Italian war crimes - Knowledge (XXG)

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necessity knew no choice, and law required only lip service. Roatta's merciless suppression of partisan insurgency was not mitigated by his having saved the lives of both Serbs and Jews from the persecution of Italy's allies Germany and Croatia. Under his watch, the 2nd Army's record of violence against the Yugoslav population easily matched the Germans. Tantamount to a declaration of war on civilians, Roatta's '3C' pamphlet involved him in war crimes." One of Roatta's soldiers wrote home on July 1, 1942: "We have destroyed everything from top to bottom without sparing the innocent. We kill entire families every night, beating them to death or shooting them." As noted by the Minister of Foreign Affairs in Mussolini government,

257:. Over the course of three days, Libyan and Turkish men, women, and children were indiscriminately murdered in the streets, in their houses, farms, and gardens. Libyan and Turkish women were also reportedly raped and sexually assaulted by Italian troops, prompting ferocious and violent retaliation against captured Italian troops by Ottoman soldiers. In another incident during the war reported by a British officer serving with the Turkish forces, Italian soldiers burned several hundred civilians in a mosque, wherein women and children had taken refuge. In 1912, 10,000 Turkish and Arab troops were imprisoned in concentration camps in Libya, and all Turkish troops were executed. 805:

hospitality to Partisans, were to be destroyed. Italian troops were ordered to burn crops, kill livestock and burn villages which supported Partisans. To destroy the resistance, the Italian occupiers also completely surrounded the capital city of Ljubljana with barbed wire, bunkers and control points. Civilians, particularly families of partisans and their supporters, were sent by the tens of thousands to Italian concentration camps, and in a meeting in Gorizia in July 1942, between Italian generals and Mussolini, they agreed to forcefully deport all 330,000 inhabitants of Ljubljana Province, if necessary, and replace them with Italians.

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Italy’s long-standing imperial claims in Yugoslavia. In exchange for their cooperation, the Chetniks expected Italy to turn a blind eye while they avenged themselves against Muslims and conducted retaliatory raids on Croatian communities. Although Roatta did not support such vengeance due to the distress it caused in Zagreb, his occasional warnings to the Chetniks to restrain themselves were ineffective. Many field commanders preferred to spare their troops by using Chetniks and collaborators to undertake the unpleasant task of rooting out partisans.

563: 767: 592: 857:, in a contemporary letter, directly blamed the Fascist Italian government for the deaths in addition to the Germans: "Axis authorities in Greece are robbing the starving population of their entire harvest of corn, grapes, olives, and currants; even vegetables, fish, milk, and butter are being seized... Italy is the occupying power and Italy is responsible for the proper feeding of the Greek people... after the war the story of Greece will be an indelible blot on the good name of Italy, at any rate Fascist Italy." 40: 664:, killing hundreds of civilians in revenge for a local guerrilla attack that resulted in the death of two high-ranking officers. In the second week of August 1942, Italian troops were reported to have burned down six Croatian villages and shot dead more than 200 civilians in retaliation for guerrilla attacks. In September 1942, the Italian Army was reported to have destroyed 100 villages in Slovenia and killed 7,000 villagers in reprisal for local guerrilla attacks. 7179: 266: 603:, alone, the Italians sent some 25,000 to 40,000 Slovene civilians to concentration camps, which equalled 7.5% to 12% of its total population. The Italians also sent tens of thousands of Croats, Serbs, Montenegrins and others to concentration camps, including many women and children. 80,000 people from Dalmatia (12% of the population) passed through various Italian concentration camps. 98,703 Montenegrin civilians (one-third of the entire population of 583:, burning down houses, and the confiscation of property from villagers suspected of having contact with Partisans for families of Italian soldiers. He also mentioned the need to extend the plan to Dalmatia and for the construction of concentration camps. Roatta insisted, "If necessary don't shy away from using cruelty. It must be a complete cleansing. We need to intern all the inhabitants and put Italian families in their place." 1147: 3907: 471:, has discovered archived documents showing how Italian civil servants were told to avoid extraditions. A typical instruction was issued by the Italian prime minister, Alcide De Gasperi, reading: "Try to gain time, avoid answering requests." The denial of Italian war crimes was backed up by the Italian state, academe, and media, re-inventing Italy as only a victim of the German Nazism and the post-war 1118:: During the Italian occupation of Ethiopia, Between May 18 and May 22, 1937, Italian and Libyan troops under the command of Maletti massacred between 1700 and 2100 people at the Debre Libanos Monastery, including all 297 monks and 23 lay people who served the monastery, and the many pilgrims who had come to celebrate the patron saint of the monastery. Maletti was killed in action in 1940. 848:. The Greek government claimed that Italian occupation forces destroyed 110,000 buildings and via various causes inflicted economic damage of $ 6 billion (1938 exchange rates) while executing 11,000 civilians; in terms of the percentage of direct and indirect destruction this was almost identical to the figures attributed to German occupation forces. The Italians also presided over the 313: 748:

statistics from the Yugoslav State Commission of Crimes of the Occupier and Their Assistants, a total of 5,000 people became subject to proceedings in these Italian courts and the courts condemned 500 of them to death. The remainder were given punishments ranging from long prison sentences, being assigned to forced labour or being sent to concentration camps.

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privations due to the destruction of their villages and farms. The Ethiopian government also claimed that the Italians destroyed 2,000 churches and 525,000 houses, while confiscating or slaughtering 6 million cattle, 7 million sheep and goats, and 1.7 million horses, mules, and camels, leading to the latter deaths.

2576: 931:, destroying 80 Albanian villages and killing hundreds of civilians. According to the Statistics of the Albanian National Institute of Resistance, the Italian occupiers were responsible for 28,000 dead, 12,600 wounded, 43,000 interned in concentration camps, 61,000 homes burned, 850 villages destroyed. 1041:

This is a working list of Italian high-ranking military personnel or other officials involved in acts of war. It includes also such personnel of lower rank that were accused of grave breaches of the laws of war. Inclusion of a person does not imply that the person was qualified as a war criminal by a

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A decree given by Mussolini on 24 October 1941, replaced the Extraordinary Tribunal with the Special Court for Dalmatia, which took over the tribunal's functionality and had wide jurisdiction. Like the Extraordinary Tribunal, the Special Court worked quickly, informally and arbitrarily. According to

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and elsewhere. Among the 10,619 civilians held in October 1942 in just the Rab concentration camp, 3,413 were women and children, with children accounting for 1,422 of the prisoners. Over 3,500 internees died at Rab alone, including at least 163 children listed by name, giving it a mortality rate of

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recruited Serbs to help counteract German control in Croatia. The Chetniks were to occupy territories cleared by Axis rastrellamenti instead of the pro-German Croatians. Roatta, like his fellow commanders, was wary that Wehrmacht generals would not honor Hitler’s repeated verbal promises to respect

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circulated a pamphlet entitled '3C' among his commanders that spelled out military reform and draconian measures to intimidate the Slav populations into silence by means of summary executions, hostage-taking, reprisals, internments and the burning of houses and villages. By his reckoning, military

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Between 24 April and 24 June 1942, Italian forces executed more than 1,000 hostages from across the Province of Ljubljana. In the Šibenik district, 240 hostages were executed between 23 April and 15 June 1942, a further 470 civilians were killed in reprisals at the same time across other areas of

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issued commands for all persons caught with arms or false identification papers to be shot on the spot, while most other men of military age were to be sent to concentration camps. All buildings from which shots were fired on Italian troops, or in which ammunition was found, or the owners showed

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Italian authorities enacted a quota for civilian hostages to be shot in retaliation for Italian soldiers and citizens killed by Partisan attacks. In Dalmatia, five civilian hostages were to be executed for every Italian civilian killed and twenty civilian hostages were to be executed for every

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According to the Ethiopian government, 382,800 civilian deaths were directly attributable to the Italian invasion. 17,800 women and children were killed by bombing, 30,000 people were killed in the massacre of February 1937, 35,000 people died in concentration camps, and 300,000 people died of

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while occupying the majority of the country, and along with the Germans were responsible for it by initiating a policy of wide-scale plunder of everything of value in Greece, including food for its occupation forces. Ultimately, the Greek famine led to the deaths of 300,000 Greek civilians.

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on the island of Rab, in Gonars, Monigo (Treviso), Renicci d'Anghiari, Chiesanuova and elsewhere. The survivors received no compensation from the Italian state after the war. He had, as the commander of the 2nd Italian Army in Province of Ljubljana, ordered besides internments also summary

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dedicated to hunting down partisans and rounding up deportees. His ruthless extremism was cause for concern even to his fellow fascists, who had him arrested in October 1944. Then he came into Allied captivity and was later convicted of war crimes by an Italian court and

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In other areas, the quota was more arbitrary. For example, Italian forces ordered the execution of 66 civilian hostages from Šibenik on 22 May 1943, in retaliation for 22 telegraph poles sabotaged by Partisans, a quota of three hostages for each telegraph pole damaged.

2584: 712:, the hostage quota was higher; in January 1942, the Governor of Montenegro ordered 50 civilian hostages to be executed for every Italian officer killed or wounded, and 10 civilian hostages to be executed for every Italian NCO and regular soldier killed or wounded. 655:

In early July 1942, Italian troops operating opposite Fiume were reported to have shot and killed 800 Croat and Slovene civilians and burned down 20 houses near Split on the Dalmatian coast. On 12 July 1942, Italian forces killed around 100 Croat civilians in the

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From 1940, growing Albanian resistance to Italian rule led to an increase in repressive and punitive measures against the Albanian population. From 14–18 July 1943, the Italian army conducted a large anti-Partisan operation in villages surrounding the town of

1128:. Ardent proponent of the use of poison gas and concentration camps, which resulted in the deaths of tens of thousands of civilians. Responsible for mass death sentences against resistance fighters. In 1944, De Bono was executed after being convicted at the 743:

organizations. The Tribunal held four trials characterized by a hasty procedure without any guarantee for the accused, imposing forty-eight death sentences, of which thirty-five were executed, as well as thirty-seven prison sentences of different lengths.

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and the subsequent occupation of the country as a "soft war", the Italian public and media were forced to repress their collective memory. The repression of memory led to historical revisionism in Italy and in 2003, the Italian media published

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and Croatia, the evacuation of people in the east of the former frontiers to a distance of 3–4 km inland, the organization of border patrols to kill anyone attempting to cross, the mass internment of "twenty to thirty thousand persons" to

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was an Italian general who was tried and found guilty for killing a British prisoner of war and wounding another in 1941. He was one of the few Italians to be executed for war crimes by the Allies, and the only one executed by the British

467:, effectively undermined the quest for justice by tolerating the efforts made by Italy's top authorities to prevent any of the alleged Italian war criminals from being extradited and taken to court. Fillipo Focardi, a historian at Rome's 2374:

Constantine A. Doxiadis, "Destruction of Towns and Villages in Greece." Series of Publications of the Ministry of Reconstruction, no.11 (Athens: Ministry of Reconstruction, 1947), p.59. The 112 GRD/USD conversion can be worked out from

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and began to participate actively in the prosecution and arrest of Jews. Initially, after the Italian surrender, the Italian police had only assisted in the round-up of Jews when requested to do so by German authorities. With the

755:, Italian authorities with their collaborators killed 30,795 civilians (not including those killed in concentration camps and prisons) in Dalmatia, Istria, Gorski Kotar and the Croatian Littoral, compared to 9,657 partisans. 1246:. He was the only Italian war criminal to be executed by the U.S. military. Simonitti's subordinate, Benedetto Pilon, received a life sentence. He was later transferred to Italian custody, but freed under an amnesty by 574:, commander of the Italian 2nd Army, that "the best situation is when the enemy is dead. So we must take numerous hostages and shoot them whenever necessary." To implement this Roatta suggested the closure of the 284:

to consolidate control over the Italian territory of Libya and Italian forces began to occupy large areas of Libya in order to allow Italian colonists to rapidly settle in it. They were met with resistance by the

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court of justice. As noted in the relevant section, very few cases have been brought to court due to diplomatic activities of, notably, the government of the United Kingdom and subsequent general abolition.

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18%. Around 1,000 internees died in the Molat camp, while over 500 died in the Gonars camp, including 93 children. Concentration camp survivors received no compensation from the Italian state after the war.

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executions, hostage-taking, and burning of houses and villages, for which after the war the Yugoslav government sought unsuccessfully to have him extradited for war crimes. He was quoted as saying "

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on 2 December 1941. Italian forces committed further massacres on 14 December 1941, in the villages of Babina Vlaka, Jabuka and Mihailovici, destroying homes and killing 120 Montenegrin civilians.

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On 16 November 1942, after a Partisan attack on a military truck convoy, Italian forces launched a combined and indiscriminate land, air and naval bombardment targeting the small Croatian town of

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The Central Registry of War Criminals and Security Suspects, Supplementary Wanted List No. 2, Part 2 - Non Germans (September 1947), Uckfield 2005 (Naval & University Press); pp. 81–82

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The Central Registry of War Criminals and Security Suspects, Consolidated Wanted Lists, Part 2 - Non-Germans only (March 1947), Uckfield 2005 (Naval & University Press); pp. 56–74

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On their own, or with their Nazi allies, the occupying Italian army undertook many armed actions, including brutal offensives intended to wipe out Partisan resistance. This included

7080: 5759: 4580: 3800: 800:, in July 1941, the Italian army assembled 80,000 well-armed troops to attack 2,500-3,000 poorly armed Partisans, who had liberated large portions of the Province. Italian general 1620:(2004) Britain and the 'Hand-over' of Italian War Criminals to Yugoslavia, 1945–48. Journal of Contemporary History. Vol. 39, No. 4, Special Issue: Collective Memory, pp. 503–529 6062: 5425: 4734: 4359: 2034:"Ubili su milijun ljudi, a prema Hrvatima su bili posebno nečovječni. Mučili su ih, slali u logore, palili sela... Srhoj podsjeća na sve te strahote: 'Mnogi se još nisu odrekli'" 1233: 293:. Civilians suspected of collaboration with the Senussi were executed. Refugees from the fighting were subject to bombing and strafing by Italian aircraft. In 1930, in northern 5075: 5021: 4207: 1273:

was the Minister of the Interior for the Italian Social Republic; shortly after the end of the war in Europe he was found guilty of war crimes by an Italian court and executed.

554:, hostage-taking, reprisals, internments and the burning of houses and villages. To regain military momentum, the Italians persuaded the Chetniks to become their subordinates. 5532: 781:

in Bosnia, in which German, Italian and allied quisling forces killed 12,000 Partisans, plus 3,370 civilians, while sending 1,722 civilians to concentration camps. During the

5028: 4644: 1142:. He ordered that fifty Montenegrin civilians be executed for every Italian killed, and ten be executed for every Italian wounded. Biroli never stood trial and died in 1962. 1210:: Commander of the Italian XI Corps in Slovenia and Croatia, issued an order in line with a directive received from Mussolini in June 1942: "I would not be opposed to all ( 660:, and deported another 889 civilians to concentration camps. Later that month, the Italian Air Force was reported to have practically destroyed four Yugoslav villages near 4054: 2861: 253:, wherein an estimated 4,000 inhabitants of the Mechiya oasis were killed as retribution for the execution and mutilation of Italian captives taken in an ambush at nearby 785:

offensive, German, Italian and allied troops killed 7,000 Partisans (two-thirds of the total 22,000 Partisan force were killed or wounded), and executed 2,537 civilians.

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and 23 surrounding hamlets. During these reprisals, Italian forces burned down about 900 houses, shot 97 civilians, interned 880 civilians and destroyed about 150 boats.

5418: 4865: 4741: 309:, ultimately leading to the death of nearly 4,000 internees by the time they were closed in September 1933. Over 80,000 Cyrenaicans died during the Pacification in all. 4718: 4098: 530:

In April 1941, Italy invaded Yugoslavia, occupying large portions of Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia, Montenegro, Serbia and Macedonia, while directly annexing to Italy the

5155: 4467: 1214:) Slovenes being imprisoned and replaced by Italians. In other words, we should take steps to ensure that political and ethnic frontiers coincide." This qualified as 904: 412:, the Italian air force partook in many bombings of civilian targets for the purposes of "weakening the morale of the Reds". One of the more notable bombings was the 526:, where they incarcerated 15,000 Slovene and Croatian civilians, among them many women and children, and over 3,500 civilians are estimated to have died in the camp. 3735: 3681: 2324:"Smrt hrvatskih kraljeva Miroslava i Zvonimira (2). Ekskurs I — Starohrvatska katedrala na Kapitulu kod Knina, Ekskurs II — Starohrvatska županija Polje kod Knina" 4974: 4276: 3730: 1094:: In 1950, a military tribunal sentenced Graziani to prison for a term of 19 years (but released after a few months) as punishment for his collaboration with the 6973: 5766: 5729: 5706: 5227: 4149: 4119: 3740: 3723: 844:

A similar phenomenon took place in Greece in the immediate postwar years. The Italian occupation of Greece was often brutal, resulting in reprisals such as the

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Gianni Oliva (2006): 'Si ammazza troppo poco'. I crimini di guerra italiani 1940–43. ('There are too few killings'. Italian war crimes 1940–43), Mondadori,

1997: 1986: 1975: 1952: 1165:, Roatta ordered the deportation of 25,000 people, which equalled 7.5% of the total population. The operation, one of the most drastic in Europe, filled up 6616: 5683: 5595: 5539: 5502: 5495: 4784: 3671: 5588: 4320: 968: 416:, in which 1,300 civilians were killed, with thousands more being wounded or dehoused. Other cities subjected to terror bombing by the Italians included 479: 5635: 7094: 5722: 4112: 4070: 3029: 821: 6943: 675: 7225: 4762: 4536: 4299: 4165: 3977: 3843: 2393:

Baranowski, Shelley (2010). Nazi empire: German colonialism and imperialism from Bismarck to Hitler. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 273.

1198:(...) I took the liberty of saying they (the Slovenes) totalled one million. It doesn't matter – he replied firmly – we should model ourselves upon 5838: 4672: 4172: 4084: 4021: 3747: 2792: 460: 3676: 2272:"Prvi pravi popis - v vojnem in povojnem nasilju je umrlo 6,5 % Slovencev :: Prvi interaktivni multimedijski portal, MMC RTV Slovenija" 6041: 5553: 4403: 3943: 2365:

P. Fonzi, "Liquidare e dimenticare il passato": i rapporti italo – greci tra il 1943 e il 1948, in "Italia Contemporanea", 266 (2012), pp. 7–42

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massacres as many as 30,000 Ethiopians may have been killed and many more imprisoned as a reprisal for the attempted assassination of Viceroy

7230: 6637: 6069: 5815: 5690: 4776: 4607: 4313: 4230: 3782: 3160: 3146: 2848: 2733: 2696: 2500: 2474: 2398: 2271: 2132: 1857: 1803: 1723: 1600: 1583: 1495: 1468: 1441: 1408: 1352: 6870: 6277: 6163: 5328: 4795: 4791: 4769: 4373: 3273: 3219: 1088:, Magliocco was one of the generals primarily responsible for carrying out orders to use chemical weapons. He was killed in action in 1936. 302: 6785: 6249: 882: 690:. During the operation, Italian forces razed 12 villages, destroying or burning around 2,806 homes and farms and killing 635 civilians. 5581: 5567: 4780: 959:, where they remained until they were liberated by British forces in January 1943. 564 prisoners died from typhus and other privations. 724: 6863: 6319: 4550: 3168:(1947), Uckfield 2005 (Naval & University Press, facsimile edition of the original document at the National Archives in Kew/London) 6994: 6741: 6034: 5985: 5743: 5298: 4389: 4237: 4091: 3757: 3700: 3478: 3278: 3182: 992: 808:

None of the Italians responsible for the many war crimes against Yugoslavs - including Generals Roatta and Robotti, Fascist Commissar

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The Ciano Diaries 1939–1943: The Complete, Unabridged Diaries of Count Galeazzo Ciano, Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs, 1936–1943

679: 7110: 5992: 5964: 5781: 5363: 5082: 3176: 3100: 2934: 1703: 1139: 709: 701:

Italian officer or civil servant killed. Hostages were taken from the civilian population and were interned in concentration camps.

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and documents found in Italian archives by the Italian historian Davide Conti, pointed out that the memory of the existence of the

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in March 1944. After Rome was liberated by the Allies he was tried that September by an Italian Court and subsequently executed.

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Dalmatia. In late-June 1943, the Governor of Montenegro ordered the execution of 180 hostages from the Bar concentration camp.

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In 2012, a Slovenian census determined that the Italian occupiers were responsible for the deaths of 6,400 Slovene civilians.

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Dead inmates from the Rab concentration camp, one of many Italian concentration camps for civilians from the former Yugoslavia

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Luca Baldissara, Paolo Pezzino (2004). Crimini e memorie di guerra: violenze contro le popolazioni e politiche del ricordo.

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in reprisal. Some 150 civilians were killed in the attack, nearby villages were also burned and 200 citizens were arrested.

7117: 7050: 6263: 6214: 5978: 5574: 5335: 5126: 4179: 1538: 1195:, when describing a meeting with the secretary general of the Fascist party who wanted Italian army to kill all Slovenes: 641: 270: 1693: 792:

Italian mass arrests of civilians in Ljubljana in 1942, many of whom were sent to concentration camps or shot as hostages

7191: 7087: 6462: 6423: 5342: 5177: 5162: 5089: 5068: 4886: 4564: 4350: 4343: 4327: 4038: 3998: 3970: 3810: 3762: 3695: 3340: 3260: 2434: 916: 49: 2946: 7220: 7154: 6478: 6430: 6048: 6020: 5873: 5488: 5467: 4988: 4651: 4047: 3792: 3120: 3024: 2877: 2124: 1756: 1745: 1734: 1247: 1166: 888: 608: 580: 440: 377: 301:

were relocated and their land was given to Italian settlers. The Bedouins were forced to march across the desert into

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The Police Transit Camps in Fossoli and Bolzano – Historical report in connection with the trial of Manfred Seifert

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Approximately half of all Jews arrested during the Holocaust in Italy were arrested in 1944 by the Italian police.

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In November 1943, the Fascist authorities of the RSI declared Italian Jews to be of "enemy nationality" during the

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list established by the Anglo-American Allies of the individuals wanted by Yugoslavia and Greece for war crimes.

1003: 616: 381: 1019:, minister of the interior of the RSI, ordered the Italian police to arrest Jews and confiscate their property. 766: 6593: 6570: 5822: 5623: 5616: 5280: 4940: 4912: 4905: 4628: 4292: 3647: 3468: 3395: 3313: 3303: 3212: 2641: 2083: 2081: 1549: 1377: 1327: 1221: 1135: 956: 645: 628: 281: 214: 1906: 1078:, Badoglio approved, as commander in chief of the Italian army, the use of poisonous gas against enemy troops. 2419:

Alessandra Kersevan 2008: (Editor) Foibe – Revisionismo di stato e amnesie della repubblica. Kappa Vu. Udine.

607:) were sent to Italian concentration camps. The operation, one of the most drastic in Europe, filled up many 7015: 6959: 6829: 6689: 6374: 6027: 5923: 5829: 5397: 5265: 5235: 5199: 5184: 5056: 4948: 4926: 4872: 4858: 4840: 4504: 4285: 4014: 3963: 3867: 3565: 3513: 3462: 3308: 3298: 1285: 1260: 1229: 1099: 996: 732: 397: 2492:

Democratization from within: Political Culture and the Consolidation of Democracy in Post-Communist Albania

6707: 6600: 6402: 6353: 6256: 6149: 6119: 5902: 5790: 5516: 5307: 4898: 4879: 4849: 4396: 4366: 3498: 3374: 3293: 1896:

Cresciani, Gianfranco (2004) Clash of civilisations, Italian Historical Society Journal, Vol.12, No.2, p.7

1332: 1012: 612: 523: 39: 5370: 3042:, September 2004, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 280–299(20); Routledge, part of the Taylor & Francis Group 751:

According to statistics collected through 1946 by the Commission for War Damages on the Territory of the

7198: 6921: 6764: 6660: 6630: 6586: 6326: 6291: 6284: 6207: 6105: 5546: 5523: 4981: 4518: 4258: 4244: 3929: 3838: 3518: 3503: 3493: 3473: 3420: 2950: 1270: 1162: 1125: 1103: 1016: 849: 797: 600: 531: 425: 250: 4573: 788: 668: 349:

facilities. Italian authorities claimed that these actions were in response to the Ethiopians' use of

7022: 6877: 6528: 6485: 6455: 6381: 6191: 6170: 5096: 4251: 1307: 413: 409: 405: 246: 2655: 1873: 1849:

Il nuovo ordine mediterraneo: le politiche di occupazione dell'Italia fascista in Europa (1940-1943)

7140: 6914: 6792: 6748: 6270: 5404: 5170: 4697: 4527: 4511: 4460: 3910: 3872: 3603: 3583: 3205: 3128: 3115: 3105: 1510: 1367: 984: 720: 624: 429: 421: 182: 166: 3166:

The Central Registry of War Criminals and Security Suspects (CROWCASS) - Consolidated Wanted Lists

7133: 6966: 6891: 6845: 6815: 6723: 6563: 6228: 6112: 6006: 5957: 5895: 5651: 5602: 5411: 5314: 5035: 4621: 4488: 3833: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3620: 3593: 3560: 3550: 3410: 3405: 3288: 3239: 3060: 3025:

Giuseppe Piemontese (1946): Twenty-nine months of Italian occupation of the Province of Ljubljana

1621: 1518: 1357: 1347: 1264: 1081: 1008: 845: 837: 547: 417: 372:. A 2017 study estimated that 19,200 were killed - a fifth of the population of Addis Ababa. The 305:. Starvation and other poor conditions in the camps were rampant and the internees were used for 136: 7178: 265: 2963: 2825:

Experimentierfeld der Gewalt. Der Abessinienkrieg und seine internationale Bedeutung 1935–1941.

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Barker, A. J. (1968). The Civilising Mission: The Italo-Ethiopian War 1935–6. London: Cassell.

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Of the estimated 44,500 Jews living in Italy before September 1943, 7,680 were murdered during

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L'occupazione italiana dei Balcani. Crimini di guerra e mito della «brava gente» (1940-1943)

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L'occupazione italiana dei Balcani. Crimini di guerra e mito della «brava gente» (1940-1943)

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Margherita, Marchione. "Pope Pius XII: Architect for Peace." Paulist Pr, May 2000. Page 280.

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Tragedy Revealed: The Story of Italians from Istria, Dalmatia, and Venezia Giulia, 1943-1956

1941:

L'occupazione italiana dei Balcani. Crimini di guerra e mito della «brava gente» (1940-1943)

1250: 1215: 1091: 1049: 988: 870: 736: 369: 350: 338: 277: 206: 198: 150: 112: 3171: 1638: 7066: 6778: 6693: 6651: 6549: 6492: 6360: 6142: 6133: 5662: 5244: 5220: 4816: 4474: 3895: 3787: 3415: 3378: 3283: 3177:

Mass internment of civil population under inhuman conditions – Italian concentration camps

1487:

Making of Modern Libya, The: State Formation, Colonization, and Resistance, Second Edition

1322: 1312: 1071: 991:. This changed in September 1943, when German forces occupied the country, installed the 972: 809: 657: 503: 495: 472: 3131:

2008: (Editor) Foibe – Revisionismo di stato e amnesie della repubblica. Kappa Vu. Udine.

2817:

Re-conquest and Suppression: Fascist Italy's Pacification of Libya and Ethiopia, 1922–39.

1045:

The criterion for inclusion in the list is the existence of reliable documented sources.

566:

Italian soldiers shooting Slovenian civilian hostages from the village Dane, Loška dolina

3071: 2220: 1153:(1887–1968): Italian General accused of War Crimes and called "The Beast" in Yugoslavia. 364:

During the 1936–1941 Italian occupation, atrocities also occurred; in the February 1937

7073: 6609: 6535: 4587: 4446: 3862: 3431: 3389: 2428: 2258:"Italian Policies Toward Croatians In Occupied Territories During The Second World War" 2243:"Italian Policies Toward Croatians In Occupied Territories During The Second World War" 2112: 2072:"Italian Policies Toward Croatians In Occupied Territories During The Second World War" 2057:"Italian Policies Toward Croatians In Occupied Territories During The Second World War" 1821:"Italian Policies Toward Croatians In Occupied Territories During The Second World War" 1535:

Between bombs and good intentions: the Red Cross and the Italo-Ethiopian War, 1935-1936

1192: 1121: 1115: 1057: 928: 920: 912: 908: 900: 507: 242: 170: 1146: 895:

on 7 April 1939. Albania was quickly overrun by the 12 April 1939, forcing its ruler,

408:. While they also bombed valid military targets such as the railway infrastructure of 7214: 6884: 4809: 4658: 4497: 3483: 3362: 3055:(2004): Britain and the 'Hand-Over' of Italian War Criminals to Yugoslavia, 1945–48, 3052: 2902: 2555: 1617: 1426: 1256: 1207: 1026: 1011:, in which Jews were declared foreigners, and in times of war enemies, this changed. 949: 854: 801: 728: 436: 306: 254: 202: 155: 17: 3185:(Report). Belgrade: The State Commission for the Investigation of War Crimes. 1946. 1595:

1931-2017., Thomas, Hugh, (2003). The Spanish Civil War (4th ed.). London: Penguin.

1513:(2004) Britain and the 'Hand-over' of Italian War Criminals to Yugoslavia, 1945–48. 7183: 6987: 5287: 5192: 4823: 4186: 3952: 3533: 3437: 3335: 2914: 1716:

Crimini e memorie di guerra: violenze contro le popolazioni e politiche del ricordo

1689: 1677: 1673: 1158: 1150: 1129: 571: 555: 542:, along with most Croatian islands. To suppress the mounting resistance led by the 535: 317: 290: 226: 3123:. Pulizia etnica e campi di concentramento fascisti per civili jugoslavi 1941–1943 694: 3136: 2541:

Statistiche dell'Istituto nazionale albanese della Resistenza, Cfr. E. Misefari,

2464: 2117: 1847: 1793: 919:

and to own land so that they could gradually transform it into Italian soil. The

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General Roatta's War against the Partisans in Yugoslavia: 1942, IngentaConnect

1746:

General Roatta's War against the Partisans in Yugoslavia: 1942, IngentaConnect

1735:

General Roatta's War against the Partisans in Yugoslavia: 1942, IngentaConnect

693:

During anti-Partisan operations in July 1943, Italian forces razed the village

6177: 5930: 5909: 4802: 4135: 4063: 3540: 3318: 1108: 782: 778: 604: 365: 132: 120: 116: 71: 2793:"As Europe Reckons With Racism, Italy Still Won't Confront Its Colonial Past" 2721:

The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos

2447:

Italiani senza onore: I crimini in Jugoslavia e i processi negati (1941–1951)

1928:

L'inutile vittoria: la tragica esperienza delle truppe italiane in Montenegro

1561: 6440: 5845: 5642: 5453: 5251: 5206: 4223: 3228: 1263:

police in Rome while it was occupied by the Germans. He helped organize the

1030: 999:(RSI) and immediately began persecuting and deporting the Jews found there. 836:

Italian troops walk among the bodies of Greek civilians executed during the

820:

In 1942 Italian fascist troops completely destroyed the remains of medieval

771: 740: 478:

A number of suspects, known to be on the list of Italian war criminals that

346: 312: 294: 4727: 3190: 3038:

Lidia Santarelli: "Muted violence: Italian war crimes in occupied Greece",

832: 687: 249:. One of the most notorious incidents during this conflict was the October 3081:(2004): "General Roatta's war against the partisans in Yugoslavia: 1942", 2911:

Rory, Carroll. Italy's bloody secret. The Guardian. (Archived by WebCite®)

2446: 1202:(auxiliary Eritrean troops infamous for their cruelty) and wipe them out". 4711: 4439: 3877: 3528: 3358: 2197: 2186:"Vincenzo Serrentino - posljednji talijanski prefekt Zadarske provincije" 1295: 1061: 896: 649: 539: 499: 487: 298: 128: 108: 76: 45: 3172:

Italian Crimes In Yugoslavia (Yugoslav Information Office – London 1945)

2880:, Journal of Modern Italian Studies, Volume 9, Number 3, pp. 314–329(16) 860:

After two Italian filmmakers were jailed in the 1950s for depicting the

3555: 3545: 3523: 3508: 3064: 3017: 2610: 2160: 1669: 1625: 1522: 345:, the use of concentration camps in counter-insurgency, and attacks on 286: 186: 86: 2384:

Doxiadis, Sacrifices of Greece, Claims and Reparations, no.19, p.75-77

1056:, Mussolini ordered the manufacturing/purchase of hundreds of tons of 5321: 2862:

Twenty-nine months of Italian occupation of the Province of Ljubljana

1239: 1199: 1095: 620: 483: 174: 65: 61: 2633: 824:, in order to build themselves their barracks and concrete bunkers. 3011: 2823:, Band 28, Nr. 6, 2005, S. 1005–1032, hier S. 1009; Aram Mattioli: 2257: 2242: 2148: