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Petersburg gymnasium. He realized his father's wishes and entered the
Division of Natural Sciences of the Department of Physics and Mathematics at St. Petersburg University. Tarkhanov began to study physiology with a passion, under the supervision of Prof. F.V. Ovsyannikov (1827-1906). Simultaneously, he attended at the lectures given by Ivan M. Sechenov (1829-1905) at the St. Petersburg Medico-Surgical Academy. Tarkhanov stayed at St. Petersburg University for a short period, but because of his political action in speaking against the university administration for students right and freedom on April 9, 1864, he was forced to leave the university. However, he was able to stay in St. Petersburg by enrolling in the Medico-Surgical Academy. On September 19, 1864, Tarkhanov began attending lectures and joined Sechenov's laboratory at the Medical-Surgery Academy. In 1869, after already graduating with honors from the Academy, he published four more papers and then took examinations for the M.D. degree in 1870.
198:'s discovery, Tarkhanov concluded that these newly discovered rays not only photograph, but also "affect the living function". These experiments signaled the birth of radiobiology. Tarkhanov found a marked attenuation of excitability and a total suppression of acidic reflexes. These experiments confirmed that the impairment of reflexes after X-ray exposure depended on neither analgesia nor sensitive skin but on the moderating effect of the central nervous system (CNS) itself. Studying the effects of X-rays on metabolism in the myocardium and the circulation of the heart, he concluded that all of the effects of X-rays were due to their moderating or retarding the activity of the CNS (1896). A few years later, Tarkhanov presented an extensive paper on the role of X-rays in biology and medicine (1903). Thus, his pioneer works had indeed forecast a new field of science as radiobiology.
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wars. Tarknishvili was a descendant of an outstanding figure in the history of
Georgia, the ruler Giorgi Saakadze (Didi Mouravi) (1570-1629), great commander of the Georgian army and a national hero in the seventeen century. The eleven-year-old Vano, the precocious child of a Russian general active during the Caucasian Wars, interpreted for Alexandre Dumas while French writer was traveled to the Caucasus in 1858. The writer visited his father's family when he was Chief of the Nukha region in Dagestan, in the north-east Caucasus. Dumas was equally affected the external beauty of the boy in the Georgian national raiment with dagger and excellent French speech that did not yield to the Parisians.
143:, which was a direct continuation of the work of I. M. Sechenov, of whom Tarkhanov was one of the first disciples. Tarkhanov engaged in experimental studies on the phenomena of summation in the nervous system (1869). He also studied the influence of compressed air, oxygen, and carbonic acid on nervous irritability (1876). He described the formation of bile pigments in animals and humans (1874) and was one of the first to show (1871) the restoration of fading functions in anemic animals by infusing saline in the body. He dominated work in the field of the physiology of aging (1891) and many other topics. Tarkhanov was one of the first to investigate hypnotic suggestion. Tarkhanov's books,
221:. Following his resignation from the St. Petersburg Military Medical Academy, he published during the period 1897–1908 nearly 250 popular articles on a variety of topics. In these publications, Tarkhanov discussed many exciting problems of the time, such as health, hygiene, and nutrition of the people, issues of education of children and women, the organization of women's higher medical education in Russia, and radiation safety. He appears through his writings as a progressive humanist scholar, struggling for justice in all areas of public life and many others. His great capacity for work, which could not be reflected negatively in his health, is amazing.
100:(1825–1895), and F.D. von Recklinghausen (1833–1910) in Strasbourg, C. Ludwig (1816–1895) in Leipzig, E. du-Bois-Reymond (1818–1896) in Berlin, H. von Helmholtz (1821–1894) in Heidelberg, and other famous scientists in London, Vienna, and Zurich. In Paris, Tarchanoff joined with C. Bernard (1813–1878), J.-M. Charcot (1825–1893), É.-J. Marey (1830–1904), and L.-A. Ranvier (1835–1922). At the Collège de France, Tarkhanov became friends with C.R. Richet (1850–1935), and Tarkhanov subsequently published a paper in
123:. Tarkhanov died on 24 August 1908 in his private house in the village of Nawojowa Góra near Krzeszowice, several kilometers away from Kraków (Poland). He was firstly buried on August 27 in Kraków cemetery and later on September 27, 1908, the body was interred in the cemetery by Alexander Nevsky Lavra of St. Petersburg where is his ornate tombstone. Sculptor was his wife, a polish Jew from Vilnius, Elena Antokolska (1868-1930).
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75:. Among his numerous contributions was the discovery of the skin galvanic reflex (1889). However, Tarkhnishvili's most significant contribution was the discovery of the influence of X-rays on the central nervous system, animal behavior, the heart and circulation, and embryonic development (1896-1903). Indeed, these works have given rise to a new field in science as Radiobiology.
229:, who was himself the second outstanding Georgian physiologist from the Russian physiological school. Tarkhanov (Tarkhnishvili) was one of those bridges, through which the people of Georgia joined with the best Russian and European science and culture, in searching for more advanced education, social progress, and independence.
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Ivan R. Tarkhanov played an important role in
Russian and European physiology. During his research and relatively short life, he established a school of physician-investigators of various specialties. From this school emerged eminent physiologists, including V. Y. Chagovets (1873–1941), B. F. Werigo
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At the end of 1894, Tarkhanov had to leave the
Military Medical Academy. In December, a group of reactionaries in the administration of the academy, headed by Prof. V. V. Pashutin (1845–1901), took the opportunity to get rid of Prof. Tarkhanov, the too liberal Scholar-Secretary. He was expelled from
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Preparing for a professorship, for more two years
Tarkhanov tripped to Europe visiting many famous scientists in Europe, thus becoming familiar with the educational process, teaching systems, different laboratory devices, and current investigations. He visited F.L. Goltz (1834–1902), F. Hoppe-Seyler
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One year later, Tarkhanov defended his thesis and then went on vacation to Tiflis to arrange family affairs following the death of his father. Here he gave five public lectures, which he went on to publish in
Russian as “The Role of the Nervous System in Animal Movement” in the special supplement of
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In 1860 father brought Ivan to St. Petersburg and enrolled him in
Shakseeva's private boarding school where he remained for one year, before moving to the family of close relatives. During this period, he prepared for matriculation and brilliantly passed the exams and matriculated in the second St.
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Ivan
Tarkhanov (Ivane Tarknishvili) was born on June 15, 1846, in Tbilisi (Tiflis), a capital of Georgia (at that time a part of Russian Empire). His father, Ramaz (Roman) Tarkhnishvili (Tarkhan-Mouravi) (1799-1871) achieved the distinguished rank of lieutenant-general for bravery in Russian-Turkey
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in the absence of any external stimuli. Tarkhanov's method is still used today to measure skin potential. It records weak current actually produced by the body. Tarkhanov demonstrated that not only physical stimuli, but also mental activity, resulted in skin potential changes. The skin galvanic
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Returning to Russia, Tarkhanov submitted 15 works completed during his trip to the administration of St. Petersburg Medico-Surgical
Academy for the title of Private Docent (1875). In 1877, he was elected Extraordinary Professor and one year later Professor of Physiology. Between 1877 and 1895,
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After retiring, Tarkhanov delivered lectures in physiology as a lecturer at St. Petersburg
University and completed them in 1901. From tracing Tarkhanov's life, it appears that his forced resignation from the Military Medical Academy and the lack of a formal position in which to conduct his
340:Тарханов И. Р. К физиологии полового аппарата у лягушки (On Physiology of the Reproductive system in frogs). — «Русская медицина (Russian medicine)», 1885, №30–32, с. 1–26. See also in German: Tarchanoff, J. R., Arch. f. d. g. Physiol. des Mensches u. d. Thierc., 40, 330 (1887).
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the post of Scholar-Secretary, and on March 2, 1895, he was dismissed from the academy before his 50 years of service had been completed. He left a well-equipped laboratory, which had been built up largely from the proceeds of the many public lectures he gave.
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Tarkhanov was the head of the Department of Physiology at the Medico-Surgical Academy (St. Petersburg Military Medical Academy after 1881) and pursued varied physiological experiments with his pupils and disciples at the academy until his retirement (1895).
225:(1860–1925), V. I. Vartanov (1853–1919), N. Cybulski (1854–1919), and V. K. Anrep (1852–1927). At the same time, Tarkhanov holds a special place in the history of Georgia, Georgian culture, and education. He was the first Georgian physiologist before
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in frogs. Proceeding from these experimental results, Tarkhanov put forward a hypothesis that filling and evacuation of the seminal vesicles were the main biological cause which led to sexual arousal and its disappearance in mammals and humans.
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Nadareishvili, K. and Nadareishvili, D. Ivane Tarkhan-Mouravi (Tarkhnishvili) - First Investigator in Radiobiology and Radiation Ecology. Tbilisi, 2013. (in Georgian, Russian, English)
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in which changes are recorded in several physiological variables while the subject is asked a series of questions pertaining to a specific issue under investigation.
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Tarchanoff, J.R. Décharges èlectrique dans la peau de l'homme sous l'influence de l'excitation des organes des sens et de differentes formes d'activitè psychique.
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Tarchanoff, J.R. et Moldenhauer, T. Sur la radio-activitè induite et naturelle des plantes et sur son rôle probable dans la croissance des plantes.
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by I. Rosenthal (1879). Between the years 1892 and 1904, Tarkhanov contributed nearly 160 articles, from B to Z, in physiology and medicine to the
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Tarchanoff, J.R. Etude sur les centre psychomoteur des animaux nouveau - nès et sur leur dèveloppments dans différentes conditions.
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Tsagareli, Merab G. (2012). "Ivane Tarkhnishvili (Tarchanoff): A Major Georgian Figure from the Russian Physiological School".
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Handbook of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology (eds. Gianfranco Denes, Luigi Pizzamiglio). Psychology Press, 1999.
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The last years of his life Tarkhanov held in Poland, where he built a house near his former student and friend of
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Broughton, R.J; Poiré, R; Tassinari, C.A (1965). "The electrodermogram (Tarchanoff effect) during sleep".
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Tarkhanov worked intensively at translating many medical and physiology textbooks, among them
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Tarkhanov was interested in different fields of physiology. His greatest interest was in
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437:(Trad. par E. Jaubert). 1-er èd., Paris, 1891; II-me èd., Paris, 1893, Masson. 164 pp.
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Tarchanoff, J.R. Über die Bildung von Gallenpigment aus Blutfarbstoff im Thierkörper.
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Tarchanoff, J.R. Über die willkürliche Acceleration der Herzschläge beim Menschen.
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Tarkhanov, I.R. Experiments upon the action of Roentgen's X-rays on organisms.
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158:, Tarkhanov showed that the latter played the crucial role in the generation of
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Tarkhanov's tombstone on his grave in the cemetery of Alexander Nevsky Monastery
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scientific work were the main reasons for his untimely death at the age of 62.
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Pavlov's Physiology Factory: Experiment, Interpretation, Laboratory Enterprise
273:"Ivane Tarkhnishvili: Major Georgian figure from Russian physiological school"
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reflex is still used in applied psychophysiology as part of the polygraph in
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Cybulski N. et Tarchanoff I. A propose des poisons normaux de l'intestine.
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Tarchanoff, J.R. Influence de la musique sur l'homme et sur les animaux.
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Tarchanoff, J.R. Actions physiologiques des tubes de Crookes à distance.
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Tarchanoff, J.R. Zur Phisiologie des Geschlechtsapparates des Frosches.
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Tarchanoff, J.R. Du rôle des vaisseaux capillaries dans la circulation.
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from 1877 to 1895 and authored a slew of articles on physiology for the
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The monument of Tarkhanov in front of Tbilisi Medical University
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Tarchanoff, J.R. Quelques observations sur le sommeil normal.
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In 1885 experiments on cutting and artificial emptying of the
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noble family. He led the Department of Physiology at the
174:. In 1889, he was the first to observe and document the
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Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology
506:Tbilisi: Universal (in Georgian Russian, English).
472:, Ch. Rischet, 1898/1899, Paris, Baillièr, 681-691.
166:Tarkhanov is probably best known as a pioneer of
635:19th-century scientists from the Russian Empire
504:Ivane Tarkhnishvili: His Life and Contribution.
435:Hypnotisme, suggestion et lecture des pensèes.
50:
55:; June 1846 – September 1908) was a Georgian
16:Georgian physiologist and science populariser
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479:. 1904, St.-Petersburg, 176 pp. (in Russian)
94:Proceedings of the Caucasian Medical Society
52:ივანე რამაზის–ძე თარხნიშვილი, თარხან-მოურავი
538:Journal of the History of the Neurosciences
219:Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary
147:(1886; translated into French in 1891) and
73:Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary
645:S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy alumni
190:After irradiating frogs and insects with
630:Neuroscientists from the Russian Empire
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271:Tsagareli, M. G. (November 13, 2010).
145:Hypnotism, Suggestion and Mind-reading
625:Physiologists from the Russian Empire
402:1875, vol. 26, T. I, Sec. 6, 331-333.
151:(1905) aroused wide public interest.
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655:Physiologists from Georgia (country)
215:General Muscle and Nerve Physiology
194:in early 1896, several weeks after
458:., 1896, no.3, 47-52. (in Russian)
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484:Bull. Int. L'acad. Sci. Cracovie
290:. pp. 26–27. Archived from
640:20th-century Russian scientists
468:Tarchanoff, I. "Dècapitation".
456:Izvestya. St.-Peterb. Biol. Lab
211:Technical Textbook of Histology
519:Johns Hopkins University Press
213:, by L.-A. Ranvier (1876) and
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511:Todes, Daniel Philip (2002).
502:• Tsagareli, Merab G. (2022)
442:Arch. Italiennes de Biologie,
587:10.1016/0013-4694(65)90113-6
550:10.1080/0964704X.2012.670097
449:Arch. Italiennes de Biologie
280:Neuroscience Meeting Planner
247:"Tarkhanov, Ivan Ramazovich"
69:Academy of Military Medicine
650:Burials at Tikhvin Cemetery
470:Dictionnaire de Physiologie
104:, edited by Richet (1899).
102:Dictionnaire de Physiologie
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428:Compt. rend. Soc. de Biol.
423:., 1887, .Bd. 40, 330-351.
409:. 1878, vol. 30, 217-221.
400:Compt. rend. Soc. de Biol.
180:skin electrical potentials
493:., 1907, vol. 5, 257-261.
465:. 1897, vol. 49, 740-743.
463:Compt. rend. Soc. de Biol
451:, 1894, vol. 21, 313-317.
421:Pflüg. Arch. ges. Physiol
416:., 1885, Bd. 35, 109-137.
407:Compt. rend. Soc. de Biol
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31:Ivan Romanovich Tarkhanov
288:Society for Neuroscience
149:Suggestion and Hypnotism
23:Tarkhanov's portrait by
444:1894, vol. 21, 318-321.
430:1889, vol. 41, 447-451.
317:"Tarchanoff phenomenon"
39:Иван Романович Тарханов
486:. 1905, no.1, 728-734.
414:Pflüg. Arch. ges. Phys
395:., 1874, Bd. 9, 53-65.
393:Pflüg. Arch. ges. Phys
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386:Selected publications
321:TheFreeDictionary.com
251:TheFreeDictionary.com
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176:psychogalvanic reflex
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368:Radiation Biophysics
61:science populariser
43:Ivane Tarkhnishvili
491:Arch. Int. Physiol
366:Y. B. Kudriashov.
227:Ivane Beritashvili
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433:Tarchanoff, J.R.
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