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lowercase "l" for "one". These substitutions were easily identified when compared to an adjacent line typed with the digit keys. Worse, digits in columns of typed numbers would not have lined up properly on the
Executive if the typist used the letter substitutions. A full set of dedicated digit keys allowed the Executive's digits to all be the same width as each other, so that a typed figure of a given number of digits was always the same total width, regardless of what the digits were. This change also allowed IBM greater flexibility in font design, as the lowercase "l" and uppercase "o" did not have to be usable as the corresponding digits. Having introduced them on the Executive, IBM maintained the separate digit keys on later non-proportional-spacing typewriter models, including the
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proportionally spaced typewriter immediately leaped to the apex of the world bureaucracy and administrative culture when
President Roosevelt was presented with the first machine off the line. The Armistice documents that ended World War Two were typed on an IBM, as was the original United Nations Charter. To a world accustomed to monospaced typewritten documents, a page of typewriting produced with an Executive...was indistinguishable from a page of typeset text. Prime Minister Churchill allegedly responded to Roosevelt that "although he realized their correspondence was very important, there was absolutely no need to have it printed."
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IBM acquired the assets of
Electromatic Typewriters, Inc., of Rochester, N.Y. in 1933 and invested $ 1 million in redesigning their product and setting up service centers. The new IBM's Model 01 was introduced in 1935 and became the first successful electric typewriter in the U.S., according to IBM.
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All the units manufactured sold quickly and
Remington wanted to continue the relationship. According to Darryl Rehr, in his 1997 book, "Antique Typewriters & Office Collectibles", Remington claimed ... they could sell as many as N.E. Electric could produce." The insistence of N.E. Electric on a
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IBM announced proportional letter spacing for typewriters in 1941, but IBM's World War II effort delayed the introduction of a typewriter model, the
Executive, with this capability until 1944. Standard typewriters have a fixed letter pitch, so, for example the letter "i" occupies the same space as
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on narrow letters like "i" so that they visually fill the same horizontal space as letters like "m" and "w". So that these letters do not look out of place, most of the others are given strong serifs as well. Along with the constant spacing, these serifs give a distinctive "typewriter look" to
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IBM's
Executive typewriters introduced a feature lacking in many mechanical typewriters: the top row included the digits "one" and "zero"; other typewriters generally omitted these. The IBM design obviated substitutions taught by many typing instructors: the letter "o" or "O" for "zero", and
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In 1944, IBM launched the
Executive, a proportionally spaced typewriter. Characters on the Executive typewriter occupied between two and five units per grid cell, depending on the width of the letter. Beeching relates an anecdote that demonstrates the significance of this achievement. The
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manufactured, starting in the mid-1930s. They used the conventional moving carriage and typebar mechanism, as opposed to the fixed carriage and type ball used in the
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documents. With proportional spacing, the IBM Executive typewriters could abandon the wide serifs and use fonts that closely resembled those used in typesetting.
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available for the IBM Executive typewriters helped to convey the impression of typeset text. Fonts on monospaced typewriters usually have very wide
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In the 1950s, modified standard versions of the A, B, and C models were used as console typewriters or terminals on many early computers (e.g.,
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the letter "m". The
Executive model differed in having a multiple escapement mechanism and four widths for characters, allowing it to simulate
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The N. E. Electric
Company then developed and produced the Electromatic, placing it on the market in 1929. After passing through the hands of
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Executive electric typewriter with bold-face type and dull grey crackle finish. IBM Model B, 1957. National Museum of
Scotland, Edinburgh
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to enjoy long-term commercial success. Unlike the later
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Model D IBM Executive typewriter - actual advertisement
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Model D IBM Standard typewriter - actual advertisement
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130:The IBM Electromatic typewriter was the first
51:IBM Model A typewriter (non-Executive version)
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264:IBM Model C
247:IBM Model B
230:IBM Model A
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765:Correcting
492:2023-05-01
440:2024-07-18
416:2015-04-24
385:References
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379:Selectric
328:Executive
316:terminal.
159:Remington
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834:IBM 2741
829:IBM 1050
770:Composer
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342:12 point
314:IBM 1050
310:IBM 1130
298:IBM 1620
294:JOHNNIAC
197:Picture
167:contract
304:). The
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140:typebar
126:History
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203:Year
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