Ixcatec language - Knowledge (XXG)

270:, there were only 8 speakers of the language in 2008. In 2010, 190 speakers of Ixcatec were registered. In 2020, 195 people reported speaking the language . The small number of current speakers is the result of a steady decline over the last 60 years, which can be attributed to anti-illiteracy campaigns by the Mexican government that discouraged the use of indigenous languages, migration from the area to the cities, and the small initial population of speakers of the language. 211: 4685: 135: 1655:

Tonal raising is not carried out in the nouns of this class. The majority of these nouns end in a low tone, which makes up Subclass IIa, whereas others end in a medium tone, subclass IIb. These conserve the medium tone in all inflectional forms and include monosyllabic as well as multisyllabic names.

1104:

in Ixcatec. They are represented by superscript numbers following vowels, which are the main carriers of tone. They are as follows: indicates a high tone, indicates a medium tone, and indicates a low tone. The distinction between tones is greatest between stressed syllables since they lose most of

1048:

Vowels are grouped into diphthongs or non-diphthongs. A diphthong contains the vowel /i/ or /u/ (or their nasal counterparts) followed by a different vowel. However, both components of the diphthong must have the same manner of articulation (oral or nasal). Diphthongs generally appear in inflectional

1580:

This class is the largest of the inflectional classes. The endings of nouns in this class generate a high tone in the final vowel of the word. This vowel does not change its quality in the first-person singular and plural forms but produces a reduction of vowels in the second and third-person forms.

1233:

The syllable structure in Ixcatec is CVT in a word-initial position, and (C)VT in a non-initial position. C represents a consonant or a group of consonants. Syllables that begin with a vowel only appear in a non-initial position. The initial consonant can also be the voiceless glottal stop, /ʔ/, but

1237:

Although stress is difficult to perceive in most words, it is believed that it falls on the penultimate syllable. The stress causes a prolonged articulation, slightly or prominently, on the consonant or group of consonants that follow it. The stress is clearly shown in the inflected forms, where it

2625:

Ixcatec is a head-marking language with arguments of transitive and intransitive verbs being marked by various suffixes. Word order is SV when unmarked. Subject arguments precede the verb in main clauses whereas adverbial clauses cause them to follow the verb instead with a cross-reference suffix

1814:

Nouns with an accent of plain origin form Subclass IVa. They are pronounced with a high tone in the penultimate syllable and can also be in the final. The tone in syllables that precede a stressed syllable is sub-differentiated and pronounced with a medium or low tone. The endings of Subclass IVa

2009:

Nouns and pronouns can go before or after the different classes of adjectives and articles. Adjectives are demonstrative, qualifying, or quantitative. Most adjectives can also be used as adverbs. The order of the nominal phrase is as follows: article, quantitative adjective, noun, demonstrative

1356:

There are four inflected forms for the first person, second person, third person, and collective subjects. Personal pronouns are optionally used to emphasize the person of the subject, or to avoid confusion between subjects. The pronouns that correspond to the four grammatical persons are

1876:

Nouns that have an acute accent in Spanish comprise Subclass IVb. They have a high tone in the final syllable of the stem while the tone is sub-differentiated in the preceding syllable. The endings of this subclass coincide with Subclass Ia except for the ending of the first person.

1872:

2410:

is rarely used and less so when the determination is ambiguous. It is used most often with names of people or nouns that refer to people as well as nouns indicating possession. Additionally, it precedes the noun just like quantitative nouns and can be interchanged with the particle

377:(the second row contains the voiceless plosives while the third contains the voiced ones) as well as affricates. The voiceless bilabial stop /p/ and the trill /rr/ are the only consonants to be borrowed from Spanish (though there is only one case in which /p/ possibly was not: 3108:

Swanton, Michael. (2008). La escritura indigena como "material linguistico". Una carta en lengua ixcateca al presidente Lazaro Cardenas. In van Doesburg, Sebastian (ed), Pictografia y escritura alfabetica en Oaxaca, 353-387. Oaxaca: Instituto Estatal de Educacion Publica de

1548:

Nouns that refer to body parts or kinship require the expression of a possessor, almost always a possessive suffix, while others, such as natural phenomena and wild animals, do not. Nouns express the person of a possessor by adding to their subjects specific suffixes and

1646:

The majority of the nouns in this class take the endings of Subclass Ia. Monosyllabic nouns in this subclass have a medium tone while the disyllabic ones have a sequence of two medium tones and multisyllabic ones end in a sequence of two medium tones.

918:

Most consonant groupings contain one of the following consonants: /ʔ/, /h/, and /n/. /ʔ/ and /h/ occur in the final position of a grouping, but precede nasals and /j/ whereas /n/ usually precedes a voiced consonant: /mb/, /nd/, /nd͡ʒ/, /ŋg/, etc.

3089:

Monaghan, John D. and Jeffrey Cohen, "30 Years of Oaxacan Ethnography," in "Supplement to the Handbook of Middle American Indians, Volume 6: Ethnology," Victoria R. Bricker, John D. Monaghan, Eds. University of Texas Press, 2000.

1939:

The plural expression for personal pronouns is optional, and the same forms are commonly used to reference the singular as well as the plural. For example, to emphasize the plural of the second-person pronoun, different forms of

1336:

occurs in disyllabic words that have an /a/ in each syllable separated by the glottal stop /ʔ/. To form the possessive of the third person singular and plural, the first vowel assimilates to the one in the suffix. For instance,

2489:

Coreferential pronouns are used in coreference with a noun, subject or object, mentioned earlier in conversation. They indicate the gender of this noun in third-person forms of the possessive, verb, or the personal pronoun

1810:

Borrowed terms indicate the person of the possessor with the morphemes of the Ixcatec system. The type of accent that nouns receive in Spanish pronunciation, flat or acute, is diagnostic for its possessed forms in Ixcatec.

1321:

When there is a vowel /i/ in the last two syllables of a disyllabic or trisyllabic noun, and the possessive suffixes of the second and third persons are added, the final /i/ becomes lowered and centralized. For example,

1951:

However, when it is expressed in a noun it is only to indicate the plurality of the possessor. The absolute noun expresses number through lexical means with the use of numerals or other adjectives indicating quantity.

1353:

The nominal phrase has at least a noun or a pronoun that frequently precedes an article and one or more adjectives. The subject of possession is expressed within the noun by the addition of an ending.

3118:

Evangelia Adamou. The Popolocan languages. Soeren Wichmann. Languages and Linguistics of Mexico and Northern Central America: A Comprehensive Guide, Mouton de Gruyter, In press. ⟨halshs-03153566⟩ p. 3

1388:

in Spanish). The third-person pronoun is commonly followed by a coreferential pronoun indicating the gender or plurality of the third person. This pronoun corresponds to an antecedent noun:

3099:

Evangelia Adamou. The Popolocan languages. Soeren Wichmann. Languages and Linguistics of Mexico and Northern Central America: A Comprehensive Guide, Mouton de Gruyter, In press. ⟨halshs-03153566⟩

1076:

A change in context influences the sound of the consonant /h/. /h/ is pronounced as a glottal fricative in a nasal context and when it is near a consonant other than . Some examples include

263:

language family. It is believed to have been the second language to branch off from the others within the Popolocan subgroup, though there is a small debate over the relation it has to them.

1234:

it does not occur when it directly precedes a vowel. V can be a simple vowel, a long vowel, or a diphthong, and T represents one tone. Disyllabic words are composed of two different tones.

1052:

Additionally, vowels can be distinguished by length. A long vowel is composed of two of the same vowels with identical tones. It is represented with two vowels and a single tone (e.g.

4673: 3545:

Evangelia Adamou. The Popolocan languages. Soeren Wichmann. Languages and Linguistics of Mexico and Northern Central America: A Comprehensive Guide, Mouton de Gruyter, In press.

927:

There are five oral and five nasal vowels in the Ixcatec inventory. The following table presents the pairs of vowels with the oral one preceding the nasalized version.

3640: 2089:

Quantitative adjectives precede the noun that they are modifying. This class pertains to all adjectives that express a quantitative concept, including numerals.

1105:

their distinctive value in syllables that precede a stressed one. Tones may undergo changes due to the influence of adjacent tones and morphological processes.

267: 1739:

Nouns in this class share certain irregularities in their inflected forms that reveal paradigm shifts by analogy with Subclass IIa. The endings are:

328:

The Ixcatec language belongs to the Oto-manguean language family, and to the popolocan branch. The closest languages to Ixcatec, genetically speaking, are

221: 3052:

Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes, "SÓLO QUEDAN OCHO HABLANTES DE XWJA O IXCATECO EN SANTA MARÍA IXCATLÁN, OAXACA", Press Release, May 27, 2008

4820: 152: 4666: 898: 771: 3043:

Fernandez de Miranda, Maria Teresa. (1956). Glotocronologia de la familiar popoloca. Mexico, DF: Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia (INAH)

4805: 4651: 285:, the president of Mexico from 1934 to 1940. Later on, an orthography for the language had begun development in the 1950s with reliance on the 3611:

Veerman‐Leichsenring. (2004). Popolocan Noun Classifiers: A Reconstruction. International Journal of American Linguistics., 70(4), 416–451.

4659: 3633: 675: 4465: 1572:

There are four inflectional possessive classes apart from a small number of irregular nouns: Class I, Class II, Class III, and Class IV.

3854: 711: 4627: 3491:

Adamou, E. (2021). Subject preference in Ixcatec relative clauses (Otomanguean, Mexico). Studies in Language., 41(4), 872–913., p. 883

3482:

Adamou, E. (2021). Subject preference in Ixcatec relative clauses (Otomanguean, Mexico). Studies in Language., 41(4), 872–913., p. 882

3473:

Adamou, E. (2021). Subject preference in Ixcatec relative clauses (Otomanguean, Mexico). Studies in Language., 41(4), 872–913., p. 881

3583: 1278:

Another morphological process is tonal change. In almost all the verbs and some nouns, tonal change indicates past or future tense.

1420:

that classifies the noun in one of various generic classes, which includes trees, animals, flowers, people, etc. These classifying

1432:

in the names of animals. The second component of nouns does not have any significant meaning and thus cannot function on its own.

4295: 835: 590: 540: 4810: 4800: 3626: 3535:

Adamou, E. (2021). Subject preference in Ixcatec relative clauses (Otomanguean, Mexico). Studies in Language., 41(4), 872–913.

995: 524: 883:

The approximants have a limited distribution: /w/ does not occur in a word-initial position and /j/ is similar in a few cases.

806:/ʔ/ always appears word-initially before a vowel, in a middle position between them, or forming a part of a consonant cluster. 4622: 1246:‘our sandals’, the stress moves towards the penultimate syllable where it is expressed by lengthening the consonant /n/: . 843: 617: 4815: 4515: 2807:

can be used with different versions of its spelling corresponding to the initial phoneme of the verb. Another prefix is

1009: 580: 533: 197: 4759: 4754: 4714: 4689: 3859: 960: 557: 147: 3575: 3512:

Fernandez Carrillo, Maria Teresa. “FONEMICA DEL IXCATECO.” Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, 1950. pp. 66-67

3156:

Fernandez Carrillo, Maria Teresa. “FONEMICA DEL IXCATECO.” Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, 1950. pp. 21-22

1032: 686: 496: 449: 442: 435: 2014:

is often found between the noun and its modifier. Its function is seemingly syntactic though its use is optional.

4550: 4480: 3864: 3827: 3750: 3222:

Fernandez Carrillo, Maria Teresa. “FONEMICA DEL IXCATECO.” Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, 1950. p.30-32

550: 824:

The voiceless labiodental fricative /f/ occurs in a few verb forms where it is preceded by a slight velar stop .

3894: 3521:

Fernandez Carrillo, Maria Teresa. “FONEMICA DEL IXCATECO.” Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, 1950. p. 68

3503:

Fernandez Carrillo, Maria Teresa. “FONEMICA DEL IXCATECO.” Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, 1950. p. 66

3258:

Fernandez Carrillo, Maria Teresa. “FONEMICA DEL IXCATECO.” Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, 1950. p. 59

3246:

Fernandez Carrillo, Maria Teresa. “FONEMICA DEL IXCATECO.” Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, 1950. p. 58

1333: 974: 911:, usually denoted with /rr/. However, Veerman (2001) argues that there is no phonemic contrast between the two. 857:/x/, a voiceless velar fricative, is anterior before an /i/ or /e/ and slightly posterior before an /o/ or /u/. 281:. The earliest document written in Ixcatec is from 1939, when native speaker Doroteo Jiménez wrote a letter to 4490: 3879: 3213:

Fernandez Carrillo, Maria Teresa. “FONEMICA DEL IXCATECO.” Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, 1950. p.30

3186:

Fernandez Carrillo, Maria Teresa. “FONEMICA DEL IXCATECO.” Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, 1950. p.27

3165:

Fernandez Carrillo, Maria Teresa. “FONEMICA DEL IXCATECO.” Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, 1950. p.25

3874: 3443:

Veerman-Leichsenring, A. (2001). Ixcateco: La Frase Nominal. Anales de Antropología, 35, 323–358, pp. 350-51

3383:

Veerman-Leichsenring, A. (2001). Ixcateco: La Frase Nominal. Anales de Antropología, 35, 323–358, pp. 344-45

3350:

Veerman-Leichsenring, A. (2001). Ixcateco: La Frase Nominal. Anales de Antropología, 35, 323–358, pp. 337-38

3329:

Veerman-Leichsenring, A. (2001). Ixcateco: La Frase Nominal. Anales de Antropología, 35, 323–358, pp. 334-35

3297:

Veerman-Leichsenring, A. (2001). Ixcateco: La Frase Nominal. Anales de Antropología, 35, 323–358, pp. 330-31

760: 489: 482: 461: 248: 1412:

Nouns can be either subjects or sentence complements. Most of the multisyllabic nouns in this language are

4565: 4285: 4217: 3775: 3649: 1413: 260: 84: 3555:

Fernandez Carrillo, Maria Teresa. (1959) “FONEMICA DEL IXCATECO.” Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico

3195:

Veerman-Leichsenring, A. (2001). Ixcateco: La Frase Nominal. Anales de Antropología, 35, 323–358., p. 327

3147:

Veerman-Leichsenring, A. (2001). Ixcateco: La Frase Nominal. Anales de Antropología, 35, 323–358., p. 326

3127:

Fernandez Carrillo, Maria Teresa. “FONEMICA DEL IXCATECO.” Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, 1950.

3841: 3464:

Veerman-Leichsenring, A. (2001). Ixcateco: La Frase Nominal. Anales de Antropología, 35, 323–358, p. 354

3452:

Veerman-Leichsenring, A. (2001). Ixcateco: La Frase Nominal. Anales de Antropología, 35, 323–358, p. 352

3434:

Veerman-Leichsenring, A. (2001). Ixcateco: La Frase Nominal. Anales de Antropología, 35, 323–358, p. 350

3425:

Veerman-Leichsenring, A. (2001). Ixcateco: La Frase Nominal. Anales de Antropología, 35, 323–358, p. 349

3413:

Veerman-Leichsenring, A. (2001). Ixcateco: La Frase Nominal. Anales de Antropología, 35, 323–358, p. 348

3404:

Veerman-Leichsenring, A. (2001). Ixcateco: La Frase Nominal. Anales de Antropología, 35, 323–358, p. 346

3395:

Veerman-Leichsenring, A. (2001). Ixcateco: La Frase Nominal. Anales de Antropología, 35, 323–358, p. 345

3374:

Veerman-Leichsenring, A. (2001). Ixcateco: La Frase Nominal. Anales de Antropología, 35, 323–358, p. 340

3362:

Veerman-Leichsenring, A. (2001). Ixcateco: La Frase Nominal. Anales de Antropología, 35, 323–358, p. 339

3341:

Veerman-Leichsenring, A. (2001). Ixcateco: La Frase Nominal. Anales de Antropología, 35, 323–358, p. 336

3320:

Veerman-Leichsenring, A. (2001). Ixcateco: La Frase Nominal. Anales de Antropología, 35, 323–358, p. 334

3306:

Veerman-Leichsenring, A. (2001). Ixcateco: La Frase Nominal. Anales de Antropología, 35, 323–358, p. 332

3288:

Veerman-Leichsenring, A. (2001). Ixcateco: La Frase Nominal. Anales de Antropología, 35, 323–358, p. 330

3274:

Veerman-Leichsenring, A. (2001). Ixcateco: La Frase Nominal. Anales de Antropología, 35, 323–358, p. 329

3234:

Veerman-Leichsenring, A. (2001). Ixcateco: La Frase Nominal. Anales de Antropología, 35, 323–358, p. 327

3204:

Veerman-Leichsenring, A. (2001). Ixcateco: La Frase Nominal. Anales de Antropología, 35, 323–358, p. 326

3177:

Veerman-Leichsenring, A. (2001). Ixcateco: La Frase Nominal. Anales de Antropología, 35, 323–358. p. 326

906: 742: 645: 638: 356:. Due to the low number of speakers, Ixcatec is considered a language with a high risk of disappearing. 4590: 4222: 2629:

Verbs can be inflected for grammatical persons and number by means of suffixes attached to stem words.

1225:

Fernandez (1950) also proposed twenty-six hypothetical combinations of tones within trisyllabic words.

282: 2415:

The tone of the determinate article frequently coincides with the first tone of the noun it precedes.

1108:

There are nine possible combinations of tones within disyllabic words according to Fernandez (1950):

3911: 3788: 3664: 2230: 1815:

coincide with those of Subclass IIa apart from the endings of the first person singular and plural:

1049:

forms of stems ending in /i/ or /u/, or their nasalized versions, and are represented with one tone.

904: 896: 867: 841: 833: 654: 508: 2573:

Third-person pronouns are formed by placing the personal pronoun before the coreferential pronouns:

1238:

is displaced as a result of suffixing a syllable of the CVT type. For example, the form of the word

4555: 4475: 4376: 4269: 4201: 4191: 4186: 4014: 4004: 3997: 3992: 3974: 3889: 2925:

Frequently used pronoun interrogatives almost always contain a variation of the consonant clusters

815:

The voiced consonants /d͡ʒ/ and /dʲ/ are always preceded by the nasal /n/ and almost always by /g/.

417: 329: 256: 89: 4290: 3604:

Veerman-Leichsenring, A. (2001). Ixcateco: La Frase Nominal. Anales de Antropología., 35, 323–358.

4500: 4437: 4419: 4389: 4331: 4264: 4227: 4181: 3945: 3936: 3884: 1101: 1088:

However, in an oral context and when following an /r/, it becomes velarized, as is the case with

869: 349: 337: 273:

Despite the lack of historical documentation in Ixcatec, written speech has been observed to use

4308: 4149: 4128: 4071: 4066: 3745: 3563: 2154:

Qualifying adjectives follow the nouns they modify. An adverb, a demonstrative, or the particle

1581:

There are two subclasses, Ia and Ib, which differ only in the ending of the third-person forms.

2496:

Each one of the four pronouns is morphologically related to the prefixes for noun classifiers.

4580: 4570: 4540: 4525: 4495: 4445: 4346: 4341: 4196: 4092: 4061: 4039: 3926: 3920: 3783: 3673: 3589: 3579: 1060:‘moss’). A word-final long vowel can also be the result of suffixation. For example, the word 701: 374: 3020: 2238:

A noun that expresses possession is repeated before an adjective or replaced by the particle

4595: 4585: 4510: 4455: 4384: 4351: 4313: 4176: 4133: 4123: 4118: 4076: 4029: 3869: 3802: 3760: 3695: 3690: 3682: 2626:

attached to the verb. However, word order for mono-transitive main clauses is strictly SVO.

725: 397: 392: 286: 4774: 4724: 4602: 4560: 4545: 4520: 4485: 4450: 4427: 4401: 4371: 4303: 4113: 3982: 3952: 3899: 3720: 3714: 2229:

Mismatch in the number of words between lines: 4 word(s) in line 1, 3 word(s) in line 2 (

731: 632: 333: 76: 4575: 4530: 4764: 4709: 4642: 4505: 4394: 4259: 4254: 3735: 3730: 3705: 3568: 108: 189: 4794: 4769: 4719: 4704: 4470: 4460: 4336: 4097: 3821: 3815: 3810: 3765: 3755: 3740: 1944:

a verbal root with an inherent meaning of plurality, are added to the original form:

1264: 940: 370: 4779: 4729: 4535: 3725: 2743:

represent present and past tense and are distinct in the third-person plural form:

468: 407: 353: 274: 115: 2350:

follows a predicated adjective, but precedes the enclitic for grammatical person:

1376:

Respect shown towards a second-person subject is expressed by adding the enclitic

4744: 1037: 1014: 1000: 979: 965: 953: 935: 669: 210: 202: 2017:

Demonstrative adjectives follow the noun that they describe. The demonstrative

1435:

Some nouns that are used most frequently as classifiers in noun compounds are:

1242:‘sandal’ is pronounced with the /t/ slightly lengthened. However, in the form 1064:‘sandal’ followed by the suffix that indicates third-person possession creates 1023: 945: 4734: 3849: 3065: 1424:

correspond to nouns with a particular generic class. For instance, the noun

988: 565: 518: 278: 182: 166: 57: 3593: 312:

which means 'inhabitant of a place', especially one with a name ending in

3546: 173: 3618: 1417: 402: 2021:

indicates a relatively close distance much like the word ‘this’ whereas

369:

The following table presents the consonants of Ixcatec. Plosives can be

4739: 3536: 3421: 3419: 3391: 3389: 3370: 3368: 3358: 3356: 3337: 3335: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3230: 3228: 3173: 3171: 424: 293: 4749: 4693: 4684: 2770:

In interrogatives forms there are affixes indicating person as well:

1550: 1421: 848:

when it is directly before a vowel, but elsewhere it is palatalized .

252: 244: 218: 140: 47: 37: 2052:

They often appear in conjunctive and prepositional forms, such as:

3143: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3133: 1260: 412: 3612: 3499: 3497: 3254: 3252: 3242: 3240: 1656:

The formal form of the second-person is followed by the enclitic

2010:

adjective, and qualifying adjective. Additionally, the particle

4655: 3622: 300:

meaning 'cotton'. In Spanish it can be referred to by the term

895:

While /r/ has once been classified as a voiced alveolar flap

2316:

An adjective in predicative function goes before the noun:

2292: 797:/tʲ/ and / tʲh/ appear only before the vowels /u/ and /ũ/. 320:. This term can be traced back to the eighteenth century. 903:, /r/ can also be classified as a voiced alveolar trill 2158:

can be inserted between a noun and a qualifying noun:

217:

Ixcatec is classified as Critically Endangered by the

1259:

The most general morphological process in Ixcatec is

3060: 3058: 4615: 4436: 4418: 4364: 4324: 4278: 4247: 4240: 4210: 4169: 4162: 4142: 4106: 4085: 4054: 4047: 4038: 4022: 4013: 3973: 3966: 3935: 3910: 3840: 3801: 3774: 3704: 3681: 3672: 3663: 3656: 929: 196: 180: 164: 159: 146: 126: 121: 105: 73: 63: 53: 43: 33: 21: 3567: 2025:indicates a farther distance similar to ‘that’. 1553:. The regular endings of the possessive include 348:Like other Oto-manguean languages, Ixcatec is a 3070:Atlas de los Pueblos Indígenas de México. INPI 4667: 3634: 8: 268:Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes 243:) is a language spoken by the people of the 4674: 4660: 4652: 4244: 4166: 4051: 4044: 4019: 3970: 3678: 3669: 3660: 3641: 3627: 3619: 3574:. Cambridge Languages Surveys. Cambridge: 891: 889: 209: 18: 1428:‘animal’ is used as a classifying prefix 1380:to the end of the second-person pronoun: 1263:. However, one known account of complete 2935: 2813: 2772: 2745: 2631: 2575: 2498: 2352: 2054: 2027: 1954: 1879: 1817: 1741: 1664: 1586: 1437: 1280: 1110: 383: 222:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger 3547:https://shs.hal.science/halshs-03153566 3015: 3013: 3009: 790: 251:, in the northern part of the state of 153:Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas 16:Oto-Manguean language of Oaxaca, Mexico 2803:In past and future tenses, the prefix 255:. The Ixcatec language belongs to the 3460: 3458: 1416:. The first component is generally a 7: 3537:https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.16055.ada 4628:Classification of Mixtec languages 292:Ixcatec derives its name from the 14: 4821:Endangered Oto-Manguean languages 3570:The Mesoamerican Indian Languages 1036: 1031: 1013: 1008: 999: 994: 978: 973: 964: 959: 770: 741: 710: 685: 674: 653: 644: 637: 616: 589: 579: 556: 549: 539: 532: 523: 507: 495: 488: 481: 467: 460: 448: 441: 434: 4683: 2779:(second-person plural; formal) 308:stems from the Nahuatl suffixes 133: 2517:In names of masculine persons 304:, in which the added on suffix 4806:Indigenous languages of Mexico 4623:List of Oto-Manguean languages 3613:https://doi.org/10.1086/429208 3021:"Diferentes lenguas indígenas" 2547:In names of groups of people 2532:In names of feminine persons 1: 1384:(‘you’ formal, equivalent to 1112:Disyllabic Tone Combinations 352:and it distinguishes between 277:following the arrival of the 2342:‘his/her clothes are clean’ 1400:‘it’ (as with animals), and 1020: 985: 950: 2695:Second (singular; formal) 2309:our.Language PTCL beautiful 1494:Fruits and round objects: 1477:Trees and wooden objects: 840:is pronounced as retroflex 4837: 3576:Cambridge University Press 2480:‘the door of Jose’s house’ 1267:occurs when the adjective 4700: 4636: 3855:Chiltepec-Tlacoatzintepec 2775: 2477:puerta his.house the Jose 2474:pdu2ha3 ndiee1 sa2 ho2se1 2312:‘our beautiful language’ 1957: 1072:Phonological Alternations 724: 700: 668: 631: 564: 517: 423: 389: 208: 128:Official language in 26: 4296:Western Tlacolula Valley 2346:The suffix of negation - 2123:‘half a liter of milk’ 1569:(first person plural). 1373:(first person plural). 1334:Regressive assimilation 4811:Oto-Manguean languages 4801:Mesoamerican languages 3751:Estado de México Otomi 3650:Oto-Manguean languages 2787:‘Why did you dance?’ 2117:ku2si2ne2 li1tru1 chĩ2 1491:/ ť̌u/, round object 866:/n/ becomes velarized 4516:Mitlatongo-Yutanduchi 4466:Atatláhuca–San Miguel 3025:cuentame.inegi.org.mx 2562:In names of animals 2402:The definite article 2339:clean his/her.clothes 1903:2nd person (formal) 1883:1st person singular 1841:2nd person (formal) 1821:1st person singular 1769:2nd person (formal) 1745:1st person singular 1693:2nd person (formal) 1668:1st person singular 1610:2nd person (formal) 1590:1st person singular 354:long and short vowels 3072:(in Mexican Spanish) 3066:"Ixcatecos – Lengua" 2797:‘Why did you jump?’ 2371:‘you are not lazy’ 1565:(third person), and 1369:(third person), and 1219:'boiled maize dish' 249:Santa María Ixcatlan 4816:Popolocan languages 2938: 1923:1st person plural 1861:1st person plural 1790:1st person plural 1723:1st person plural 1635:1st person plural 1349:Grammatical Persons 1113: 386: 385:Ixcatec Consonants 4690:Indigenous peoples 4551:San Miguel Piedras 4481:Chayuco-Jamiltepec 4300:Extended Ocotepec 2936: 2000:The Nominal Phrase 1326:‘pasture’ becomes 1229:Syllable Structure 1111: 1068:‘his/her sandal’. 747:⟨rr⟩ 501:⟨ď̌⟩ 454:⟨ť̌⟩ 384: 4788: 4787: 4649: 4648: 4643:extinct languages 4611: 4610: 4414: 4413: 4410: 4409: 4360: 4359: 4236: 4235: 4158: 4157: 3962: 3961: 3836: 3835: 3797: 3796: 3696:Michoacán Mazahua 3001: 3000: 2846: 2845: 2801: 2800: 2768: 2767: 2733: 2732: 2651:First (singular) 2618: 2617: 2571: 2570: 2395: 2394: 2306:šhua1ni2 la2 šhũ1 2272:our.cave cave big 2269:šhu3ni1 šhu3 šhe1 2227:‘that big basket’ 2087: 2086: 2050: 2049: 1992: 1991: 1932: 1931: 1870: 1869: 1803: 1802: 1732: 1731: 1662:The endings are: 1644: 1643: 1584:The endings are: 1561:(second person), 1541: 1540: 1537:‘a group of men’ 1365:(second person), 1341:‘mother’ becomes 1319: 1318: 1275:when pluralized. 1223: 1222: 1046: 1045: 787: 786: 776:⟨r⟩ 763: 734: 691:⟨y⟩ 659:⟨ñ⟩ 622:⟨ǯ⟩ 607: 595:⟨č⟩ 585:⟨c⟩ 572: 545:⟨š⟩ 478: 431: 266:According to the 230: 229: 148:Regulated by 4828: 4688: 4687: 4676: 4669: 4662: 4653: 4245: 4167: 4052: 4045: 4020: 3971: 3953:Chorotega/Mangue 3828:Chichimeca Jonaz 3761:Texcatepec Otomi 3679: 3670: 3661: 3643: 3636: 3629: 3620: 3597: 3573: 3564:Suárez, Jorge A. 3522: 3519: 3513: 3510: 3504: 3501: 3492: 3489: 3483: 3480: 3474: 3471: 3465: 3462: 3453: 3450: 3444: 3441: 3435: 3432: 3426: 3423: 3414: 3411: 3405: 3402: 3396: 3393: 3384: 3381: 3375: 3372: 3363: 3360: 3351: 3348: 3342: 3339: 3330: 3327: 3321: 3318: 3307: 3304: 3298: 3295: 3289: 3286: 3275: 3272: 3259: 3256: 3247: 3244: 3235: 3232: 3223: 3220: 3214: 3211: 3205: 3202: 3196: 3193: 3187: 3184: 3178: 3175: 3166: 3163: 3157: 3154: 3148: 3145: 3128: 3125: 3119: 3116: 3110: 3106: 3100: 3097: 3091: 3087: 3081: 3080: 3078: 3077: 3062: 3053: 3050: 3044: 3041: 3035: 3034: 3032: 3031: 3017: 2939: 2814: 2773: 2746: 2632: 2576: 2499: 2391:‘I am not poor’ 2353: 2294: 2234: 2221:ya2 š2 rii2 šhe1 2055: 2028: 1955: 1948:‘you’ (formal). 1880: 1818: 1742: 1665: 1587: 1557:(first person), 1438: 1361:(first person), 1281: 1271:‘small’ becomes 1114: 1100:There are three 1040: 1035: 1017: 1012: 1003: 998: 982: 977: 968: 963: 930: 912: 910: 902: 893: 884: 881: 875: 873: 864: 858: 855: 849: 847: 839: 831: 825: 822: 816: 813: 807: 804: 798: 795: 777: 774: 759: 748: 745: 730: 714: 692: 689: 678: 660: 657: 648: 641: 623: 620: 605: 596: 593: 586: 583: 570: 560: 553: 546: 543: 536: 527: 511: 502: 499: 492: 485: 476: 471: 464: 455: 452: 445: 438: 429: 387: 289:when necessary. 287:Spanish alphabet 224: 213: 192: 176: 169: 139: 137: 136: 111: 79: 19: 4836: 4835: 4831: 4830: 4829: 4827: 4826: 4825: 4791: 4790: 4789: 4784: 4755:Oaxacan Chontal 4696: 4682: 4680: 4650: 4645: 4632: 4607: 4566:Southern Puebla 4432: 4406: 4356: 4320: 4274: 4232: 4206: 4154: 4138: 4102: 4081: 4034: 4009: 3958: 3931: 3906: 3865:Lalana-Tepinapa 3832: 3793: 3770: 3746:Querétaro Otomi 3721:Mezquital Otomi 3715:Classical Otomi 3700: 3691:Central Mazahua 3652: 3647: 3617: 3607: 3600: 3586: 3562: 3558: 3551: 3541: 3531: 3526: 3525: 3520: 3516: 3511: 3507: 3502: 3495: 3490: 3486: 3481: 3477: 3472: 3468: 3463: 3456: 3451: 3447: 3442: 3438: 3433: 3429: 3424: 3417: 3412: 3408: 3403: 3399: 3394: 3387: 3382: 3378: 3373: 3366: 3361: 3354: 3349: 3345: 3340: 3333: 3328: 3324: 3319: 3310: 3305: 3301: 3296: 3292: 3287: 3278: 3273: 3262: 3257: 3250: 3245: 3238: 3233: 3226: 3221: 3217: 3212: 3208: 3203: 3199: 3194: 3190: 3185: 3181: 3176: 3169: 3164: 3160: 3155: 3151: 3146: 3131: 3126: 3122: 3117: 3113: 3107: 3103: 3098: 3094: 3088: 3084: 3075: 3073: 3064: 3063: 3056: 3051: 3047: 3042: 3038: 3029: 3027: 3019: 3018: 3011: 3006: 2937:Interrogatives 2923: 2856: 2851: 2717:Third (plural) 2673:First (plural) 2623: 2487: 2482: 2472: 2464: 2456: 2448: 2439: 2432: 2427: 2422: 2400: 2361:‘you are lazy’ 2344: 2334: 2332:his/her.clothes 2326: 2314: 2304: 2296: 2286: 2277: 2267: 2259: 2251: 2236: 2228: 2224:basket that big 2219: 2211: 2203: 2195: 2186: 2176: 2168: 2152: 2142: 2134: 2125: 2120:half liter milk 2115: 2107: 2099: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1937: 1808: 1737: 1653: 1578: 1546: 1508:/chu/, flower 1410: 1351: 1330:‘his pasture’. 1257: 1252: 1231: 1197:'his/her herb' 1098: 1074: 925: 916: 915: 894: 887: 882: 878: 865: 861: 856: 852: 832: 828: 823: 819: 814: 810: 805: 801: 796: 792: 775: 746: 690: 658: 621: 594: 584: 544: 500: 453: 367: 362: 346: 344:Characteristics 326: 283:Lázaro Cárdenas 226: 225: 216: 188: 172: 165: 134: 132: 129: 122:Official status 112: 107: 101: 80: 77:Language family 75: 69:195 (2020) 66: 65:Native speakers 17: 12: 11: 5: 4834: 4832: 4824: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4793: 4792: 4786: 4785: 4783: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4701: 4698: 4697: 4681: 4679: 4678: 4671: 4664: 4656: 4647: 4646: 4637: 4634: 4633: 4631: 4630: 4625: 4619: 4617: 4613: 4612: 4609: 4608: 4606: 4605: 4600: 4599: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4491:Chigmecatitlán 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4448: 4442: 4440: 4434: 4433: 4431: 4430: 4424: 4422: 4416: 4415: 4412: 4411: 4408: 4407: 4405: 4404: 4399: 4398: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4379: 4374: 4368: 4366: 4362: 4361: 4358: 4357: 4355: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4328: 4326: 4322: 4321: 4319: 4318: 4317: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4282: 4280: 4279:Western Valley 4276: 4275: 4273: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4251: 4249: 4248:Trans-Yautepec 4242: 4238: 4237: 4234: 4233: 4231: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4218:Coatecas Altas 4214: 4212: 4208: 4207: 4205: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4173: 4171: 4164: 4160: 4159: 4156: 4155: 4153: 4152: 4146: 4144: 4140: 4139: 4137: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4110: 4108: 4104: 4103: 4101: 4100: 4095: 4089: 4087: 4083: 4082: 4080: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4058: 4056: 4049: 4042: 4036: 4035: 4033: 4032: 4026: 4024: 4017: 4011: 4010: 4008: 4007: 4002: 4001: 4000: 3990: 3985: 3979: 3977: 3968: 3964: 3963: 3960: 3959: 3957: 3956: 3949: 3941: 3939: 3933: 3932: 3930: 3929: 3924: 3916: 3914: 3908: 3907: 3905: 3904: 3903: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3846: 3844: 3838: 3837: 3834: 3833: 3831: 3830: 3825: 3818: 3813: 3807: 3805: 3799: 3798: 3795: 3794: 3792: 3791: 3786: 3780: 3778: 3772: 3771: 3769: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3736:Highland Otomi 3733: 3731:Acazulco Otomi 3728: 3723: 3718: 3710: 3708: 3702: 3701: 3699: 3698: 3693: 3687: 3685: 3676: 3667: 3658: 3654: 3653: 3648: 3646: 3645: 3638: 3631: 3623: 3616: 3615: 3608: 3606: 3605: 3601: 3599: 3598: 3584: 3559: 3557: 3556: 3552: 3550: 3549: 3542: 3540: 3539: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3524: 3523: 3514: 3505: 3493: 3484: 3475: 3466: 3454: 3445: 3436: 3427: 3415: 3406: 3397: 3385: 3376: 3364: 3352: 3343: 3331: 3322: 3308: 3299: 3290: 3276: 3260: 3248: 3236: 3224: 3215: 3206: 3197: 3188: 3179: 3167: 3158: 3149: 3129: 3120: 3111: 3101: 3092: 3082: 3054: 3045: 3036: 3008: 3007: 3005: 3002: 2999: 2998: 2995: 2993:ndanara ~ yara 2989: 2988: 2985: 2979: 2978: 2975: 2969: 2968: 2965: 2959: 2958: 2955: 2949: 2948: 2945: 2922: 2921:Interrogatives 2919: 2918: 2917: 2911: 2905: 2899: 2893: 2887: 2881: 2875: 2869: 2863: 2855: 2852: 2850: 2847: 2844: 2843: 2840: 2834: 2833: 2830: 2824: 2823: 2820: 2799: 2798: 2795: 2789: 2788: 2785: 2780: 2766: 2765: 2762: 2756: 2755: 2752: 2731: 2730: 2728:‘they jump’ 2723:‘they dance’ 2718: 2715: 2709: 2708: 2696: 2693: 2687: 2686: 2674: 2671: 2665: 2664: 2652: 2649: 2643: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2622: 2619: 2616: 2615: 2612: 2606: 2605: 2604:‘it’ (animal) 2602: 2596: 2595: 2592: 2586: 2585: 2582: 2569: 2568: 2563: 2560: 2554: 2553: 2548: 2545: 2539: 2538: 2533: 2530: 2524: 2523: 2518: 2515: 2509: 2508: 2505: 2503: 2486: 2483: 2465: 2457: 2449: 2441: 2440: 2428: 2423: 2418: 2417: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2392: 2389: 2383: 2382: 2379: 2373: 2372: 2369: 2363: 2362: 2359: 2327: 2319: 2318: 2297: 2287: 2279: 2278: 2275:‘our big cave’ 2260: 2252: 2244: 2243: 2212: 2204: 2196: 2188: 2187: 2169: 2161: 2160: 2144:či1hngu2 ť̌hĩ2 2135: 2127: 2126: 2108: 2100: 2092: 2091: 2085: 2084: 2081: 2075: 2074: 2071: 2065: 2064: 2061: 2048: 2047: 2044: 2038: 2037: 2034: 2006: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1989: 1988:‘many houses’ 1986: 1980: 1979: 1976: 1970: 1969: 1966: 1960: 1959: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1929: 1924: 1920: 1919: 1914: 1910: 1909: 1904: 1900: 1899: 1894: 1890: 1889: 1884: 1868: 1867: 1862: 1858: 1857: 1852: 1848: 1847: 1842: 1838: 1837: 1832: 1828: 1827: 1822: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1800: 1791: 1787: 1786: 1780: 1776: 1775: 1770: 1766: 1765: 1760: 1756: 1755: 1746: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1729: 1724: 1720: 1719: 1709: 1705: 1704: 1694: 1690: 1689: 1679: 1675: 1674: 1669: 1652: 1649: 1642: 1641: 1636: 1632: 1631: 1621: 1617: 1616: 1611: 1607: 1606: 1601: 1597: 1596: 1591: 1577: 1574: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1538: 1532: 1526: 1522: 1521: 1515: 1509: 1505: 1504: 1498: 1492: 1488: 1487: 1481: 1475: 1471: 1470: 1458: 1452: 1448: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1409: 1406: 1350: 1347: 1345:‘her mother’. 1317: 1316: 1310: 1303: 1302: 1296: 1295:‘to have cut’ 1289: 1288: 1285: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1230: 1227: 1221: 1220: 1214: 1210: 1209: 1203: 1199: 1198: 1192: 1188: 1187: 1181: 1177: 1176: 1170: 1166: 1165: 1159: 1155: 1154: 1148: 1144: 1143: 1137: 1133: 1132: 1126: 1122: 1121: 1118: 1097: 1094: 1073: 1070: 1044: 1043: 1041: 1029: 1027: 1019: 1018: 1006: 1004: 992: 984: 983: 971: 969: 957: 949: 948: 943: 938: 933: 924: 921: 914: 913: 885: 876: 859: 850: 826: 817: 808: 799: 789: 788: 785: 784: 782: 780: 778: 768: 766: 764: 756: 755: 753: 751: 749: 739: 737: 735: 728: 722: 721: 719: 717: 715: 708: 706: 704: 698: 697: 695: 693: 683: 681: 679: 672: 666: 665: 663: 661: 651: 649: 642: 635: 629: 628: 626: 624: 614: 612: 610: 608: 602: 601: 599: 597: 587: 577: 575: 573: 568: 562: 561: 554: 547: 537: 530: 528: 521: 515: 514: 512: 505: 503: 493: 486: 479: 473: 472: 465: 458: 456: 446: 439: 432: 427: 421: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 366: 363: 361: 358: 350:tonal language 345: 342: 325: 324:Classification 322: 259:branch of the 228: 227: 215: 214: 206: 205: 200: 194: 193: 186: 178: 177: 170: 162: 161: 160:Language codes 157: 156: 150: 144: 143: 130: 127: 124: 123: 119: 118: 113: 109:Writing system 106: 103: 102: 100: 99: 98: 97: 83: 81: 74: 71: 70: 67: 64: 61: 60: 55: 51: 50: 45: 41: 40: 35: 34:Native to 31: 30: 24: 23: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4833: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4702: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4686: 4677: 4672: 4670: 4665: 4663: 4658: 4657: 4654: 4644: 4640: 4635: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4620: 4618: 4614: 4604: 4601: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4453: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4435: 4429: 4426: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4417: 4403: 4400: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4369: 4367: 4363: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4329: 4327: 4323: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4283: 4281: 4277: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4252: 4250: 4246: 4243: 4239: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4215: 4213: 4209: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4174: 4172: 4168: 4165: 4161: 4151: 4148: 4147: 4145: 4141: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4111: 4109: 4105: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4090: 4088: 4084: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4059: 4057: 4055:Sierra Juárez 4053: 4050: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4037: 4031: 4028: 4027: 4025: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4012: 4006: 4003: 3999: 3996: 3995: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3972: 3969: 3965: 3955: 3954: 3950: 3948: 3947: 3943: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3934: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3922: 3918: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3909: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3852: 3851: 3848: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3839: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3823: 3822:Southern Pame 3819: 3817: 3816:Northern Pame 3814: 3812: 3809: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3800: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3773: 3767: 3766:Ixtenco Otomi 3764: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3756:Temoaya Otomi 3754: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3741:Tenango Otomi 3739: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3716: 3712: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3703: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3662: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3644: 3639: 3637: 3632: 3630: 3625: 3624: 3621: 3614: 3610: 3609: 3603: 3602: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3585:0-521-22834-4 3581: 3577: 3572: 3571: 3565: 3561: 3560: 3554: 3553: 3548: 3544: 3543: 3538: 3534: 3533: 3528: 3518: 3515: 3509: 3506: 3500: 3498: 3494: 3488: 3485: 3479: 3476: 3470: 3467: 3461: 3459: 3455: 3449: 3446: 3440: 3437: 3431: 3428: 3422: 3420: 3416: 3410: 3407: 3401: 3398: 3392: 3390: 3386: 3380: 3377: 3371: 3369: 3365: 3359: 3357: 3353: 3347: 3344: 3338: 3336: 3332: 3326: 3323: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3309: 3303: 3300: 3294: 3291: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3277: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3261: 3255: 3253: 3249: 3243: 3241: 3237: 3231: 3229: 3225: 3219: 3216: 3210: 3207: 3201: 3198: 3192: 3189: 3183: 3180: 3174: 3172: 3168: 3162: 3159: 3153: 3150: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3130: 3124: 3121: 3115: 3112: 3105: 3102: 3096: 3093: 3086: 3083: 3071: 3067: 3061: 3059: 3055: 3049: 3046: 3040: 3037: 3026: 3022: 3016: 3014: 3010: 3003: 2996: 2994: 2991: 2990: 2986: 2984: 2981: 2980: 2976: 2974: 2971: 2970: 2966: 2964: 2961: 2960: 2956: 2954: 2951: 2950: 2946: 2944: 2941: 2940: 2934: 2932: 2928: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2910: 2906: 2904: 2900: 2898: 2894: 2892: 2888: 2886: 2882: 2880: 2876: 2874: 2870: 2868: 2864: 2862: 2858: 2857: 2853: 2848: 2841: 2839: 2836: 2835: 2831: 2829: 2826: 2825: 2821: 2819: 2816: 2815: 2812: 2810: 2806: 2796: 2794: 2793:ndaču bubaka 2791: 2790: 2786: 2784: 2781: 2778: 2774: 2771: 2763: 2761: 2758: 2757: 2753: 2751: 2748: 2747: 2744: 2742: 2738: 2735:The prefixes 2729: 2727: 2722: 2719: 2716: 2714: 2711: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2692: 2689: 2688: 2685: 2683: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2670: 2667: 2666: 2663: 2661: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2648: 2645: 2644: 2640: 2637: 2634: 2633: 2630: 2627: 2620: 2613: 2611: 2608: 2607: 2603: 2601: 2598: 2597: 2593: 2591: 2588: 2587: 2583: 2581: 2578: 2577: 2574: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2559: 2556: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2544: 2541: 2540: 2537: 2534: 2531: 2529: 2526: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2516: 2514: 2511: 2510: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2500: 2497: 2494: 2493: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2471: 2468: 2463: 2460: 2455: 2452: 2447: 2444: 2438: 2435: 2431: 2426: 2421: 2416: 2414: 2409: 2405: 2397: 2390: 2388: 2387:ñuma ʔana mi 2385: 2384: 2380: 2378: 2375: 2374: 2370: 2368: 2365: 2364: 2360: 2358: 2355: 2354: 2351: 2349: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2333: 2330: 2325: 2322: 2317: 2313: 2310: 2307: 2303: 2300: 2295: 2290: 2285: 2282: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2266: 2263: 2258: 2255: 2250: 2247: 2242: 2241: 2235: 2232: 2225: 2222: 2218: 2215: 2210: 2207: 2202: 2199: 2194: 2191: 2185: 2184:‘black gourd’ 2182: 2179: 2178:šu2wa3 ti1ye1 2175: 2172: 2167: 2164: 2159: 2157: 2151: 2150:‘another day’ 2148: 2145: 2141: 2138: 2133: 2130: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2114: 2111: 2106: 2103: 2098: 2095: 2090: 2082: 2080: 2077: 2076: 2072: 2070: 2067: 2066: 2063:‘after that’ 2062: 2060: 2057: 2056: 2053: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2039: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2029: 2026: 2024: 2020: 2015: 2013: 2004: 1999: 1994: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1981: 1978:‘two houses’ 1977: 1975: 1972: 1971: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1961: 1956: 1953: 1949: 1947: 1943: 1934: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1911: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1882: 1881: 1878: 1874: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1859: 1856: 1853: 1850: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1830: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1819: 1816: 1812: 1805: 1799: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1788: 1785: 1781: 1778: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1757: 1754: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1743: 1740: 1734: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1695: 1692: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1676: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1659: 1650: 1648: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1543: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1527: 1524: 1523: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1510: 1507: 1506: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1493: 1490: 1489: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1474:/yaa/, tree 1473: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1451:/u/, animal 1450: 1449: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1407: 1405: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1374: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1354: 1348: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1335: 1331: 1329: 1325: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1305: 1304: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1290: 1286: 1283: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1265:reduplication 1262: 1254: 1249: 1247: 1245: 1241: 1235: 1228: 1226: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1211: 1207: 1204: 1201: 1200: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1189: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1178: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1167: 1163: 1160: 1157: 1156: 1152: 1149: 1146: 1145: 1141: 1138: 1135: 1134: 1130: 1127: 1124: 1123: 1119: 1116: 1115: 1109: 1106: 1103: 1095: 1093: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1080:’cane’ and 1079: 1071: 1069: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1050: 1042: 1039: 1034: 1030: 1028: 1026: 1025: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1007: 1005: 1002: 997: 993: 991: 990: 986: 981: 976: 972: 970: 967: 962: 958: 956: 955: 951: 947: 944: 942: 939: 937: 934: 932: 931: 928: 922: 920: 908: 900: 892: 890: 886: 880: 877: 874:before a /g/. 871: 863: 860: 854: 851: 845: 837: 830: 827: 821: 818: 812: 809: 803: 800: 794: 791: 783: 781: 779: 773: 769: 767: 765: 762: 758: 757: 754: 752: 750: 744: 740: 738: 736: 733: 729: 727: 723: 720: 718: 716: 713: 709: 707: 705: 703: 699: 696: 694: 688: 684: 682: 680: 677: 673: 671: 667: 664: 662: 656: 652: 650: 647: 643: 640: 636: 634: 630: 627: 625: 619: 615: 613: 611: 609: 604: 603: 600: 598: 592: 588: 582: 578: 576: 574: 569: 567: 563: 559: 555: 552: 548: 542: 538: 535: 531: 529: 526: 522: 520: 516: 513: 510: 506: 504: 498: 494: 491: 487: 484: 480: 475: 474: 470: 466: 463: 459: 457: 451: 447: 444: 440: 437: 433: 428: 426: 422: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 388: 382: 381:‘cenzontle’. 380: 376: 372: 364: 359: 357: 355: 351: 343: 341: 339: 335: 331: 323: 321: 319: 315: 311: 310:-teca/-tecatl 307: 303: 299: 295: 290: 288: 284: 280: 276: 271: 269: 264: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 235:(in Ixcatec: 234: 223: 220: 212: 207: 204: 201: 199: 195: 191: 187: 185: 184: 179: 175: 171: 168: 163: 158: 154: 151: 149: 145: 142: 131: 125: 120: 117: 114: 110: 104: 96: 93: 92: 91: 88: 87: 86: 82: 78: 72: 68: 62: 59: 56: 52: 49: 46: 42: 39: 36: 32: 29: 25: 20: 4638: 4556:Silacayoapan 4476:Cacaloxtepec 4170:Cis-Yautepec 3987: 3951: 3944: 3919: 3820: 3811:Central Pame 3776:Matlatzincan 3726:Tilapa Otomi 3713: 3569: 3517: 3508: 3487: 3478: 3469: 3448: 3439: 3430: 3409: 3400: 3379: 3346: 3325: 3302: 3293: 3218: 3209: 3200: 3191: 3182: 3161: 3152: 3123: 3114: 3104: 3095: 3085: 3074:. Retrieved 3069: 3048: 3039: 3028:. Retrieved 3024: 2992: 2982: 2972: 2962: 2952: 2942: 2930: 2926: 2924: 2914: 2908: 2902: 2896: 2890: 2884: 2878: 2872: 2866: 2860: 2842:‘I will go’ 2837: 2827: 2817: 2808: 2804: 2802: 2792: 2783:ndaču bušte 2782: 2776: 2769: 2759: 2749: 2740: 2736: 2734: 2725: 2724: 2720: 2712: 2703: 2702: 2701:‘you dance’ 2698: 2690: 2681: 2680: 2679:‘we dance’ 2676: 2668: 2659: 2658: 2654: 2646: 2628: 2624: 2609: 2599: 2589: 2579: 2572: 2565: 2557: 2550: 2542: 2535: 2527: 2520: 2512: 2495: 2491: 2488: 2479: 2476: 2473: 2469: 2466: 2461: 2458: 2453: 2450: 2445: 2442: 2436: 2434:sa2 mi2č ʔa2 2433: 2429: 2424: 2419: 2412: 2407: 2403: 2401: 2386: 2381:‘I am poor’ 2376: 2366: 2356: 2347: 2345: 2341: 2338: 2336:ť̌ʔui1 ʔnee1 2335: 2331: 2328: 2323: 2320: 2315: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2301: 2298: 2291: 2288: 2284:our.Language 2283: 2280: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2264: 2261: 2256: 2253: 2248: 2245: 2239: 2237: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2216: 2213: 2208: 2205: 2200: 2197: 2192: 2189: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2173: 2170: 2165: 2162: 2155: 2153: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2139: 2136: 2131: 2128: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2112: 2109: 2104: 2101: 2096: 2093: 2088: 2078: 2068: 2058: 2051: 2046:‘that seat’ 2041: 2036:‘this seat’ 2031: 2022: 2018: 2016: 2011: 2008: 1983: 1973: 1963: 1950: 1945: 1941: 1938: 1926: 1916: 1913:3rd person 1906: 1896: 1893:2nd person 1886: 1875: 1871: 1864: 1854: 1851:3rd person 1844: 1834: 1831:2nd person 1824: 1813: 1809: 1797: 1793: 1783: 1779:3rd person 1772: 1762: 1759:2nd person 1752: 1748: 1738: 1726: 1715: 1711: 1708:3rd person 1700: 1696: 1685: 1681: 1678:2nd person 1671: 1661: 1657: 1654: 1645: 1638: 1627: 1623: 1620:3rd person 1613: 1603: 1600:2nd person 1593: 1583: 1579: 1571: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1547: 1534: 1529: 1525:/dii/, man 1517: 1512: 1500: 1495: 1483: 1478: 1465: 1464: 1460: 1455: 1434: 1429: 1425: 1411: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1375: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1342: 1338: 1332: 1327: 1323: 1320: 1312: 1306: 1298: 1292: 1277: 1272: 1268: 1258: 1243: 1239: 1236: 1232: 1224: 1216: 1205: 1194: 1183: 1172: 1161: 1150: 1139: 1128: 1117:Combination 1107: 1099: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1075: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1051: 1047: 1022: 987: 952: 926: 917: 879: 862: 853: 829: 820: 811: 802: 793: 408:Alveopalatal 378: 368: 347: 327: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 291: 275:Latin script 272: 265: 261:Oto-manguean 240: 236: 232: 231: 181: 94: 85:Oto-Manguean 28:Xwja, Xjuani 27: 4591:Yoloxóchitl 4501:Cuyamecalco 4286:Chichicápam 4270:Quiavicuzas 4202:Tlacolulita 3895:Tepetotutla 3842:Chinantecan 3789:Matlatzinca 2987:'how/what' 2907:/nĩ¹njẽ²/: 2877:/njũ¹hũ¹/: 2764:‘they ate’ 2754:‘they eat’ 2706:‘you jump’ 2684:‘we jump’ 2657:‘I dance’ 2507:Classifier 2437:‘the woman’ 2181:gourd black 2147:another day 2079:nda me raa 2042:yašila raa 2032:yašila rii 1946:ilarituhuri 1544:Possessives 1396:‘she/her’, 670:Approximant 247:village of 4795:Categories 4715:Chinanteco 4581:Tilantongo 4571:Soyaltepec 4496:Coatzospan 4390:Texmelucan 4332:Albarradas 4265:Lachiguiri 4228:Ozolotepec 4223:Miahuatlán 4182:Quiegolani 3912:Tlapanecan 3665:Oto-Pamean 3529:References 3076:2023-01-21 3030:2023-01-21 2913:/ʔu²te³/: 2895:/ja¹tu²/: 2871:/nĩ¹hẽ²/: 2865:/ju¹hu¹/: 2849:Vocabulary 2662:‘I jump’ 2083:‘that is’ 2073:‘so that’ 2005:Adjectives 1984:uča nǯiʔa 1968:‘a house’ 1964:hngu nǯiʔa 1392:‘he/him’, 1261:affixation 1250:Morphology 365:Consonants 334:Chocholtec 4725:Cuicateco 4720:Chochotec 4641:indicate 4596:Zacatepec 4586:Tututepec 4511:Ixtayutla 4456:Amoltepec 4381:Papabuco 4347:Ayoquezco 4342:Antequera 4015:Zapotecan 4005:Popolocan 3998:varieties 3975:Popolocan 3946:Chiapanec 3890:Sochiapam 3850:Chinantec 2859:/hngu²/: 2832:‘I went’ 2760:kwatubane 2641:Examples 2454:his.house 2302:beautiful 1974:uhu nǯiʔa 1958:Examples 1935:Plurality 1798:-i or -i 1735:Class III 1551:enclitics 1511:Flowers: 1486:‘Encino’ 1468:‘turkey’ 1454:Animals: 1446:Examples 1414:compounds 1301:‘to cut’ 1255:Processes 571:voiceless 566:Affricate 519:Fricative 430:voiceless 371:voiceless 360:Phonology 338:Popolocan 279:Spaniards 257:Popolocan 183:Glottolog 167:ISO 639-3 90:Popolocan 58:Ixcatecos 54:Ethnicity 4760:Popoluca 4740:Mazateco 4561:Sindihui 4546:Pinotepa 4521:Mixtepec 4486:Chazumba 4446:Cuicatec 4438:Mixtecan 4420:Amuzgoan 4385:Elotepec 4377:Lachixío 4352:Quiatoni 4314:Zaachila 4192:Xanaguía 4187:Lapaguía 4177:Mixtepec 4163:Southern 4124:Yatzachi 4119:Zoogocho 4077:Abejones 4048:Northern 3937:Manguean 3927:Tlapanec 3921:Subtiaba 3885:Palantla 3880:Ozumacín 3860:Highland 3784:Tlahuica 3566:(1983). 2947:'where' 2901:/hni²/: 2889:/ʃhõ³/: 2883:/ʃʔõ¹/: 2750:batubane 2610:suwa ma 2600:suwa ba 2590:suwa kua 2580:suwa da 2502:Pronoun 2485:Pronouns 2398:Articles 2377:ñuma mi 2367:siʔaʔana 2249:our.cave 2069:nda raa 2059:šta raa 1806:Class IV 1714:(IIa) / 1699:(IIa)/ 1651:Class II 1422:prefixes 1418:morpheme 1404:‘them’. 1315:‘night’ 1313:kwacunda 1309:‘night’ 1307:kwacundu 1208:'stick' 1175:'lemon' 1153:'short' 1142:'trash' 1131:'black' 1120:Example 1092:foot’ . 403:Alveolar 302:ixcateco 190:ixca1245 4775:Zapotec 4765:Tacuate 4735:Ixcatec 4710:Chatino 4639:Italics 4541:Peñasco 4506:Estetla 4402:Solteco 4372:El Alto 4309:Ocotlán 4304:Isthmus 4241:Central 4150:Choápam 4129:Yalálag 4114:Cajonos 4107:Cajonos 4072:Yavesía 4067:Aloápam 4040:Zapotec 4030:Chatino 4023:Chatino 3993:Mazatec 3988:Ixcatec 3967:Eastern 3875:Ojitlán 3683:Mazahua 3674:Otomian 3657:Western 3594:8034800 2967:'when' 2957:'what' 2854:Numbers 2822:‘I go’ 2638:Person 2635:Suffix 2614:‘them’ 2132:another 1684:(IIa)/ 1576:Class I 1535:dičinga 1520:‘rose’ 1518:churosa 1394:suwakua 1287:Future 1164:'cure' 1084:three’ 1082:nĩhe˜ ‘ 941:Central 702:Lateral 425:Plosive 418:Glottal 330:Mazatec 298:ichcatl 294:Nahuatl 245:Mexican 233:Ixcatec 203:Ixcatec 95:Ixcatec 22:Ixcatec 4770:Trique 4750:Mixtec 4705:Amuzgo 4694:Oaxaca 4603:Trique 4471:Ayutla 4461:Apoala 4451:Mixtec 4428:Amuzgo 4395:Zaniza 4260:Petapa 4255:Guevea 4211:Coatec 4197:Xánica 4093:Rincón 4086:Rincón 4062:Ixtlán 3983:Chocho 3870:Lealao 3803:Pamean 3592: 3582: 3109:Oaxaca 2997:'who' 2977:'why' 2741:kwatu- 2726:bakama 2704:bakari 2660:bakana 2594:‘she’ 2446:puerta 2281:šhuani 2217: 2193:basket 2129:čihngu 2094:kusine 1995:Syntax 1718:(IIb) 1703:(IIb) 1688:(IIb) 1626:(Ia)/ 1555:-ña na 1503:‘eye’ 1501:ť̌uškũ 1463:‘dog’ 1443:Class 1402:suwama 1398:suwaba 1390:suwada 1328:nǰixee 1244:rateni 1186:'dew' 1090:sihi ’ 1056:‘do’, 923:Vowels 726:Rhotic 606:voiced 477:voiced 398:Dental 393:Labial 379:ʔučapi 375:voiced 253:Oaxaca 241:xjuani 219:UNESCO 141:Mexico 138: 48:Oaxaca 44:Region 38:Mexico 4780:Zoque 4730:Huave 4616:Lists 4576:Tidaá 4536:Nuyoo 4531:Nuxaá 4365:Other 4337:Mitla 4325:Other 4291:Güilá 4143:Other 4134:Tabaá 4098:Yatee 3900:Usila 3706:Otomi 3004:Notes 2983:ndede 2973:ndacu 2963:ndisa 2953:ndara 2943:ndira 2903:eight 2897:seven 2873:three 2838:xwina 2828:xwina 2737:batu- 2721:štema 2699:šteri 2655:štena 2621:Verbs 2584:‘he’ 2492:suwa. 2451:ndiee 2443:pduha 2324:clean 2321:ť̌ʔui 2246:šhuni 2174:black 2166:gourd 2105:liter 2102:litru 1942:tuhu, 1907:-aari 1887:-ñana 1845:-aari 1825:-ñana 1753:-ñana 1701:-aari 1697:-aari 1672:-ñana 1630:(Ib) 1614:-aari 1594:-ñana 1528:Men: 1484:yange 1461:uniña 1408:Nouns 1386:usted 1382:ilari 1359:inana 1343:neʔee 1324:nǰixi 1299:kwate 1293:kwate 1284:Past 1206:yašwi 1195:šikee 1162:naʔmi 1151:kwate 1140:cutxe 1102:tones 1066:ratee 954:Close 936:Front 909:] 905:[ 901:] 897:[ 872:] 868:[ 846:] 842:[ 838:] 834:[ 732:trill 633:Nasal 413:Velar 314:-tlan 306:-teco 296:word 116:Latin 4745:Mixe 4526:Ñumí 3590:OCLC 3580:ISBN 2931:nda- 2927:ndi- 2909:nine 2885:five 2879:four 2818:pina 2739:and 2682:baki 2536:kua- 2470:Jose 2467:hose 2357:siʔa 2348:ʔana 2329:ʔnee 2293:PTCL 2257:cave 2231:help 2201:that 2171:tiye 2163:šuwa 2137:ť̌hĩ 2113:milk 2097:half 1782:Ø ~ 1513:chu- 1496:ť̌u- 1466:uhñu 1367:suwa 1339:naʔa 1273:ʔiʔi 1240:rate 1217:kane 1213:3-3 1202:3-2 1191:3-1 1184:šaxu 1180:2-3 1173:tusi 1169:2-2 1158:2-1 1147:1-3 1136:1-2 1129:tiye 1125:1-1 1096:Tone 1062:rate 1024:Open 946:Back 761:flap 336:and 318:-lan 237:xwja 4692:of 2929:or 2915:ten 2891:six 2867:two 2861:one 2809:xw- 2805:ku- 2777:bu- 2713:-ma 2691:-ri 2677:šti 2647:-na 2551:mi- 2528:kua 2521:di- 2462:the 2425:mič 2413:la. 2406:or 2299:šhũ 2265:big 2262:šhe 2254:šhu 2240:la: 2214:šhe 2209:big 2206:rii 2140:day 2110:chĩ 2023:raa 2019:rii 1927:-ni 1917:-ee 1897:-aa 1865:-ni 1855:-ee 1835:-aa 1794:-ni 1784:-ee 1773:-ri 1763:-aa 1749:-na 1727:-ni 1716:-ee 1712:-ee 1686:-aa 1682:-aa 1658:ri. 1639:-ni 1628:-ee 1624:-ee 1604:-aa 1567:-ni 1563:-ee 1559:-aa 1530:di- 1479:ya- 1371:ini 1363:ila 1078:thi 1054:cee 989:Mid 618:d͡ʒ 591:t͡ʃ 581:t͡s 373:or 316:or 198:ELP 174:ixc 4797:: 3588:. 3578:. 3496:^ 3457:^ 3418:^ 3388:^ 3367:^ 3355:^ 3334:^ 3311:^ 3279:^ 3263:^ 3251:^ 3239:^ 3227:^ 3170:^ 3132:^ 3068:. 3057:^ 3023:. 3012:^ 2933:: 2811:. 2669:-i 2566:u- 2558:ba 2543:ma 2513:da 2459:sa 2430:ʔa 2420:sa 2408:sa 2404:sa 2289:la 2233:); 2190:ya 2156:la 2012:la 1796:~ 1751:~ 1456:u- 1430:u- 1378:ri 1269:ʔi 1058:ce 888:^ 497:dʲ 450:tʲ 340:. 332:, 239:o 4675:e 4668:t 4661:v 3642:e 3635:t 3628:v 3596:. 3079:. 3033:. 2198:š 1426:u 1086:. 1038:ã 1033:a 1015:õ 1010:o 1001:ẽ 996:e 980:ũ 975:u 966:ĩ 961:i 907:r 899:ɾ 870:ŋ 844:ʂ 836:ʃ 772:ɾ 743:r 712:l 687:j 676:w 655:ɲ 646:n 639:m 558:h 551:x 541:ʃ 534:s 525:f 509:ɡ 490:d 483:b 469:ʔ 462:k 443:t 436:p 155:}

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Index