174:
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milli-Watts (mW). As the medium in an inductive signal, the signal diminishes cubically, so the
Responders must sleep quite a long time in order to store enough energy to listen and respond to the Controller requests. It is often desirable for them to charge for periods of time before being used again. Use of a higher wattage is not allowed in Europe.
244:
A nice feature proposed in the standard is a frequency available to broadcast energy and supply the
Responders. This frequency is 65.536 kHz, about half of the 131 kHz frequency that is used for data communication. The IEEE 1902.1 recommends devices to have an average power of less than 10
315:
Explanation: RuBee uses very low frequency modulation and is not so absorbed by matter than more used standards of IEEE 802 like WiFi, Zigbee, Bluetooth. So, RuBee heats less matter. For explosive manufacturing and storage, it should be safer if the comparison uses identical emitting power between
35:
is limited to 1,200 kB/s, making it a very low-rate communication network as well. This standard is aimed at the conception of wireless network of sensors and actuators in industrial and military environments. One of the major advantage 1902.1 tags is they are extremely low power and last for years
224:
communicating
Controller and stay listening. If there are many Responders and if the Controller uses only the one-to-one Request PDU, the Responder will stay listening for all commands sent and received on the network, and therefore may stay permanently awake. The use of responder groups,
223:
The
Responder, in the "Listen" state, tries to detect a carrier at 131 kHz and to read its commands. An emitting Controller in ASK sends a low power carrier for a zero bit whereas in BPSK the carrier is always present at the maximum emitting power. Thus, the Responder can detect the
36:
on a simple coin size battery and they can be sealed in a MIL STD 810G package. RuBee tags emit virtually no RF and do not produce any
Compromising Emanations, as a result are used in high security facilities. RuBee tags are safe and in use near and on high explosive facilities.
253:
BMC encoding on BPSK modulation allows synchronizing the listening of the carrier on a specific
Responder or Controller signal, rejecting all other signals as noise. The listener device can also have two listening channels with synchronized sampling at 90°
291:, on which other standards are based (for example, LRWPAN, the Low Rate Wireless Personal Area Network, like Zigbee, uses the 2.4 GHz frequency that is very sensitive to multipath, radio reflection, obstacles, water, and metals). The
94:. The Controller initiates a command request and the Responder detects the request, processes some functions like measuring pressure, temperature or activating a relay, before sending a Response packet back to the Controller.
270:" concept, however, the Controllers would be placed nearby their Responders and answer only to the nearest Controller. This "Clip" Controller signal is much better that others at greater distances and filters out more noise.
453:
219:
The
Controller is considered permanently "Awake" and to have a power supply provided by a permanent source. The Responder is made to work on battery and alternate between "Listening" and "Sleeping" states.
322:
Highly sensitive assets can be secured by Rubee's Tags with the particular advantage that obstacles, conductive barriers, or walls will not create false alarms or diminish the range of detection of the
266:
If a network is composed of many
Controllers and a large number of Responders, the Controllers' requests are synchronized as well as Responders' responses (the "Clip" mechanism). In the traditional "
777:
31:
radio wave range of 30–900 kHz. Although very resistant to interference, metal, water and obstacles, it is very limited in range, usually only suitable for short-range networks. The
308:«RuBee is the only wireless technology to ever be approved for use in secure facilities by the U.S. Department of Energy (DoE). RuBee has also been approved by DoE and HERO tests by the
78:) as the physical mean. Due to its low frequency, RuBee has negligible multipath reflections so the signal can be used to geolocate assets. The IEEE Working Group on 1902.1 named itself
319:
RuBee "Tags" may be detected with high sensitivity through doors, even if the asset is hidden in a steel briefcase, as well as in vehicles through gates using antennas buried in a road.
211:(CSMA) standard there is no anti-collision mechanism; multiple signals are unable to be distinguished by the network if the Controllers and Responders are not completely synchronized.
984:
82:, after the gem and insect. RuBee stands in contrast to the well-known network certification Zigbee, a related but completely different networking standard.
67:
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517:
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232:, help to better manage battery life for the Responders. An optimization for the cost and sleeping period of the Request PDUs must be done on the
185:(PDU) to a Responder along with its address and the command to be processed. The Responder sends a PDU back to the Controller in response.
373:
302:
The simplicity of the modulation is due to the lack of components that implement this standard. All must be done with discrete components.
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309:
207:- measures that generally work but do not absolutely guarantee their reception or accuracy - in order to be most efficient. Unlike the
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1053:
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1852:
752:
454:"U.S. Department of Defense Certifies RuBee (IEEE 1902.1) Wireless Has a HERO,... - STRATHAM, N.H., July 24, 2012 /PRNewswire/"
90:
IEEE 1902.1 supports the design of networks constituted by two devices: Controllers and
Responders, based on a simplified IEEE
287:
for sensors and actuators that become completely insensitive to metal, water and surrounding obstacles, unlike the well known
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The IEEE 1902.1 is an alternative to other higher-power wireless network of sensors and actuators based on the standard
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Two types of PDUs are available for use in the protocol: the
Request PDU and the Respond PDU. Each support an
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The maximum power of emission recommended is 10 micro-Watts. This power limits the area of the network to a
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technique. This encoding method combined with BPSK is insensitive to a polarity reversal and has a good
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for use in high explosive areas with a Safe Separation Distance (SSD) and intrinsic safety of zero».
158:
145:(BPSK). The Controller must support both modulations, although the Responder may only support one.
129:. Inductive coupling power falls cubically with the distance between the Controller and Responder.
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is responsible for error checking, which, due to the system's simplicity, must be done on the
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available for industrial use. The use of an inductive signal enables the creation of a small
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97:
Responder devices have four addresses, two of them configurable, and two by fabric design.
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374:"IEEE SA - 1902.1-2009 - IEEE Standard for Long Wavelength Wireless Network Protocol"
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28:
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1024:
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404:"US DoD Grants RuBee HERO Ordnance | Defense content from Microwaves & RF"
267:
177:
IEEE 1902.1 - Protocol States Diagram - free interpretation of the author, not IEEE
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On top of the modulation, the IEEE 1902.1 recommends two encoding methods: BMC,
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The protocol is simple: the Controller originates the signal and sends out a
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475:"Pantex Nuclear Weapons Plant Adopts RuBee RFID to Track Tools, Chemicals"
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Low frequency wireless data communication protocol, also known as RuBee
1661:
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258:) and help to distinguish even signals with orthogonal interference.
44:
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24:
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23:
standard is a wireless data communication protocol also known as
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56:
499:
109:, between 0.5 metres (1.6 ft) and 30 metres (98 ft).
66:
IEEE 1902.1 is unique as it uses a very low frequency and
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of IEEE 1902.1 is, however, 250 times less than that of
305:
The distinguishing factor of the IEEE 1902.1 standard:
1766:
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402:The Editors of Microwaves and RF (2012-08-09).
192:that the specific implementation must define. A
425:"RuBee Working Group IEEE 1902.1 Documentation"
511:
477:. RFID Journal. February 2008. Archived from
279:This is the lowest power, frequency and rate
8:
117:The physical communication mean used is the
842:
518:
504:
496:
51:. Other concurrent standards also exist:
365:
345:
262:Volume multiplexing and Clip Mechanism
274:Where to use the IEEE 1902.1 standard
7:
14:
137:The recommended modulations are
1863:Radio-frequency identification
1:
209:Carrier Sense Multiple Access
456:. Prnewswire.com. 2012-07-24
380:. 2009-01-30. Archived from
125:of a 131 kHz magnetic
1879:
1822:IEEE Standards Association
61:ultra-wide band networking
1812:
352:that is, 1024 bits/second
249:Anti-collision mechanisms
143:Binary Phase Shift Keying
121:signaling working in the
68:magnetic field modulation
1853:Wireless sensor network
1827:Category:IEEE standards
70:(created by a magnetic
314:
178:
139:Amplitude-shift keying
27:, operates within the
310:Department of Defense
306:
176:
163:signal-to-noise ratio
53:ISO/IEC 18000-7 DASH7
194:frame check sequence
190:application protocol
155:Bi-phase Marc Coding
316:compared solutions.
268:volume multiplexing
159:Manchester Encoding
57:infrared networking
481:on October 4, 2013
334:Short-range device
203:The protocol uses
183:protocol data unit
179:
119:inductive coupling
1835:
1834:
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384:on August 6, 2011
234:application layer
198:application layer
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431:. Archived from
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281:wireless network
256:phase quadrature
215:Responder States
21:IEEE 1902.1-2009
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435:on July 4, 2013
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838:802 series
485:2014-04-15
460:2014-04-15
439:2014-04-15
410:2014-04-15
406:. Mwrf.com
388:2014-04-15
360:References
205:heuristics
133:Modulation
123:near field
76:near-field
43:, such as
1642:Bluetooth
293:baud rate
230:broadcast
226:multicast
92:MAC layer
33:baud rate
1858:Tracking
1817:See also
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1731:Proposed
1075:Ethernet
561:Revision
328:See also
149:Encoding
1758:P1906.1
1619:Wi-Fi 8
1595:Wi-Fi 7
1561:Wi-Fi 6
1510:Wi-Fi 5
1455:Wi-Fi 4
534:Current
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107:piconet
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