IBM Personal Computer - Knowledge (XXG)

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towards the production of large, sophisticated and expensive business systems. As with other large computer companies, its new products typically required about four to five years for development, and a well publicized quote from an industry analyst was, "IBM bringing out a personal computer would be like teaching an elephant to tap dance."

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support for hard disks. After the XT was released, IBM altered the design of the 5150 to add most of these capabilities, except for the upgraded power supply. At this point adding a hard drive was possible, but required the purchase of the IBM 5161 Expansion Unit, which contained a dedicated power supply and included a hard drive.

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One major limitation was the inability to install a hard drive, as described above. Another was that there were only five expansion slots, which tended to get filled up by essential hardware - a PC with a graphics card, memory expansion, parallel card and serial card was left with only one open slot,

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or inexpensive mechanical designs, the IBM keyboard provided good ergonomics, reliable and positive tactile key mechanisms and flip-up feet to adjust its angle. Public reception of the keyboard was extremely positive, with some sources describing it as a major selling point of the PC and even as "the

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which largely retains the 8086's internal 16-bit logic, but exposes only an 8-bit bus. The CPU is clocked at 4.77 MHz, which would eventually become an issue when clones and later PC models offered higher CPU speeds that broke compatibility with software developed for the original PC. The single

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The two bays in the front of the machine could be populated with one or two 5.25″ floppy disk drives, storing 160 KB per disk side for a total of 320 KB of storage on one disk. The floppy drives require a controller card inserted in an expansion slot, and connect with a single ribbon cable

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Software support from the industry grew rapidly, with the IBM nearly instantly becoming the primary target for most microcomputer software development. One publication counted 753 software packages available a year after the PC's release, four times as many as were available for the Macintosh a year

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This swayed the Corporate Management Committee, which converted the group into a business unit named "Project Chess", and provided the necessary funding and authority to do whatever was needed to develop the computer in the given timeframe. The team received permission to expand to 150 people by the

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Prior to the 1980s, IBM had largely been known as a provider of business computer systems. As the 1980s opened, their market share in the growing minicomputer market failed to keep up with competitors, while other manufacturers were beginning to see impressive profits in the microcomputer space. The

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Drive capacities varied: Early drives were single-side/double-density (SSDD) and stored 160 KB per floppy, but were soon replaced by double-side/double-density (DSDD) drives which stored 320 KB. The release of DOS 2.0 increased support for storing 9 rather than 8 sectors/track, increasing

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PC DOS version 1.00 supported only 160 KB SSDD floppies, but version 1.1, which was released nine months after the PC's introduction, supported 160 KB SSDD and 320 KB DSDD floppies. Support for the slightly larger nine sector per track 180 KB and 360 KB formats was added in

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IBM rectified these problems in the later XT, which included more slots and support for an internal hard drive, but at the same time released the 5161 Expansion Unit, which could be used with either the XT or the original PC. The 5161 connected to the PC system unit using a cable and a card plugged

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The PC is housed in a wide, short steel chassis intended to support the weight of a CRT monitor. The front panel is made of plastic, with an opening where one or two disk drives can be installed. The back panel houses a power inlet and switch, a keyboard connector, a cassette connector and a series

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The 8088 motherboard was designed in 40 days, with a working prototype created in four months, demonstrated in January 1981. The design was essentially complete by April 1981, when it was handed off to the manufacturing team. PCs were assembled in an IBM plant in Boca Raton, with components made at

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At release, IBM did not offer any hard disk drive option and adding one was difficult - the PC's stock power supply had inadequate power to run a hard drive, the motherboard did not support BIOS expansion ROMs which was needed to support a hard drive controller, and both PC DOS and the BIOS had no

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acknowledged publicly that it had discussed with IBM the possibility of manufacturing a personal computer in partnership, although this project was abandoned. The public responded to these rumors with skepticism, owing to IBM's tendency towards slow-moving, bureaucratic business practices tailored

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as monitors); to this end, IBM initially offered the 5150 in a basic configuration without any floppy drives or monitor at the price of $ 1,565, whereas they offered a system with a monitor and single floppy drive for an initial $ 3,005. Few if any users however bought IBM 5150 PCs without floppy

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The expansion capability of the IBM PC was very significant to its success in the market. Some publications highlighted IBM's uncharacteristic decision to publish complete, thorough specifications of the system bus and memory map immediately on release, with the intention of fostering a market of

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as heads of the new Entry Level Systems unit in Boca Raton, Florida. Market research found that computer dealers were very interested in selling an IBM product, but they insisted the company use a design based on standard parts, not IBM-designed ones so that stores could perform their own repairs

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Praise was directed at the build quality of the PC, in particular its keyboard, IBM's decision to use open specifications to encourage third party software and hardware development, their speed at delivering documentation and the quality therein, the quality of the video display, and the use of

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Reception was overwhelmingly positive, with analysts estimating sales volume in the billions of dollars in the first few years after release. After release, IBM's PC immediately became the talk of the entire computing industry. Dealers were overwhelmed with orders, including customers offering

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Atari proposed to IBM in 1980 that it act as original equipment manufacturer for an IBM microcomputer, a potential solution to IBM's known inability to move quickly to meet a rapidly changing market. The idea of acquiring Atari was considered but rejected in favor of a proposal by Lowe that by

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Most expansion cards have a matching metal bracket which slots into one of these openings, serving two purposes. First, a screw inserted through a tab on the bracket into the chassis fastens the card securely in place, preventing the card from wiggling out of place. Second, any ports the card

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Reception of the IBM PC was extremely positive. Even before its release reviewers were impressed by the advertised specifications of the machine, and upon its release reviews praised virtually every aspect of its design both in comparison to contemporary machines and with regards to new and

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The BIOS is the firmware of the IBM PC, occupying one 8 KB chip on the motherboard. It provides bootstrap code and a library of common functions that all software can use for many purposes, such as video output, keyboard input, disk access, interrupt handling, testing memory, and other

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forming an independent internal working group and abandoning all traditional IBM methods, a design could be delivered within a year and a prototype within 30 days. The prototype worked poorly but was presented with a detailed business plan which proposed that the new computer have an

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Because the IBM PC was based on commodity hardware rather than unique IBM components, and because its operation was extensively documented by IBM, creating machines that were fully compatible with the PC offered few challenges other than the creation of a compatible BIOS ROM.

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base clock frequency for the system was 14.31818 MHz, which when divided by 3, yielded the 4.77 MHz for the CPU (which was considered close enough to the then 5 MHz limit of the 8088), and when divided by 4, yielded the required 3.579545 MHz for the

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Sales exceeded IBM's expectations by as much as 800% (9x), with the company at one point shipping as many as 40,000 PCs per month. IBM estimated that home users made up 50 to 70% of purchases from retail stores. In 1983, IBM sold more than 750,000 machines, while

675:, who provided important knowledge of the marketplace and became the main outlets for the PC. More than 190 ComputerLand stores already existed, while Sears was in the process of creating a handful of in-store computer centers for sale of the new product. 623:. Because none of the functional components were designed by IBM, they obtained only a handful of patents on the PC, covering such features as the bytecoding for color monitors, DMA access operation, and the keyboard interface. They were never enforced. 602:

because Intel offered a better price for the former and could provide more units, and the 8088's 8-bit bus reduced the cost of the rest of the computer. The 8088 had the advantage that IBM already had familiarity with the 8085 from designing the

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By 1984, IBM's revenue from the PC market was $ 4 billion, more than twice that of Apple. A 1983 study of corporate customers found that two thirds of large customers standardizing on one computer chose the PC, while only 9% chose Apple. A 1985

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or "clones", and software was widely marketed as compatible with "IBM PC or 100% compatible". Shortly thereafter, clone manufacturers began to make improvements and extensions to the hardware, such as by using faster processors like the

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retrospectively concluded that the PC had succeeded both because of its features – an 80-column screen, open architecture, and high-quality keyboard – and the failure of other computer manufacturers to achieve these features first:

1149:, and was substantially better than the keyboards provided with virtually all home computers on the market at that time in many regards - number of keys, reliability and ergonomics. While some home computers of the time utilized 1326:

The motherboard includes five 62-pin card edge connectors which are connected to the CPU's I/O lines. IBM referred to these as "I/O slots", but after the expansion of the PC clone industry they became retroactively known as the

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Although official hard drive support did not exist, the third party market did provide early hard drives that connected to the floppy disk controller, but required a patched version of PC DOS to support the larger disk sizes.

1110:. Unlike the typical home computer however, this was never a major avenue for software distribution, probably because very few PCs were sold without floppy drives. The port was removed on the very next PC model, the XT. 1203:

IBM provided two different options for connecting Centronics-compatible parallel printers. One was the IBM Printer Adapter, and the other was integrated into the MDA as the IBM Monochrome Display and Printer Adapter.

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The PC included BASIC in ROM (four 8 KB chips), a common feature of 1980s home computers. Its ROM BASIC supported the cassette tape interface, but PC DOS did not, limiting use of that interface to BASIC only.

460:; the specifications of the IBM PC became one of the most popular computer design standards in the world. The only significant competition it faced from a non-compatible platform throughout the 1980s was from 1498:

Many IBM PCs remained in service long after their technology became largely obsolete. For instance, as of June 2006 (23–25 years after release) IBM PC and XT models were still in use at the majority of U.S.

1883:, who either built their own computers that could run the same software and use the same expansion hardware as the PC, or sold their BIOS code to other manufacturers who wished to build their own machines. 736:

Internal view of the IBM PC (from the back), showing components and layout. This PC has been outfitted with aftermarket floppy and hard disk drives, but the motherboard and most of the expansion cards are

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I have never encountered a PC program on tape for sale. In fact, about the only use of the cassette port that I am aware of is the homespun and jerry-rigged use of this port as a poor-man's serial port.

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with two edge connectors. The IBM floppy controller card provides an external 37-pin D-sub connector for attachment of an external disk drive, although IBM did not offer one for purchase until 1986.

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which carries the processor, built-in RAM, expansion slots, keyboard and cassette ports, and the various peripheral integrated circuits that connected and controlled the components of the machine.

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Due to its status as the first entry in the extremely influential PC industry, the original IBM PC remains valuable as a collector's item. As of 2007, the system had a market value of $ 50–$ 500.

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For low cost and a quick design turnaround time, the hardware design of the IBM PC used entirely "off-the-shelf" parts from third party manufacturers, rather than unique hardware designed by IBM.

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The PC was IBM's first attempt to sell a computer through retail channels rather than directly to customers. Because IBM did not have retail experience, they partnered with the retail chains

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expansion cards. The early 16 KB mainboards could be upgraded to a maximum of 64 KB onboard, and the more common 64 KB revision to a maximum of 256 KB on the motherboard.

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cards. The former provided high-resolution monochrome text, but could not display anything except text, while the latter provided medium- and low-resolution color graphics and text.

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The clone market eventually became so large that it lost its associations with the original PC and became a set of de facto standards established by various hardware manufacturers.

1013:); this was relatively rarely equipped and utilized on the original IBM PC, much less fully so, thus the machine's maximum RAM configuration as commonly understood was 640 KB. 1471:

commodity components from established suppliers in the electronics industry. The price was considered extremely competitive compared to the value per dollar of competing machines.

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Many of the designers were computer hobbyists who owned their own computers, including many Apple II owners, which influenced the decisions to design the computer with an

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rather than requiring customers to send machines back to IBM for service. Another source cites time pressure as the reason for the decision to use third-party components.

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that year named the PC the best desktop computer between $ 2,000 and $ 4,000, praising its vast hardware and software selection, manufacturer support, and resale value.

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which offered a 15-pin port intended for the connection of up to two joysticks, each having two analog axes and two buttons. (The early PCs predated the advent of the "

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The PC motherboard included a second, empty socket, described by IBM simply as an "auxiliary processor socket", although the most obvious use was the addition of an

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IBM sold a number of computers under the "Personal Computer" or "PC" name throughout the 1980s. The name was not used for several years before being reused for the

1331:. At the back of the machine is a metal panel, integrated into the steel chassis of the system unit, with a series of vertical slots lined up with each card slot. 1061:

monitor using an NTSC scan rate. IBM also sold the 5153 color monitor for this purpose, but it was not available at release and was not released until March 1983.

536:, but targeted them towards businesses; the 5100 had a price tag as high as $ 20,000. Their entry into the home computer market needed to be competitively priced. 1913: 3985:

IBM did not offer own brand cassette recorders, but the 5150 had a cassette player jack, and IBM anticipated that entry-level home users would connect their own

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Simple duplication of the IBM PC BIOS was a direct violation of copyright law, but soon into the PC's life the BIOS was reverse-engineered by companies like

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Third-party software support grew extremely quickly, and within a year the PC platform was supplied with a vast array of titles for any conceivable purpose.

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RISC processor was also considered, since it was considerably more powerful than the other options, but rejected due to the design constraint to use

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rather than utilizing the in-house version of BASIC used for mainframes due to the better existing public familiarity with the Microsoft version.

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The market reacted as IBM had intended, and within a year or two of the PC's release the available options for expansion hardware were immense.

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Internally, the chassis is dominated by a motherboard which houses the CPU, built-in RAM, expansion RAM sockets, and slots for expansion cards.

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pre-payment for machines with no guaranteed delivery date. By the time the machine began shipping, the term "PC" was becoming a household name.

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Next to the keyboard connector is a 5-pin circular connector for cassette data input/output. This connection is not available on the XT or AT.

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The IBM PC debuted on August 12, 1981, after a twelve-month development. Pricing started at $ 1,565 for a configuration with 16 KB RAM,

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While most home computers had built-in video output hardware, IBM took the unusual approach of offering two different graphics options, the

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International Business Machines Corporation (1983): Announcement Letter Number 183-002 - IBM COLOR DISPLAY, 5153. Dated February 4, 1983.

2815: 1314: 1943: 607:. The 62-pin expansion bus slots were also designed to be similar to the Datamaster slots, and its keyboard design and layout became the 6484: 4369: 1090:

The software and hardware of the PC, at release, was designed around a single 8-bit adaptation of the ASCII character set, now known as

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http://www-01.ibm.com/common/ssi/ShowDoc.wss?docURL=/common/ssi/rep_ca/2/897/ENUS183-002/index.html&lang=en&request_locale=en

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capacities to 180 KB (SSDD) and 360 KB (DSDD) per floppy. More drives could be attached externally, with certain caveats.

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after its launch. Hardware support also grew rapidly, with 30–40 companies competing to sell memory expansion cards within a year.

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The design process was kept under a policy of strict secrecy, with all other IBM divisions kept in the dark about the project.

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Memory upgrades were provided by IBM and third parties both for socketed installation in three further onboard banks, and as

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and third-party peripherals. Over time, expansion cards and software technology increased to support it. The PC had

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for text menus. Third parties went on to provide an enormous variety of aftermarket graphics adapters, such as the

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Original IBM PC motherboard with 16 KB RAM soldered and 48 KB socketed, for a total of 64 KB onboard

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Later IBM PC motherboard with 64 KB RAM soldered and 192 KB socketed, for a total of 256 KB onboard

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As early as 1980 there were rumors of IBM developing a personal computer, possibly a miniaturized version of the

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In retrospect, it seems IBM stepped into a void that remained, paradoxically, at the center of a crowded market.

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During the design process IBM avoided vertical integration as much as possible, for example choosing to license

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https://minuszerodegrees.net/5150/misc/5150%20-%20Memory%20Map%20of%20the%20640%20KB%20to%201%20MB%20Area.jpg

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The PC expansion slots can accept an enormous variety of expansion hardware, adding capabilities such as:

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Connectivity to other computers and peripherals was initially provided through serial and parallel ports.

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Both cards could also be installed simultaneously for mixed graphics and text applications. For instance,

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into an expansion slot, and provided a second system chassis with more expansion slots and a hard drive.

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of tall vertical slots with blank metal panels which can be removed in order to install expansion cards.

5638: 5116: 5081: 4707: 4666: 2783: 1966: 1961: 1948: 1947: 1849:-compatible, although some timing-sensitive software will not run correctly on models with faster CPUs. 1053:, allowing it to provide a composite video output which could be used with any compatible television or 3704: 2912: 3524:– One bank used nine of these chips (eight 64-kilobit chips = 64 kilobytes, plus one chip for parity). 2381: 1969: 1952: 6370: 5556: 5551: 5464: 5459: 4936: 4846: 4800: 4795: 4601: 4399: 4344: 4327: 4170: 1970: 1954: 1872: 976: 902: 2565:"The Inside Story of Texas Instruments' Biggest Blunder: The TMS9900 Microprocessor - IEEE Spectrum" 2433: 6286: 5110: 4972: 4907: 4712: 4655: 4621: 1971: 1876: 1335:

provides for external attachment are bolted to the bracket, keeping them secured in place as well.

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survey found that 56% of American companies with personal computers used PCs while 16% used Apple.

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In 1980, IBM president John Opel, recognizing the value of entering this growing market, assigned

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The IBM PC was highly expandable and upgradeable, but the base factory configuration included:

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and only usable with dedicated software support (i.e. only accessible via a RAM window in the

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soldered to the board, for a minimum configuration of first just 16 KB, or later 64 KB of RAM.

710: 627: 587:. The 68000 was considered the best choice, but was not production-ready like the others. The 553: 510: 473: 453: 419: 416: 113: 31: 3842: 3254: 3227: 3091: 3064: 2740: 2579: 2240: 6431: 6426: 6324: 6159: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5850: 5830: 5825: 5810: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5127: 4930: 4922: 4851: 4753: 4681: 4282: 4239: 4234: 3986: 3352: 3037: 2533: 1582: 1409: 1182: 1166: 1150: 1142: 1130: 811: 692:, one of the companies whose success had spurred IBM to enter the market, sold only 69,000. 661: 183: 924: 6421: 6296: 5105: 5018: 4841: 4780: 4426: 4349: 4219: 4096: 4079: 4051: 3903: 3874: 3568: 3286: 2820: 2637: 2439: 2216: 2183: 2156: 2127: 2098: 2043: 1733: 1508: 1475: 1397: 1002: 998: 800: 657: 638: 540: 506: 494: 430: 240: 3763:"Some Confusion at the Heart of IBM Microcomputer / Which Operating System Will Prevail?" 1141:

provided in the base PC was the built-in keyboard port, meant to connect to the included

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Almost as soon as the PC reached the market, rumors of clones began, and the first legal

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Approximately 20.25" (width) x 16.5" (depth) x 5.5" (height) or 51.4 cm x 41.9 cm x 14 cm

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As was common for home computers of the era, the IBM PC offered a port for connecting a

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The Invisible Edge: Taking Your Strategy to the Next Level Using Intellectual Property

2241:"The Man Behind The Machine? / A PC Exclusive Interview With Software Guru Bill Gates" 1728:

Faster processor, faster system bus (6 MHz, later 8 MHz, vs 4.77 MHz),

425:. Released on August 12, 1981, it was created by a team of engineers and designers at 6478: 5820: 5815: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5531: 5003: 4978: 4948: 4734: 4455: 4394: 4302: 4277: 4192: 3534: 2542: 1780: 1653: 1529: 1424: 1091: 870: 664:" for a series of advertisements based on Chaplin's movies, played by Billy Scudder. 408: 316: 250: 246: 38: 3678:

IBM Personal Computer: Troubleshooting & Repair for the IBM PC, PC/XT, and PC AT

2538:"The Inside Story of Texas Instruments' Biggest Blunder: The TMS9900 Microprocessor" 2475: 1895:, which executed the same software as the 8088 at a higher speed up to 10 MHz. 932: 6329: 6314: 6055: 6050: 5541: 5172: 4966: 4954: 4559: 4554: 4533: 4109: 3990: 3926: 3196: 3170: 668: 514: 3624: 564:

end of 1980, and in one day more than 500 IBM employees called in asking to join.

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and publish technical information so others could create compatible software and

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keyboard shipped with the PC, but otherwise the PC design differed in many ways.

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functions. IBM shipped three versions of the BIOS throughout the PC's lifespan.

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various IBM and third party factories. The monitor was an existing design from

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beyond that, though on PC/XT-class machines, the latter was a very expensive

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The expandability of the PC was important, but had significant limitations.

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and other software allowed use of a CGA Monitor for graphics and a separate

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product line, as well as consumer-grade platforms created by companies like

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and collection of old digital and analog computers at oldcomputermuseum.com

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MDA scanned at a higher frequency and required a proprietary monitor, the

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IBM initially announced intent to support multiple operating systems:

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parts. The TMS9900 was rejected as it was inferior to the Intel 8088.

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IBM 5161 Expansion Chassis with eight (seven usable) extra I/O slots

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A Picture of the XT/370 cards, showing the dual 68000 processors

2348:"Philip Estridge Dies in Jet Crash; Guided Ibm Personal Computer" 1057:, as well as a direct-drive TTL output suitable for use with any 833:

Up to two internal 5.25-inch single- or double-sided full-height

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As with all PC-derived systems, all IBM PC models are nominally

1050: 979: 950: 5249: 4105: 5276: 4132: 1940: 1607:

First IBM PC to come with an internal hard drive as standard.

1211: 445: 426: 86: 3747:

Byte Magazine Volume 07 Number 01 - The IBM Personal Computer

3731:

Byte Magazine Volume 07 Number 01 - The IBM Personal Computer

3610:

Byte Magazine Volume 07 Number 01 - The IBM Personal Computer

3492:

Byte Magazine Volume 07 Number 01 - The IBM Personal Computer

884:

The PC is built around a single large circuit board called a

771:

16 KB or 64 KB minimum (expandable to 640 KB)

3092:"IBM's New Personal Computer: Taking the Measure / Part One" 1369:

Connection to proprietary industrial or scientific equipment

993:

could upgrade either variant further, for a total of 640 KB

532:

IBM had previously produced microcomputers, such as 1975's

493:

market for personal computers was dominated at the time by

2814:

Curran, Lawrence J.; Shuford, Richard S. (November 1983).

1678:

Floppy-based home computer, but also used ROM cartridges;

1585:

system. One or two internal floppy drives were optional.

1503:

upper-air observing sites, processing data returned from

3311:

Byte Magazine Volume 09 Number 09 - Guide to the IBM PCs

822:

Single programmable-frequency square wave with built-in

2739:. InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. August 23, 1982. p. 1859:

Influence of the IBM PC on the personal computer market

458:

a substantial influence on the personal computer market

4101: 2409:"William Lowe, the 'father of the IBM PC,' dies at 72" 1757:

5170 with AT/370 Option Kit and 3277 Emulation Adapter

1628:

5160 with XT/370 Option Kit and 3277 Emulation Adapter

1145:

keyboard. The Model F was initially developed for the

4085:

A brochure from November, 1982 advertising the IBM PC

3226:

Watt, Peggy; McGeever, Christine (January 14, 1985).

2580:"Bill Gates, Microsoft and the IBM Personal Computer" 2311: 2309: 1979:

Asterisk (*) denotes a model released in Japan only

6389: 6338: 6307: 6279: 6246: 6188: 6110: 6064: 5996: 5968: 5909: 5859: 5839: 5799: 5749: 5714: 5696: 5623: 5614: 5571: 5397: 5315: 5306: 5052: 4994: 4921: 4880: 4809: 4743: 4639: 4542: 4477: 4468: 4320: 4270: 4185: 4178: 4169: 4139: 3255:"Competition and innovation mark IBM add-in market" 3010:McMullen, Barbara E.; John F. (February 21, 1984). 517:, and some large IBM customers were buying Apples. 387: 364: 354: 346: 338: 330: 322: 308: 300: 285: 271: 256: 239: 227: 214: 182: 164: 153: 145: 127: 119: 109: 101: 93: 82: 72: 3557: 3555: 3449:Byte Magazine Volume 06 Number 10 - Local Networks 3090:Edlin, Jim; Bunnell, David (February–March 1982). 2782: 2068:"Tom Swift Meets the Big Boys: Small Firms Beware" 1318:The back of a PC, showing the five expansion slots 1068:. The card also included a built-in printer port. 656:IBM's marketing campaign licensed the likeness of 3650:The Peter Norton Programmer's Guide to the IBM PC 916:clock "ticks" and dynamic memory refresh timing. 598:IBM chose the 8088 over the similar but superior 4355:Criminal Reduction Utilising Statistical History 4037:IBM 5150 information at www.minuszerodegrees.net 3512:chips = 16 kilobytes, plus one chip for parity). 3327:"Ostracized PC1 Designer Still Ruminates 'Why?'" 2932:"Where You Can Go to Purchase the New Computers" 2849:. IBM Archives. January 23, 2003. Archived from 2756:"Ostracized PC1 Designer Still Ruminates 'Why?'" 3870:"The IBM Personal Computer / First Impressions" 3408:Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology 3381:Bandwagon Effects in High-technology Industries 2510:(Interview). Interviewed by Michael J. Miller. 2431:DELETE: A Design History of Computer Vapourware 2212:"Of IBM, Operating Systems, and Rosetta Stones" 1484: 1154:best keyboard available on any microcomputer." 967:PC mainboards were manufactured with the first 67:IBM Personal Computer with keyboard and monitor 3508:– One bank used nine of these chips (eight 16- 3466:A+ Guide to PC Hardware Maintenance and Repair 2205: 2203: 2201: 1323:compatible third-party hardware and software. 5261: 4117: 1921: 843:Initially no hard drive option, but see text 8: 3564:"A Closer Look at the IBM Personal Computer" 3522:https://minuszerodegrees.net/memory/4164.htm 3506:https://minuszerodegrees.net/memory/4116.htm 1200:. The BIOS supports up to two serial ports. 575:Several CPUs were considered, including the 482:Mac computers manufactured from 2006 to 2022 46: 6505:Products and services discontinued in 1987 5965: 5711: 5707: 5702: 5620: 5618: 5312: 5268: 5254: 5246: 4474: 4182: 4175: 4124: 4110: 4102: 4057:What a legacy! The IBM PC's 25 year legacy 2986:"New Ventures: Lessons from Xerox and IBM" 2870: 2868: 2841: 2839: 2094:"Interest Group for Possible IBM Computer" 1928: 1914: 1534: 975:4116-compatible, or later 4164-compatible 61: 52: 45: 3463:Graves, Michael W. (September 17, 2004). 2039:"Hewlett-Packard's New Personal Computer" 1302:Learn how and when to remove this message 4052:IBM PC history and technical information 2917:Jump Cut: A Review of Contemporary Media 1905: 814:83-key keyboard with five-pin connector 753: 231:16 KB – 256 KB (motherboard) ( 27:Personal computer model released in 1981 2691:"IBM Archives: The birth of the IBM PC" 2267:"IBM Archives: The birth of the IBM PC" 2182:. IBM. January 23, 2003. Archived from 1995: 1196:IBM provided a serial card based on an 1183:Windows, Icons, Mouse, Pointer" concept 1005:only available later in the IBM 5150's 6490:Computer-related introductions in 1981 3957:"The Most Collectible PCs of All Time" 3333:. Vol. 3, no. 18. p. 33 2341: 2339: 2316:Blaxill, Mark; Eckardt, Ralph (2009). 2239:Bunnell, David (February–March 1982). 1909:Timeline of the IBM Personal Computer 722:sold its PC business to Lenovo in 2004 4490:Center for The Business of Government 3603: 3601: 3599: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3325:Porter, Martin (September 18, 1984). 3117:Hayes, Thomas C. (October 24, 1983). 2754:Porter, Martin (September 18, 1984). 292:1-channel square-wave/1-bit digital ( 37:Not to be confused with the separate 7: 5178: 3989:instead of using the more expensive 3955:McCracken, Harry (August 27, 2007). 3761:Freiberger, Paul (October 5, 1981). 3625:"Dual-Head operation on vintage PCs" 3411:. Infobase Publishing. p. 236. 2631:Bradley, David J. (September 1990). 2578:Freiberger, Paul (August 23, 1982). 2514:from the original on August 23, 2001 2123:"IBM and Matsushita to Join Forces?" 2037:Morgan, Christopher P (March 1980). 1656:emulation, 20 function key keyboard 1524:List of IBM Personal Computer models 1240:adding citations to reliable sources 997:, and possibly several megabytes of 861: 847: 829: 818: 807: 790: 775: 767: 756: 452:processor, the machine was based on 392:List of IBM Personal Computer models 160: (equivalent to $ 5,240 in 2023) 4009:Upgrading and Repairing PCs, 2nd Ed 3987:cassette recorders for data storage 3063:Bunnell, David (February 3, 1982). 2346:Sanger, David E. (August 5, 1985). 2322:. Penguin Group. pp. 195–198. 2066:Swaine, Michael (October 5, 1981). 2003:Pollack, Andrew (August 13, 1981). 1363:Additional serial or parallel ports 403:(model 5150, commonly known as the 6325:ThinkPad 240 with Transmeta Crusoe 3228:"Macintosh Vs. IBM PC At One Year" 3119:"Eagle Computer Stays in the Race" 2502:"Interview: Bill Gates, Microsoft" 2407:Musil, Steven (October 28, 2013). 619:; the printer was manufactured by 25: 5297:PC business acquisition by Lenovo 4159:PC business acquisition by Lenovo 4042:IBM PC 5150 System Disks and ROMs 3788:Bunnell, David (April–May 1982). 3253:Markoff, John (August 23, 1982). 3145:"Anatomy of a Colossus, Part III" 3012:"Apple Charts The Course For IBM" 2875:Pollack, Andrew (27 March 1983). 2795:from the original on May 14, 2008 2781:Greenwald, John (July 11, 1983). 2605:John Titus (September 15, 2001). 1427:, and an in-house product called 960:math coprocessor, which improved 891:The peripheral chips included an 6361:Professional Graphics Controller 5188: 5187: 5177: 5168: 5167: 4857:Sabre airline reservation system 4703:Thomas J. Watson Research Center 3899:"IBM and Its Personal Computers" 3562:Williams, Gregg (January 1982). 3359:. February–March 1982. p. 5 3044:. February–March 1982. p. 5 2957:Sandler, Corey (November 1984). 2442:, London: Bloomsbury Publishing. 1401:PC DOS 3.30 running on an IBM PC 1216: 4370:Information Management Software 3652:. Microsoft Corporation. 1985. 3452:. October 1981. pp. 28–34. 3143:Burton, Kathleen (March 1983). 2930:Mace, Scott (October 5, 1981). 2733:"Let's Keep Those Systems Open" 1886:These machines became known as 1227:needs additional citations for 1049:CGA used the same scan rate as 427:International Business Machines 87:International Business Machines 6412:Industry Standard Architecture 5123:International chess tournament 4903:Globally integrated enterprise 4893:Commercial Processing Workload 3868:Lemmons, Phil (October 1981). 2911:Papson, Stephen (April 1990). 2877:"Big I.B.M. Has Done It Again" 2500:Gates, Bill (March 25, 1997). 2383:Big Blues: The unmaking of IBM 2210:Morgan, Chris (January 1982). 2005:"Big I.B.M.'s Little Computer" 1532:in the 1990s and early 2000s. 1185:and so did not have a mouse.) 1173:printer and paper stand (1988) 780:IBM Monochrome Display Adapter 249:(160 KB or 320 KB), 1: 4862:Scanning tunneling microscope 4073:IBM PC images and information 3815:Edlin, Jim (June–July 1982). 3280:Libes, Sol (September 1985). 2293:"Obsolete Technology Website" 1474:Two years after its release, 944:, a cost-reduced form of the 855:attached to 8-bit CPU I/O bus 690:Digital Equipment Corporation 2633:"The Creation of the IBM PC" 2452:Scott, Greg (October 1988). 2386:. Random House. p. 22. 6495:Products introduced in 1981 4730:Canada Head Office Building 4720:Cambridge Scientific Center 4612:Science Research Associates 4380:Mainframe operating systems 3897:Lemmons, Phil (Fall 1984). 3849:. February 1983. p. 53 3378:Rohlfs, Jeffrey H. (2003). 2661:"Remembering the Beginning" 2150:Morgan, Chris (July 1981). 2102:. January 1981. p. 313 1873:Phoenix Software Associates 1177:At release, IBM provided a 1003:third-party hardware option 795:IBM 5151 monochrome display 41:released from 1994 to 2000. 6521: 6485:X86 IBM personal computers 6366:Multi-Color Graphics Array 6346:Monochrome Display Adapter 5290:Influence on the PC market 4791:Virtual Universe Community 4512:International subsidiaries 4432:Service Automation Manager 4095:December 18, 2021, at the 3931:"Top 12 computers of 1984" 3384:. MIT Press. p. 122. 2476:"IBM PC Announcement 1981" 1856: 1830: 1804: 1778: 1755: 1727: 1703: 1677: 1651: 1626: 1606: 1577: 1521: 1415:Version 1.0 for the IBM PC 785:IBM Color Graphics Adapter 326:120/240 V AC ～ 36: 29: 6356:Enhanced Graphics Adapter 5705: 5284: 5163: 4062:CNN.com - IBM PC turns 25 4047:IBM PC from IT Dictionary 3405:Henderson, Harry (2009). 3394:– via Google Books. 3341:– via Google Books. 2984:Elder, Tait (July 1989). 2959:"IBM: Colossus of Armonk" 2847:"The birth of the IBM PC" 2784:"The Colossus That Works" 2743:– via Google Books. 2721:. Computing Center. 1988. 2152:"IBM's Personal Computer" 1831:Slow hard disk, but zero 1437:Seattle Computer Products 953:color carrier frequency. 577:Texas Instruments TMS9900 60: 51: 4817:Automated teller machine 4771:The Great Mind Challenge 4154:Mergers and acquisitions 3993:(and use their existing 3709:www.minuszerodegrees.net 3676:Robert, Brenner (1989). 2607:"Whence Came the IBM PC" 2454:""Blue Magic": A Review" 2121:Libes, Sol (June 1981). 1501:National Weather Service 605:IBM System/23 Datamaster 372:IBM Personal Computer XT 359:IBM System/23 Datamaster 6381:Extended Graphics Array 4776:Linux Technology Center 2990:Harvard Business Review 1251:"IBM Personal Computer" 1034:IBM PC with MDA monitor 342:24-30 lbs (10.9-13.6kg) 6351:Color Graphics Adapter 5101:Dynamic infrastructure 5066:Big Blue sports teams 4872:Universal Product Code 3705:"minuszerodegrees.net" 3535:"Minuszerodegrees.net" 3171:"Origin of the IBM PC" 2438:March 1, 2014, at the 2380:Carroll, Paul (1993). 1704:Floppy-based portable 1488: 1416: 1402: 1319: 1174: 1165:monitor (model 5153), 1134: 1108:cassette data recorder 1085:Hercules Graphics Card 1035: 937: 929: 840:cassette tape recorder 838:Port for attaching to 798:IBM 5153 color display 738: 715:Columbia Data Products 713:clone—the MPC 1600 by 651:Color Graphics Adapter 415:and the basis for the 170:; 37 years ago 133:; 43 years ago 5651:PS/2 Note and PS/note 5233:Vacuum tube computers 5117:IBM and the Holocaust 5082:Common Public License 4967:Louis V. Gerstner Jr. 4750:Academy of Technology 4205:Power microprocessors 4078:July 5, 2006, at the 3038:"Billion Dollar Baby" 1467:unexpected features. 1408: 1400: 1317: 1160: 1129: 1033: 935: 927: 735: 401:IBM Personal Computer 47:IBM Personal Computer 6371:Video Graphics Array 4847:Magnetic stripe card 4796:World Community Grid 4672:Toronto Software Lab 4328:Carbon Design System 4283:Cell microprocessors 3469:. Cengage Learning. 3065:"Flying Upside Down" 2429:Atkinson, P, (2013) 1236:improve this article 1179:Game Control Adapter 1137:The only option for 263:Monochrome Display, 131:August 12, 1981 5410:Industrial Computer 5111:GUIDE International 4973:Samuel J. Palmisano 4832:Electronic keypunch 4656:One Atlantic Center 4626:Weather Underground 4622:The Weather Company 2671:on February 6, 2002 1877:American Megatrends 1537: 1377:5161 Expansion Unit 995:conventional memory 962:floating-point math 912:. The PIT provides 905:controller, and an 545:Philip Don Estridge 439:Boca Raton, Florida 435:Philip Don Estridge 429:(IBM), directed by 48: 6444:Music Feature Card 5279:personal computers 5213:Personal computers 5203:Midrange computers 5193:Navigational boxes 5086:IBM Public License 5061:A Boy and His Atom 5019:Michelle J. Howard 4961:John Fellows Akers 4943:T. Vincent Learson 4650:1250 René-Lévesque 4390:Planning Analytics 3967:on August 22, 2017 3935:Creative Computing 3205:Creative Computing 3123:The New York Times 2963:Creative Computing 2882:The New York Times 2853:on August 14, 2006 2718:U-M Computing News 2697:. January 23, 2003 2641:. pp. 414–420 2458:U-M Computing News 2352:The New York Times 2273:. January 23, 2003 2009:The New York Times 1535: 1492:Creative Computing 1417: 1403: 1320: 1175: 1135: 1081:monochrome monitor 1036: 938: 930: 835:floppy disk drives 803:-input television 739: 168:April 2, 1987 154:Introductory price 6472: 6471: 6407:IBM PC compatible 6275: 6274: 6271: 6270: 6266: 6265: 6262: 6261: 5962: 5961: 5619: 5567: 5566: 5243: 5242: 5208:Operating systems 5070:American football 5039:Joseph R. Swedish 5034:Martha E. Pollack 4937:Thomas Watson Jr. 4898:Customer engineer 4822:Cynefin framework 4708:Hakozaki Facility 4667:Rome Software Lab 4635: 4634: 4464: 4463: 4417:Rational Software 4316: 4315: 4298:Personal Computer 4293:Midrange computer 4011:, Que Books 1992, 3929:(December 1984). 3476:978-1-4018-5230-6 3418:978-1-4381-1003-5 3314:. September 1984. 3177:. August 12, 2006 2536:(June 22, 2017). 2534:Rhines, Walden C. 2186:on March 11, 2005 1983: 1982: 1843: 1842: 1312: 1311: 1304: 1286: 1167:original keyboard 1151:chiclet keyboards 1055:composite monitor 1011:Upper Memory Area 877: 876: 628:open architecture 554:open architecture 511:Texas Instruments 454:open architecture 417:IBM PC compatible 413:IBM PC model line 397: 396: 380:(next generation) 241:Removable storage 114:Personal computer 32:IBM PC compatible 16:(Redirected from 6512: 6500:16-bit computers 6320:Power Series 600 5966: 5712: 5708: 5703: 5621: 5313: 5299: 5292: 5270: 5263: 5256: 5247: 5191: 5190: 5181: 5180: 5171: 5170: 4931:Thomas J. Watson 4852:Relational model 4801:Think conference 4682:330 North Wabash 4602:Microelectronics 4475: 4400:Quantum Platform 4345:Cognos Analytics 4183: 4176: 4126: 4119: 4112: 4103: 4020: 4005: 3999: 3983: 3977: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3963:. Archived from 3952: 3946: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3923: 3917: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3894: 3888: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3865: 3859: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3839: 3833: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3812: 3806: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3785: 3779: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3769:. pp. 50–51 3758: 3752: 3751: 3742: 3736: 3735: 3726: 3720: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3701: 3695: 3694: 3673: 3667: 3666: 3646: 3640: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3621: 3615: 3614: 3605: 3594: 3588: 3582: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3559: 3550: 3545: 3539: 3538: 3531: 3525: 3519: 3513: 3503: 3497: 3496: 3487: 3481: 3480: 3460: 3454: 3453: 3444: 3433: 3429: 3423: 3422: 3402: 3396: 3395: 3375: 3369: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3349: 3343: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3322: 3316: 3315: 3306: 3300: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3277: 3271: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3234:. pp. 16–17 3223: 3217: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3207:. pp. 38–41 3193: 3187: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3167: 3161: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3140: 3134: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3114: 3108: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3087: 3081: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3060: 3054: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3034: 3028: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3007: 3001: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2981: 2975: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2954: 2948: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2927: 2921: 2920: 2908: 2902: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2872: 2863: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2843: 2834: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2824:. pp. 88–97 2816:"IBM's Estridge" 2811: 2805: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2786: 2778: 2772: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2751: 2745: 2744: 2729: 2723: 2722: 2713: 2707: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2687: 2681: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2667:. Archived from 2657: 2651: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2628: 2622: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2602: 2596: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2575: 2569: 2568: 2561: 2555: 2554: 2552: 2550: 2530: 2524: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2497: 2491: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2480:www.bricklin.com 2472: 2466: 2465: 2449: 2443: 2427: 2421: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2404: 2398: 2397: 2377: 2371: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2343: 2334: 2333: 2313: 2304: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2289: 2283: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2263: 2257: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2236: 2230: 2229: 2227: 2225: 2207: 2196: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2176: 2170: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2147: 2141: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2118: 2112: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2090: 2084: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2063: 2057: 2056: 2054: 2052: 2034: 2028: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2000: 1991:Cited references 1930: 1923: 1916: 1906: 1538: 1536:The IBM PC line 1509:weather balloons 1439:and provided by 1410:Digital Research 1307: 1300: 1296: 1293: 1287: 1285: 1244: 1220: 1212: 1122:Human interface 915: 763:@ 4.77 MHz 754: 720:Eventually, IBM 662:The Little Tramp 411:released in the 184:Operating system 178: 176: 171: 159: 141: 139: 134: 123:First generation 75: 65: 56: 49: 21: 6520: 6519: 6515: 6514: 6513: 6511: 6510: 6509: 6475: 6474: 6473: 6468: 6385: 6334: 6303: 6287:Palm Top PC 110 6267: 6258: 6242: 6184: 6106: 6060: 5992: 5958: 5905: 5876:701 "Butterfly" 5855: 5835: 5795: 5745: 5692: 5610: 5563: 5393: 5308: 5302: 5295: 5288: 5280: 5274: 5244: 5239: 5159: 5145:SHARE computing 5106:GlobalFoundries 5048: 4996: 4990: 4917: 4876: 4867:Financial swaps 4842:Hard disk drive 4805: 4739: 4713:Yamato Facility 4631: 4538: 4470: 4460: 4427:Tivoli Software 4312: 4266: 4165: 4135: 4130: 4097:Wayback Machine 4080:Wayback Machine 4028: 4023: 4007:Scott Mueller, 4006: 4002: 3984: 3980: 3970: 3968: 3954: 3953: 3949: 3939: 3937: 3925: 3924: 3920: 3910: 3908: 3896: 3895: 3891: 3881: 3879: 3867: 3866: 3862: 3852: 3850: 3841: 3840: 3836: 3826: 3824: 3814: 3813: 3809: 3799: 3797: 3787: 3786: 3782: 3772: 3770: 3760: 3759: 3755: 3750:. January 1982. 3744: 3743: 3739: 3734:. January 1982. 3728: 3727: 3723: 3713: 3711: 3703: 3702: 3698: 3688: 3675: 3674: 3670: 3660: 3648: 3647: 3643: 3633: 3631: 3629:www.seasip.info 3623: 3622: 3618: 3613:. January 1982. 3607: 3606: 3597: 3589: 3585: 3575: 3573: 3561: 3560: 3553: 3546: 3542: 3533: 3532: 3528: 3520: 3516: 3504: 3500: 3495:. January 1982. 3489: 3488: 3484: 3477: 3462: 3461: 3457: 3446: 3445: 3436: 3430: 3426: 3419: 3404: 3403: 3399: 3392: 3377: 3376: 3372: 3362: 3360: 3351: 3350: 3346: 3336: 3334: 3324: 3323: 3319: 3308: 3307: 3303: 3293: 3291: 3279: 3278: 3274: 3264: 3262: 3252: 3251: 3247: 3237: 3235: 3225: 3224: 3220: 3210: 3208: 3195: 3194: 3190: 3180: 3178: 3169: 3168: 3164: 3154: 3152: 3142: 3141: 3137: 3127: 3125: 3116: 3115: 3111: 3101: 3099: 3089: 3088: 3084: 3074: 3072: 3062: 3061: 3057: 3047: 3045: 3036: 3035: 3031: 3021: 3019: 3009: 3008: 3004: 2994: 2992: 2983: 2982: 2978: 2968: 2966: 2956: 2955: 2951: 2941: 2939: 2929: 2928: 2924: 2913:"The IBM tramp" 2910: 2909: 2905: 2895: 2893: 2874: 2873: 2866: 2856: 2854: 2845: 2844: 2837: 2827: 2825: 2813: 2812: 2808: 2798: 2796: 2780: 2779: 2775: 2765: 2763: 2753: 2752: 2748: 2731: 2730: 2726: 2715: 2714: 2710: 2700: 2698: 2689: 2688: 2684: 2674: 2672: 2659: 2658: 2654: 2644: 2642: 2630: 2629: 2625: 2615: 2613: 2604: 2603: 2599: 2589: 2587: 2577: 2576: 2572: 2563: 2562: 2558: 2548: 2546: 2532: 2531: 2527: 2517: 2515: 2499: 2498: 2494: 2484: 2482: 2474: 2473: 2469: 2451: 2450: 2446: 2440:Wayback Machine 2428: 2424: 2414: 2412: 2406: 2405: 2401: 2394: 2379: 2378: 2374: 2364: 2362: 2345: 2344: 2337: 2330: 2315: 2314: 2307: 2297: 2295: 2291: 2290: 2286: 2276: 2274: 2265: 2264: 2260: 2250: 2248: 2238: 2237: 2233: 2223: 2221: 2209: 2208: 2199: 2189: 2187: 2178: 2177: 2173: 2163: 2161: 2149: 2148: 2144: 2134: 2132: 2120: 2119: 2115: 2105: 2103: 2092: 2091: 2087: 2077: 2075: 2065: 2064: 2060: 2050: 2048: 2036: 2035: 2031: 2021: 2019: 2002: 2001: 1997: 1988: 1974: 1972: 1934: 1904: 1888:IBM compatibles 1861: 1855: 1734:real-time clock 1732:configuration, 1526: 1520: 1464: 1395: 1379: 1354:Expanded memory 1308: 1297: 1291: 1288: 1245: 1243: 1233: 1221: 1210: 1191: 1139:human interface 1124: 1100: 1051:NTSC television 1028: 1019: 999:expanded memory 989: 983: 922: 913: 882: 856: 853:expansion slots 842: 837: 799: 797: 783: 730: 685: 658:Charlie Chaplin 647: 639:Microsoft BASIC 570: 541:William C. Lowe 507:Hewlett-Packard 490: 431:William C. Lowe 407:) is the first 383: 223:@ 4.77 MHz 210: 174: 172: 169: 157: 137: 135: 132: 73: 68: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6518: 6516: 6508: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6477: 6476: 6470: 6469: 6467: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6435: 6434: 6429: 6419: 6417:IntelliStation 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6393: 6391: 6387: 6386: 6384: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6342: 6340: 6339:Video hardware 6336: 6335: 6333: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6311: 6309: 6305: 6304: 6302: 6301: 6300: 6299: 6289: 6283: 6281: 6277: 6276: 6273: 6272: 6269: 6268: 6264: 6263: 6260: 6259: 6257: 6256: 6250: 6248: 6244: 6243: 6241: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6194: 6192: 6186: 6185: 6183: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6116: 6114: 6108: 6107: 6105: 6104: 6101: 6098: 6095: 6092: 6089: 6086: 6083: 6080: 6077: 6074: 6070: 6068: 6062: 6061: 6059: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6002: 6000: 5994: 5993: 5991: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5974: 5972: 5963: 5960: 5959: 5957: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5915: 5913: 5907: 5906: 5904: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5867: 5865: 5857: 5856: 5854: 5853: 5847: 5845: 5837: 5836: 5834: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5807: 5805: 5797: 5796: 5794: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5757: 5755: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5722: 5720: 5706: 5700: 5694: 5693: 5691: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5679: 5678: 5676:Model 425/425C 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5648: 5647: 5646: 5641: 5633: 5627: 5625: 5616: 5612: 5611: 5609: 5608: 5607: 5606: 5601: 5594:PS/2 portables 5591: 5586: 5581: 5575: 5573: 5569: 5568: 5565: 5564: 5562: 5561: 5560: 5559: 5554: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5498: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5420:list of models 5412: 5407: 5401: 5399: 5395: 5394: 5392: 5391: 5390: 5389: 5384: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5363: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5342: 5341: 5340: 5338:list of models 5330: 5325: 5319: 5317: 5310: 5309:and all-in-one 5304: 5303: 5301: 5300: 5293: 5285: 5282: 5281: 5275: 5273: 5272: 5265: 5258: 5250: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5237: 5236: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5185: 5175: 5164: 5161: 5160: 5158: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5130: 5128:Lucifer cipher 5125: 5120: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5079: 5078: 5077: 5072: 5064: 5056: 5054: 5050: 5049: 5047: 5046: 5044:Peter R. Voser 5041: 5036: 5031: 5029:Andrew Liveris 5026: 5024:Arvind Krishna 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5000: 4998: 4992: 4991: 4989: 4988: 4985:Arvind Krishna 4982: 4976: 4970: 4964: 4958: 4952: 4946: 4940: 4934: 4927: 4925: 4919: 4918: 4916: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4884: 4882: 4878: 4877: 4875: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4813: 4811: 4807: 4806: 4804: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4786:Smarter Planet 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4762: 4761: 4751: 4747: 4745: 4741: 4740: 4738: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4716: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4697: 4696: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4678:IBM Buildings 4676: 4675: 4674: 4669: 4663:Software Labs 4661: 4660: 4659: 4653: 4652:, Montreal, QC 4643: 4641: 4637: 4636: 4633: 4632: 4630: 4629: 4619: 4617:Service Bureau 4614: 4609: 4607:Product Center 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4572:Ambra Computer 4569: 4568: 4567: 4562: 4552: 4546: 4544: 4540: 4539: 4537: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4520: 4519: 4509: 4504: 4503: 4502: 4492: 4487: 4481: 4479: 4472: 4466: 4465: 4462: 4461: 4459: 4458: 4453: 4452: 4451: 4441: 4436: 4435: 4434: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4413: 4412: 4407: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4375:Lotus Software 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4341: 4340: 4330: 4324: 4322: 4318: 4317: 4314: 4313: 4311: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4274: 4272: 4268: 4267: 4265: 4264: 4263: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4229: 4228: 4227: 4222: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4201: 4200: 4189: 4187: 4180: 4173: 4167: 4166: 4164: 4163: 4162: 4161: 4151: 4145: 4143: 4137: 4136: 4131: 4129: 4128: 4121: 4114: 4106: 4100: 4099: 4087: 4082: 4070: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4027: 4026:External links 4024: 4022: 4021: 4000: 3978: 3947: 3918: 3889: 3860: 3843:"PCommuniques" 3834: 3817:"CP/M Arrives" 3807: 3780: 3753: 3737: 3721: 3696: 3686: 3668: 3658: 3641: 3616: 3595: 3583: 3551: 3540: 3526: 3514: 3498: 3482: 3475: 3455: 3434: 3424: 3417: 3397: 3390: 3370: 3353:"PCommuniques" 3344: 3317: 3301: 3272: 3245: 3218: 3199:(March 1984). 3188: 3162: 3135: 3109: 3082: 3055: 3029: 3002: 2976: 2949: 2922: 2903: 2864: 2835: 2806: 2773: 2746: 2724: 2708: 2682: 2652: 2623: 2597: 2570: 2556: 2525: 2492: 2467: 2444: 2422: 2399: 2392: 2372: 2335: 2328: 2305: 2284: 2258: 2231: 2197: 2171: 2142: 2113: 2085: 2058: 2029: 2011:. p. D1. 1994: 1993: 1992: 1987: 1984: 1981: 1980: 1976: 1975: 1939: 1936: 1935: 1933: 1932: 1925: 1918: 1910: 1903: 1900: 1857:Main article: 1854: 1851: 1841: 1840: 1835:memory on the 1829: 1826: 1823: 1822:September 1986 1820: 1817: 1813: 1812: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1785: 1784: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1761: 1760: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1738: 1737: 1726: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1712: 1706: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1690: 1684: 1683: 1676: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1658: 1657: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1632: 1631: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1609: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1587: 1586: 1576: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1558: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1519: 1516: 1463: 1460: 1394: 1391: 1385:for instance. 1378: 1375: 1371: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1355: 1352: 1346: 1343: 1310: 1309: 1224: 1222: 1215: 1209: 1206: 1190: 1189:Communications 1187: 1147:IBM Datamaster 1123: 1120: 1099: 1096: 1027: 1024: 1018: 1015: 940:The CPU is an 921: 918: 881: 878: 875: 874: 863: 862:Communication 859: 858: 849: 845: 844: 831: 827: 826: 820: 816: 815: 809: 805: 804: 792: 788: 787: 777: 773: 772: 769: 765: 764: 758: 729: 726: 684: 681: 660:'s character " 646: 643: 632:expansion slot 581:Motorola 68000 569: 568:Design process 566: 558:installed base 522:IBM System/370 489: 486: 448:-architecture 444:Powered by an 395: 394: 389: 385: 384: 382: 381: 375: 368: 366: 362: 361: 356: 352: 351: 348: 344: 343: 340: 336: 335: 332: 328: 327: 324: 320: 319: 310: 306: 305: 302: 298: 297: 287: 283: 282: 273: 269: 268: 258: 254: 253: 243: 237: 236: 229: 225: 224: 218: 212: 211: 209: 208: 203: 198: 188: 186: 180: 179: 166: 162: 161: 155: 151: 150: 147: 143: 142: 129: 125: 124: 121: 117: 116: 111: 107: 106: 103: 102:Product family 99: 98: 95: 91: 90: 84: 80: 79: 76: 70: 69: 66: 58: 57: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6517: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6482: 6480: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6439:Micro Channel 6437: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6424: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6394: 6392: 6388: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6343: 6341: 6337: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6312: 6310: 6306: 6298: 6295: 6294: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6284: 6282: 6278: 6255: 6252: 6251: 6249: 6245: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6195: 6193: 6191: 6187: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6117: 6115: 6113: 6109: 6102: 6099: 6096: 6093: 6090: 6087: 6084: 6081: 6078: 6075: 6072: 6071: 6069: 6067: 6063: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6003: 6001: 5999: 5995: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5975: 5973: 5971: 5967: 5964: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5916: 5914: 5912: 5908: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5858: 5852: 5849: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5838: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5798: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5748: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5713: 5710: 5709: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5695: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5653: 5652: 5649: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5636: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5628: 5626: 5622: 5617: 5613: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5596: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5576: 5574: 5570: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5549: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5417: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5402: 5400: 5396: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5379: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5347: 5346: 5343: 5339: 5336: 5335: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5320: 5318: 5316:Single models 5314: 5311: 5305: 5298: 5294: 5291: 5287: 5286: 5283: 5278: 5271: 5266: 5264: 5259: 5257: 5252: 5251: 5248: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5195: 5194: 5186: 5184: 5176: 5174: 5166: 5165: 5162: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5135: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5118: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5083: 5080: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5067: 5065: 5063: 5062: 5058: 5057: 5055: 5051: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5004:Thomas Buberl 5002: 5001: 4999: 4993: 4986: 4983: 4980: 4979:Ginni Rometty 4977: 4974: 4971: 4968: 4965: 4962: 4959: 4956: 4953: 4950: 4949:Frank T. Cary 4947: 4944: 4941: 4938: 4935: 4932: 4929: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4920: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4885: 4883: 4879: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4814: 4812: 4808: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4760: 4757: 4756: 4755: 4752: 4749: 4748: 4746: 4742: 4736: 4735:IBM Rochester 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4700: 4698: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684:, Chicago, IL 4683: 4680: 4679: 4677: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4664: 4662: 4658:, Atlanta, GA 4657: 4654: 4651: 4648: 4647: 4645: 4644: 4642: 4638: 4627: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4557: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4547: 4545: 4541: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4518: 4515: 4514: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4501: 4498: 4497: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4482: 4480: 4476: 4473: 4467: 4457: 4454: 4450: 4447: 4446: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4433: 4430: 4429: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4402: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4385:Mashup Center 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4339: 4336: 4335: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4325: 4323: 4319: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4275: 4273: 4269: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4232: 4230: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4217: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4210:Power Systems 4208: 4206: 4203: 4199: 4196: 4195: 4194: 4191: 4190: 4188: 4184: 4181: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4168: 4160: 4157: 4156: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4127: 4122: 4120: 4115: 4113: 4108: 4107: 4104: 4098: 4094: 4091: 4088: 4086: 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