36:
1284:
27:
164:
196:. All of memory is also directly addressable through a feature, called direct addressing, that combines the twelve-bit displacement and the low-order bits of what would normally be the base register field of the instruction (R0-R7) to form a combined fifteen bit address. No storage protection is provided, except for the low 144 bytes of "protected area".
172:
117:, but the term "minicomputer" was not current, and in any case IBM wanted to emphasize the compatibility of the Model 20 rather than its differences from the rest of the System/360 line. It does, however, have the full System/360 decimal instruction set, that allows for addition, subtraction, product, and dividend of up to 31 decimal digits.
224:
are Move
Characters, Move with offset, Move Immediate, Move Numerics, Move Zones, Compare Logical Immediate, Compare Logical Characters, Edit, And immediate, Or immediate, Test under Mask, and Translate. One particularly unusual logical instruction, not present in other System/360 models, is "Halt
159:
Based on number of systems sold the Model 20 was the most successful model of System/360. According to Pugh "The number of Model 20 processors installed by the end of 1970 in the United States exceeded 7,400." Other models, however, brought in greater revenue. Despite their popularity there are
447:
IBM's announcement proclaimed the 2560 as providing "a card-handling capability never before possible on a single pass through the system." Since all I/O is performed by the processor, the system is particularly suited to controlling timing-dependent devices such as the 2560, where a card can be
524:
supports systems with magnetic tape drives but no disk drives. The minimum configuration for TPS is 4096 bytes of main storage, a card reader, a card punch, a printer and two magnetic tape drives. On such systems TPS provides an assembler and tape manipulation utility programs. Additional
633:, United Kingdom. The system was in a small, abandoned building left untouched for decades, and apparently had been used in that building since all peripherals were still fully wired and interconnected. As of September 2024 the systems have been moved on a long-term loan basis to the
231:
include standard S/360 Branch on
Condition. Instead of "Branch and Link" the instruction set uses "Branch and Store" (BASR, X'0D', and BAS, X'4D') which functions similarly except that a 16-bit link address is stored. "Set PSW" (SPSW, X'B1'), which loads a 32 bit
1105:"The purpose of this manual is to describe the IBM System/360, Model 20, and show how it may be used to process six basic applications: billing, accounts receivable, sales analysis, inventory control, accounts payable, and payroll."
1111:"The purpose of this manual is to show you how to use and modify the Disk Utility programs by describing the job-control and utility control statements and indicating the variety of disk operations these programs can perform."
108:
family announced in
November 1964. The Model 20 supports only a subset of the System/360 instruction set, with binary numbers limited to 16 bits and no floating point. In later years it would have been classified as a 16-bit
199:
The instruction set is a subset of System/360 consisting of 37 instructions instead of 143, with some incompatible instructions, such as a BASR (Branch And Store
Register) rather than BALR (Branch And Link Register).
426:
Card flow is: a read station, a punch station, and on the A2 a print station allowing text to be printed on cards. Cards then flowed into one of the stackers after being processed. This allows it to function as a
151:
wanted the machine to have System/360 architecture. The final result was a compromise where cost concerns predominated: the system leased for under $ 2000 per month (equivalent to $ 19,648 in 2023) including
207:
uses the S/360 "halfword" instructions to operate on 16-bit quantities. Load
Halfword, Add Halfword, Subtract Halfword, Compare Halfword, and Store Halfword were available, along with Add Register and Subtract
435:. As a program can issue a Write Card instruction to print on the card after reading card data with a Read Primary Card or Read Secondary Card instruction, it can also, under program control, function as an
439:
and, as a program can issue a
Primary Card Stacker Select or Secondary Card Stacker Select instruction to select the stacker into which a card should be put after reading card data, it can function as a
267:"Transfer I/O" (XIO, X'D0') performs a data transfer operation on a device. XIO starts a transfer and specifies the number of bytes to be read or written. Data transfer can optionally be performed by
412:) is a peripheral first offered on the Model 20. Due to its reliability problems, often involving card jams, the acronym was frequently interpreted as referring to many less favorable names.
225:
and
Proceed" (HPR, operation code X'99') which will quiesce input/output and stop the processor displaying a code to the operator. Operation can be restarted by pressing the "start" button.
415:
The 2560 has two hoppers into which punch cards can be placed. The cards in the second hopper can contain punched cards to be read or blank cards to be punched. Two models were offered:
380:, model 11 or 12, attached to an integrated "storage control feature" on the CPU. If multiple drives are attached they have to be the same model. Both models use the 1316
1120:
1072:
617:
system of its era, only a few of System/360 Model 20 computers remain. These are primarily the property of museums or collectors. Examples of existing systems include:
188:
The Model 20 was available with six memory sizes: 4, 8, 12, 16, 24 and 32 KB. As in other models of System/360 memory is byte-addressable. It has eight 16-bit
1123:"This reference publication provides programmers with the information required to write programs in the Basic Assembler language of the IBM System/360 Model 20."
1148:
1387:
1117:"This publication describes the purpose and functions of the Control and Service programs of the IBM System/360 Model 20 Disk Programming System (DPS)."
994:
This publication provides Model 20 operators with the information required to operate their systems using the Model 20 Tape
Programming System (TPS)
788:
1476:
448:
read, punched into, printed on, and sent to a specified output stacker with tight timing requirements if full rated speed is to be maintained.
621:
Two Model 20 processors along with numerous peripherals (forming at least one complete system) located in NĂĽrnberg, Germany were purchased on
1108:
377:
1303:
712:
1141:
872:
798:
749:
365:
1402:
1100:
934:
1397:
1076:
825:
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capabilities are provided on systems with 8192 bytes of main storage, and still more with four or more magnetic tape drives.
261:"Test I/O and Branch" (TIOB, X'9A') which tests a specified device for any combination of four hardware-dependent conditions.
1114:
957:
513:
to interrupt a running batch program, execute an inquiry program, and then restart the batch job where it was interrupted.
396:
of 270 bytes each. The model 11 has a formatted capacity of 5.4 million bytes, and the model 12 of 2.5 million.
634:
392:
per cylinder. The model 11 uses all cylinders, the model 12 uses only the outermost 103. Each track is divided into ten
282:
1006:
1134:
465:
is a control program for a Model 20 with at least 12 KiB of memory and one disk drive. The components of DPS are:
361:
482:
which handles disk input/output, error recovery, and job-to-job transition, and loads programs to be executed from the
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The system can also have an integrated communications adapter. Two adapter versions were available, one for
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1222:
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625:
in April/May 2019 for €3710 by two UK enthusiasts who, over the course of some months, moved the machine to
436:
1340:
1329:
1334:
804:
638:
385:
156:
and line printer, compared to around $ 3000 (equivalent to $ 29,472 in 2023) for a comparable 1401.
129:
419:
Model A1: five card stackers, and an optional printing/interpreter, with two, four or six print heads.
574:
500:, and for loading and copying the systems residence disk, backing up and restoring other disk drives.
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1366:
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is a set of control programs for a Model 20 computer system with only card input/output devices.
497:
389:
189:
114:
275:), that is taking processor cycles from the user program as necessary to perform the operation.
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794:
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510:
341:
317:
45:
858:
645:
855:
Proceedings of the April 26–28, 1966, Spring joint computer conference - AFIPS '66 (Spring)
35:
630:
444:. This allows the Model 20 to replace several separate pieces of punched-card equipment.
441:
193:
644:
As of 2020, a Model 20 processor along with some peripherals is on public display at the
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introduced the following year, was designed for scientific and engineering computing.
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827:
IBM Field
Engineering Theory of Operation 2311 Disk Storage Drive Models 1, 11 and 12
140:
882:
626:
110:
121:
26:
850:
1361:
1356:
393:
255:
148:
936:
IBM Field
Engineering Manual of Instruction, System/360 Model 20 2020 Processor
839:
describes the IBM 2311, including models 11 and 12, used on System/360 model 20
264:"Control I/O" (CIO, X'9B') performs a control (non data) operation on a device.
294:
281:
Like most other models of System/360 the Model 20 is microprogrammed; it uses
69:
1121:
IBM System/360 Model 20 / Card Programming Support / Basic Assembler Language
1115:
IBM System/360 Model 20 Disk Programming System Control and Service Programs
959:
IBM System/360 Model 20 Disk Programming System Control and Service Programs
863:
381:
163:
1308:
1298:
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1109:
IBM System/360 Model 20 / Disk Programming System / Disk Utility Programs
678:
353:
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301:
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144:
133:
41:
236:(PSW) replaces the standard "Load PSW". The Model 20 has no concept of
171:
1324:
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545:
496:
Service programs for library management, I/O device table maintenance,
661:
214:
includes the complete S/360 decimal instruction set for operations on
139:
The design of the Model 20 was the result of a tug of war within IBM.
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IBM System/360 Model 20 Tape Programming System Operating Procedures
160:
relatively few Model 20s in existence in working condition in 2020.
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numbered R8 through R15 which can be used in computations as base
170:
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Despite having been sold or leased in very large numbers for a
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175:
An IBM System/360 Model 20 (with front panels removed), with
1073:"Deutsches Museum - Computers with semiconductor components"
736:
Pugh, Emerson W.; Johnson, Lyle R.; Palmer, John H. (1991).
1102:
Basic Applications — System/360 Model 20 (E20-0098-0)
258:
all peripherals are directly controlled by the processor.
766:
311:
153:
660:
A running list of remaining System/360s can be found at
560:
versions were available for CPS, TPS, and DPS including
765:
Bradley, Adam; Blackburn, Christopher; Vaughan, Peter.
894:
892:
493:
loaded by the monitor between jobs handled job setup.
1008:
IBM System/360 Model 20 Disk Programming System PL/I
918:"IBM 360 Model 20 customer engineering announcement"
790:
Building IBM: Shaping an Industry and Its Technology
1380:
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90:
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65:
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714:IBM System/360 Model 20 Functional Characteristics
218:operands of up to 31 digits plus sign in storage.
681:Remote Job Entry terminal, based on the Model 20
143:had wanted a low-end machine that could execute
1059:IBM 360 Model 20 Rescue & Restoration Blog
1142:
57:International Business Machines Corporation (
8:
662:World Inventory of remaining System/360 CPUs
19:
179:MFCM (Multi-Function Card Machine) at right
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1177:
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1135:
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851:"The IBM 2560 multi-function card machine"
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1034:IBM 360 Model 20 Rescue & Restoration
862:
767:"IBM 360 Model 20 Rescue and Restoration"
691:
580:Disk and tape utility programs such as
124:, Germany, the system was intended for
1388:Basic Assembly Language and successors
731:
729:
727:
564:(IOCS) macros and processing routines.
248:so SPSW is available to user programs.
132:. An incompatible small computer, the
254:are unique to the Model 20. Lacking
16:Low-end IBM computer model from 1960s
7:
406:IBM 2560 Multi-Function Card Machine
400:IBM 2560 Multi-Function Card Machine
167:Another IBM System/360 Model 20 CPU.
641:, USA for display and restoration.
14:
366:binary synchronous communications
40:An IBM System/360 Model 20, with
1403:Language for Systems Development
384:which provides a maximum of 203
332:Disk Storage (Models 11 and 12).
304:Magnetic Tape Unit with up to 6
34:
25:
1309:2540 punched-card reader–writer
1299:270x communications controllers
740:IBM's 360 and Early 370 Systems
1304:3705 Communications Controller
603:UNIVAC 9200 and 9300 computers
546:Report Program Generator (RPG)
522:Tape Programming Support (TPS)
326:Magnetic Ink Character Reader.
320:Card Read/Punch or Card Punch.
271:(IBM documentation calls this
104:is the smallest member of the
1:
1477:IBM System/360 mainframe line
900:IBM System/360 System Summary
635:System Source Computer Museum
605:were clones of the Model 20.
534:Card Programming System (CPS)
463:Disk Programming System (DPS)
422:Model A2: four card stackers.
283:transformer read-only storage
1055:"The 360's have a new home!"
1018:. December 1968. C33-6007-1.
362:Synchronous transmit-receive
314:Multi-Function Card Machine.
1335:System/360 Operating System
562:Input/Output Control System
376:Model 20 disk storage uses
154:Multi-Function Card Machine
1503:
1398:Hexadecimal floating-point
1325:Basic Operating System/360
992:. March 1969. C24-9009-3.
1416:
1330:Tape Operating System/360
1280:
1164:
969:. March 1969. C24-9006-4.
787:Pugh, Emerson W. (1995).
293:As of 1967 the following
252:Input/output instructions
240:or a distinction between
190:general purpose registers
128:and as a replacement for
33:
24:
720:. IBM. 1967. A26-5847-3.
529:Card Programming Support
864:10.1145/1464182.1464221
849:C. E. Spurrier (1966).
517:Tape Programming System
457:Disk Programming System
238:privileged instructions
102:IBM System/360 Model 20
20:IBM System/360 Model 20
1451:IBM zEnterprise System
1372:Solid Logic Technology
1075:. 2020. Archived from
472:Initial Program Loader
180:
168:
1061:. September 11, 2024.
906:. Model 20. A22-6810.
639:Hunt Valley, Maryland
174:
166:
857:. pp. 315–321.
378:IBM 2311 disk drives
222:Logical instructions
120:Developed by IBM in
48:line printer on left
1367:Program status word
1341:Time Sharing System
988:(Fourth ed.).
491:Job Control Program
338:Model 5 Card Punch.
234:Program Status Word
229:Branch instructions
21:
1014:(First ed.).
965:(Fifth ed.).
609:Remaining machines
569:Other IBM programs
484:core-image library
364:(STR) and one for
212:Decimal arithmetic
181:
169:
79:November 1964
1464:
1463:
1278:
1277:
1030:"Project History"
554:subset, DPS only.
511:computer operator
372:2311 Disk Storage
205:Binary arithmetic
98:
97:
1494:
1487:Remote job entry
1482:16-bit computers
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803:. Archived from
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709:
646:Deutsches Museum
480:resident monitor
297:were supported:
242:supervisor state
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1095:Further reading
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586:initialize tape
582:initialize disk
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558:Basic Assembler
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498:linkage editing
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126:data processing
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269:cycle stealing
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147:instructions.
113:rather than a
106:IBM System/360
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66:Product family
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1079:on 2020-06-01
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837:. Y26-5897-4.
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807:on 2012-05-05
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800:0-262-16147-8
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793:. MIT Press.
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76:Release date
54:Manufacturer
1436:IBM zSeries
1362:Channel I/O
1357:Bus and Tag
1350:Innovations
1292:Peripherals
509:allows the
442:card sorter
437:interpreter
429:card reader
306:tape drives
295:peripherals
289:Peripherals
149:Fred Brooks
1471:Categories
1446:System z10
1426:System/370
1421:System/360
1083:2020-03-18
1040:2019-05-20
811:2012-10-15
686:References
590:clear disk
575:Sort/Merge
433:card punch
368:(Bisync).
246:user state
70:System/360
1441:System z9
1253:Model 195
615:mainframe
540:Languages
386:cylinders
382:disk pack
208:register,
194:registers
122:Böblingen
115:mainframe
1337:(OS/360)
1318:Software
1269:IBM 9020
1248:Model 95
1243:Model 91
1238:Model 85
1233:Model 75
1228:Model 67
1223:Model 65
1218:Model 50
1213:Model 44
1208:Model 40
1203:Model 30
1198:Model 25
1193:Model 22
1188:Model 20
1181:Standard
883:24960497
679:IBM 2922
668:See also
486:on disk.
478:A small
452:Software
388:with 10
354:IBM 2501
348:IBM 1403
342:IBM 2203
336:IBM 1442
330:IBM 2311
324:IBM 1419
318:IBM 2520
312:IBM 2560
302:IBM 2415
285:(TROS).
177:IBM 2560
145:IBM 1401
134:IBM 1130
46:IBM 2203
42:IBM 1442
1381:Related
654:Germany
394:sectors
83:1964-11
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1393:ES EVM
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597:Clones
475:(IPL).
431:and a
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1456:IBM Z
1408:PL360
1271:(FAA)
1012:(PDF)
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718:(PDF)
869:ISBN
795:ISBN
774:2020
746:ISBN
623:eBay
601:The
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410:MFCM
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