297:, where they held sway of many of the Songhay settlements. Following their defeat by the French after their seizure of Timbuktu in 1894, the Kel Ataram Amenokal pledged non-aggression with the French in 1896, and eventual peace in 1903. At this same time, the French concentrated on their conflict with the Kel Ifoghas to the north. Within a decade, roles were reversed, when the Ifoghas helped to put down the 1914–1916 rising of the Iwellemmedan and allied clans under their
1456:
145:("people of the east") goes back to at least 1800, and perhaps a century earlier. The confederation remained divided under colonial rule, with the Nigerien arm to the east given its own official "chief", while after 1916, the western arm was re-divided among a number of official French chosen chieftainships. The division of eastern and western Iwellemmedan remains in the post-colonial period.
31:
226:
duties. Lower castes, and clans made up of subject groups of free clans are more likely sedentary and not part of confederations, even if their traditional suzerains are members of a confederation such as the
Iwellemmedan. In addition, large confederations may include allied non-Tuaregs, such as local Arabic speaking tribes.
225:
Like all Tuareg groups, they are formed from a number of highly stratified castes, who interweave loyalty from a number of clans, some of whom are limited to specific castes. Ruling caste clans lead the large confederations, and engage in seasonal migration, herding, trade, war, and religious
246:
by the 17th century CE. Contesting oral histories agree that the
Iwellemmedan came into conflict with the Kel Taddemekat confederation, but disagree whether the Iwellemmedan were pushed out of the Adrar Ifoghas by their foes or conquered Kel Taddemekat territory south and west of the massif.
130:
292:
At the moment of colonial expansion by the French into their territory at the end of the 19th century, the
Iwellemmedan were the dominant Tuareg confederation in all western Niger and eastern Mali, down to the bend of the
328:
areas for their animal herds. Many
Aulliminden eventually moved closer to populated areas. These Tuaregs settled in the outskirts of cities in northern Nigeria, and many never returned to their homeland.
101:
Following colonial rule and independence, the
Iwellemmedan homelands cross the Mali/Niger border, and their traditional seasonal migration routes have spread Iwellemmedan communities into
565:
74:"). Their communities are historically nomadic and intermixed with other ethnic groups. The Iwellemmeden inhabit a wide area ranging from east and north central Mali, through the
1066:
901:
728:
443:
Hsain
Ilahiane. Historical dictionary of the Berbers (Imazighen). Volume 5 of Historical dictionaries of people and cultures. Rowman & Littlefield, 2006.
558:
309:
by the colonial power. Several elements were eventually broken from the
Iwellemmedan Kel Ataram by the French, further weakening the confederation.
86:. While once a single confederation of dozens of Tuareg clans, subject peoples, and allied groups, since the 18th century they have been divided into
301:
Fihirun. Their resistance to French conquest cost them dearly, with the deaths of much of their warrior class, and the eventual favoriting of the
1509:
1059:
551:
448:
332:
In the 1970s, large numbers of Tuareg refugees, many of them
Iwellemmedan, settled in the refugee camps of southern Niger, most prominently
894:
721:
274:, the Iwellemmedan Kel Ataram clans eventually imposed indirect rule over Timbuktu, along with all of the Niger River valley from the
1504:
1052:
493:
1489:
1514:
887:
1519:
1499:
714:
519:
574:
156:. Component "free" clans (mostly "maraboutic" or "Imajeghen" tribes which inherit local religious leadership) include the
117:
language, although some current or historical sub-clans speak other
Tamasheq variants as well as Songhai languages and
1484:
1315:
1494:
1278:
1479:
463:
Alessandra
Giuffrida. "Clerics, Rebels and Refugees: Mobility Strategies and Networks among the Kel Antessar",
426:
910:
341:
737:
110:
222:
during the brief rainy season, and south as far as Nigeria and Burkina Faso during the dry season.
1001:
808:
242:
sometime around the 11th century CE, and the Iwellemmedan were established south and east of the
157:
204:
200:
196:
161:
858:
489:
444:
275:
243:
218:
Both groups are traditionally pastoralists, whose migration patterns take them north into the
188:
114:
270:
Engaged in long struggle with the inheritors of the 15th century CE Moroccan conquest of the
208:
192:
981:
788:
390:
333:
264:
1305:
1196:
926:
823:
803:
665:
395:
321:
1460:
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1405:
1370:
1365:
1355:
1273:
1263:
1246:
1241:
986:
843:
838:
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753:
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635:
605:
600:
286:
271:
248:
180:
1473:
1435:
1420:
1375:
1345:
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1325:
1320:
1288:
1231:
1206:
1191:
1131:
1126:
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1111:
1096:
1086:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
996:
971:
931:
868:
833:
818:
813:
675:
655:
353:
67:
1440:
1410:
1390:
1350:
1330:
1300:
1293:
1216:
1211:
1201:
1171:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1116:
1106:
1033:
976:
966:
951:
941:
828:
778:
773:
695:
685:
670:
630:
625:
620:
610:
585:
102:
523:
247:
Regardless, by the mid-15th century CE, the Iwellemmedan controlled an area from
1425:
1400:
1395:
1385:
1380:
1360:
1283:
1268:
1258:
1253:
1226:
1186:
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1166:
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956:
946:
935:
921:
848:
783:
758:
748:
660:
615:
590:
543:
509:
Kélétigui Abdourahmane Mariko. Les Touaregs Ouelleminden. Karthala, Paris, 1984.
363:
294:
283:
1415:
1181:
1151:
763:
595:
279:
256:
94:
88:
30:
368:
358:
306:
17:
1044:
282:. The Kel Ataram were only driven from Timbuktu in 1826 by the rise of the
153:
1091:
879:
645:
383:
378:
313:
298:
252:
212:
706:
129:
1101:
1075:
650:
373:
325:
260:
176:
106:
83:
75:
175:), sometimes named the "Ouilliminden Kel Dinnik", and centered in the
961:
853:
337:
219:
184:
118:
1335:
1236:
1221:
863:
690:
429:
in Encyclopédie Berbère XXV (2003) article 176b : 3822-3828.
317:
316:
is in Niger. However, severe droughts in 1972 and 1982 forced the
302:
239:
128:
79:
29:
1161:
340:. Over time this has become a permanent neighborhood within the
235:
1048:
883:
710:
547:
215:, the paramount confederation leader chosen by clan heads.
187:. Their major "free"/"Imajeghen" components include the
34:
French view of a Tuareg man from Timbuktu, c.1890s.
421:
419:
417:
415:
413:
411:
167:The major eastern arm of the confederation is the
459:
457:
133:Areas where significant numbers of Tuaregs live
439:
437:
435:
312:The eastern Iwellemmedan Tuaregs' traditional
289:, but retained much of the area to its north.
1060:
895:
722:
559:
522:. Bethany World Prayer Center. Archived from
8:
488:. Boston & Folkestone: Scarecrow Press.
486:Historical Dictionary of the Niger (3rd ed.)
479:
477:
475:
473:
234:Tuareg groups moved south into what is now
148:The western arm of the Iwellemmedan is the
1067:
1053:
1045:
902:
888:
880:
729:
715:
707:
566:
552:
544:
407:
70:tribal or clan confederations (called "
467:. Volume 10, Number 3, September 2005.
211:clan is the traditional source of the
7:
255:east through all of what is now the
427:Iwellemmeden Kel Ataram (Touaregs)
25:
137:The origins of the division into
1454:
465:Journal of North African Studies
263:all the way to the edge of the
152:centered on the Malian town of
336:, on the northeastern edge of
324:south to Nigeria in search of
1:
1510:Ethnic groups in Burkina Faso
575:Ethnic groups in Burkina Faso
66:are one of the seven major
259:of Mali, into the Nigerien
141:("people of the west") and
1536:
78:valley, into northwestern
1451:
1082:
917:
744:
581:
278:to what into the town of
1505:Ethnic groups in Nigeria
1076:Ethnic groups in Nigeria
109:as well. They speak the
98:(east) confederations.
82:and south into northern
1490:Berbers in Burkina Faso
520:"The Tuareg of Nigeria"
484:Decalo, Samuel (1997).
1515:Ethnic groups in Niger
911:Ethnic groups in Niger
425:Hélène Claudot-Hawad.
134:
35:
1520:Tuareg confederations
1500:Ethnic groups in Mali
738:Ethnic groups in Mali
132:
33:
27:Tuareg confederation
1485:Berbers in Nigeria
1461:Nigeria portal
276:Niger inland delta
135:
36:
1467:
1466:
1042:
1041:
877:
876:
704:
703:
449:978-0-8108-5452-9
207:. The free/noble
16:(Redirected from
1527:
1495:Berbers in Niger
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391:History of Niger
320:Iwellemmedan to
46:), also spelled
21:
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1480:Berbers in Mali
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396:History of Mali
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181:Tchin-Tabaraden
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113:variant of the
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272:Songhai Empire
249:Lake Faguibine
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26:
24:
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9:
6:
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3:
2:
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569:
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549:
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526:on 2007-09-28
525:
521:
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495:0-8108-3136-8
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296:
290:
288:
287:Macina Empire
285:
281:
277:
273:
268:
266:
262:
258:
254:
251:and north of
250:
245:
244:Adrar Ifoghas
241:
237:
229:
227:
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73:
69:
65:
64:Iwellemmeden,
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
32:
19:
1311:Iwellemmedan
1310:
1002:Yerwa Kanuri
992:Iwellemmedan
991:
799:Iwellemmedan
798:
641:Iwellemmedan
640:
540:
528:. Retrieved
524:the original
514:
505:
485:
464:
451:. pp.11, 45.
331:
311:
291:
269:
233:
224:
217:
172:
168:
166:
149:
147:
142:
138:
136:
121:dialects.
103:Burkina Faso
100:
93:
87:
71:
63:
59:
56:Ouilliminden
55:
51:
47:
43:
40:Iwellemmedan
39:
37:
18:Iwellemmedan
936:Diffa Arabs
364:Kel Ahaggar
307:Kel Ifoghas
295:Niger River
158:Tahabanaten
111:Tawellemmet
92:(west) and
72:Drum groups
60:Lullemmeden
52:Aulliminden
48:Iullemmeden
44:Iwəlləmədǎn
1474:Categories
859:Toucouleur
530:2008-04-12
402:References
344:capital.
280:Say, Niger
265:Aïr Massif
257:Gao Region
205:Ikhekheren
201:Tellemidez
173:Kel Dinnig
169:Kel Dinnik
150:Kel Ataram
143:Kel Dinnik
139:Kel Ataram
95:Kel Dinnik
89:Kel Ataram
982:Idaksahak
927:Ait-Awari
809:Khassonké
789:Idaksahak
369:Kel Ajjer
359:Kel Adagh
197:Tiggirmat
162:Ighatafan
125:Divisions
1366:Mambilla
1306:Itsekiri
1274:Kalabari
1092:Anlo Ewe
824:Mandinka
804:Jakhanke
666:Mandinka
646:Jakhanke
384:Kel Owey
379:Kel Gres
348:See also
342:Nigerien
314:homeland
299:Amenokal
253:Timbuktu
213:Amenokal
189:Irreulen
115:Tamasheq
1406:Tangale
1371:Mandara
1356:Longuda
1264:Engenni
1247:Ukwuani
1242:Ikwerre
1102:Afusari
987:Igdalen
932:Baggara
844:Soninke
839:Songhai
794:Igdalen
769:Djimini
754:Bambara
681:Soninke
651:Kassena
636:Gurunsi
606:Djimini
601:Dagaaba
374:Kel Ayr
326:grazing
322:migrate
318:nomadic
261:Azawagh
230:History
209:Kel Nan
193:Lisawan
179:, near
177:Azawagh
107:Nigeria
84:Nigeria
76:Azawagh
1436:Yoruba
1421:Urhobo
1376:Mumuye
1346:Kotoko
1341:Kofyar
1326:Kanuri
1321:Kamuku
1289:Nkoroo
1232:Ekpeye
1207:Ibibio
1197:Goemai
1192:Gbagyi
1142:Djerma
1132:Defaka
1127:Chamba
1122:Buduma
1112:Bariba
1097:Anaang
1087:Afemai
1024:Tuareg
1019:Toubou
1014:Maouri
1009:Kurtey
997:Kanuri
972:Haddad
962:Gouran
869:Tuareg
854:Tellem
834:Senufo
819:Kurtey
676:Senufo
656:Kusasi
500:p. 184
492:
447:
354:Tuareg
338:Niamey
334:Lazert
305:based
220:Sahara
203:, and
185:Tahoua
171:(var.
154:Ménaka
119:Arabic
68:Tuareg
62:, and
1441:Ijebu
1411:Tarok
1391:Ogoni
1351:Kuteb
1336:Kirdi
1331:Kilba
1316:Jukun
1301:Isoko
1294:Obolo
1284:Nkoro
1269:Ibani
1259:Bille
1237:Etche
1222:Igede
1217:Igala
1212:Idoma
1202:Hausa
1172:Eleme
1147:Ebira
1137:Dendi
1117:Berom
1107:Atyap
1034:Zarma
977:Hausa
967:Gurma
952:Dogon
942:Dendi
864:Toloy
829:Marka
814:Kunta
779:Dyula
774:Dogon
696:Zarma
691:Yarse
686:Turka
671:Mossi
631:Gurma
626:Gouin
621:Fulse
611:Dyula
586:Bissa
303:Kidal
240:Niger
80:Niger
1431:Yakö
1426:Waja
1401:Tera
1396:Saro
1386:Ogba
1381:Nupe
1361:Mafa
1279:Kula
1254:Ijaw
1227:Igbo
1187:Fula
1177:Esan
1167:Ekoi
1162:Eket
1157:Efik
1029:Wogo
957:Fula
947:Daza
922:Arma
849:Susu
784:Fula
759:Bozo
749:Arma
661:Lobi
616:Fula
591:Bobo
490:ISBN
445:ISBN
284:Fula
238:and
236:Mali
183:and
160:and
105:and
38:The
1416:Tiv
1182:Fon
1152:Edo
764:Bwa
596:Bwa
267:.
164:.
1476::
472:^
456:^
434:^
410:^
199:,
195:,
191:,
58:,
54:,
50:,
1068:e
1061:t
1054:v
938:)
934:(
903:e
896:t
889:v
730:e
723:t
716:v
567:e
560:t
553:v
533:.
498:.
42:(
20:)
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