386:continued until 1943. Ethiopia was placed under a
256:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration (Ethiopia)
4371:Sarawak, Brunei, Labuan, and British North Borneo
919:seized following the conquest of Ethiopia in 1936
681:. Crimes by Ethiopian troops included the use of
394:returned and reclaimed the Ethiopian throne. The
374:, Ethiopia was liberated from Italian control by
3987:Postage stamps and postal history of Oltre Giuba
2752:List of governors-general of Italian East Africa
1750:The Addis Ababa Massacre: Italy's National Shame
3676:Lighthouse "Francesco Crispi" (Cape Guardafui)
4779:States and territories disestablished in 1947
4034:History of World War II by region and country
4018:
3102:
2874:Italian tentative to occupy French Somaliland
2714:
2345:"Obelisk returned to Ethiopia after 68 years"
2315:"Ethiopia Again Demands Italy Return Obelisk"
1194:schools and cultural institutes (such as the
8:
2579:Italy: Edizioni Nuova Cultura. p. 273.
1995:"Italian emigration in Etiopia (in Italian)"
1815:(2nd ed.). London: Routledge. pp.
665:in aerial bombardments (in violation of the
2899:Italian guerrilla war in A.O.I. (1941-1943)
1894:
1400:(Italian), il Mulino, Bologna, 1983, 1993,
1175:in 2008 to Axum, the city of its creation.
1025:. By 5 May, Haile Selassie had returned to
4774:States and territories established in 1936
4025:
4011:
4003:
3582:
3477:
3135:
3109:
3095:
3087:
2974:40th Infantry Division Cacciatori d'Africa
2721:
2707:
2699:
1973:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
1780:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1652:. New York: Ballantine Books. p. 33.
452:
68:
31:
3393:Concessions & Forts of Italy in China
2663:The Italian Army 1940–45 (Africa 1940–43)
2437:Totalitarismo, Mister (2 December 2018).
1509:
1507:
3641:Church of Our Lady of the Rosary, Asmara
3461:
2742:King & Emperor Vittorio Emanuele III
2452:I prestiti italiani in amarico e tigrino
2128:""Pompieri ad Addis Abeba" (in Italian)"
1906:
1205:
2439:"Italianismi nel somalo e nell'amarico"
2193:
1922:, Palgrave, New York, 2000, p. 225–227.
1882:
1371:
1351:
103:
3926:Italian Somali Divisions (101 and 102)
2864:Italian invasion of British Somaliland
2205:
1970:Historical Dictionary of Fascist Italy
1794:
1773:
1736:. Berghahn Books. 2006 pp. 239, 131–2
1704:. London: Granada. pp. 231, 417.
1471:
1286:LIRE CENTO – BANCA D'ITALIA – Dea Roma
1207:
1019:Italian conquest of British Somaliland
3424:Tentative to occupy French Somaliland
1920:Layers of Time. A History of Ethiopia
1549:cfr. Angelo del Boca, op cit., p. 201
842:, a flight connecting Addis Ababa to
186:
173:
160:
147:
143:
78:after Italy's annexation of Ethiopia.
7:
3792:History of Italian colonial railways
1673:Belladonna, Simone (20 April 2015).
1420:"Nasce l'Impero: l'Etiopia italiana"
1291:LIRE CENTO – BANCA D'ITALIA – Aquila
894:. There was a change of aircraft in
367:against Italy persisted until 1939.
152:Italian Ethiopia proclaimed by Italy
3066:Armed Forces of Italian East Africa
2647:Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Italy)
2044:"AFRICA in "Enciclopedia Italiana""
740:Italian troops in Addis Ababa, 1936
612:, but in the capital region and in
2357:from the original on 8 August 2022
1679:(in Italian). Neri Pozza Editore.
1560:"Hailè Selassiè - Amare ODV Onlus"
1490:. Scarecrow Press. pp. 309–.
1434:"Dadfeatured: ITALIAN ADDIS ABEBA"
1095:was to be federated with Ethiopia.
25:
2325:from the original on 2 April 2015
1934:Journal of Modern Italian Studies
1850:Journal of Modern Italian Studies
1487:Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia
1418:Conte, Alessio (8 January 2017).
1037:which lasted for two more years.
693:) and the mutilation of captured
4759:1947 disestablishments in Africa
3941:Italian guerrilla units (A.O.I.)
3921:Italian Libyan Colonial Division
3118:
2760:
2665:. Vol. II. Oxford: Osprey.
1270:
1263:
1236:
1229:
1146:
1124:
846:. The line was opened after the
579:
551:
523:
495:
260:
235:
54:
4769:1947 disestablishments in Italy
4754:1936 establishments in Ethiopia
3992:Postage stamps of Italian Libya
3854:Bands (Italian Army irregulars)
2747:Prime Minister Benito Mussolini
2255:. 29 April 2008. Archived from
1967:Cannistraro, Philip V. (1982).
1338:Italian-built roads in Ethiopia
1252:LIRE CINQVANTA – BANCA D'ITALIA
388:British military administration
178:Second Italo-Ethiopian War ends
3879:Royal Corps of Colonial Troops
3717:Addis Abeba under Italian rule
3388:Italian concession of Tientsin
3056:Royal Corps of Colonial Troops
2959:Addis Abeba under Italian rule
2158:www.train-franco-ethiopien.com
2114:www.train-franco-ethiopien.com
2096:www.train-franco-ethiopien.com
2066:www.train-franco-ethiopien.com
1579:Bulletin of International News
829:the depiction of Mussolini at
608:The official language was the
442:, who represented the Emperor
18:Italian occupation of Ethiopia
1:
3916:2nd Libyan Division Pescatori
3906:Italian 2nd Eritrean Division
3901:Italian 1st Eritrean Division
3737:Mogadishu–Villabruzzi Railway
2989:Roman Catholicism in Ethiopia
2914:New roads in Italian Ethiopia
1088:of US$ 25,000,000 to Ethiopia
1075:peace treaty of February 1947
793:Italian colonists in Ethiopia
4764:1936 establishments in Italy
3697:Mogadishu under Italian rule
3197:Independent State of Croatia
2504:Antonicelli, Franco (1975).
1946:10.1080/09585170320000113770
1528:"Treaty of Peace with Italy"
1380:"Fascismo: guerra d'Etiopia"
1334:Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta
1202:Banknotes and postage stamps
848:Italian conquest of Ethiopia
753:and the Italians created an
357:Victor Emmanuel III of Italy
3911:1st Libyan Division Sibille
3757:Railway stations in Eritrea
3617:Asmara Presidential Palace
3368:Southern Military Territory
3229:Italian Province of Lubiana
2692:African Studies Association
2641:(in Italian), vol. I,
2483:"Italian Stamps - Ethiopia"
2181:"Blessed Liduina Meneguzzi"
1862:10.1080/1354571042000254737
1700:Mack Smith, Denis (1983) .
631:Second Italo-Abyssinian War
321:after the establishment of
301:, was the territory of the
4795:
3444:Ticino, Valais and Grisons
3217:Principality of the Pindus
2854:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
2661:Jowett, Philip S. (2001).
1341:Pidgin Italian of Ethiopia
1309:Italian East Africa topics
1289:
1284:
1281:
1276:
1269:
1262:
1255:
1250:
1247:
1242:
1235:
1228:
959:, the last leader of the "
628:
597:The currency used was the
334:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
299:Italian Empire of Ethiopia
3962:Italian East African lira
3762:Rail transport in Somalia
3459:
3234:Governorate of Montenegro
2979:Italian East African lira
2928:Italian colonial railways
2844:First Italo-Ethiopian War
2782:Main colonial governors:
2758:
1513:Clapham,"Ḫaylä Ś�llase",
1447:Anthony, Mockler (2003).
1080:Italy further agreed to:
1035:conducted a guerrilla war
599:Italian East African lira
396:Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement
327:Africa Orientale Italiana
214:
209:Italian East African lira
200:
144:
67:
51:
46:
4749:Ethiopia–Italy relations
3972:Italian Somaliland rupia
3474:Settlers and Irredentism
3301:Galla-Sidamo Governorate
2884:Last stand at Amba Alagi
2869:Italian attacks in Kenya
2834:Galla-Sidamo Governorate
2804:Alessandro Pirzio Biroli
2605:World War II for Dummies
2569:Beltrami, Vanni (2013).
2525:Bandini, Franco (1971).
1515:Encyclopaedia Aethiopica
915:Franco-Ethiopian Railway
704:Marshal Graziani in 1940
533:Galla-Sidamo Governorate
163:• Declared part of
4724:Former Italian colonies
3967:Italian Somaliland lira
3787:Libyan Railway stations
3752:Asmara-Massawa Cableway
3742:Ethio-Djibouti Railways
2933:Ethio-Djibouti Railways
2918:Linea aerea dell'Impero
2601:Dickson, Keith (2001).
2487:www.italianstamps.co.uk
2469:iicaddisabeba.esteri.it
2297:"I servizi demografici"
1807:Martel, Gordon (1999).
1196:Scuola Statale Italiana
1139:before its repatriation
625:Conquest and occupation
436:Addis Abeba Governorate
105:Official languages
3849:Italian African Police
3782:Italian Libya Railways
3661:Fiat Tagliero Building
3481:Settlers and colonists
3467:
3061:Italian African Police
3025:Elisa Angela Meneguzzi
2923:Ivo Olivetti aeroporto
2683:African Studies Review
2550:Barker, A. J. (1968).
2017:. 1940. Archived from
1748:Campbell, Ian (2017).
1650:Rape of Ethiopia, 1936
1648:Barker, A. J. (1971).
1603:Istat Statistiche 2010
1384:www.storiaxxisecolo.it
1116:Contemporary relations
1066:
1005:
1002:Addis Ababa University
969:Elisa Angela Meneguzzi
949:
941:
833:
810:and the Addis Ababa –
741:
705:
650:
294:
3950:Currencies and Stamps
3551:Istria-Venezia Giulia
3465:
3192:Islands of the Aegean
3005:Prince Amedeo d'Aosta
2998:Related personalities
2879:East African Campaign
1732:Rainer Baudendistel,
1257:50 LIRE – Lupa romana
1064:
993:
947:
939:
824:
771:The Italians decreed
739:
703:
685:(in violation of the
642:
384:Italian guerrilla war
380:East African campaign
297:), also known as the
115:Common languages
2894:Battle of Culqualber
2381:www.webuildgroup.com
2259:on 11 February 2017.
2253:"Fratelli d'Etiopia"
1449:Haile Selassie's War
1314:Italians of Ethiopia
1221:Frontal Description
1158:Hailemariam Desalegn
806:, the Addis Ababa –
400:peace treaty of 1947
365:guerrilla resistance
359:proclaiming himself
4719:Italian East Africa
4483:Carpathian Ruthenia
3842:Police and military
3636:Mogadishu Cathedral
3279:Somalia Governorate
3274:Eritrea Governorate
3269:Italian East Africa
3149:Southeastern France
3030:Carla Maria Puccini
2969:Italian East Africa
2938:Addis Ababa Stadium
2611:Hoboken, New Jersey
2554:. London: Cassell.
2465:"Come raggiungerci"
2303:. 25 November 2016.
2217:Rosselli, Alberto.
2183:. 25 November 2008.
2072:on 24 February 2021
1797:, pp. 292–293.
1536:Library of Congress
1474:, p. 281, 300.
1436:. 11 December 2018.
1398:L'età contemporanea
1106:Ethiopian Civil War
1099:After the war, the
1023:Italian East Africa
998:Stairway to Nowhere
852:Italian East Africa
759:Italian East Africa
751:Emperor of Ethiopia
747:Victor Emmanuel III
635:Italian East Africa
444:Victor Emmanuel III
416:Italian East Africa
361:Emperor of Ethiopia
346:Italian East Africa
323:Italian East Africa
165:Italian East Africa
89:Italian East Africa
76:Italian East Africa
4073:French West Africa
4053:British Somaliland
3801:Political concepts
3772:Via della Vittoria
3646:Benghazi Cathedral
3609:Governor's Palace
3601:Governor's Palace
3593:Governor's Palace
3468:
3291:Amhara Governorate
3284:British Somaliland
3257:Italian Somaliland
2954:Italian Ethiopians
2824:Amhara Governorate
2784:Agenore Frangipani
2134:on 4 November 2016
1564:www.amareonlus.com
1396:Pasquale Villani,
1180:Salini Costruttori
1101:Italian Ethiopians
1067:
1057:After World War II
1006:
1000:, monument at the
950:
942:
834:
742:
706:
667:Geneva Conventions
651:
505:Harrar Governorate
477:Amhara Governorate
4734:1940s in Ethiopia
4729:1930s in Ethiopia
4706:
4705:
4297:Dutch East Indies
4135:Southern Rhodesia
4068:French Somaliland
4000:
3999:
3777:Linea dell'Impero
3725:
3724:
3651:Tripoli Cathedral
3574:
3573:
3457:
3456:
3402:Planned expansion
3358:Benghazi Province
3306:Scioa Governorate
3296:Harar Governorate
3084:
3083:
2859:Gondrand massacre
2839:Scioa Governorate
2829:Harar Governorate
2672:978-1-85532-865-5
2620:978-0-7645-5352-3
2586:978-88-6134-702-1
2561:978-0-304-93201-6
2353:. 20 April 2005.
2321:. 10 March 2002.
1980:978-0-313-21317-5
1759:978-1-84904-692-3
1659:978-0-345-02462-6
1585:(17): 1065–1074.
1497:978-0-8108-7457-2
1458:978-1-56656-473-1
1329:Linea dell'Impero
1296:
1295:
1292:
1287:
1258:
1253:
1224:Back Description
1178:The Italian firm
977:Coptic Christians
898:(or sometimes in
839:Linea dell'Impero
797:Scioa Governorate
691:Gondrand massacre
687:Hague Conventions
659:League of Nations
587:
586:
561:Scioa Governorate
284:
283:
280:Ethiopia, Somalia
272:
271:
268:
267:
248:
247:
191:Allied liberation
16:(Redirected from
4786:
4457:Military history
4211:Native Americans
4027:
4020:
4013:
4004:
3957:Eritrean tallero
3896:Ascari del Cielo
3818:New Roman Empire
3747:Eritrean Railway
3702:Italian Benghazi
3620:
3612:
3604:
3596:
3583:
3478:
3353:Misrata Province
3348:Tripoli Province
3312:Italian Ethiopia
3136:
3123:
3122:
3111:
3104:
3097:
3088:
3020:Luciano Violante
3010:Rodolfo Graziani
2947:Related articles
2889:Battle of Gondar
2849:Abyssinia Crisis
2819:Italian Ethiopia
2764:
2735:Main authorities
2729:Etiopia italiana
2723:
2716:
2709:
2700:
2695:
2676:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2640:
2624:
2608:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2565:
2546:
2521:
2491:
2490:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2461:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2400:. Archived from
2391:
2385:
2384:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2273:. Archived from
2267:
2261:
2260:
2249:
2240:
2237:
2231:
2228:
2222:
2215:
2209:
2203:
2197:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2177:
2171:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2130:. Archived from
2124:
2118:
2117:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2068:. Archived from
2058:
2052:
2051:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2024:on 29 March 2016
2023:
2016:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1929:
1923:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1895:Antonicelli 1975
1892:
1886:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1814:
1804:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1779:
1771:
1745:
1739:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1645:
1639:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1620:on 27 March 2012
1616:. Archived from
1610:
1604:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1556:
1550:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1532:
1524:
1518:
1511:
1502:
1501:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1415:
1409:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1376:
1359:
1356:
1290:
1285:
1274:
1267:
1256:
1251:
1240:
1233:
1206:
1150:
1128:
718:Prince of Naples
710:Rodolfo Graziani
655:Benito Mussolini
610:Italian language
583:
555:
527:
499:
462:Total population
453:
404:Italian settlers
390:, while Emperor
370:In 1941, during
342:Benito Mussolini
303:Ethiopian Empire
295:Etiopia italiana
287:Italian Ethiopia
264:
263:
252:
251:
243:Ethiopian Empire
239:
238:
232:
231:
216:
215:
196:27 November 1941
183:19 February 1937
72:
58:
39:Etiopia italiana
36:Italian Ethiopia
32:
21:
4794:
4793:
4789:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4784:
4783:
4709:
4708:
4707:
4702:
4698:Pacific Islands
4693:Solomon Islands
4673:Gilbert Islands
4655:
4649:
4628:Channel Islands
4400:
4263:
4217:
4139:
4036:
4031:
4001:
3996:
3945:
3936:Legione Redenta
3884:Eritrean Ascari
3837:
3796:
3721:
3712:Italian Massaua
3692:Italian Tripoli
3680:
3624:
3618:
3610:
3602:
3594:
3570:
3517:
3469:
3453:
3397:
3374:
3319:
3252:Italian Eritrea
3238:
3163:
3127:
3117:
3115:
3085:
3080:
3049:Colonial troops
3044:
2993:
2942:
2908:Infrastructures
2903:
2812:General History
2807:
2765:
2756:
2730:
2727:
2679:
2673:
2660:
2652:
2650:
2638:
2627:
2621:
2600:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2568:
2562:
2549:
2524:
2503:
2500:
2495:
2494:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2450:
2446:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2407:
2405:
2398:posh100! Review
2393:
2392:
2388:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2360:
2358:
2350:TheGuardian.com
2343:
2342:
2338:
2328:
2326:
2319:Chicago Tribune
2313:
2312:
2308:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2280:
2278:
2277:on 3 March 2016
2269:
2268:
2264:
2251:
2250:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2225:
2216:
2212:
2204:
2200:
2192:
2188:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2137:
2135:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2075:
2073:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2048:www.treccani.it
2042:
2041:
2037:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2005:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1918:Paul B. Henze,
1917:
1913:
1905:
1901:
1893:
1889:
1881:
1877:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1827:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1793:
1789:
1772:
1760:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1731:
1727:
1712:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1687:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1660:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1623:
1621:
1614:"Bank of Italy"
1612:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1598:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1530:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1512:
1505:
1498:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1470:
1466:
1459:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1395:
1391:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1324:Italian Somalia
1319:Italian Eritrea
1305:
1204:
1188:Blue Nile river
1184:Renaissance Dam
1168:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1154:Paolo Gentiloni
1151:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1133:Obelisk of Axum
1129:
1118:
1059:
1011:
908:Italian Somalia
695:Eritrean Ascari
683:Dum-Dum bullets
637:
629:Main articles:
627:
622:
440:Italian viceroy
412:
410:Characteristics
261:
236:
193:
180:
167:
154:
79:
63:
60:
59:
42:
40:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4792:
4790:
4782:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4744:1940s in Italy
4741:
4739:1930s in Italy
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4711:
4710:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4659:
4657:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4636:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4618:British Empire
4613:United Kingdom
4610:
4605:
4600:
4599:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4586:Basque Country
4578:
4577:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4465:
4464:
4462:Basque Country
4459:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4432:Czechoslovakia
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4408:
4406:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4332:
4331:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4310:
4309:
4304:
4294:
4293:
4292:
4282:
4277:
4271:
4269:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4225:
4223:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4215:
4214:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4147:
4145:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4116:
4115:
4110:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4044:
4042:
4038:
4037:
4032:
4030:
4029:
4022:
4015:
4007:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3953:
3951:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3892:
3891:
3886:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3845:
3843:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3804:
3802:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3733:
3731:
3730:Infrastructure
3727:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3707:Italian Asmara
3704:
3699:
3694:
3688:
3686:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3678:
3673:
3671:Asmara Theatre
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3632:
3630:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3614:
3606:
3598:
3589:
3587:
3580:
3576:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3527:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3484:
3482:
3475:
3471:
3470:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3384:
3382:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3363:Derna Province
3360:
3355:
3350:
3340:
3335:
3329:
3327:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3276:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3254:
3248:
3246:
3244:Horn of Africa
3240:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3222:Ionian Islands
3219:
3214:
3212:Hellenic State
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3182:
3173:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3145:
3143:
3133:
3129:
3128:
3125:Italian Empire
3116:
3114:
3113:
3106:
3099:
3091:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3040:Amedeo Guillet
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2964:Imperial Italy
2961:
2956:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2808:
2796:Pietro Gazzera
2792:Enrico Cerulli
2788:Guglielmo Nasi
2780:
2779:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2766:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2718:
2711:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2677:
2671:
2658:
2625:
2619:
2598:
2585:
2575:(in Italian).
2566:
2560:
2547:
2529:(in Italian).
2522:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2474:
2456:
2454:, Yaqob Beyene
2444:
2429:
2415:
2404:on 25 May 2021
2386:
2368:
2336:
2306:
2288:
2262:
2241:
2239:Henze, p. 235.
2232:
2223:
2210:
2198:
2196:, p. 103.
2186:
2172:
2163:
2145:
2119:
2101:
2083:
2053:
2035:
2003:
1986:
1979:
1959:
1940:(3): 425–443.
1924:
1911:
1899:
1887:
1875:
1856:(3): 300–313.
1840:
1825:
1799:
1787:
1758:
1740:
1725:
1710:
1692:
1685:
1665:
1658:
1640:
1631:
1605:
1596:
1569:
1551:
1542:
1519:
1503:
1496:
1476:
1464:
1457:
1439:
1425:
1410:
1389:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1304:
1301:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1280:
1275:
1268:
1260:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1246:
1241:
1234:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1209:Frontal Image
1203:
1200:
1162:43rd G7 summit
1152:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1130:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1097:
1096:
1089:
1086:War reparation
1058:
1055:
1010:
1007:
768:was avenged".
755:Italian empire
749:) was crowned
647:Haile Selassie
626:
623:
621:
618:
585:
584:
577:
574:
571:
568:
563:
557:
556:
549:
546:
543:
540:
535:
529:
528:
521:
518:
515:
512:
507:
501:
500:
493:
490:
487:
484:
479:
473:
472:
469:
466:
463:
460:
457:
411:
408:
392:Haile Selassie
378:forces in the
282:
281:
278:
274:
273:
270:
269:
266:
265:
258:
249:
246:
245:
240:
228:
227:
222:
212:
211:
206:
202:
201:
198:
197:
194:
188:
185:
184:
181:
175:
172:
171:
168:
162:
159:
158:
155:
149:
146:
145:
142:
141:
138:
134:
133:
116:
112:
111:
106:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
85:
81:
80:
73:
65:
64:
61:
53:
52:
49:
48:
44:
43:
38:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4791:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4652:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4615:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4582:
4579:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4561:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4509:Liechtenstein
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4484:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4454:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4403:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4330:
4327:
4326:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4298:
4295:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4266:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4244:Latin America
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4222:South America
4220:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4181:United States
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4144:North America
4142:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4048:Belgian Congo
4046:
4045:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4028:
4023:
4021:
4016:
4014:
4009:
4008:
4005:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3948:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3931:Maletti Group
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3890:
3889:Somali Ascari
3887:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3840:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3823:Spazio vitale
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3808:Greater Italy
3806:
3805:
3803:
3799:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3728:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3683:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3656:Cinema Impero
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3627:
3621:
3615:
3613:
3607:
3605:
3599:
3597:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3581:
3577:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3520:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3479:
3476:
3472:
3464:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3400:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3343:Italian Libya
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3267:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3141:Mediterranean
3137:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3121:
3112:
3107:
3105:
3100:
3098:
3093:
3092:
3089:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3035:Rosa Dainelli
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2763:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2724:
2719:
2717:
2712:
2710:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2684:
2678:
2674:
2668:
2664:
2659:
2648:
2644:
2636:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2622:
2616:
2612:
2607:
2606:
2599:
2588:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2573:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2488:
2484:
2478:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2460:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2445:
2440:
2433:
2430:
2425:
2419:
2416:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2390:
2387:
2382:
2378:
2372:
2369:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2340:
2337:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2307:
2302:
2298:
2292:
2289:
2276:
2272:
2266:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2236:
2233:
2227:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2190:
2187:
2182:
2176:
2173:
2167:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2146:
2133:
2129:
2123:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2105:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2087:
2084:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2020:
2013:
2007:
2004:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1982:
1976:
1972:
1971:
1963:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1907:Campbell 2017
1903:
1900:
1897:, p. 79.
1896:
1891:
1888:
1885:, p. 43.
1884:
1879:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1844:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1826:0-203-01024-8
1822:
1818:
1813:
1812:
1803:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1788:
1783:
1777:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1755:
1751:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1729:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1711:0-586-08444-4
1707:
1703:
1696:
1693:
1688:
1686:9788854510739
1682:
1678:
1677:
1669:
1666:
1661:
1655:
1651:
1644:
1641:
1635:
1632:
1619:
1615:
1609:
1606:
1600:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1552:
1546:
1543:
1538:
1537:
1529:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1493:
1489:
1488:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1465:
1460:
1454:
1450:
1443:
1440:
1435:
1429:
1426:
1421:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1406:88-15-02704-1
1403:
1399:
1393:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1375:
1372:
1365:
1355:
1352:
1345:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1300:
1279:
1273:
1266:
1261:
1245:
1239:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1174:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1149:
1138:
1134:
1127:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1107:
1102:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1071:
1063:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1043:Rosa Dainelli
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1008:
1003:
999:
996:
992:
988:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
946:
938:
934:
930:
928:
924:
920:
916:
911:
909:
906:, capital of
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
840:
832:
828:
823:
819:
817:
813:
809:
805:
800:
798:
794:
789:
784:
782:
778:
774:
773:miscegenation
769:
767:
762:
760:
756:
752:
748:
738:
734:
732:
731:Duke of Aosta
727:
726:Debre Libanos
723:
719:
713:
711:
702:
698:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
648:
645:
641:
636:
632:
624:
619:
617:
615:
611:
606:
604:
600:
595:
593:
582:
578:
575:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
558:
554:
550:
547:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
530:
526:
522:
519:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
502:
498:
494:
491:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
474:
471:Coat of Arms
470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
455:
454:
451:
447:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
409:
407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
368:
366:
362:
358:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
338:Fascist Italy
335:
330:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
279:
277:Today part of
275:
259:
257:
254:
253:
250:
244:
241:
234:
233:
230:
229:
226:
223:
221:
218:
217:
213:
210:
207:
203:
199:
195:
192:
182:
179:
169:
166:
156:
153:
139:
135:
132:
128:
124:
120:
117:
113:
110:
107:
100:
97:
93:
90:
86:
82:
77:
71:
66:
57:
50:
45:
33:
30:
19:
4640:Vatican City
4559:Soviet Union
4307:West Sumatra
4176:Newfoundland
4130:South Africa
4125:Sierra Leone
4103:North Africa
4062:
3828:Fourth Shore
3813:Mare Nostrum
3595:(Mogadishu)
3586:Governmental
3579:Architecture
3333:Tripolitania
3311:
3310:
3185:World War II
3132:Subdivisions
3015:Tito Minniti
2818:
2800:Luigi Frusci
2781:
2687:
2681:
2662:
2651:, retrieved
2634:
2629:
2604:
2590:. Retrieved
2571:
2551:
2526:
2509:
2505:
2498:Bibliography
2486:
2477:
2468:
2459:
2451:
2447:
2432:
2418:
2406:. Retrieved
2402:the original
2397:
2389:
2380:
2371:
2359:. Retrieved
2348:
2339:
2327:. Retrieved
2318:
2309:
2300:
2291:
2279:. Retrieved
2275:the original
2265:
2257:the original
2235:
2226:
2218:
2213:
2208:, p. 7.
2201:
2194:Dickson 2001
2189:
2175:
2166:
2157:
2148:
2136:. Retrieved
2132:the original
2122:
2113:
2104:
2095:
2086:
2074:. Retrieved
2070:the original
2065:
2056:
2047:
2038:
2028:28 September
2026:. Retrieved
2019:the original
2006:
1989:
1969:
1962:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1919:
1914:
1902:
1890:
1883:Sbacchi 1979
1878:
1853:
1849:
1843:
1810:
1802:
1790:
1749:
1743:
1733:
1728:
1701:
1695:
1675:
1668:
1649:
1643:
1634:
1622:. Retrieved
1618:the original
1608:
1599:
1582:
1578:
1572:
1563:
1554:
1545:
1534:
1522:
1514:
1486:
1479:
1467:
1448:
1442:
1428:
1413:
1397:
1392:
1383:
1374:
1354:
1297:
1277:
1243:
1192:
1177:
1173:repatriation
1169:
1110:
1098:
1079:
1072:
1068:
1039:
1015:World War II
1012:
1009:World War II
997:
994:
957:Abebe Aregai
951:
931:
926:
912:
838:
835:
801:
785:
770:
763:
743:
714:
707:
652:
607:
602:
596:
588:
448:
428:Galla-Sidamo
413:
372:World War II
369:
331:
326:
315:Galla-Sidamo
298:
286:
285:
225:Succeeded by
224:
219:
29:
4688:New Zealand
4654:Oceania and
4608:Switzerland
4569:Byelorussia
4524:Netherlands
4366:Philippines
4206:Puerto Rico
4161:El Salvador
3666:Marble Arch
3561:Switzerland
3523:Irredentism
3262:Oltre Giuba
3180:World War I
2653:20 December
2592:20 December
2361:21 December
2206:Jowett 2001
2076:17 February
1795:Barker 1968
1472:Barker 1968
1282:Green/gray
1212:Back Image
1047:Addis Ababa
1027:Addis Ababa
995:Mussolini's
965:Catholicism
860:Addis Ababa
825:Ethiopians
757:in Africa (
722:Blackshirts
663:mustard gas
566:Addis Ababa
456:Governorate
350:Addis Ababa
344:as part of
336:, in which
220:Preceded by
170:1 June 1936
99:Addis Ababa
41:የኢጣልያ መንግሥት
4713:Categories
4683:New Guinea
4663:Antarctica
4656:Antarctica
4645:Yugoslavia
4564:Azerbaijan
4519:Luxembourg
4302:New Guinea
4201:New Mexico
4191:California
4098:Madagascar
4083:Gold Coast
4078:The Gambia
3833:Third Rome
3767:Via Balbia
3603:(Tripoli)
3493:Dodecanese
2329:18 January
2281:12 January
2221:. pag. 103
1752:. London.
1624:27 January
1517:, p. 1063.
961:Arbegnochs
927:Fiat ALn56
876:Wadi Halfa
675:Yekatit 12
332:After the
157:9 May 1936
123:Afan Oromo
4668:Australia
4633:Gibraltar
4591:Catalonia
4514:Lithuania
4376:Singapore
4324:Indochina
4314:Hong Kong
4290:Manchuria
4259:Venezuela
4229:Argentina
4166:Greenland
4120:Nyasaland
3619:(Asmara)
3611:(Asmara)
3338:Cyrenaica
2770:Governors
2645:, Italy:
2613:: Wiley.
2535:Longanesi
2533:, Italy:
2518:878595757
2377:"webuild"
2138:9 January
1954:145516332
1870:144498755
1835:252806536
1776:cite book
1768:999629248
1702:Mussolini
1408:, p. 446.
1366:Footnotes
985:Dire Dawa
973:ecumenism
904:Mogadishu
892:Dire Dawa
808:Mogadishu
671:Red Cross
594:troops).
570:1,850,000
542:4,000,000
514:1,600,000
486:2,000,000
382:, but an
47:1936–1941
4554:Slovenia
4549:Slovakia
4539:Portugal
4427:Bulgaria
4381:Thailand
4356:Mongolia
4329:Cambodia
4249:Suriname
4239:Colombia
4063:Ethiopia
3685:Urbanism
3629:Civilian
3546:Dalmatia
3503:Ethiopia
3380:Far East
3202:Dalmatia
3176:Albania
3139:Western
2355:Archived
2323:Archived
1720:12481387
1591:25642850
1303:See also
1278:100 Lire
923:Djibouti
896:Benghazi
880:Khartoum
868:Benghazi
864:Syracuse
827:greeting
708:Marshal
679:genocide
603:Lira AOI
465:Italians
329:, AOI).
205:Currency
131:Tigrinya
87:Part of
4596:Galicia
4574:Ukraine
4544:Romania
4494:Ireland
4489:Iceland
4479:Hungary
4469:Germany
4447:Finland
4442:Estonia
4437:Denmark
4422:Belgium
4417:Austria
4412:Albania
4254:Uruguay
4186:Arizona
4113:Morocco
4108:Tunisia
4093:Liberia
3531:Corsica
3513:Somalia
3498:Eritrea
3488:Albania
3449:Tunisia
3419:Majorca
3169:Balkans
3159:Corsica
2543:1253348
1244:50 Lire
1215:Amount
1186:on the
1160:at the
1093:Eritrea
1073:In the
1013:During
981:Muslims
900:Tripoli
884:Kassala
831:Mekelle
804:Massaua
781:Somalis
649:in 1934
644:Emperor
620:History
468:Car Tag
459:Capital
291:Italian
189:•
176:•
150:•
137:History
119:Amharic
109:Italian
95:Capital
74:Map of
4603:Sweden
4534:Poland
4529:Norway
4504:Latvia
4474:Greece
4452:France
4405:Europe
4391:Turkey
4351:Malaya
4280:Ceylon
4234:Brazil
4196:Nevada
4171:Mexico
4151:Canada
4041:Africa
3977:Somalo
3874:Spahis
3869:Savari
3859:Zaptié
3409:Adalia
3207:Greece
3154:Monaco
3076:Dubats
2669:
2649:, 1975
2637:]
2617:
2583:
2558:
2541:
2516:
2408:30 May
1977:
1952:
1868:
1833:
1823:
1766:
1756:
1718:
1708:
1683:
1656:
1589:
1494:
1455:
1404:
1248:Green
1218:Color
1031:Gondar
953:Shifta
917:, was
888:Asmara
777:Amhara
614:Tigray
601:: the
573:40,698
545:11,823
517:10,035
489:11,103
482:Gondar
420:Amhara
376:Allied
317:, and
307:Amhara
140:
127:Somali
84:Status
4678:Nauru
4623:Wales
4581:Spain
4499:Italy
4386:Tibet
4361:Nepal
4346:Japan
4319:India
4285:China
4275:Burma
4088:Kenya
4058:Egypt
3864:Dubat
3566:Corfu
3556:Malta
3541:Savoy
3508:Libya
3439:Malta
3434:Sudan
3429:Kenya
3414:Egypt
3325:Libya
3071:Bands
2690:(1).
2639:(PDF)
2633:[
2531:Milan
2508:[
2022:(PDF)
2015:(PDF)
1998:(PDF)
1950:S2CID
1866:S2CID
1587:JSTOR
1531:(PDF)
1346:Notes
975:with
872:Cairo
858:with
816:Assab
812:Assab
592:Negus
538:Jimma
510:Harar
432:Scioa
424:Harar
319:Scioa
311:Harar
4396:Tuva
4341:Iraq
4336:Iran
4268:Asia
4156:Cuba
3536:Nice
2688:XXII
2667:ISBN
2655:2017
2643:Rome
2615:ISBN
2594:2017
2581:ISBN
2577:Rome
2556:ISBN
2539:OCLC
2514:OCLC
2410:2021
2363:2022
2331:2019
2283:2019
2140:2015
2078:2018
2030:2019
1975:ISBN
1831:OCLC
1821:ISBN
1782:link
1764:OCLC
1754:ISBN
1716:OCLC
1706:ISBN
1681:ISBN
1654:ISBN
1626:2020
1492:ISBN
1453:ISBN
1402:ISBN
1156:and
1137:Rome
1131:The
1084:Pay
1051:Sten
979:and
862:via
856:Rome
844:Rome
788:lire
766:Adua
633:and
430:and
354:King
352:and
62:Flag
1942:doi
1858:doi
1817:188
1135:in
4715::
2802:;
2798:;
2794:;
2790:;
2786:;
2686:.
2609:.
2537:.
2485:.
2467:.
2379:.
2347:.
2317:.
2299:.
2244:^
2156:.
2112:.
2094:.
2064:.
2046:.
1948:.
1936:.
1864:.
1852:.
1829:.
1819:.
1778:}}
1774:{{
1762:.
1714:.
1583:17
1581:.
1562:.
1533:.
1506:^
1382:.
929:.
910:.
890:,
886:,
882:,
878:,
874:,
870:,
866:,
576:SC
548:GS
520:HA
492:AM
446:.
426:,
422:,
313:,
309:,
293::
129:,
125:,
121:,
4485:)
4481:(
4026:e
4019:t
4012:v
3110:e
3103:t
3096:v
2722:e
2715:t
2708:v
2694:.
2675:.
2623:.
2596:.
2564:.
2545:.
2520:.
2489:.
2471:.
2441:.
2426:.
2412:.
2383:.
2365:.
2333:.
2285:.
2160:.
2142:.
2116:.
2098:.
2080:.
2050:.
2032:.
2000:.
1983:.
1956:.
1944::
1938:8
1909:.
1872:.
1860::
1854:9
1837:.
1784:)
1770:.
1722:.
1689:.
1662:.
1628:.
1593:.
1566:.
1539:.
1500:.
1461:.
1422:.
1386:.
987:.
745:(
325:(
289:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
